aoac official method 996.06

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8/10/2019 AOAC Official Method 996.06 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aoac-official-method-99606 1/22 AOAC Official Method 996.06 Fat (Total, Saturated, and Unsaturated) in Foods Hydrolytic Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method First Action 1996 Revised 2001 (Applicable to determination of fat in foods.) Caution: Boron trifluoride may be fatal if inhaled. See Tables 996.06A  –C for the results of the interlaboratory study supporting acceptance of the method.] A. Principle Fat and fatty acids are extracted from food by hydrolytic methods (acidic hydrolysis for most products, alkaline hydrolysis for dairy products, and combination for cheese). Pyrogallic acid is added to minimize oxidative degradation of fatty acids during analysis. Triglyceride, triundecanoin (C11:0), is added as internal standard. Fat is extracted into ether, then methylated to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using BF3 in methanol. FAMEs are quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography (GC) against C11:0 internal standard. Total fat is calculated as sum of individual fatty acids expressed as triglyceride equivalents. Saturated and monounsaturated fats are calculated as sum of respective fatty acids. Monounsaturated fat includes only cis form. B. Apparatus (a) Gas chromatograph (GC).Equipped with hydrogen flame

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Page 1: AOAC Official Method 996.06

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AOAC Official Method 996.06

Fat (Total, Saturated, and Unsaturated)

in Foods

Hydrolytic Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method

First Action 1996

Revised 2001

(Applicable to determination of fat in foods.)

Caution: Boron trifluoride may be fatal if inhaled.

See Tables 996.06A –C for the results of the interlaboratory study

supporting acceptance of the method.]

A. Principle

Fat and fatty acids are extracted from food by hydrolytic methods

(acidic hydrolysis for most products, alkaline hydrolysis for dairy

products, and combination for cheese). Pyrogallic acid is added to

minimize oxidative degradation of fatty acids during analysis.

Triglyceride, triundecanoin (C11:0), is added as internal standard. Fat

is extracted into ether, then methylated to fatty acid methyl esters

(FAMEs) using BF3 in methanol. FAMEs are quantitatively measured

by capillary gas chromatography (GC) against C11:0 internal

standard. Total fat is calculated as sum of individual fatty acids expressed

as triglyceride equivalents. Saturated and monounsaturated

fats are calculated as sum of respective fatty acids. Monounsaturated

fat includes only cis form.

B. Apparatus

(a) Gas chromatograph (GC).—Equipped with hydrogen flame

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ionization detector, capillary column, split mode injector, oven temperature

programming sufficient to implement a hold-ramp-hold sequence.

Operating conditions: temperature (°C): injector, 225;

detector, 285; initial temp, 100 (hold 4 min); ramp, 3°C/min; final

temp 240; hold 15 min; carrier gas, helium; flow rate, 0.75 mL/min;

linear velocity, 18 cm/s; split ratio, 200:1.

(b) Capillary column.—Separating the FAME pair of adjacent

peaks of C18:3 and C20:1 and theFAMEtrio of adjacent peaks of C22:1,

C20:3, and C20:4 with a resolution of 1.0 or greater. SP2560 100 m ´

0.25 mm with 0.20 mm film is suitable.

(c) Mojonnier flasks.

(d) Stoppers.—Synthetic rubber or cork.

(e) Mojonnier centrifuge basket.

(f) Hengar micro boiling granules.

(g) Baskets.—Aluminum and plastic.

(h) Shaker water bath.—Maintaining 70 –80°C.

(i) Steam bath.—Supporting common glassware.

(j) Water bath.—With nitrogen stream supply, maintaining 40 ±

5°C.

(k) Wrist action shaker.—Designed for Mojonnier centrifuge

baskets.

(l) Mojonnier motor driven centrifuge.—Optional; maintaining

600 ´ g.

(m) Gravity convection oven.—Maintaining 100 ± 2°C.

(n) Vortex mixer.

(o) Gas dispersion tubes.—25 mm, porosity “A,” extra coarse, 

175 mm.

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(p) Three dram vials.—About 11 mL.

(q) Phenolic closed top caps.—With polyvinyl liner, to fit vials.

(r) Teflon/silicone septa.—To fit vials.

C. Reagents

(a) Pyrogallic acid.

(b) Hydrochloric acid.—12M and 8.3M. To make 8.3M HCl,

add 250 mL 12M HCl to 110 mL H2O. Mix well. Store at room temperature

(20 –25°C).

(c) Ammonium hydroxide.—58% (w/w).

(d) Diethyl ether.—Purity appropriate for fat extraction.

(e) Petroleum ether.—Anhydrous.

(f) Ethanol.—95% (v/v).

(g) Toluene.—Nanograde.

(h) Chloroform.

(i) Sodium sulfate.—Anhydrous.

