anubhaw sugarcane sesame cotton

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Sugarcane, Sesame & Cotton: A Brief Introduction

Presented by : Anubhaw Kumar Shandilya


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Flow of Presentation

Introduction Package of practices Brief discussion

Introduction Package of practices Brief discussion

IntroductionPackage of practicesBrief discussion

Questionnaire Discussion

Closure

Sugarcane

Sesame

Cotton


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Sugarcane- origin- New Guinea- 6000 BC. Two main groups:

i. Thin, hardy North Indian types S. barberi and the Chinese S. sinenses, and,

ii. Thick, juicy noble canes S. officinarum.India stands first in area (5.47 M.ha) and production (380 M.t) among the sugarcane

growing countries of Asia.The average yield of cane stalk is 60-70 tones per hectare per year.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

Map Legend: Lowest Productivity Largest Productivity Major Sugar Cane Producing States Potential Area Largest Area & Production

Productivity wise, Tamil Nadu stands first with over 100 t/ha followed by Karnataka & Maharashtra.

MSP- 139.12 Rs/ Qtls.

The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry, next only to textiles, in the country.

Sugarcane Scenario


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Sugarcane Plant


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Nursery Crop Main Field Crop

June Dec-Jan (Main Season)

July Feb-Mar (Mid Season)

August Apr-May (Late Season)

Dec-Apr Jun-Sep (Special Season)

Main seasoni. Early: Dec - Janii. Mid: Feb - Marchiii. Late: April - May

Special season: June – JulyEarly season varieties are suitable for special season.

Eksali season: Throughout the year except June.

Location of Nursery:i. No Alkaline, Saline, Acidic, or Water Logging.ii. There should be adequate irrigation facility.iii. Different Division of seed plot for accessibility.

Land preparations:Ploughing and Cultivation is essential – High amount of organic manure is advantageous for nursery crops for obtaining a vigorous crop. Therefore, about 25 to 30 tones of FYM per ha may be applied about 15 days before planting.

Spacing: i. Ridges and furrows – 75-80 cm between rowsii. Dual row planting - 150 cm between two broad

furrows (In middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them)

iii. Pit method of planting - Pit to pit spacing- 150 cm x 150 cm.

Sett rate:Two-budded setts -75,000 setts /ha Three budded setts - 40,000 setts /ha.

Nursery Management


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Sett treatment:i. Preparation of setts for planting:

a) Take seed material from short crop (6 to 7 months age) free from pests and diseases incidence.

b) Harvest the seed crop one day before planting to obtain higher percentage and uniform germination.

c) Detrash the canes with hand before sett preparation.d) Avoid damage to buds while cutting sett.e) Planting material or seed cane should be free from aerial

roots and splits.f) Change the seed material after every two to three

seasons. If it is inevitable to use mature cane as seed, the top one-third portion can be used satisfactorily.

ii. Sett treatment with Azospirillum: Prepare the slurry with 10 packets (2 Kg/ha) in 100l of water and soak the setts in the slurry for 15 minutes before planting.

iii. Sett treatment with fungicide: Soaked in Carbendazim at 1 gram/ 1litre water.iv. Aerated steam treatment: Treat setts with Aerated steam at 50° C for

one hour to control primary infection of grassy shoot disease.

Nursery Management Cont/-


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Nursery Management Cont/-

Before planting setts:i. Use young crop (6-8 months old) seed materialii. Discard pest, disease affected and damaged buds and canes.iii. Do not detrash & prop the seed cane crop.iv. Apply 125 kg Urea / ha + 125 kg MOP/ha one month prior to

harvestv. Irrigate the crop well before harvestvi. Detrash the cane with hand at the time of sett preparationvii. Selection of proper planting months for raising nursery crop in

relation to main field planting. Polybag Nursery:

i. Polythene bags of 10x15cm filled with soil and compost mixture (in 1:1 ratio) are arranged closely in an open space, close to water source.

ii. Scooped buds are planted at 1-2 cm depth.iii. Cut sugarcane pieces with one bud can also be used for raising the

nursery.iv. Insert these cut pieces into the soil filled bags up to the node level,

keeping buds just touching the soil.v. Irrigate these bags twice a week. Saplings- ready- 60 days for

planting.

