ap +midterm+review+questions boichem

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________

1 of 4 Developed by Kim B. Foglia • www.ExploreBiology.com • ©2010

REVIEW UNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY — SAMPLE QUESTIONS

A. Sample Multiple Choice Questions Complete the multiple choice questions to review this unit.

1. Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond? (1990:9)

a. The peptide bond between amino acids in a protein

b. The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen in the carboxyl group of a fatty acid.

c. The bond between Na+ and Cl- in salt

d. The attraction between a hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule.

e. The bond between carbon and hydrogen in methane

2. A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of (1994:10)

a. ionizing chemical groups

b. electrons

c. carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

d. oxygen

e. hydrogen bonds

Questions 3-7. Choose an item from the list below that is best associated with the following statements. (1994:86-90)

A. Glycocalyx

B. Cholesterol

C. Triglyceride

D. Phospholipid

E. Protein

3. Carbohydrate-containing layer at the surface of the plasma membrane

4. The major component of the fluid bilayer of a plasma membrane

5. Carrier molecule in the plasma membrane

6. Steroid affecting the fluidity of the plasma membrane

7. ATP synthase (synthetase) in the inner mitochondrial and chloroplast membrane

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


8. The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

a. the release of a water molecule

b. the release of a carbon dioxide molecule

c. the addition of a nitrogen atom

d. the addition of a water molecule

e. an increase in activation energy

9. Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented below (1999:14)

A + B + energy → AB

a. hydrolysis

b. catabolism

c. oxidation-reduction

d. exergonic reaction

e. endergonic reaction

10. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions (1994:37)

a. rate of disappearance of the enzyme

b. rate of disappearance of the substrate

c. rate of disappearance of the product

d. change in volume of the solution

e. increase in activation energy

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


B. Sample Free Response Questions Make an outline of the information you would include in each of these essays

1. 2003B:3

Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties.

a. Describe how the properties of water contribute to TWO of the following

transpiration

thermoregulation in endotherms

plasma membrane structure

b. Water serves as a reactant and a product in the carbon cycle. Discuss the role of water in the carbon cycle.

c. Discuss the impact of one human activity on the water cycle.

2. 2002B:3

The physical form of cells and organisms is often influenced by special structural polymers. Choose one polymer from each of the following three pairs of polymers:

Pair 1: tubulin . . myosin

Pair 2: cellulose . . chitin

Pair 3: messenger RNA . . transfer RNA

For each of the three polymers you have chosen, describe its

a. structure, and

b. role in a cell or organism.

3. 2001:4

Proteins — large complex molecules — are building blocks of all living organisms. Discuss the following in relation to proteins.

a. the chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins

b. the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis

c. the roles of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


4. 2000:1

The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The following results were obtained.

a. How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In your answer,

include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the function of this enzyme, as well as a discussion of how structure and function of enzymes are affected by temperature and pH.

b. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here.

5. 2008:1

The physical structure of a protein often reflects and affects its function.

a. Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins. For each type, describe the role in determining protein structure.

b. Discuss how the structure of a protein affects the function of TWO of the following.

muscle contraction

regulation of enzyme activity

cell signaling

c. Abnormal hemoglobin is the identifying characteristic of sickle cell anemia. Explain the genetic basis of abnormal hemoglobin. Explain why the sickle cell allele is selected for in certain areas of the world.

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________


REVIEW UNIT 6: EVOLUTION — SAMPLE QUESTIONS


1. Which of the following is most often associated with the elaborate courtship rituals conducted by many birds? (1990:14)

a. species recognition d. altruism

b. migration e. kin selection

c. feeding response

2. The replacement of glutamic acid by valine at a specific position in the beta chains of hemoglobin leads to sickle cell anemia. This change represents which of the following mutational events? (1990:32)

a. DNA base-pair substitution

b. DNA base-pair deletion

c. DNA base-pair addition

d. chromosomal deletion

e. frameshift mutation

3. The differences in cricket calls among sympatric species of crickets are examples of (1990:51)

a. habitat isolation d. behavioral isolation

b. temporal isolation e. geographic isolation

c. physiological isolation

4. Which of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium? (1990:51)

a. Small variations gradually accumulate in evolving lineages over periods of millions of years.

b. Random mating ensures that the proportions of genotypes in a population remain unchanged from generation to generation.

c. Stability is achieved when selection favors the heterozygote, while both types of homozygotes are at a relative disadvantage.

d. Evolutionary changes consist of rapid bursts of speciation alternating with long periods in which species remain essentially unmodified.

e. Under competition for identical resources, one of the two competing species will be eliminated or excluded.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? (1999:53)

a. Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over long periods of time.

b. Variation occurs among individuals in a population.

c. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation

d. More individuals are born than will survive

e. Individuals that possess the most favorable variations have the best chance of reproducing.