(j) Boron trifluoride reagent.—7%BF3 (w/w) in methanol, made

from commercially available14%BF3 solution. Prepare in the hood.

(k) Diethyl ether –petroleum ether mixture.—1 + 1 (v/v).

(l) Triglyceride internal standard solution.—C11:0-triundecanoin;

5.00 mg/mL in CHCl3. Accurately weigh 2.50 g

C11:0-triundecanoin into 500 mL volumetric flask. Add ca 400 mL

CHCl3 and mix until dissolved. Dilute to volume with CHCl3. Invert

flask at least 10 additional times. Triglyceride internal standard solution is stable up to 1 month

when stored in refrigerator

(2 –8°C).

(m) Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) standard solutions.—(

1) Mixed FAMEs standard solution.—Reference mixture

containing series of FAMEs, including C18:1 cis and trans (available

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as GLC-85 from Nu Chek Prep, Elysian,MN56028, USA, or equivalent).

To prepare mixed FAMEs standard solution, break top of

glass vial, open, and carefully transfer contents to 3-dram glass vial.

Wash original vial with hexane to ensure complete transfer and add

washings to 3-dram glass vial. Dilute to ca 3 mL with hexane.

(2) C11:0 FAME standard solution.—C11:0-Undecanoic methyl

ester in hexane. Use only in preparation of individual FAME standard

solutions, (3). To prepare C11:0 FAME standard solution, break

top of glass vial open and carefully transfer contents to 50 mL volumetric

flask. Wash original vial with hexane to ensure complete

transfer and add washings to 50 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume

with hexane. C11:0 FAME standard solution is stable up to

1 week when stored at 0°C.

(3) Individual FAME standard solutions.—Standard solutions of

each of following FAMEs: C4:0-tetranoic methyl ester,

C6:0-hexanoic methyl ester, C8:0-octanoic methyl ester,

C10:0-decanoic methyl ester, C12:0-dodecanoic methyl ester,

C13:0-tridecanoic methyl ester, C14:0-tetradecanoic methyl ester,

C14:1-9-tetradecenoic methyl ester, C15:0-pentadecanoic methyl ester,

C15:1-10-pentadecenoic methyl ester,C16:0-hexadecanoic methyl

ester, C16:1-9-hexadecenoic methyl ester, C17:0-heptadecanoic

methyl e s t e r , C1 7 : 1-10-heptadecenoic methyl e s t e r ,

C18:0-octadecanoic methyl ester, C18:1-9-octadecenoic methyl ester,

C 1 8 : 2 - 9 , 1 2 - o c t a d e c a d i e n o i c m e t h y l e s t e r ,

C18:3-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic methyl ester, C20:0-eicosanoic methyl

ester, C20:1-8-eicosenoic methyl ester, C20:2-11,14-eicosadienoic

methyl ester, C20:3-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic methyl ester, and

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C22:0-docosanoic methyl ester. Prepare individualFAMEstandard solutions

as follows: Break top of glass vial open and carefully transfer

contents to 3-dram glass vial. Wash original vial with hexane to ensure

complete transfer and add washings to 3-dram glass vial. Add

1.0mLC11:0FAMEstandard solution, (2), dilute to total volume of ca

3.0 mL with hexane. Individual FAME standard solutions are stable

up to 1 week when stored in refrigerator (2 –8°C).

D. Extraction of Fat

Finely grind and homogenize test samples prior to extraction of fat.

[Note: With matrixes of unknown composition, it may be necessary

to analyze test portion without addition of internal standard to

ensure against interferences. Should interfering peak be found, the

area of C11 internal standard peak must be corrected before performing

calculations. Use 2.0mLchloroform instead of internal standard

solution.]

(a) Foods excluding dairy products and cheese.—Accurately

weigh ground and homogenized test portion (containing ca

100 –200 mg fat) into labeled Mojonnier flask. Force material into

flask as far as possible. Add ca 100 mg pyrogallic acid, C(a), and

2.00mLtriglyceride internal standard solution,C(l). Add a few boiling

granules to flask. Add 2.0 mL ethanol and mix well until entire

test portion is in solution. Add 10.0 mL 8.3M HCl and mix well.

Place flask into basket in shaking water bath at 70 –80°C set at moderate

agitation speed. Maintain 40 min. Mix contents of flask on

Vortex mixer every 10 min to incorporate particulates adhering to

sides of flask into solution. After digestion, remove flask from bath

and allow to cool to room temperature (20 –25°C). Add enough ethanol

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to fill bottom reservoir of flask and mix gently.

(b) Dairy products.—Accurately weigh ground and homogenized

test portion (containing ca 100 –200 mg fat) into labeled

Mojonnier flask. Force material into flask as far as possible. Add ca

100 mg pyrogallic acid, C(a), and 2.00 mL triglyceride internal

standard solution, C(l). Add a few boiling granules to flask. Add

2.0 mL ethanol and mix well until entire test portion is in solution.