Nursery

Polybag Nursery


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Cultivation Practices

Land Preparationi) Ploughing: The common method of tillage preparation

is ploughing the land and bringing the soil to fine tilth. Ploughing- 2 to 4 times at the depth of 50-60 cm.

ii) Harrowing: Harrowing is done at shallow depth of 12-15 cm to crush the clods by disc harrow or rotavator.

iii) Levelling: Levelling can be carried out using a tractor operated leveller.

iv) Lay out of field: Irrigation-cum-drainage channels along and across the slope of the field at 10-15 m intervals.

v) Basal application of organic manures and fertilizers:a) FYM at 12-15 t/ha or compost at 25 t/ha before

the last ploughing.b) Apply super phosphate (375 kg/ha) along the

furrows and incorporate with hand hoe.c) Apply 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg

Ferrous sulphate/ha to zinc and iron deficient soils.

Disc Ploughing

Harrowing

Layout of Field


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(vi) Main field preparation and transplanting:Manures are applied basally in the furrow in band or by digging a pit at the site of

transplant. Then furrow is irrigated. The nursery bed should be well soaked so that the settling could be easily removed without much damage to the root system.

Then they are transplanted in the furrow following 30-45 cm spacing. An additional line may be planted in every 10th row. The life irrigation is given on 3rd or 4th day. After 10-15 days, the gap filling is done using the settlings planted on the 10th row. Proper irrigation management till settlings establish is very important.

Cultivation Practices Cont/-

Pit Method Earthed Up in Pit Method

Planting Cane Setts in Furrows Furrow Method Flat Method

Placing Setts in Furrows


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Intercultural operationsi. Trash mulching:

a) Mulch the ridges uniformly with cane trash to a thickness of 10 cm within a week after planting.

b) It helps to tide over drought, conserve moisture, reduce weed population and minimize shoot borer incidence.

c) Mulch the field with trash after 21 days of planting in heavy soil and wetland conditions. Avoid trash mulching in areas where incidence of termites is noticed.

d) Trash mulching in between rows of crop.ii. Raising Inter Crops:

iii. Crop rotation: Sugarcane is generally grown after the harvest of cotton, rice, maize, toria, potato, wheat, etc. – gap-2/3- years.

Season Main Crop Inter Crop

Kharif (Mid June/ Sep-Oct) Sugarcane Maize, Soyabean, Sorghum, Sunflower, Jowar, Mung, Urd.

Rabi (Oct-Dec/Apr-Jun) SugarcaneWheat, Chickpea, Potato, Garlic, Coriander, Linseed, Lentil, Pea, Mustard.

Summer/ Zaid (Short Season) Sugarcane Vegetables.

Trash Mulching

Inter Cropping


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iv. Gap Filling:a. Fill the gaps, if any, within 30 days after planting with

sprouted setts.b. Maintain adequate moisture for 3 weeks for proper

establishment of the sprouted setts.v. Earthing up/ Hilling Up:

a. 1st Earthing up- “partial earthing-up” – 2nd/3rd – “full earthing-up".

b. The partial earthing-up is done around 45 days after planting. c. Full earthing-up is done after 120 days of planting coinciding

with the peak tiller population stage.d. This operation converts the furrows into ridges and ridges into

furrows. This operation could be done either manually or by using a bullock-drawn/tractor drawn furrower.

e. After application of 3rd dose of fertilizers around 90 days, work a victory plough along the ridges for efficient and economical earthing up.

f. Around 150 days after planting, earthing up may be done with spade.

Earthing Up


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vi. Control/ Regulation of flowering: Ethephon (ethrel) applied at the rate of 500 ppm effectively controlled flowering in a number of profuse flowering varieties. By altering the planting date, flowering can be avoided in heavy flowering areas. Adsali planting or special season planting (July to September) helps in avoiding flowering and its adverse effects.

vii. Detrashing: Detrashing refers to removal of unwanted dry and green leaves at the bottom regular intervals. Sugarcane stalk bears large number of leaves (30-35) equal to the number of inter-nodes under good management systems. Detrashing should be taken up after the cane formation around 150 days after planting.

viii. Propping: The operation of tying the top leaves together using the bottom dry and green leaves is known as propping. It is primarily done to avoid lodging of cane. Propping can be either done for each row or two rows can be brought together and tied. It is done around the age of 210 days of the crop.

ix. Removal of water shoots: Water shoots are late formed tillers or side shoots, which are robust and fast growing. They originate mainly due to excess water supply, heavy and late manuring, inadequate earthing up. Water shoots contain lot of water, low sucrose and more of reducing sugars. Therefore removal of water shoots whenever they appear is highly essential. Water shoots can be used as cattle feed.


