eeb 304 lecture 4 – origins of agriculture reading: chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
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EEB 304 Lecture 4 – Origins of Agriculture
Reading: Chapter 2
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Tuesday February 1/subject to change!
Class will meet at McClung Museum
- meet in entry area, benches by fountain
- bring materials to take notes
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Assignment #3List 5 plant foods that you have consumed this week (they may be foods that consist entirely of the plant; or foods that contain the plant as one of the ingredients). Prepare a one page world map that is labeled to show where each plant food originated (use Table 2.1 of your textbook as your source of information)
Due Date: Tuesday 2/1
Can Be Returned as Hard Copy or File Attachment to e-mail message
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Quiz
1. Where and when did agriculture begin?
2. Which continents are considered to make up the New World?
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Important Concepts
• Timing – When did farming begin?
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Important Concepts
• Timing – When did farming begin?
- sudden origin
- gradual conversion
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Important Concepts
• Timing – When did farming begin?
- sudden origin
- gradual conversion
• Evidence for adoption of agriculture
- dating
- plants
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Important Concepts
• Timing – When did farming begin?
- sudden origin
- gradual conversion
• Evidence for adoption of agriculture
- dating
- plants
• Changes involved in plant domestication
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Important Concepts
• Timing – When did farming begin?
- sudden origin
- gradual conversion
• Evidence for adoption of agriculture
- dating
- plants
• Changes involved in plant domestication
• Where did farming begin
- independent invention vs. cultural diffusion
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Important Terms Related to Origin of Agriculture
Cultivation
Domestication
Agriculture
Horticulture
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I. BackgroundI. Background How long have people been on our planet?
• Homo - ca 3 million years • Fire - ca 1.4 million years
• Homo sapiens - In Africa ca 400,000 years ago
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I. BackgroundI. Background How long have people been on our planet?
• Homo - ca 3 million years • Fire - ca 1.4 million years
• Homo sapiens - In Africa ca 400,000 years ago
Cooking?
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How long have people been on our planet?How long have people been on our planet?
• modern humans - ca. 100,000 years ago
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How long have people been farming?How long have people been farming?
• ca. 10,000 years
• before farming - hunter gatherer type of existence
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
2. Temporal evidence
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
- plant remains
2. Temporal evidence
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
- plant remains
- cooking utensils
- tools
- human skeletons
2. Temporal evidence
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
- plant remains
- cooking utensils
- tools
- human skeletons
2. Temporal evidence
- stratigraphy
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
- plant remains
- cooking utensils
- tools
- human skeletons
2. Temporal evidence
- stratigraphy
- isotope dating
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Origin of Agriculture – Sources of Evidence
1. Physical evidence: Human encampments or settlements
- plant remains
- cooking utensils
- tools
- human skeletons
2. Temporal evidence
- stratigraphy
- isotope dating
- tree rings
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Carbon-14 DatingIsotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89%
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Carbon-14 DatingIsotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89% C13 - 1.11% C14: 0.00000000010%
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Carbon-14 DatingIsotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89% C13 - 1.11% C14: 0.00000000010%
1 C14 atom for every 1,000,000,000,000 C12 atoms
[=1 trillion]
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Carbon-14 Dating
Atmosphere
Cosmic ray neutrons 14N + neutron => 14C + proton
Isotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89% C13 - 1.11% C14: 0.00000000010%
1 C14 atom for every 1,000,000,000,000 C12 atoms
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Carbon-14 Dating
Atmosphere
Cosmic ray neutrons 14N + neutron => 14C + proton
Spontaneous decay: 14C => 14N + beta particle
Isotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89% C13 - 1.11% C14: 0.00000000010%
1 C14 atom for every 1,000,000,000,000 C12 atoms
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Carbon-14 Dating
Atmosphere
Cosmic ray neutrons 14N + neutron => 14C + proton
Spontaneous decay: 14C => 14N + beta particle
Over time, this reaction has reached an equilibrium in the atmosphere
Isotopes of Carbon:
C12 - 98.89% C13 - 1.11% C14: 0.00000000010%
1 C14 atom for every 1,000,000,000,000 C12 atoms
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Carbon-14 Dating, continued1. Plants incorporate carbon from the atmosphere as CO2 into their tissues – at this point, the proportion of C-12/C-14 will be the same as for the atmosphere
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Carbon-14 Dating, continued1. Plants incorporate carbon from the atmosphere as CO2 into their tissues – at this point, the proportion of C-12/C-14 will be the same as for the atmosphere
2. Herbivores consume plants – the C-12/C-14 ratio will be maintained,and the lifetime of an animal is too short for there to be any detectable difference
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Carbon-14 Dating, continued1. Plants incorporate carbon from the atmosphere as CO2 into their tissues – at this point, the proportion of C-12/C-14 will be the same as for the atmosphere
2. Herbivores consume plants – the C-12/C-14 ratio will be maintained,and the lifetime of an animal is too short for there to be any detectable difference
3. People utilize animals for food – animal bones go into the garbage dump after the flesh is eaten
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Carbon-14 Dating, continued
4. The animal bones lie in the corner of the cave where they are preserved
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Carbon-14 Dating, continued
4. The animal bones lie in the corner of the cave where they are preserved
Over time, the proportion of C-14 to C-12 drops, because C-14 spontaneously decays whereas C-12 is stable.