Add 4.0 mL H2O and mix well. Add 2.0 mL NH4OH, C(c), and mix

well. Place flask into basket in shaking water bath at 70 –80°C set at

moderate agitation speed. Maintain 10 min. Mix contents of flask on

Vortex mixer every 5 min to incorporate particulates adhering to

sides of flask into solution. After digestion, remove flask from water

bath and add a few drops of phenolphthalein. Keep solution basic

(pink) with addition of ammonium hydroxide. Add enough ethanol

to fill bottom reservoir of flask and mix gently.

(c) Cheese.—Accurately weigh ground and homogenized test

portion (containing ca 100 –200 mg fat) into labeled Mojonnier

flask. Force material into flask as far as possible. Add ca 100 mg

pyrogallic acid, C(a), and 2.00 mL triglyceride internal standard solution,

C(l). Add a few boiling granules to flask. Add 2.0mLethanol

and mix well until entire test portion is in solution. Add 4.0 mL H2O

and mix well. Add 2.0 mL NH4OH, C(c), and mix well. Place flask

into basket in shaking water bath at 70 –80°C set at moderate agitation

speed. Maintain 20 min. Mix contents of flask on Vortex mixer

every 10 min to incorporate particulates adhering to sides of flask

into solution. Add 10.0 mL 12M HCl and place flask into boiling

steam bath and maintain 20 min. Mix flask contents every 10 min using

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Vortex mixer. Remove flask from steam bath and allow to cool to

room temperature (20 –25°C). Add enough ethanol to flask to fill

bottom reservoir and mix gently.

Add 25 mL diethyl ether to Mojonnier flask from (a), (b), or (c).

Stopper flask and place in centrifuge basket. Place basket in wrist

action shaker, securing flask in shaker with rubber tubing. Shake

flask 5 min. Rinse stopper into flask with diethyl ether –petroleum

ether mixture,C(k). Add 25mLpetroleum ether, stopper flask, and

shake 5 min. Centrifuge flask (in basket) 5 min at 600 ´ g. (Note: If

centrifuge is not available, allow contents to set at least 1 h until upper

layer is clear.) Rinse stopper into flask with diethyl ether –petroleum

ether mixture. Decant ether (top) layer into 150 mL beaker

and carefully rinse lip of flask into beaker with diethyl ether –petroleum

ether mixture. Slowly evaporate ether on steam bath, using

nitrogen stream to aid in evaporation. Residue remaining in beaker

contains extracted fat.

E. Methylation

Dissolve extracted fat residue in 2 –3 mL chloroform and 2 –3 mL

diethyl ether. Transfer mixture to 3 dram glass vial and then evaporate

to dryness in 40°C water bath under nitrogen stream. Add

2.0 mL 7% BF3 reagent, C(j), and 1.0 mL toluene, C(g). Seal vial

with screwcap top containing Teflon/silicone septum. Heat vial in

oven 45 min at 100°C. Gently shake vial ca every 10 min. (Note:

Evaporation of liquid from vials indicates inadequate seals; if this

occurs, discard solution and repeat the entire procedure.) Allow vial

to cool to room temperature (20 –25°C). Add 5.0 mL H2O, 1.0 mL

hexane, and ca 1.0 g Na2SO4, C(i). Cap vial and shake 1 min. Allow

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layers to separate and then carefully transfer top layer to another vial

containing ca 1.0 g Na2SO4. (Note: Top layer contains FAMEs including

FAME of triglyceride internal standard solution.)

Inject FAMEs onto GC column or transfer to autosampler vial for

GC analysis.

F. GC Determination

Relative retention times (vs FAME of triglyceride internal standard

solution) and response factors of individual FAMEs can be obtained

by GC analysis of individual FAME standard solutions and

mixed FAME standard solution. Inject ca 2 mL each of individual

FAME standard solutions and 2 mL of mixed FAMEs standard solution.

Use mixed FAMEs standard solution to optimize chromatographic

response before injecting any test solutions. After all

chromatographic conditions have been optimized, inject test solutions

from E.

G. Calculations

Total fat is the sum of fatty acids from all sources, expressed as

triglycerides. Expressing measured fatty acids as triglycerides requires

mathematical equivalent of condensing each fatty acid

with glycerol. For every 3 fatty acid molecules, 1 glycerol

(HOCH2CHOHCH2OH) is required. Essentially, 2 methylene

groups and 1 methine group are added to every 3 fatty acids.

Calculate retention times for each FAME in individual FAMEs

standard solutions, C(m)(3), by subtracting retention time of C11:0

peak from retention time of fatty acid peak. Use these retention times

to identify FAMEs in mixed FAMEs standard solution. Use additional

FAME solutions (from the same supplier) when necessary for

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complete FAME identity verification.