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Harvesting:Harvesting in sugarcane is practiced in collaboration with the industry, in most of the cases, to suit the factory timings. Sucrose content in the plants will reach the desirable level on the 10th month of the one year crop duration, and they will be ready for harvest within the next two months

Traditional Method

Sugarcane Harvester

•Can harvest up to 40 Ton/Hour of Sugarcane.•Complete solution to harvesting which includes base cutting, De-Topping, De-Trashing, Cutting to Billets and loading to trailer•Capable of handling heavy lodged canes.•Self cleaning cooling package eliminates the need for regular stops to remove trash from the cooling system’s air intake system.•Capable of handling tallest cane with unmatched topper reach.


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Management Practices- Nutrients Fertilizer Requirement:

Sugarcane – plant crop275: 62.5: 112.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha

Sugarcane – Ratoon crop275+ 25% Extra: 62.5: 112.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha

Recommended Dose N P K Urea Super

PhosphateMuriate of

PotashBasal - 62.5 - - 390 -

30-45 90 - 37.5 200 - 62.5

75-90 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5120-135 DAP 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5Total 275 62.5 112.5 610 390 187.5

Recommended Dose N P K Urea Super

PhosphateMuriate of

Potash

Basal 68.5 62.5 - 148 390 -

30-45 90 - 37.5 200 - 62.5

75-90 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5 120-135 DAP 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5 Total 343.5 62.5 112.5 758 390 187.5


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Nutrient Deficiency

Sulphur Deficiency

Manganese Deficiency

Magnesium Deficiency

Copper Deficiency

SSP- 12% S or,Ammonium Sulphate - 24% S @ 10-20 Kg/ ha

Soil application of MgSo4 25kg/ha

Foliar sprays 3-4 times of 0.5-1.0% MnSO4 solution (7.5-15 kg/ ha)

Spray 0.2% copper sulphate solution 2-3 times at weekly intervals

Boron Deficiency

Potassium Deficiency

Potassium Deficiency

Calcium Deficiency

Foliar spray of KCl 1% twice at fortnight interval

Application of 1.5-2.0 kg/ ha of Boron or borax.

Foliar spray of KCl 1% twice at fortnight interval

Soil application of 100kg/ha of gypsum

Molybdenum Deficiency

Nitrogen Deficiency

Iron Deficiency

Phosphorous Deficiency

ammonium molybdate (54% Mo) and sodium molybdate (39% Mo)

Soil application of 25kg/ha of FeSO4 or foliar spray of FeSO4 0.5% on 90, 105 and 120 days after planting.

Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea 1-2% twice at weekly interval.

Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval


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Management Practices- Pests

Crop Stage/ Period

Target insect pest Control measures

Selection of seed crop

Borers, mealy bug and scale insect

Seed material should preferably be taken from a healthy crop. No seed should be taken from a crop having pest incidence above 20 per cent

Selection of seed pieces


Borer infested seed setts should not be used for planting

Pre-planting (seed treatment )


Heat therapy followed by dipping setts in Aretan/Agallol (0.1% solution.)

Scale insect and mealy bug

Rubbing of setts with gunny bag pieces dipped in Malathion (0.1% solution.)

Scale insect and mealy bug

Dipping setts in Malathion (0.1%) or Dimethoate (0.06% solution.) for 15 min.

White grubsTwo to three extra ploughing to expose white grubs for predation in endemic areas.

At planting Termites and shoot borers

Application of Endosulphan @ 1 kg a.i./ha over the cane setts in 1600 to 1800 litres of water

Crop Stage/ Period


Pre-monsoon (March-June)

Shoot, root and top borers

Removal of egg-masses and infested shoots from the ground level. Copious irrigation and trash mulching. Avoid irrigation at the peak period of top borer moth emergence during summer.

