AP BiologySaturday Session 3

Evolution as a ProcessSession 2 - Macroevolution

Question 1

BClue: biological species

concept = offspring

SpeciesMale and Female Blue Footed Boobies

Question 2

CClue: April and May

Pre-zygotic and post-zygoticbarriers

Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur

Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote fromdeveloping into a viable, fertile adult

REDUCED HYBRIDVIABILITY

REDUCED HYBRIDFERTILITY

HYBRID BREAKDOWN

HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION

Reducedhybrid

viability

FertilizationViable,fertile

offspring

Reducedhybridfertility

Hybridbreakdown

Matingattempt

Gameticisolation

Fertilization

Mechanicalisolation

Behavioralisolation

Temporalisolation

Habitatisolation

Individualsof

differentspecies

Question 3

AClue: mules

Pre-zygotic and post-zygoticbarriers

Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur

Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote fromdeveloping into a viable, fertile adult

REDUCED HYBRIDVIABILITY

REDUCED HYBRIDFERTILITY

HYBRID BREAKDOWN

HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION

Reducedhybrid

viability

FertilizationViable,fertile

offspring

Reducedhybridfertility

Hybridbreakdown

Matingattempt

Gameticisolation

Fertilization

Mechanicalisolation

Behavioralisolation

Temporalisolation

Habitatisolation

Individualsof

differentspecies

Question 4

DClue: designate

Ecological Species concept

Microorganismsand other

detritivores

Tertiaryconsumers

Secondaryconsumers

Detritus Primary consumers

Sun

Primary producers

Heat

Key

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

Phylogenetic Species concept Percent of Amino Acids That Are

Identical to the Amino Acids in aHuman Hemoglobin Polypeptide

100%

95%

87%

69%

54%

14%

Rhesus monkey

Species

Human

Mouse

Chicken

Frog

Lamprey

Question 5

D

.

Time

Gradualism model Punctuated equilibrium model

Question 6

BClue: Radiation =

spread out

Galapagos Islands

Galapagos Islands close up

Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches

Math Grid In Solution

• The correct answer is 839.7 fire ants/month

• N = K/15 = 15000/15 = 1000 • Rmax = 0.9

• K = 15000• • dN/dt = rmax N (K-N)

• K• dN/dt = (0.9)(1000)(15000-1000/15000) = (0.9) (1000) (0.933)

= 839.7 fire ants/month

Short Free Response 14 points possible

Discussion of allopatric speciation being the evolution of species by the reproductive isolation associated with some geologic barrier (1 pt.)Discussion on example – ring species, adaptive radiation on islands, etc. (1 pt.)

Discussion of sympatric being the evolution of one species from an existing within the same area. (1 pt.)Discussion of one species evolving as a result of competition or another driving force causing change such as allopolyploidy or autopolyploidy. (1 pt.)

Modes of Speciation

Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation

Autopolyploidy

Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing diploid plant after chromosome duplication gives rise to a tetraploid branch or other tissue.

Gametes produced by flowers on this tetraploid branch are diploid.

Offspring with tetraploid karyo-types may be viable and fertile—a new biological species.

2n = 64n = 12 4n

2n

Allopolyploidy

Species B2n = 6

Species A2n = 4

Normal gameten = 3

Normal gameten = 3

2n = 10

Unreduced gametewith 4 chromosomes

Unreduced gametewith 7 chromosomes

Hybrid with7 chromosomes

Viable fertile hybrid(allopolyploid)

Meiotic error;chromosomenumber notreduced from2n to n

Short Free Response 24 points possible

• Discussion of first and second experiment – reproduction by cross-fertilization, DNA sequencing, karyotyping (1 pt. each)

• Discussion of outcome support – living viable, reproductive offspring, DNA sequences being identical, possessing the same number of chromosomes. (1 pt. each)