(a) Calculate response factor (Ri) for each fatty acid i as follows:

R

P

P

W

W

i

i

i

´ s

s

C11:0

C11:0

where Psi = peak area of individual fatty acid in mixed FAMEs standard

solution; PsC11:0 = peak area ofC11:0 fatty acid in mixedFAMEs

standard solution; WC11:0 = weight of internal standard in mixed

FAMEs standard solution; and Wi = weight of individual FAME in

mixed FAMEs standard solution.

(Note: Peaks of known identity with known relative retention

times are listed in Table 996.06D. When peaks of unknown identity

are observed during the chromatographic run, attempt to identify

such peaks using MS, FTIR, etc. Peaks of unkown identity should

not be included in the summation when quantifying fat in the test

sample.)

(b) Calculate amount of individual (triglycerides) (WTG) in test

sample as follows:

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WFAMEi =

P W

P R

i

i

t t

t

C11:0

C11:0

´ ´

´

1.0067

WTGi = WFAMEi ´ fTGi

where Pti = peak area of fatty acid i in test portion; WtC11:0 = weight

of C11:0 internal standard added to test portion, g; 1.0067 = conversion

of internal standard from triglyceride to FAME; PtC11:0 = peak

area of C11:0 internal standard in test portion; and fTGi = conversion

factor for FAMEs to triglycerides for individual fatty acids (see Table

996.06E).

(Note: If procedure is followed exactly, WtC11:0 should be

0.010 g.)

(c) Calculate amount of total fat in test sample (sum of all fatty

acids; expressed as triglycerides [including cis and trans forms of

monounsaturated acids]) as follows:

Total fat, % = ( åWDTG/Wtest portion)

where Wtest sample = weight of test portion, g.

(d) Calculate weight of each fatty acid (Wi) as follows:

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Wi = WFAMEi ´ fFAi

where fFAi = conversion factors for conversion of FAMEs to their

corresponding fatty acids (see Table 996.06E).

(e) Calculate percent of saturated fat in test sample (w/w; expressed

as saturated fatty acids; sum ofC4:0,C6:0,C8:0, etc.) as follows:

Saturated fat, % = (åsaturated Wi/Wtest portion) ´ 100%

(f) Calculate amount of monounsaturated fat in test sample (w/w;

expressed as sum of only cis form of monounsaturated fatty acids

[C16:1, C17:1, C18:1 cis, C20:1, etc.]) as follows:

Monounsaturated fat, % =

(åmonounsaturated Wi/Wtest portion) ´ 100%

Polyunsaturated fat, % =

(åpolyunsaturated Wi/Wtest portion) ´ 100%

(Note: Test samples containing hydrogenated fat will yield complicated

chromatograms due to large number of isomers formed

during hydrogenation process. One general indication of hydrogenation

is presence of C18:1 trans peak(s). For hydrogenated fat

chromatograms, use the following guidelines to calculate FAME

peak areas: trans peaks elute prior to cis, therefore, include all peaks

between C18:1 cis and C18:2 cis,cis in calculation of C18:2 peak area.

OftenC18:1 trans “peak” consists of broad series of peaks [due to positional 

isomers from hydrogenation]; include all of these in C18:1

trans peak area.)

Reference: J. AOAC Int. 80, 555(1997); 82, 1146(1999).

Revised: March 2002

©

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Metode Resmi AOAC 996,06

Lemak (Total, Jenuh, dan tak jenuh)

di Makanan

Hidrolitik Ekstraksi Metode kromatografi Gas

Pertama Action 1996

Revisi 2001

(Berlaku untuk penentuan lemak dalam makanan.)

Perhatian: Boron trifluorida dapat berakibat fatal bila terhirup.

Lihat Tabel 996.06A-C untuk hasil studi antar laboratorium

mendukung penerimaan metode ini.]

A. Prinsip

Lemak dan asam lemak yang diambil dari makanan dengan metode hidrolisis

(hidrolisis asam untuk sebagian besar produk, hidrolisis basa untuk susu

produk, dan kombinasi untuk keju). Asam Pyrogallic ditambahkan ke

meminimalkan degradasi oksidatif asam lemak selama analisis.

Trigliserida, triundecanoin (C11: 0), ditambahkan sebagai standar internal. lemak

diekstraksi ke dalam eter, kemudian dimetilasi untuk asam lemak metil ester

(James) menggunakan BF3 dalam metanol. James yang kuantitatif diukur

dengan kromatografi gas kapiler (GC) terhadap C11: 0 intern

standar. Jumlah lemak dihitung sebagai jumlah asam lemak secara pribadi menyatakan

dalam jumlah yang setara trigliserida. Jenuh dan tak jenuh tunggal

lemak dihitung sebagai jumlah asam lemak masing-masing. tak jenuh tunggal

lemak hanya mencakup bentuk cis.