Shoot borer

Release of Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid females/ha. Spray granulosis virus of shoot borer at 107 inclusion bodies/ha in 500 litres of water/ ha (tropical India).

Top borer

(i.) Soil application of carbofuran 3 [email protected] kg a.i. /ha or phorate 10G@ 3 kg a.i./ha against third brood (June last week or July first week) of the pest. (ii.) Release of Isotima javensis Rohw against third and fourth broods of top borer.

Black bugWhorl application of Endosulphan emulsion @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha or Endosulphan 5 G@12 kg/ha


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Management Practices- Pest Cont/-

Crop Stage/ Period


Pyrilla

1. Removal and destruction of two lower most leaves bearing egg-masses during April/ May 2. Release of 4000-5000 cocoons and 4 to 5 lakhs eggs of Epiricania melanoleuca per hectare during July-August. Crop having no Epiricaniapopulation be sprayed with Endosulphan or monocroptophos @ 1.0 kg ai per hectare.

Scales and aphids

Spraying of the crop with 0.08 percent dimethoate or 1.0 percent Malathion after detrashing

White grubs

1. Collection of adult beetles through light trap. 2. Picking of grubs manually from field. 3. Collection and destruction of adult beetles from host trees immediately after first heavy summer rains.

ThripsSpraying the crop with demecron (0.1%)/ monocroptophos/ dimethoate (0.04%)

Mites Spraying the crop with Kelthane (0.1%)/ chlorfenvin/ monocroptophos (0.4%)

Crop Stage/ Period


Monsoon and Post-monsoon (July-January)

Internode borer

Field release of Trichogramma chilonis adults@ 50,000/ha or 3.5 cc. parasitized Corcoran eggs/ha at fortnightly intervals regularly from the start of borer activity until a month before harvest

Stalk borer, internode borer, pyrilla, scale insect, mealy bug, white flies

Detrashing the crop from August through October at monthly intervals

PyrillaDusting with Malathion spray @ 0.1 per cent or [email protected] litres per hectare.

Scale insect Malathion spray @ 0.1%.

Stalk borer

Two sprayings of monocroptophos @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at monthly intervals during September and October after detrashing dry leaves.

At harvestApplication to most of the pests

Harvesting the crop form the ground level. Removal of late and water shoots. Burning trash and left over dry canes. immediately after harvesting


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Disease Management

C O: Colletotrichum falcatum

Red Rotsett treatment with Carbendazim before planting (Carbendazim 50 WP (0.5 gm in 1 litre of water) or Carbendazim 25 DS (1gm in 1 litre of water) along with Urea (10 gm in 1 litre of water) for 5 minutes.

Smut

C O: Ustilago scitaminea

Sett treatment with fungicides viz., Triadimefon @ 1gm in 1 litre of water or Carbendazim @ 1gm in 1 litre of water for 10 minutes.

C O: Puccinia erianthi

Rust

Spray Tridemorph 1.0 litres or Mancozeb 2.0 kg/ha

Grassy Shoot

C O: Browtista moesta (MPO)

Spray dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control insect vectors

Wilt

C O: Fusarium sacchari

Dipping the setts in 40 ppm of boron or manganese, or spraying the plants with either of these minor elements reduces the disease intensity

C O:Cercospora longipes

Leaf Spot

Secondary transmission of the disease by insect vectors can be controlled by application of Malathion(0.1%) or Dimecron(0.2%).


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Sesame (Sesamum spp.)

Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesame Indicum the cultivated type,

originated in India. Area 1.20 Mha- Production- 275’ 000 tones- Productivity 330 Kg/ ha. Export- 150’ 000 tones (Shefexil & Traders). Grown in both Rabi and Kharif Season, North India- Kharif and in South India Rabi

and Kharif.

Map Legend:

Potential Areas Max production

Sesame Scenario Due to the presence of potent antioxidant, sesame seeds are known as “the seed of immortality”.

MSP- RS. 4200/ Qtls.

Two distinct types of seed are recognized, the white and the black. There are also intermediate colored varieties varying from red to rose or from brown or grey.


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Sesame Plant

Tubular Flower

Fruit/ Capsule

15-20 Seeds per capsule Tap Root can go upto 9 mtrs deep

Alternate opposite Leaves


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Cultivation Practices

Soil:Sesame comes up well on soils with slightly acidic or neutral reaction. It can be grown on well drained soils and performs well in lightly loamy soils.

i. It is highly sensitive to water logging.ii. Very sandy, saline and alkaline soils are not suitable.

