ap biology 2008-2009 cells & cell organelles how are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and...
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AP Biology 2008-2009
Cells & Cell Organelles
How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and different?
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Regents Biology
Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies
bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!
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Regents Biology
Types of Cells There are 2 Types of cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
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Regents Biology
Eukaryotic cells are cells that have their DNA contained in a nucleus.
Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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Regents Biology
Prokaryotic cells: Cells that do not contain a nucleus.
Examples: Bacteria
All Bacteria are Prokaryotes
All Prokaryotes are Bacteria
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Regents Biology
Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
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Regents Biology
Bacteria cellsBacteria cells
Types of Prokaryotic Cells
Very Simple Cells Cell parts include: Cell membrane, Cell wall,
Cytoskeleton, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes
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Regents Biology
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Very Complex cells Cell parts include: Everything a prokaryotic
cell had plus lots more.
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
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Regents Biology
Organelles Do the work of cells
each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Model Animal Cell
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Regents Biology
Cell membrane Found in ALL Cells Function
controls what enters or leaves cell O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
recognizes signals from other cells
Structure phospholipid bilayer
double layer of fat receptor molecules
proteins
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
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Regents Biology
Phospholipids Phosphate heads: Hydrophilic (love
water)
Lipid tails: Hydrophobic (fear water)
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
Water Outside the cell
Water Inside the cell
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Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
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Regents Biology
Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm: Jelly like liquid in cells.
Found in all cells Holds Organelles in place
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cell. Found in all cells Gives the cell shape Act as “highways” for transport inside the
cell.
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Regents Biology
Cytoskeletons Picture
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Regents Biology
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
cytoskeletonprotein fibers that give cells shape
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Regents Biology
Cell Wall Cell Wall: Provides protection and
support for the cell. Can be made of Carbohydrates,
Proteins, or Both Outside of the cell membrane Found in Plant & Bacteria Cells
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Regents Biology
Ribosomes Found in ALL Cells
Thousands of them in each cell Function
protein factories read instructions to build proteins from
DNA Structure
Made of a type of RNA Very small
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Regents Biology
Ribosomes
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AP Biology
Cellular Energy
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Regents Biology
Function make ATP energy from glucose
fuels the work of life
Structure double membrane Contains its own DNA
Mitochondrion (Mitochondria)
in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells
ATP
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Regents Biology
Chloroplast(s) Found in Plant cells Function
photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars
transform solar energy into chemical energy
Structure Double membrane Contains its own DNA
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Regents Biology
Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2
cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP
Chloroplasts Have their own DNA photosynthesis
make energy + sugar from sunlight
sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy
Plants make energy two ways!
ATP
sugar
ATP
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Regents Biology
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast
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AP Biology
Cellular Transport
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Regents Biology
Vacuoles & vesicles Function
Vacuole: Storage
Vesicle: moving material around cell
Structure membrane sac
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food inside cell
vesicle
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Regents Biology
Food & water storage
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuole
contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole
food vacuoles food vacuoles
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Regents Biology
Lysosome(s)
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food
lysosomes
Function digest food clean up & recycle
digest broken organelles
Structure membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting brokenorganelles
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Regents Biology
Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
signals
structure
enzymes
receptors
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Regents Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
part of protein factory helps complete the
proteins makes membranes
Structure rough ER
ribosomes attached works on proteins
smooth ER makes membranes
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Regents Biology transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”
Structure membrane sacs
Golgi Apparatus
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AP Biology
Cell Cycle
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Regents Biology
Nucleus Found in all Eukaryotic Cells Function
control center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structures nucleolus
ribosome factory Chromosomes made of DNA
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Regents Biology
Centrioles Only found in Animal Cells Function
help coordinate cell division Structure
one pair in each animal cell “motor” proteins
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AP Biology 2008-2009
That’s mycellular story…
Any Questions?