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B. Aparatur

(a) kromatografi gas (GC) .- Dilengkapi dengan api hidrogen

detektor ionisasi, kolom kapiler, mode split injektor, suhu oven

pemrograman yang cukup untuk melaksanakan urutan terus-jalan-terus.

Kondisi Operasi: Suhu (° C): injektor, 225;

detektor, 285; suhu awal, 100 (tahan 4 menit); jalan, 3 ° C / menit; akhir

suhu 240; terus 15 menit; gas pembawa, helium; rate, 0.75 mL / menit mengalir;

kecepatan linear, 18 cm / s; rasio split, 200: 1.

(b) kapiler column.-Memisahkan pasangan FAME berdekatan

puncak C18: 3 dan C20: 1 dan theFAMEtrio puncak berdekatan C22: 1,

C20: 3, dan C20: 4 dengan resolusi 1,0 atau lebih besar. SP2560 100 m '

0,25 mm dengan 0.20 mm film cocok.

(c) Mojonnier termos.

(d) karet Stoppers.-sintetis atau gabus.

(e) Mojonnier keranjang centrifuge.

(f) Hengar butiran didih mikro.

(g) Baskets.-Aluminium dan plastik.

(h) air Shaker bath.-Mempertahankan 70-80 ° C.

(i) Uap bath.-Mendukung gelas umum.

(j) Air bath.-Dengan pasokan aliran nitrogen, mempertahankan 40 ±

5 ° C.

(k) tindakan Wrist shaker.-Dirancang untuk Mojonnier centrifuge

keranjang.

(l) Mojonnier motor didorong centrifuge.-Opsional; mempertahankan

600 'g.

(m) Gravity konveksi oven.-Mempertahankan 100 ± 2 ° C.

(n) Vortex mixer.

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(o) Gas dispersi tubes.-25 mm, porositas "A," kasar ekstra,

175 mm.

(p) Tiga dram vials.-Sekitar 11 mL.

(q) fenolik ditutup atas caps.-Dengan polivinil liner, agar sesuai botol.

(r) Teflon / silikon septa.-Untuk menyesuaikan botol.

C. Reagen

Asam (a) Pyrogallic.

(b) klorida acid.-12M dan 8.3M. Untuk membuat 8.3M HCl,

tambahkan 250 mL HCl 12M 110 mL H2O. Aduk rata. Simpan pada suhu kamar

(20-25 ° C).

(c) Amonium hydroxide.-58% (b / b).

(d) Diethyl ether.-Kemurnian sesuai untuk ekstraksi lemak.

(e) Petroleum ether.-anhidrat.

(f) Ethanol.-95% (v / v).

(g) Toluene.-Nanograde.

(h) Kloroform.

(i) Sodium sulfate.-anhidrat.

(j) Boron trifluorida reagent.-7% BF3 (b / b) dalam metanol, dibuat

dari available14 komersial larutan BF3%. Siapkan di tenda.

(k) Diethyl ether-petroleum eter mixture.-1 + 1 (v / v).

(l) Trigliserida standar internal solution.-C11: 0-triundecanoin;

5.00 mg / mL di CHCl3. Timbang dengan akurat 2.50 g

C11: 0-triundecanoin ke 500 mL labu ukur. Tambahkan ca 400 mL

CHCl3 dan aduk sampai larut. Encerkan dengan volume CHCl3. Balikkan

labu setidaknya 10 kali tambahan. Solusi standar internal Trigliserida adalah stabil sampai 1 bulan

bila disimpan dalam lemari es

(2-8 ° C).

(m) lemak metil ester asam (James) larutan standar .- (

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1) James Campuran standar campuran solution.-Referensi

mengandung serangkaian James, termasuk C18: 1 cis dan trans (tersedia

sebagai GLC-85 dari Nu Chek Prep, Elysian, MN56028, Amerika Serikat, atau setara).

Untuk mempersiapkan James campuran larutan standar, istirahat atas

kaca botol, terbuka, dan hati-hati memindahkan isi ke 3-dram kaca botol.

Cuci botol asli dengan heksana untuk memastikan transfer lengkap dan menambahkan

pencucian ke 3-dram kaca botol. Encerkan dengan ca 3 mL dengan hexane.

(2) C11: 0 FAME standar solution.-C11: 0 metil-Undecanoic

ester dalam heksana. Gunakan hanya dalam persiapan standar FAME individual

solusi, (3). Untuk mempersiapkan C11: 0 FAME larutan standar, istirahat

atas botol kaca terbuka dan hati-hati memindahkan isi ke 50 mL volumetrik

labu. Cuci botol asli dengan heksana untuk memastikan lengkap

mentransfer dan menambahkan pembasuhan sampai 50 mL labu ukur. Encerkan dengan volume

dengan heksana. C11: 0 FAME solusi standar stabil sampai

1 minggu bila disimpan pada 0 ° C.