Climate:i. Sesame is essentially a tropical crop grown in arid and semi-arid areas.ii. It requires fairly hot conditions during growth for optimum yield.iii. Ideal optimum temperature for growth is 25-27 degree C.iv. Extremely low temperatures of 10 degree C, there is a complete ceasing of

growth.v. High light intensity increase number of Capsules/ plant.

Rainfall:i. Sesame is capable of with standing a higher degree of water stress.ii. The crop can be grown entirely on stored soil moisture.iii. A rainfall of 600-1000mm results in optimum yield


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Seeds & Seeding:Seed Rate:

Spacing: 30 X 10 Cm/ or, 45 X 15 Cm. Seed Treatment: Seed treatment with Thiram (3g/kg) is effective against seed borne

diseases. Seeds may be soaked in 0.025% solution of Agrimycin-100 for 30min. prior to seeding will minimize bacterial leaf spot.

Methods of Sowing:i. Broad casting is usually most widely used in all situations. Seed is mixed

with sand in equal quantities (or) 3 times to facilitate uniform distribution of yield. After sowing, seed is covered by shallow ploughing and planting by cultivators and harrowers .

ii. Line sowing (or) Row seeding is done with seed drills to promote higher yields. Optimum depth of sowing is 2-3 cm

Seed Rate Kg/ ha Rainfed Irrigated

Under Broadcasting 6 5

Row Seeding 5 4

Mixed (or) Intercropping 1


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Manures & Fertilizers:

Integrated nutrient management consisting of 5 t/ ha of FYM, 40 Kg nitrogen, 20 Kg Phosphorous and seed treatment with Azospirillum has given encouraging results at several situations.

Weed Management:Sesame is sensitive to weed competition during the first 15-25 DAS. A minimum of two weeding, one after 15 DAS and another 35 DAS are required to keep the field relatively weed free Row seeded crop facilitates use of blade harrows for intercultivation. Two intercultivation, 15 DAS and 35 DAS followed by one hand weeding keeps the field free of weeds.If necessary, Alachlor (1.0kg/ha) or Thiobencarb (2.0kg/ha) can be used as pre emergence spray for effective control of weeds. Use of pre emergence herbicides followed by one hand weeding around 30 DAS is the most appropriate way of weed management in sesame.

Seed Rate Kg/ ha Rainfed Irrigated

Nitrogen 40 60

Phosphorous 60 60

Potassium 40 40

½ (30-35 DAS)

½ basal

Application of sulphur@ 50 Kg/ha increases the yield if soils are deficient in sulphur.


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Irrigation:Water requirement is 300-350mm. For Rabi crop 5-6 irrigations are required.

1st irrigation – At sowing2nd irrigation – 3 WAS3rd irrigation – 6 WAS4th irrigation – 8 WAS5th irrigation – 9 WAS

Harvesting:Depending on the variety, sesame crop takes 80-150 days for maturity. The crop is harvested when the leaves, stems and capsules begin to turn yellow and the lower leaves start shedding. To prevent shedding of seed, the crop should not become dead ripe in the field. The ripe plants are cut at the ground level carried to threshing yard, stacked for a week in the sun with the cut ends upwards.

Inter Cropping: Crop Rotation:Sesame + Greengram (1:1) Rice / Groundnut – SesamSesame + Pigeonpea (2:1) Sesame – Horse gram – ChickpeaSesame + Soybean (2:1) Rice / Potato – SesameSesame + Cowpea (8:1) Cotton – Sesame – WheatSesame + Groundnut (1:1) Sesame–Groundnut/Cotton/Maize


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Diseases Management

Treat the seed with thiram (0.15%) + Bavistin (0.05%) in 1:1 ratio.Three sprays Topsin M(0.1%) as and when disease appears, at 15 days interval

CO: Alternaria sesami

Alternaria leaf spot

Bacterial Blight

CO: X. campestris

Steep the seed in Agrimycin-100 (250 ppm) or Streptocycline suspension (0.05%) for 30 minutes.Foliar spray of Streptocycline (500 ppm) as soon as symptoms are noticed.

