ap human geography origins and diffusion of agriculture spring 2015 origins and diffusion of...
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AP Human GeographyAP Human Geography
Origins and Diffusion of Agriculture
Spring 2015
Origins and Diffusion of Agriculture
Spring 2015
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What is agriculture?What is agriculture?
Agriculture is “a science, art, and a business directed at the
cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and
profit.”
Agriculture is “a science, art, and a business directed at the
cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and
profit.”
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Categories of economic activities
Categories of economic activities
Primary activities- harvest or extract something from the earth, e.g., agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, hunting & gathering
Secondary activities- add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful products, e.g., manufacturing
Primary activities- harvest or extract something from the earth, e.g., agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, hunting & gathering
Secondary activities- add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful products, e.g., manufacturing
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Economic activitiesEconomic activities
Tertiary activities- involve the provision of services, e.g., financial, business, professional, clerical, personal,etc.
Quaternary activities- services rendered by “white collar” professional working in govt, education, management, information processing, and research
Quinary activities- executive decision makers in large public or private organizations
Tertiary activities- involve the provision of services, e.g., financial, business, professional, clerical, personal,etc.
Quaternary activities- services rendered by “white collar” professional working in govt, education, management, information processing, and research
Quinary activities- executive decision makers in large public or private organizations
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Origins of AgricultureOrigins of Agriculture
Began with the domestication of plants and animals
Hunting and gathering (including fishing) became important means by which humans obtained foods prior to the invention of agriculture
Today, less than .005 percent of the world’s population still survive from hunting and gathering
Began with the domestication of plants and animals
Hunting and gathering (including fishing) became important means by which humans obtained foods prior to the invention of agriculture
Today, less than .005 percent of the world’s population still survive from hunting and gathering
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Types of CultivationTypes of Cultivation
According to geographer Carl Sauer, the earliest form of plant cultivation was vegetative planting, in which new plants are produced by direct cloning from existing plants
Seed agriculture, or the production of plants through annual planting of seeds came later
According to geographer Carl Sauer, the earliest form of plant cultivation was vegetative planting, in which new plants are produced by direct cloning from existing plants
Seed agriculture, or the production of plants through annual planting of seeds came later
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Origin of vegetative planting
Origin of vegetative planting
Sauer believed that vegetative planting probably originated in Southeast Asia
First plants domesticated in Southeast Asia included roots such as taro, yams, and tree crops such as banana and palm
Diffused from S.E. Asian hearth northward and eastward to China and Japan, and westward through India, Southwest Asia, tropical Africa and areas around the Mediterranean Sea
Other early hearths = West Africa and northwestern South America
Sauer believed that vegetative planting probably originated in Southeast Asia
First plants domesticated in Southeast Asia included roots such as taro, yams, and tree crops such as banana and palm
Diffused from S.E. Asian hearth northward and eastward to China and Japan, and westward through India, Southwest Asia, tropical Africa and areas around the Mediterranean Sea
Other early hearths = West Africa and northwestern South America
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Vegetative HearthVegetative Hearth
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Origin and Diffusion of Seed Agriculture
Origin and Diffusion of Seed Agriculture
Carl Sauer identified three hearths:1. Western India2. Northern China3. Ethiopia
Two independent hearths:• Southern Mexico • Northern Peru
Carl Sauer identified three hearths:1. Western India2. Northern China3. Ethiopia
Two independent hearths:• Southern Mexico • Northern Peru
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Seed AgricultureSeed Agriculture
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Innovations that increased the chances of success for
seed agriculture
Innovations that increased the chances of success for
seed agricultureIrrigation (the channeling of water to
fields)Plowing to loosen and turn the soilFencing to keep animals out of the fieldsBuilding terraces to provide level field on
hill sidesFertilizing with plant and animal wastesweeding
Irrigation (the channeling of water to fields)
Plowing to loosen and turn the soilFencing to keep animals out of the fieldsBuilding terraces to provide level field on
hill sidesFertilizing with plant and animal wastesweeding
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First Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic
Revolution
First Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic
Revolutionoccurred when humans began to settle in communities (8000 B.C.E) and moved away from hunting and gathering
Happened in many places at different timesBegan with the development of seed
agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals
Began with the domestication of plants and animals
Led to the emergence of agricultural hearths from which farming practices diffused
occurred when humans began to settle in communities (8000 B.C.E) and moved away from hunting and gathering
Happened in many places at different timesBegan with the development of seed
agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals
Began with the domestication of plants and animals