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Carbon-14 Dating, continuedLaboratory studies have shown that the half-life of C-14 is 5568 years – that is, in 5,568 years, half of the C-14 in a sample will be changed into N-14 through radioactive decay. Using this information, a graph can be prepared that shows the relationship between the proportion of C-14/C-12 in a sample and its predicted age. Dating of samples whose age is known has verified the technique (see graph below).
See Fig. 2.2, p. 42
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Carbon-14 Dating, ErrorsContamination:
- residues from microorganisms
- infiltration with carbon-containing water (e.g. carbonates) or organic-containing leachates
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Carbon-14 Dating, ErrorsContamination:
- residues from microorganisms
- infiltration with carbon-containing water (e.g. carbonates) or organic-containing leachates
Special advantages/problems with wood:
- relatively abundant; likely to be present as charcoal
- wood may have been made much earlier than when it was used
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Carbon-14 Dating, ErrorsContamination:
- residues from microorganisms
- infiltration with carbon-containing water (e.g. carbonates) or organic-containing leachates
Special advantages/problems with wood:
- relatively abundant; likely to be present as charcoal
- wood may have been made much earlier than when it was used
Sampling errors:
- apply to all statistical techniques; lessen by replication
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Tree Ring Analysis
Wood = secondary xylem
Temperate regions, often a ring of secondary xylem is produced each year - the ring is produced by differences in size between cells produced early in the season (large) and those produced late in the growing season (small).
The width of a tree ring provides information about the growing conditions of that season.
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Tree Ring Analysis, continued
Development of master sequence – can then be used to date individual artefacts
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Tree Ring Analysis, continuedAn example of a comprehensive data set for a given region (Aegean).
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Identification of Plant Remains
1. Macroscopic appearance See Fig. 2.1, p. 41
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Identification of Plant Remains
1. Macroscopic appearance
2. Pollen grains (instant fossils)
Sunflower pollen
See Fig. 2.1, p. 41
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Identification of Plant Remains
1. Macroscopic appearance
2. Pollen grains (instant fossils)
3. Phytoliths (also very resistant to degradation)
2 phytoliths – SEM micrographsSunflower pollen
See Fig. 2.1, p. 41
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Identification of Plant Remains
1. Macroscopic appearance
2. Pollen grains (instant fossils)
3. Phytoliths (also very resistant to degradation)
4. Indirect – wear data on human teeth; changes in Carbon isotope ratios (C-12/C-13) in human bones
2 phytoliths – SEM micrographsSunflower pollen
See Fig. 2.1, p. 41
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Origin of Agriculture: Cultural Myths
Many Cultures Have Stories About How People Learned to Cultivate Plants
- Egypt
- Greece
- China
- Mesoamerica
- Judeo-Christian
See Figs. 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 pages 44,45,46
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Apples – the Fruit of the Garden of Eden?Traditional Depictions Show the Apple as the “Forbidden Fruit”
See Fig. 2.8, p. 46
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Apples – the Fruit of the Garden of Eden?Traditional Depictions Show the Apple as the “Forbidden Fruit”
Problems:
- apples did not occur in relevant geographic area, nor were they part of the diet of the peoples there
- Hebrew word means both fruit and apple
See Fig. 2.8, p. 46
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Apples – the Fruit of the Garden of Eden?Traditional Depictions Show the Apple as the “Forbidden Fruit”
Problems:
- apples did not occur in relevant geographic area, nor were they part of the diet of the peoples there
- Hebrew word means both fruit and apple
Suggestion: Forbidden fruit was probably another plant, possibly the apricot (text) or the fig
See Fig. 2.8, p. 46
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Apples – the Fruit of the Garden of Eden?Traditional Depictions Show the Apple as the “Forbidden Fruit”
Problems:
- apples did not occur in relevant geographic area, nor were they part of the diet of the peoples there
- Hebrew word means both fruit and apple
Suggestion: Forbidden fruit was probably another plant, possibly the apricot (text) or the fig
See Fig. 2.8, p. 46
Medieval Propaganda: Choice of Apple denigrates traditional Celtic Religious Beliefs
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Origin of Agriculture: Cultural Myths
Many Cultures Have Stories About How People Learned to Cultivate Plants
- Egypt
- Greece
- China
- Mesoamerica
- Judeo-Christian
Contrast: Gift or Burden
See Figs. 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 pages 44,45,46
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Origin of Agriculture: Cultural Myths
Many Cultures Have Stories About How People Learned to Cultivate Plants
- Egypt
- Greece
- China
- Mesoamerica
- Judeo-Christian
Contrast: Gift or Burden
Bottom Line: other explanations have been sought
See Figs. 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 pages 44,45,46
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What caused the origin of agriculture?What caused the origin of agriculture?