6. In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of “blue skin”, a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the “blue-skinned” residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of “blue skin” in the area is an example of (1999:44)

a. mutation d. sexual selection

b. genetic drift e. heterozygote advantage

c. natural selection

7. In certain Native American groups, albinism due to a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway for melanin is sometimes seen. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.06, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.) (1999:54)

a. 0.04 d. 0.36

b. 0.06 e. 0.94

c. 0.16

Question 8–9. In a certain flock of sheep, 4 percent of the population has black wool and 96 percent has white wool. Assume Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (1994:49-50)

8. If black wool is a recessive trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait?

a. 4% d. 64%

b. 20% e. 80%

c. 32%

9. What percentage of the population is homozygous for white wool?

a. 20% d. 80%

b. 40% e. 96%

c. 64%

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


B. Sample Free Response Questions

1. 2004:2

Darwin is considered the "father of evolutionary biology." Four of his contributions to the field of evolutionary biology are listed below.

The nonconstancy of species

Branching evolution, which implies the common descent of all species

Occurrence of gradual changes in species

Natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

a. For EACH of the four contributions listed above, discuss one example of supporting evidence.

b. Darwin's ideas have been enhanced and modified as new knowledge and technologies have become available. Discuss how TWO of the following have modified biologists' interpretation of Darwin's original contributions.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Punctuated equilibrium

Genetic engineering

2. 2003B:4

Biologists are interested in preserving the diversity of living organisms on the planet.

a. Explain THREE of the following processes of phenomena, using an appropriate example for each.

mutation

adaptive radiation

polyploidy

population bottlenecks

growth of the human population

b. For each process or phenomena you selected in (a), discuss its impact on the diversity of life on Earth.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


3. 2001:2

Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands.

a. Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by Darwin.

b. Each of the following relates to an aspect of evolution by natural selection. Explain three of the following.

Convergent evolution and the similarities among species (ecological equivalents) in a particular biome (e.g., tundra, taiga, etc.)

Natural selection and the formation of insecticide-resistant insects or antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Speciation and isolation

Natural selection and behavior such as kinesis, fixed-action-pattern, dominance hierarchy, etc.

Natural selection and heterozygote advantage

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________


REVIEW UNIT 7: BIODIVERSITY — SAMPLE QUESTIONS


1. A microscopic, unicellular organism that has a cell wall impregnated with silicon and is important as plankton in a food chain belongs to which of the following groups? (90:06)

A. mosses

B. diatoms

C. cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

D. ferns

E. brown algae

2. A plant that has a stem with scattered vascular bundles, leaves with parallel venation, and seeds with a single cotyledon is probably a (90:20)

A. pine

B. moss

C. corn plant

D. bean plant

E. liverwort

3. All members of which of the following groups have the greatest number of characteristics in common? (90:29)

A. Class

B. Order

C. Family

D. Genus

E. Phylum

4. An organism that is eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, and lacks cell walls belongs to which of the following? (90:30)

A. Eubacteria C. Plantae

B. Protista D. Animalia

C. Fungi

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. Mosses are characterized by which of the following? (90:59)

A. A dominant gametophyte with dependent sporophyte

B. A dominant gametophyte with independent sporophyte

C. A dominant sporophyte with independent gametophyte

D. A dominant sporophyte with large dependent gametophyte

E. A dominant sporophyte with gametophyte reduced to a few cells

6. Vascular plants with spores borne in sporangia on the underside of leaves are characteristic of which of the following plant groups? (94:05)

A. Bryophyta (mosses)

B. Chrysophyta (golden algae)

C. Anthrophyta (flowering plants)

D. Pteridophyta (ferns)

E. Coniferophyta (conifers)

7. If an invertebrate possesses nephridia as an excretory system, skin as a gas exchange system, and a closed circulatory system, the animal is most likely to be (94:06)

A. a snail

B. a planarian

C. an earthworm

D. a grasshopper

E. a jellyfish

8. Members of the kingdom Fungi generally differ from members of the kingdom Plantae in that fungi (94:15)

A. have cell walls

B. are multicellular

C. are heterotrophic

D. are both aquatic and terrestrial

E. are eukaryotic

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


Questions 9 & 10 refer to the data below concerning a newly discovered organism.