(3) larutan standar FAME sendiri solutions.-Standar

masing-masing James berikut: C4: 0-tetranoic metil ester,

C6: 0-hexanoic metil ester, C8: 0-oktanoat metil ester,

C10: 0-dekanoat metil ester, C12: 0-dodecanoic metil ester,

C13: 0-tridecanoic metil ester, C14: 0-tetradecanoic metil ester,

C14: 1-9-tetradecenoic metil ester, C15: 0-pentadecanoic metil ester,

C15: 1-10-pentadecenoic metil ester, C16: 0 metil-heksadekanoat

ester, C16: 1-9-hexadecenoic metil ester, C17: 0-heptadecanoic

metil ester, C1 7: 1-10-heptadecenoic metil ester,

C18: 0-oktadekanoat metil ester, C18: 1-9-octadecenoic metil ester,

C 1 8: 2-9, 1 2 - octadecadienoicmethyl ester,

C18: 3-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic metil ester, C20: 0 metil-eicosanoic

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ester, C20: 1-8-eicosenoic metil ester, C20: 2-11,14-eicosadienoic

metil ester, C20: 3-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic metil ester, dan

C22: 0-docosanoic metil ester. Siapkan solusi individualFAMEstandard

sebagai berikut: Break atas botol kaca terbuka dan mentransfer hati-hati

isi ke 3-dram kaca botol. Cuci botol asli dengan heksana untuk memastikan

transfer lengkap dan menambahkan pembasuhan untuk 3-dram kaca botol. Tambahkan

1.0mLC11: solusi 0FAMEstandard, (2), encerkan sampai volume total ca

3.0 mL dengan hexane. Larutan standar FAME sendiri stabil

sampai 1 minggu bila disimpan dalam lemari es (2-8 ° C).

D. Ekstraksi Lemak

Halus menggiling dan menghomogenkan sampel uji sebelum ekstraksi lemak.

[Catatan: Dengan matriks komposisi yang tidak diketahui, mungkin perlu

untuk menganalisis bagian uji tanpa penambahan standar internal untuk

memastikan terhadap gangguan. Harus mengganggu puncak ditemukan,

daerah C11 puncak baku internal harus diperbaiki sebelum melakukan

perhitungan. Gunakan 2.0mLchloroform bukannya baku internal

solusi.]

(a) Makanan termasuk produk susu dan cheese.-Akurat

berat tanah dan bagian uji homogen (mengandung ca

Lemak 100-200 mg) ke dalam labu berlabel Mojonnier. Bahan Angkatan ke

labu sejauh mungkin. Tambahkan ca 100 mg asam pyrogallic, C (a), dan

2.00mLtriglyceride larutan standar internal C (l). Tambahkan beberapa didih

butiran untuk labu. Tambahkan 2.0 mL etanol dan aduk sampai seluruh

Bagian uji dalam larutan. Tambahkan 10,0 mL HCl 8.3M dan aduk rata.

Tempatkan labu ke dalam keranjang dalam gemetar mandi air pada C set 70-80 ° di moderat

kecepatan pengadukan. Menjaga 40 menit. Campur isi tabung pada

Vortex mixer setiap 10 menit untuk menggabungkan partikel mengikuti

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sisi termos ke dalam larutan. Setelah pencernaan, menghilangkan labu dari mandi

dan biarkan dingin ke suhu kamar (20-25 ° C). Tambahkan etanol cukup

untuk mengisi waduk bawah labu dan campuran lembut.

(b) products.-Akurat Dairy berat tanah dan homogen

Bagian uji (mengandung lemak ca 100-200 mg) ke dalam label

Mojonnier labu. Bahan Angkatan ke dalam labu sejauh mungkin. Tambahkan ca

100 mg asam pyrogallic, C (a), dan 2,00 mL trigliserida intern

larutan standar, C (l). Tambahkan beberapa butiran mendidih untuk labu. Tambahkan

2.0 mL etanol dan aduk sampai seluruh bagian uji dalam larutan.

Tambahkan 4.0 mL H2O dan aduk rata. Tambahkan 2.0 mL NH4OH, C (c), dan campuran

baik. Tempatkan labu ke dalam keranjang dalam gemetar mandi air pada C set 70-80 ° di

kecepatan agitasi moderat. Menjaga 10 menit. Campur isi tabung pada

Vortex mixer setiap 5 menit untuk menggabungkan partikel mengikuti

sisi termos ke dalam larutan. Setelah pencernaan, menghilangkan labu dari air

mandi dan tambahkan beberapa tetes fenolftalein. Jauhkan solusi dasar

(pink) dengan penambahan amonium hidroksida. Tambahkan etanol cukup

untuk mengisi waduk bawah labu dan campuran lembut.

