ap h presentation
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By: Jack Benninghoff
Cody S.
Joseph Lester
Michael Smith
CHAPTER 4, GREECE AND IRAN
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I. ANCIENT IRAN
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GEOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES
• Surrounded by Deserts, Mountains, and Persian Gulf
• Open to attacts by Central Asian Nomads
• Hot, Dry Climate
• Limited Water Reserves
• Few Natural Resources
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EFFECTS
• Sparse Population
• Mostly in the North and West areas
• Underground Irrigation
• Some Dependence on Trade of Minerals and Timber
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RISE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE• First Civilization-Medes
• Helped overthrow Assyrian Empire
• Achaemenids-Persian Rulers-Joined Median Court through Marriage
• Cyrus-United Persians + Overthrew Medes
• First Persian Emperor
• Cyrus expanded empire across Anatolia and Mesopotamia
• Respected religions and customs
• Cambyses, Cyrus’ Son, Conquered Egypt and Nubia
• Darius I took throne and expanded empire into Indus Valley and Europe
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Map of Persian Expeditions
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IMPERIAL ORGANIZATION
• Empire divided into 20 provinces, each ruled by a satrap
• Position of satrap was hereditary
• Some had much autonomy
• Provinces paid tribute
• Paid for roads that all converged at the capital, Susa
• And garrisons at key locations
• Kings
• Masters of all subjects and nobles
• Controlled “Kings Land”
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• Kings were also lawgivers, but allowed other customs
• Managed central administration
• Performed ceremonies at Persopolis, in the Persian homeland
• Women could own land, travel, and be politically influential.
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RELIGION
• Main Religion-Zoroastrianism
• Zoroastriansim
• Founder- Unclear, but hymns are ascribed to Zoroaster
• Gathas-hymns of Zoroastrianism
• Believed in the existence of a dualistic universe
• God of good, Ahuramazda, fights god of evil, Angra
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GEOGRAPHY • Located in parts of the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia.
• Mostly full of mountains, low amount of farmland.
• Most of Greece is made up of islands.
• The climate is a roughly uniform one. The summer is filled with hot and dry air where as the winter is filled with cool air brought in from the ocean.
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RESOURCES• Greece had little access to rivers so they depended heavily on rainfall to water their
crops.
• Cattle and horses were abundant in the northern part of Greece. Where sheep and goats were more common in the southern part.
• Fine marble and clay were abundant.
• Few metal deposits and little timber available.
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TRADE• Because of the few resources available to the Greeks, they relied heavily on trade.
• Their main transportation for trade was the sea and the ocean.
• They acquired metals and other raw materials from regions around them.
• Sea transport was much cheaper and faster than ones on land.
• Imports:
• Anatolia- gold and iron
• Northern Aegean- timber
• Cyprus- Copper
• Western Med.- Tin
• Hack Sea, Egypt, and Sicily- Grain
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PERIODS• Dark Age- period of isolation from everyone else around the region.
• Archaic Period- Phoenician ships began to visit area and soon after, Greek ships set sail for trade opportunities, raw materials, and fertile farmland.
• Population Boom- Began to have enough food for everyone and cities started to turn into trading centers.
• Expansion- colonies built in foreign lands so Greece expanded farther than its origins.
• Was a challenge for Greece but military aspects helped success.
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TECHNOLOGY• Polis “City-State”- result of population boom, was a city state that had an urban center
usually located on a hilltop.
• Each one was jealous of neighbor so
• Hoplites- infantry men fought in close formation. Was used as a military strategy.
• Alphabet- Phoenician writing system
• Learned in a short period of time.
• Used to form literature, trade, laws, and religious dedication
• Coins- allowed for more rapid exchanges
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GOVERNMENT• Democracy- government ruled by the people
• Military was huge.
• More detaile
• Tyrant- a person who seizes power in violation of political institutions and traditions of the community.
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RELIGION/ GODS• Worshipped sky gods portrayed in The Iliad and the Odyssey.
• Sacrifices
• Rituals performed at front of temples where it was believed to be the residency place of the Gods.
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ATHENS AND SPARTA• Athens
• Known for intellectual knowledge and philosophies.
• Had a strong democracy and government.
• Education was very important to the city.
• Children were born to get educated and receive an educational background in life.
• Sparta
• Known for a strong military.
• Citizens thought of as being born tough.
• Won many conquests and battles because of brilliant military strategies and warriors.
• Children were born into military training.
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PERSIAN WARS• Greece vs. Persia
• Started by Persia punishing Greek city states that helped rebels
• Xerxes- Persian Ruler
• 300 Spartans at Thermopylae defended off army of Persians and bought allies time.
• Delian League was formed in order to unite Greek city states and drive the Persians out of Greece for good.