Usual mode of reproduction: Sexual

Type of fertilization: External Embryology: Blastopore contributes to the formation of anus; cleavage is radial

Symmetry: Immature form is bilateral; mature form is five-part radial Body cavity: Lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

Segmentation: not evident Skeleton spiny exoskeleton secreted by the dermis and covered with a thin

epidermis Habitat: marine

9. Which of the following pairs of terms best describes this organism? (94:113)

A. Coelomate .. deuterostome D. Pseudocoelomate .. segmented

B. Acoelomate .. metazoan E. Protostome .. unsegmented

C. Diploblastic .. parazoan

10. Into what phylum should this organism be placed? (94:114)

A. Chordata D. Mollusca

B. Nematoda E. Annelida

C. Echinodermata

Questions 11–15. The following questions refer to the list below. (99:87.91)

A. Annelida

B. Mollusca

C. Arthropoda

D. Echinodermata

E. Chordata

11. Bilaterally symmetrical; deuterostome; dorsal hollow nerve cord (99:87)

12. Coelomate; exoskeleton; jointed appendages (99:88)

13. Pharyngeal slits; endoskeleton derived from mesoderm; ventral heart (99:89)

14. Internal calcareous skeleton, deuterostome; water-vascular system (99:90)

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


15. Closed circulatory system; protostome; many body segments (99:91)

16. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the cladogram above?

A. Species Q and R make up a monophyletic group.

B. Species P and Q are equally related to species T.

C. Species P and T do not share a common ancestor.

D. Species S evolved from species R.

E. Species S is more closely related to species T than to species R.

The table shows selected characters used to determine relationships among four species of mammals.

17. Which of the following characters is unique to Neomysticena?

A. Naked (hairless) tail

B. Three toes on hindfeet

C. Enlarged incisors

D. Hair tufts protruding from ears

E. Body hair

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


18.

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________


REVIEW UNIT 10: ECOLOGY — SAMPLE QUESTIONS


1. All of the following are density-dependent factors that limit animal populations EXCEPT (90:08)

A. weather D. food competition

B. predation E. mortality

C. birthrate

2. During the carbon cycle, which of the following carbon compounds would be utilized as an energy source by heterotrophs? (90:36)

A. calcium carbonate

B. carbonic acid

C. organic molecules

D. carbon dioxide

E. carbon monoxide

3. All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT:

A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the population of predators.

B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the population of prey.

C. Camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey.

D. The production of large numbers of offspring within very short periods of time ensures the survival of some prey populations.

E. The population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey.

4. Which of the following is true about secondary consumers in an ecosystem? (90:31)

A. They eat only plants.

B. They are eaten by primary consumers.

C. They are smaller and weaker than are primary consumers.

D. They are fewer in number than are primary consumers.

E. They contain the greatest total biomass in the system.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. In the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds is performed primarily by (90:35)

A. fungi

B. bacteria

C. green plants

D. herbivores

E. carnivores

A. tropical rain forest

B. taiga

C. arctic tundra

D. temperate grassland

E. desert

6. Permafrost; temperatures range from approximately -50°C to +25°C; a growing season of 60 days or less (90:91)

7. Over 10 inches of precipitation per year; long, cold winters and short summers; dominant vegetation is gymnosperm (90:92 modified)

8. Lack of water common in summer; seasonal temperature variations; maintained by periodic fires (90:93)

9. Less than 10 inches of precipitation per year; extremes of hot and cold throughout the year; large daily temperature variations (90:94)

10. This biome has the greatest diversity of species. (99:80)

11. Which point on the curve in the diagram above best represents the carrying capacity of the environment for the population shown. (99:01)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


Questions 12–14. refer to the food web below. (90:106-108)

12. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass? (90:106)

A. grass

B. grasshopper

C. snake

D. mouse

E. hawk

13. All of the following statements about the diagram are correct EXCEPT: (90:107)

A. The grasshopper is an herbivore.

B. Only two trophic levels are depicted.

C. The mouse and grasshopper are at the same trophic level.

D. The grass is a producer.

E. All of the organisms except grass are consumers, regardless of position.

14. The organic and inorganic materials in all the organisms in the diagram will eventually return to the environment by the action of (90:108)

A. decomposers

B. producers

C. primary consumers

D. secondary consumers

E. top carnivores

15. Which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophic levels in a food chain? (94:11)

A. Most carnivores function at more than one trophic level.

B. Trophic levels above this number contain too many individuals.

C. Top carnivores are too few in number to prey effectively.

D. The ecosystem contains too much biomass.

E. Energy is lost from each trophic level.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


Questions 43–46. The illustrations below show the age and sex of the human populations in Country 1 and Country 2. The ages are grouped by 5-year classes, and the sexes are represented separately. The percentages in the different age classes are shown by the relative widths of successive horizontal bars. (94:109-112)

16. In Country 1, approximately what percentage of the individuals were younger than fifteen years of age? (94:109)

A. 10%

B. 21%

C. 42%

D. 52%

E. It cannot be estimated from the graph.

17. Which of the following best approximates the ratio of males to females among individuals below fifteen years of age? (94:110)