(c) Cheese.-akurat menimbang tanah dan uji homogen

Bagian (mengandung lemak ca 100-200 mg) ke dalam label Mojonnier

labu. Bahan Angkatan ke dalam labu sejauh mungkin. Tambahkan ca 100 mg

Asam pyrogallic, C (a), dan 2,00 mL trigliserida larutan standar internal

C (l). Tambahkan beberapa butiran mendidih untuk labu. Tambahkan 2.0mLethanol

dan aduk sampai seluruh bagian uji dalam larutan. Tambahkan 4.0 mL H2O

dan aduk rata. Tambahkan 2.0 mL NH4OH, C (c), dan aduk rata. tempat termos

ke dalam keranjang dalam gemetar mandi air pada C set 70-80 ° di agitasi moderat

kecepatan. Menjaga 20 menit. Campur isi labu di Vortex mixer

setiap 10 menit untuk menggabungkan partikel mengikuti sisi labu

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ke dalam larutan. Tambahkan 10,0 mL HCl 12M dan tempat termos ke dalam didih

mandi uap dan memelihara 20 menit. Campur isi labu setiap 10 menit dengan menggunakan

Vortex mixer. Hapus labu dari mandi uap dan biarkan dingin sampai

suhu kamar (20-25 ° C). Tambahkan etanol cukup untuk termos untuk mengisi

waduk bawah dan campuran lembut.

Tambahkan 25 mL dietil eter untuk Mojonnier labu dari (a), (b), atau (c).

Stopper termos dan tempat dalam keranjang centrifuge. Tempatkan keranjang di pergelangan

tangan

tindakan shaker, termos mengamankan di pengocok dengan pipa karet. goyang

labu 5 menit. Bilas stopper ke dalam labu dengan dietil eter minyak bumi

campuran eter, C (k). Tambahkan 25mLpetroleum eter, termos stopper, dan

kocok 5 menit. Centrifuge labu (dalam keranjang) 5 menit pada 600 'g. (Catatan: Jika

centrifuge tidak tersedia, memungkinkan isi menetapkan setidaknya 1 jam sampai atas

Lapisan jelas.) Bilas stopper ke dalam labu dengan dietil eter minyak bumi

campuran eter. Eter tuang (top) lapisan dalam 150 mL gelas

dan hati-hati bilas bibir labu ke dalam gelas dengan dietil eter minyak bumi

campuran eter. Perlahan-lahan menguap eter pada mandi uap, menggunakan

aliran nitrogen untuk membantu penguapan. Residu yang tersisa di gelas

mengandung lemak diekstraksi.

E. Metilasi

Larutkan residu lemak diekstraksi dalam 2-3 mL kloroform dan 2-3 mL

dietil eter. Campuran Transfer ke 3 dram botol kaca dan kemudian menguap

sampai kering di 40 ° C di bawah air mandi aliran nitrogen. Tambahkan

2.0 mL 7% BF3 reagen, C (j), dan 1,0 mL toluena, C (g). Seal botol

dengan screwcap atas mengandung Teflon / silikon septum. Panas botol di

oven 45 menit pada 100 ° C. Kocok perlahan ca botol setiap 10 menit. (Catatan:

Penguapan cairan dari botol menunjukkan segel tidak memadai; apakah ini

terjadi, membuang solusi dan ulangi seluruh prosedur.) Mengizinkan vial

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mendingin sampai suhu kamar (20-25 ° C). Tambahkan 5.0 mL H2O, 1,0 mL

heksana, dan ca 1,0 g Na2SO4, C (i). Cap botol dan kocok 1 min. Mengizinkan

lapisan untuk memisahkan dan kemudian dengan hati-hati mentransfer lapisan atas ke botol lain

mengandung ca 1,0 g Na2SO4. (Catatan: Top lapisan berisi James termasuk

FAME larutan baku internal trigliserida.)

Suntikkan James ke kolom GC atau transfer ke Autosampler vial untuk

Analisis GC.

F. GC Penentuan

Waktu retensi relatif (vs FAME baku internal trigliserida

solusi) dan respon faktor James individu dapat diperoleh

dengan analisis GC individu larutan standar FAME dan

campuran FAME solusi standar. Suntikkan ca 2 mL masing-masing individu

Larutan standar FAME dan 2 mL James campuran larutan standar.

Gunakan James campuran larutan standar untuk mengoptimalkan kromatografi

respon sebelum menyuntikkan setiap larutan uji. setelah semua

kondisi kromatografi telah dioptimalkan, menyuntikkan larutan uji

dari E.