CO: C. sesami

Cercospora Leaf SpotTreat the seed with Thiram (0.15%) + Bavistin (0.05%) in 1:1 ratio.Three sprays Topsin M(0.1%) or Zineb (0.25%) or mancozeb (0.25 %)as and when disease appears, at 15 days interval.

Phylladoy DiseaseSoil application of Phorate at the rate of 10 kg/ha.Three spray of Dimethoate (0.03%) at 30,40 and 60 days after sowing.

CO: PPLOPowdery Mildew

CO:Oidium sp

CO:Rhizoctonia bataticola

Foliar spray (2 to 3) of wettable sulphur (0.2%) as and when disease appears, at 10 days interval.

Seed treatment with Thiram 75 SD (0.15%)+Bavistin (0.05%) 1:1 or Thiram 75 SD (0.3%).On appearance of the disease, drench soil with Thiram + Bavistin (1:1) along with diseased plants at 7 days interval.

Stem & Root Rot


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Cotton- 7000 B.C Western Pakistan- Gossypium hirsutum→ Mexico 5000 B.C. India ranks 2nd in cotton production- area 10.2 mha- Productivity 502 kg/ ha-

production- 305’ lakh bale. Price Sold- Rs. 4377.43 per quintal. Gujarat has highest productivity with 659 Kg/ ha. Bt Cotton covers more than 85% of the cotton growing area. Maturity of the crop takes 80-210 days.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Cotton Scenario

Map Legend: 30%, 10 of 33 States (Territories)

Highest Productivity Potential Areas Largest Cotton Area

Export Scenario leads to 83 lakh bales in the year 2009-10.

MSP- RS. 3600/ Qtls.

The Cotton industry is the largest agro-based industry, as it directly contributes to textiles, in the country.


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Cotton Plant


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Cultivation Practices Growing Season:

i. Irrigated (main) Winter Irrigated (Aug- Sep)ii. Summer Irrigated (Feb- Mar)iii. Rainfed (Sep- Oct)

Preparation of Field Main/ Irrigated Crop:i. Prepare the field to get a fine tilth.ii. Chiselling for soils with hard pen: Chiset the soils having hard pen formation at

shallow depths with chisel plough at 0.5 M interval, first in one direction and then in the direction perpendicular to the previous one, once in three years.

iii. Apply 12.5 farm yard manure or composted coir pith/ha besides chiseling to get increased yield. If intercropping of Greengram/ Soyabean is proposed, prepare the main field, so as to provide ridges and furrows to take up sowing 20 days earlier.

iv. Application of FYM or Compost: Spread 12.5 t of FYM or compost or 2.5 t of vermicompost per ha if available, uniformly on the unploughed soil.

v. Application of Biofertilizer: Seed treatment with 3 packets of Azospirillum (600 g/ha) and 3 packets (600 g/ha) of Phosphobacteria or 6 packets of Azophost (1200 g/ha). In addition apply and 10 packets of Azospirillum (2000 g/ha) and 10 packets (2000 g/ha) of Phosphobacteria or 20 packets of Azophos (4000 g/ha) mixed with 25 kg FYM and 25 kg of soil on the seed line. This save 25% nitrogen.


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vi. Formation of Ridges and Furrow: Form ridges and furrows 10 m long with appropriate spacing depending upon the variety (generally 75- 120 cm). Use ridge plough or bund former to form ridges so as to economic on cost of cultivation. In fields with ragi stubbles, just dibble cotton seeds at the specified spacings. Adopt the following spacing between ridges for different varieties/hybrids.

vii. Application of Inorganic Fertilizer: 60-80-120 N, 30-40-60 P, 30-40-60 K

If basal application could not be done apply the 25th day after sowing. Apply 50 per cent of N and K full dose of P2O5 as basal and remaining ½ N and K at 40 – 45 DAS for varieties. For hybrids apply N in three splits viz., basal, 45 and 65 DAS. Foliar application of 2% DAP + 1% KCI will improve yield. Apply the fertilizers in a band, two thirds of the distance from the top of the ridge, and incorporate.

viii. Application of Micronutrient Mixture: In the case of Zinc deficient soils ZnSO4 @ 50 kg/ha as basal or ZnSO4 0.5% spray thrice at 45, 60 and 75 DAS. When reddening occurs in leaves apply 5% MgSO4 Urea(1.0%) and ZnSO4 (0.10%) as foliar spray on 50th and 80th day to correct this malady. In Mg deficient areas apply MgSO4 @ 20 kg/ha basally.