Led to the emergence of agricultural hearths from which farming practices diffused
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Changes that resulted from the 1st Agricultural
Revolution
Changes that resulted from the 1st Agricultural
RevolutionIncrease in reliable food suppliesRapid increase in total human
populationJob specializationWidening of gender differencesDevelopment of distinction
between settled people and nomads
Increase in reliable food suppliesRapid increase in total human
populationJob specializationWidening of gender differencesDevelopment of distinction
between settled people and nomads
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Second Agricultural Revolution
Second Agricultural Revolution
Probably began in Western Europe in the 1600s
Preceded the Industrial RevolutionLed to the Enclosure Movement
(beginning of scientific agriculture)Use of crop rotationDramatic improvements in outputs, such
as crop and livestock yieldsInvention of the seed drill (Jethro Tull)New inputs, e.g., fertilizers & drainage
system
Probably began in Western Europe in the 1600s
Preceded the Industrial RevolutionLed to the Enclosure Movement
(beginning of scientific agriculture)Use of crop rotationDramatic improvements in outputs, such
as crop and livestock yieldsInvention of the seed drill (Jethro Tull)New inputs, e.g., fertilizers & drainage
system
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The Third Agricultural Revolution
The Third Agricultural Revolution
Began in late 19th century and gained momentum throughout 20th century
The Green Revolution is said to have begun during the Third Agricultural Revolution
Began in late 19th century and gained momentum throughout 20th century
The Green Revolution is said to have begun during the Third Agricultural Revolution
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3 phases of the 3rd argic. Rev.
3 phases of the 3rd argic. Rev.Mechanization: the replacement of
human farm labor with machinesChemical farming: the application of
synthetic fertilizers to the soil- and herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to crops
Food manufacturing: involves adding econ. Value to agric. Products thru processing, canning, packaging, refining, etc.
Mechanization: the replacement of human farm labor with machines
Chemical farming: the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil- and herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to crops
Food manufacturing: involves adding econ. Value to agric. Products thru processing, canning, packaging, refining, etc.
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Subsistence vs.. Commercial agriculture
Subsistence vs.. Commercial agriculture
Purpose of farmingPercentage of farmers in the labor
forceUse of machineryFarm sizeRelationship of farming to other
businesses
Purpose of farmingPercentage of farmers in the labor
forceUse of machineryFarm sizeRelationship of farming to other
businesses
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Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Shifting cultivation- South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia
Pastoral nomadism- the dry lands of North Africa and Asia
Intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant- East and South Asia
Intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant- East and South Asia
Shifting cultivation- South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia
Pastoral nomadism- the dry lands of North Africa and Asia
Intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant- East and South Asia
Intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant- East and South Asia
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Rice PaddiesRice Paddies
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Commercial Agriculture Regions
Commercial Agriculture Regions
Mixed crop and livestock- U.S. Midwest and central Europe
Dairying- northeastern U.S., southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe
Grain- north-central United States and Eastern Europe
Ranching- dry land of western U.S., southeastern South America, Central Asia, southern Africa, and Australia
Mediterranean - lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, western U.S., Chile, South Africa & Australia
Mixed crop and livestock- U.S. Midwest and central Europe
Dairying- northeastern U.S., southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe
Grain- north-central United States and Eastern Europe
Ranching- dry land of western U.S., southeastern South America, Central Asia, southern Africa, and Australia
Mediterranean - lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, western U.S., Chile, South Africa & Australia
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Commercial Agriculture Regions
Commercial Agriculture Regions
Commercial gardening- southeastern United States and southeastern Australia
Plantation- tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Commercial gardening- southeastern United States and southeastern Australia
Plantation- tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America, Africa, and Asia
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Characteristics of Shifting Cultivation
Characteristics of Shifting Cultivation
Slash-and-burnCrops grown on a cleared field for
few years and field left to fallowThe cleared field is known as
swidden, landang, milpa, chena, and kaingin
Slash-and-burnCrops grown on a cleared field for
few years and field left to fallowThe cleared field is known as
swidden, landang, milpa, chena, and kaingin
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Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation
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Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation
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Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation
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CropsCrops
Depends on local custom and tasteBut may include upland rice in
Southeast Asia; maize (corn) and manioc (cassava) in South America; and millet and sorghum in Africa
Others- yams, sugarcane, plantain, etc.
Depends on local custom and tasteBut may include upland rice in
Southeast Asia; maize (corn) and manioc (cassava) in South America; and millet and sorghum in Africa
Others- yams, sugarcane, plantain, etc.