G. Perhitungan

Total lemak adalah jumlah asam lemak dari semua sumber, dinyatakan sebagai

trigliserida. Mengekspresikan asam lemak diukur sebagai trigliserida membutuhkan

setara matematis kondensasi setiap asam lemak

dengan gliserol. Untuk setiap molekul asam lemak 3, 1 gliserol

(HOCH2CHOHCH2OH) diperlukan. Pada dasarnya, 2 metilen

kelompok dan kelompok 1 methine ditambahkan ke setiap 3 asam lemak.

Hitung waktu retensi untuk setiap FAME di James individu

solusi standar, C (m) (3), dengan mengurangi waktu retensi C11: 0

puncak dari waktu retensi puncak asam lemak. Gunakan waktu retensi ini

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untuk mengidentifikasi James di James campuran larutan standar. Gunakan tambahan

Solusi FAME (dari pemasok yang sama) bila diperlukan untuk

verifikasi identitas FAME lengkap.

(a) Hitung faktor respon (Ri) untuk setiap asam lemak i sebagai berikut:

R

P

P

W

W

i

i

i

's

s

C11: 0

C11: 0

mana Psi = puncak daerah asam lemak individu dalam standar James campuran

solusi; PsC11: 0 = puncak daerah ofC11: asam lemak 0 di mixedFAMEs

larutan standar; WC11: 0 = berat standar internal campuran

James standard solution; dan Wi = berat FAME individu dalam

James campuran larutan standar.

(Catatan: Peaks identitas yang dikenal dengan retensi relatif dikenal

Jam tercantum dalam Tabel 996.06D. Ketika puncak yang belum diketahui identitasnya

diamati selama menjalankan kromatografi, mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi

puncak tersebut dengan menggunakan MS, FTIR, dll Peaks identitas unkown harus

tidak dimasukkan dalam penjumlahan ketika mengukur lemak dalam ujian

sampel.)

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(b) Hitung jumlah individu (trigliserida) (WTG) dalam tes

contoh sebagai berikut:

WFAMEi =

P W

P R

i

i

t t

t

C11: 0

C11: 0

''

'

1,0067

WTGi = WFAMEi 'fTGi

mana Pti = luas puncak asam lemak i dalam porsi uji; WtC11: 0 = Berat

dari C11: 0 baku internal ditambahkan untuk menguji porsi, g; 1,0067 = konversi

standar internal dari trigliserida FAME; PtC11: 0 = puncak

daerah C11: 0 standar internal dalam porsi uji; dan fTGi = konversi

Faktor untuk James untuk trigliserida asam lemak individu (lihat Tabel

996.06E).

(Catatan: Jika prosedur diikuti persis, WtC11: 0 harus

0.010 g.)

(c) Hitung jumlah total lemak dalam sampel uji (jumlah semua lemak

asam; dinyatakan sebagai trigliserida [termasuk cis dan trans bentuk dari

asam tak jenuh tunggal]) sebagai berikut:

Lemak total,% = (bagian åWDTG / Wtest)

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dimana sampel Wtest = berat bagian tes, g.

(d) Hitung berat masing-masing asam lemak (Wi) sebagai berikut:

Wi = WFAMEi 'fFAi

mana fFAi = faktor konversi untuk konversi dari James untuk mereka

asam lemak yang sesuai (lihat Tabel 996.06E).

(e) Hitung persen lemak jenuh dalam sampel uji (w / w; dinyatakan

sebagai asam lemak jenuh; sum ofC4: 0, C6: 0, C8: 0, dll) sebagai berikut:

Lemak jenuh,% = (åsaturated bagian Wi / Wtest) '100%

(f) Hitung jumlah lemak tak jenuh tunggal dalam sampel uji (w / w;

dinyatakan sebagai jumlah satunya bentuk cis asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal

[C16: 1, C17: 1, C18: 1 cis, C20: 1, dll]) sebagai berikut:

Lemak tak jenuh tunggal,% =

(åmonounsaturated porsi Wi / Wtest) '100%

Lemak tak jenuh ganda,% =

(åpolyunsaturated porsi Wi / Wtest) '100%

(Catatan: Sampel uji yang mengandung lemak terhidrogenasi akan menghasilkan rumit

kromatogram karena sejumlah besar isomer yang terbentuk

selama proses hidrogenasi. Salah satu indikasi umum hidrogenasi

adalah kehadiran C18: 1 puncak trans (s). Untuk lemak terhidrogenasi

kromatogram, gunakan panduan berikut untuk menghitung FAME

luas puncak: puncak trans mengelusi sebelum cis, oleh karena itu, mencakup semua puncak

antara C18: 1 cis dan C18: 2 cis, cis dalam perhitungan C18: 2 daerah puncak.

OftenC18: 1 trans "puncak" terdiri dari serangkaian luas puncak [karena posisi

isomer dari hidrogenasi]; mencakup semua ini dalam C18: 1

luas puncak trans.)

Referensi: J. AOAC Int. 80, 555 (1997); 82, 1146 (1999).

Revisi: Maret 2002