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Management of Main Field Operation:i. Seed Rate: 6.50 – 20.0 Kg/ haii. Spacing: 75-120 X 30-60 cmiii. Seed Hardening: Soak the seeds in equal volume of Pungam leaf extract (1%) for 8

hours and dry back to original moisture to increase germination and vigour. Dry the seeds in shade.

iv. Seed pelleting: Seeds coated with arappu leaf powder (100 g/kg) along with DAP (40 g/kg), micronutrient mixture (15 g/kg) and Azospirillum (200 g/kg) phosphobacteria (200 g/ha) or Azophos (400 g/ha) using 5% maida solution or gruel as adhesive (300 m/kg) to increase the germination and vigour.

v. Sowing: Dibble the seeds at a depth of 3-5 cm on the side of the ridge 2/3 height from the top and above the band where fertilizers and insecticides are applied, maintaining the correct spacing and then cover seeds with soil. In the case of intercropping, sow the seeds of the intercrop in between the paired rows of cotton in a row of 5 cm apart and cover the seeds. Sow the required number of seeds in each hole. (2-3 seeds per hole).

vi. Weed Management: Apply Pendimethalin @ 3.3 l/ha three days sowing using a hand operated sprayer fitted with deflecting or fan type nozzle. Sufficient moisture should be present in the soil at the time of herbicide application. This will ensure weed free condition upto 40 days. One hand weeding on 45 DAS will keep weed free environment upto 60 DAS. Hoe and hand weed between 18th to 20th day of sowing, if herbicide is not applied at the time of sowing.


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vii. Top Dressing: Top dress 50% of the recommended dose of N and K on 40 – 45 DAS for varieties. Top dress 1/3rd of recommended dose of N on 40 – 45 DAS and the remaining 1/3rd on 60 – 65th DAS for hybrids.

viii. Maintain Ridges & Furrows: Reform the ridges and furrows after first top dressing in such a way that the plants are on the top of the ridges and well supported by soil.

ix. Arresting Terminal Growth: For varieties having less than 160 days duration nip the terminal portion of the main stem beyond the 15th node (75 to 80 DAS) and for varieties and hybrids having more than 160 days duration beyond the 20th node (85 – 90 DAS).

x. Irrigation: Growth Phase Light Soil Heavy Soil

Germination Phase 1- 15 days Immediately after sowing Immediately after sowing

Vegetative Phase 16-44 days

Irrigate on 20th / 21st and 35th/ 36th days of sowing

Irrigate on 20th / 21st and 40th days of sowing

Flowering Phase 45- 90 days

48th, 60th, 72nd, 84thdays of sowing

55th, 70th, 85th days of sowing

Maturity Phase 91- beyond 100 days

108th, 120th, 132nd, 158th days of sowing

115th, 130th, 145th, 150th days of sowing.


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xi. Harvesting: Harvest at frequent intervals, at less than 7 days interval. Harvest in the morning hours upto 10 to 11 a.m only when there is moisture so that dry leaves and bracts do not stick to the kapas and lower than market value. Pick kapas from well burst boll only. Remove only the kapas from the bolls and leaves the bracts on the plants. After kapas is picked, sort out good puffy ones and keep separately .

xii. Post Harvest Operations: Immediately after picking, dry the kapas in shade. If it is not dried immediately the colour will change which will lower than market value. Do not dry the kapas under direct sun as the fibre strength and luster will be lost. Grade the kapas into good and second quality ones, if it is not sorted out at the time of picking. Spread a thin layer of dry sand on the ground and keep the kapas over it.