• climate change?
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What caused the origin of agriculture?What caused the origin of agriculture?
• climate change?
• accident of how people lived
(a) offshoot of fisherman culture more sedentary (b) dumpheap concept
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What caused the origin of agriculture?What caused the origin of agriculture?
• climate change?
• accident of how people lived
(a) offshoot of fisherman culture more sedentary (b) dumpheap concept
• population pressure?
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What caused the origin of agriculture?What caused the origin of agriculture?
• climate change?
• accident of how people lived
(a) offshoot of fisherman culture more sedentary (b) dumpheap concept
• population pressure?
• interaction with religious rituals?
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What caused the origin of agriculture?What caused the origin of agriculture?
• climate change?
• accident of how people lived
(a) offshoot of fisherman culture more sedentary (b) dumpheap concept
• population pressure?
• single brilliant person?
• interaction with religious rituals?
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Alternative Views – Origin of Agriculture
“Classical View” – sudden, dramatic event; requires explanation
- raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
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Alternative Views – Origin of Agriculture
“Classical View” – sudden, dramatic event; requires explanation
- raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
New View (Box 2.1, text) – gradual transition
- issue of origin less significant
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Alternative Views – Origin of Agriculture
“Classical View” – sudden, dramatic event; requires explanation
- raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
New View (Box 2.1, text) – gradual transition
- issue of origin less significant
Major Points:
1. Once adopted, agriculture stayed with culture
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Alternative Views – Origin of Agriculture
“Classical View” – sudden, dramatic event; requires explanation
- raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
New View (Box 2.1, text) – gradual transition
- issue of origin less significant
Major Points:
1. Once adopted, agriculture stayed with culture
2. Agriculture adopted in various parts of the world, with differing sets of plants
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Barley, Wheat, Lentils, Chickpeas, Olives ...
Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• Near East
• area now parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq: probably oldest, archaeological materials showing early agriculture known from ca. 10,000 years ago
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Rice, Millet, Soybeans ...
Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• Southeast Asia
• Possibly 9,000 years ago, in Thailand: because of warm, humid climate, there is poor preservation of materials
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Sorghum, Millet, Okra, Coffee, Cotton ...
Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• Sub-sahara Africa
• somewhat later date, again preservation is a problem
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Corn, Common Bean, Cocoa, Chili Pepper, Sweet Potato
Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• Mexico
• Tamaulipas, 7500-9000 years ago; clearly by 7000 years ago maize in cultivation
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Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• South America:
• Peru, 8000 years ago
Potato, Tomato, Manioc, Peanut, Pineapple
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Sunflower, sumpweed, chenopod in cultivation before arrival of corn and beans
Where did agriculture originate?Where did agriculture originate?
• 4-5+ Centers
• North America
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Assignment #3List 5 plant foods that you have consumed this week (they may be foods that consist entirely of the plant; or foods that contain the plant as one of the ingredients). Prepare a one page world map that is labeled to show where each plant food originated (use Table 2.1 of your textbook as your source of information)
Due Date: Tuesday 2/2
Can Be Returned as Hard Copy or File Attachment to e-mail message
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Thursday Lecture – Origin of Agriculture, continued
- Geographical origin of plant crops
- Changes under domestication