ap biology exam review
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AP Biology Exam Review. 2011 The year everyone passes the AP exam!!. Plant Structure: Cells. parenchyma (least differentiated, most abundant; photosynthetic – leaf tissue); collenchyma (support – celery strings ); sclerenchyma (reinforced, tough cell walls, no - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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2011THE YEAR EVERYONE PASSES THE AP
EXAM!!
AP Biology Exam Review
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Plant Structure: Cells
parenchyma (least differentiated, most abundant; photosynthetic – leaf tissue);
collenchyma (support – celery strings);sclerenchyma (reinforced, tough cell walls,
nolonger growing – wood, nutshells) composeed of lignin, cellulose and a secondary cell wall; dead at maturity.
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Plant Cells
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Plant Tissue
b. tissue: dermal (protective outer coating); vascular (transport), ground (everything else)
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Dicot Root and Stem
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Leaf Structure
Identify: Cuticle, upper and
lower epidermis, guard cells, stomata, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll (parenchyma cells), vascular bundle
Where does C3 Calvin cycle occur?
Where does C4 occur?What happens during
the Calvin Cycle?
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Specialized Cells
xylem: tracheids (long, thin) & vessel elements (short, wide) – conduct water & dead at functional maturity
phloem: sieve-tube elements & companion cells – conduct sugar & sieve-tube
elements are alive at functional maturity, but lack nucleus, ribosomes & central
vacuole, connected by plasmodesmata; companion cells provide molecular needs of sieve-tube elements
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Growth http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/7/1953/500153.cw/index.html
structure: meristems (apical, lateral, vascular cambium, cork cambium) – embryonic stem cells that produce new cells
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Woody Tree
cross section through angiosperm tree (from center outward): pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cortex, cork cambium, bark
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Gas exchange
structure: stomates in leavesfunction: diffusion, transpiration, supports
Calvin cycleWhat gases are going in? Going out??
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Energy Production
a. structure: leaf (mesophyll, palisades, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, phloem, xylem)
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Photosynthesis
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Energy Production
function: production of sugars for energy storage and plant structure,
bulk flow / translocation of sugars = osmotic gradient from source to sink
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Mineral and Water Transporta. structure: roots, root
hairs, xylem, stomates, transpiration (adhesion, cohesion, evaporation), endodermis & Casparian strip, NPK
Casparian Strip: A band of suberized and/or lignified wall material in the radial (anticlinal) and transverse walls of cells of the endodermis. It ensures that water and solutes pass through the living protoplast of the endodermal cells, rather than through the cell walls, thus facilitating selective filtering of the sap solutes and control of the rate of flow.
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Mineral and Water Transport
function: supports photosynthesis & synthesis
symbiotic relationships (mutualism)
mycorrhizae (fungus) – live in soil & extend into plant roots; increases water & mineral absorption; fungus gets food
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Rhizobium (N-fixing bacteria) – live in root nodules of legume family; converts N into soluble form for plant use; bacteria get food and shelter
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Responses
a. hormonesauxin (stimulate cell elongation), gibberellins
(fruit growth & stimulate cell elongation with auxins)
ethylene (gas: fruit ripening, autumn leaf fall, death of annual plants, apoptosis),
cytokinins (stimulate cell division, cytokinesis & differentiation; coordinated with auxins)
abscisic acid (slows growth, seed dormancy) signal transduction pathway: reception, transduction, response
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Responses
gravitropism (settling of starch grains)phototropism (elongation of cells on shaded side)photoperiod/flowering (changes in phytochromes:
Pr converts to Pfr in light)thigmotropism (loss of K+ & H2O from cells)short-day (long night plants: early fall or spring
flowering)long-day (short night plants: late spring or summer
flowering) day-neutral plants (flowering at any time): length ofdarkness vs. critical period
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Reproduction
structure: flower, petals, stamen, pistil & ovules
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Reproduction
pollen grain (microspores or male gametophyte): two sperm nuclei
ovules (megaspores or female gametophyte) : eight nuclei (1 egg, 2 polar nuclei, 5 others)
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Double Fertilization
one sperm nucleus fertilizes egg = 2n zygote
other sperm nucleus combines with 2 polar nuclei = 3n endopserm (food storage)
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Alternation of Generations
multicellular diploid (sporophyte) alternating with multicellular haploid (gametophyte)
diploid sporophyte makes haploid spores (meiosis)
haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes (mitosis)
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Prevention of self-fertilization: self-incompatibility
What are the advantages?
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Evolution
mosses (bryophytes)no vascular system, swimming sperm, dominant
gametophyte / parasitic sporophyteferns (pteridophytes) vascular, swimming sperm, dominant sporophyte /
independent, reduced gametophyteconifers (gymnosperm)pollen & naked seeds, dominant sporophyte (tree) / highly
reduced gametophyte (pollen & ovule in cones)flowering plants (angiosperm)flowers, fruits & double fertilization, dominant sporophyte
/ highly reduced gametophyte (pollen & ovule in flowers)
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Labs
Transpiration LabBe sure to review the
procedures and the conclusions, and understand:
a. Factors that affect rate of transpiration
b. How to set up a similar experiment
c. Controls vs. Experimental
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Any Questions?