35

Pest Management

Insect pest Symptoms of damage

Sucking pests

JassidsAffected leaves curl downwards, turn yellowish, then to brownish before drying and shedding, "hopper burn" stunts young plants

AphidsLeaf crumpling and downward curling of leaves, sticky cotton due to deposits of honey dew on open bolls

ThripsLeaves of seedlings become wrinkled and distorted with white shiny patches,

WhitefliesUpward curling of leaves, reduced plant vigour, lint contamination with honey dew and associated fungi

Bollworms

Spotted spiny bollworms

Boremark in main shoot, dried and withered away shoot, twining of main stem due to axillary monopodia, feeding holes in flower buds and bolls blocked by excrement

Pink bollworm

"Rosetted" bloom, pink larvae inside developing bolls with interloculi movement

Stainers

Red cotton bug

Feed on developing and mature seeds, stain the lint to typical yellow colour, reddish nymphs seen in aggregations around developing and open bolls

Dusky cotton bug

Associated with ripe seeds, all stages characterized by a powerful smell, discoloured lint.

Foliage feeders

Semi looperCauses significant loss of leaf area to young plants, larvae with looping action are seen on plant parts.

Leaf roller

Leaves are folded and larvae are seen in groups amidst fecal materials, commonly seen on leaves at the bottom of crop canopy at low infestation levels, severe infestation defoliates the whole plant

Spodoptera leafworm

Young larvae in groups skeletinise leaves and older larvae voraciously defoliate leaves

Grey weevil Marginal notching - off of leaves

Grass hopper Defoliation of leaves - partial or full

Root / Stem feeder

Stem weevilRoot damage by grubs kills young seedlings, gall like swelling seen on lower stem, wilting of seedlings


36

Pest Management Cont/-

Pest Chemicals to be used Dose

Jassids, Aphids, Thrips

Methyl demeton 25 ECDimethoate 30 ECPhosphamidon 100 EC

500 / 750 ml500 / 750 ml100 / 250 ml

Whiteflies

Methyl demeton 25 ECNeem oil + TeepolFish oil resin soapPhosalone 35 EC

500 / 750 ml3.0 / 3.551 + 500 ml14 / 15 kg2.5 / 3.0 litres

Spotted, Pink and Endosulfan 35 EC 2.5 / 3.0 litres

American bollworms

Chlorpyriphos 20 ECQuinalphos 25 ECMonocrotophos 40 ECCarbaryl 50 WPFenvalerate 20 ECCypermethrin 10 ECDecamethrin 2.8 EC

2.5 / 3.0 litres2.5 / 3.0 litres2.5 - 3.0 litres1.5 / 2.5 kg400 / 500 ml800 / 1000 ml600 / 700 ml

Spodoptera leaf worm

Chlorpyriphos 20 ECFenvalerate 20 ECCypermethrin 10 ECDecamethrin 2.8 EC

1.5 / 2.0 litres400 / 500 ml800 / 1000 ml600 - 700 ml

Ash weevilAldicarb 10 GCarbofuran 3 G

10 kg / ha30 kg / ha

Stem weevil

Drenching stem portion on 20 th & 35 th day with Monocrotophos 40 ECPhosalone 35 EC

1.5 ml / litre of water 2.0 ml / litre of water

Mite Dicofol 25 EC 1.5 / 2.0 litres


37

Disease ManagementFusarium wilt

C O: A. macrospora

Alternaria Leaf Spot

Spraying with 0.2 per cent difolatan (captafol) or mancozeb at 20 days interval from first appearance is effective in managing the disease

Anthracnose

C O: C. Gossypii

Acid delinted and treat the seeds with carbendazim or benomyl. Spray carbendazim 1.5 g/l; OR benomyl 1.5 g/l; OR Mancozeb 3g/l

C O: Cercospora gossypina

Cercospora leaf spot

Spray mancozeb 2.5 g/l or copper oxychloride 3g/ litre 4-5 times at 15 days interval.

C O: F. oxysporum

Spray of 0.4% solution of oxathilin. OR 0.1% solution of organomercuria. Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg seeds should be given

Bacterial blight

C O:X. axonopodis

Spraying synthetic pyrethroids fenvalerate 20 EC @ 400-500 ml/ha or cypermethrin 10 EC or decamethrin 2.8 EC @ 600 - 700 ml/ha is also effective.

C O:H. spiciferum

Foliar spray of thiobendazole or copper oxychloride @ 0.2 per cent controls the disease. However, a number of other fungicides such as zineb, ziram and captan are effective in controlling the secondary spread of this disease

Helminthosporium leaf spot


38


39Thank You

Anubhaw Kumar Shandilya

Contact No: +91- 8238006418

Email Id: [email protected]

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