Country 1 Country 2

A. 1 : 1 1 : 1

B. 0.75 : 1 0.75 : 1

C. 0.5 : 1 0.5 : 1

D. 1 : 1 0.5 : 1

E. 0.75 : 1 1 : 1

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


18. If, in Country 1, infant mortality declined and the birth rate remained the same, then initially the population would be expected to (94:111)

A. be more evenly distributed among the age classes

B. be even more concentrated in the young age classes

C. stabilize at the illustrated level for all age classes

D. increase in the oldest age classes

E. increase in the median age classes

19. Over the next 10-15 years, the stabilization of Country 1’s population at its current size would require that (94:112)

A. infant mortality be reduced to about half the present level

B. the death rate be reduced drastically

C. each couple produce fewer children than the number required to replace themselves

D. about 15 years be added to the life expectancy of each person

E. couples have an average of only 3 children

Questions 20–21. The graph below shows changes in a population of wild sheep that were introduced to the island of Tasmania in the early 1800s. (99:117–120)

20. The type of population growth represented by that portion of the graph line enclosed in the bracket is most accurately termed (99:117)

A. stable

B. exponential

C. density-dependent

D. arithmetic

E. decelerating

21. The graph indicates that the sheep population most likely is (99:118)

A. growing in excess of its carrying capacity, since fluctuations in population size occurred after 1850

B. headed for extinction because of the population explosion about 1930

C. regulated by density-independent factors, because there appears to be about a 10-year cycle of sharp declines in size

D. shifting from K-selected strategy to an r-selected strategy

E. stable after 1850 under the effects of density-dependent regulating factors

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


B. Sample Free Response Questions 1. 2006:2

According to fossil records and recent published observations, two species of leaf-eating beetles (species A and B) have existed on an isolated island in the Pacific Ocean for over 100,000 years. In 1964 a third species of leaf-eating beetle (species C) was accidentally introduced on the island. The population size of each species has been regularly monitored as shown in the graph above.

a. Propose an explanation for the pattern of population density observed in species C.

b. Describe the effect that the introduction of beetle species C has had on the population density of species A and species B. Propose an explanation for the patterns of population density observed in species A and in species B.

c. Predict the population density of species C in 2014. Provide a biological explanation for your prediction.

d. Explain why invasive species are often successful in colonizing new habitats.

2. 2007:4

The energy flow in ecosystems is based on the primary productivity of autotrophs.

a. Discuss the energy flow through an ecosystem and the relative efficiency with which it occurs.

b. Discuss the impact of the following on energy flow on a global scale

Deforestation

Global climate change

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


3. 2004:4

Organisms rarely exist alone in the natural environment. The following are five examples of symbiotic relationships.

Plant root nodules Epiphytic plants

Digestion of cellulose Anthrax

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Choose FOUR of the above and for each example chosen,

a. identify the participants involved in the symbiosis and describe the symbiotic relationship, and

b. discuss the specific benefit or detriment, if any, that each participant receives from the relationship.

4. 2007:3

Compared with other terrestrial biomes, deserts have extremely low productivity.

a. Discuss how temperature, soil composition, and annual precipitation limit productivity in deserts.

b. Describe a four-organism food chain that might characterize a desert community, and identify the trophic level of each organism.

c. Describe the results depicted in the graph. Explain one anatomical difference and one physiological difference between species A and B that account for the CO2 uptake patterns shown. Discuss the evolutionary significance of each difference.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. 2008:2

Consumers in aquatic ecosystems depend on producers for nutrition.

a. Explain the difference between gross and net primary productivity.

b. Describe a method to determine net and gross primary productivity in a freshwater pond over a 24-hour period.

In an experiment, net primary productivity was measured, in the early spring, for water samples taken from different depths of a freshwater pond in a temperate deciduous forest.

c. Explain the data presented by the graph, including a description of the relative rates of

metabolic processes occurring at different depths of the pond.

d. Describe how the relationship between net primary productivity and depth would be expected to differ if new data were collected in mid-summer from the same pond. Explain your prediction.

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________


REVIEW UNIT 2: CELLS & CELL DIVISION — SAMPLE QUESTIONS


1. The nucleolus functions in the production of (1994:12)

A. Golgi apparatus

B. microtubules

C. mitochondria

D. ribosomes

E. endoplasmic reticulum

2. Which is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory (1994:10)

A. Both have bacteria-like polysaccharide cell walls

B. Both can reproduce on their own outside the cell

C. Both contain DNA molecules

D. Both contain endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

E. Both contain ribosome that are identical to ribosomes of the eukaryotic cytoplasm

3. All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT (1990:17)

A. DNA

B. ribosomes

C. cell membrane

D. nuclear envelope

E. enzymes

4. The organelle that is the major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the (1990:7)

A. chloroplast

B. nucleus

C. ribosome

D. Golgi apparatus

E. mitochondrion

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. If plant cells are immersed in distilled water, the resulting movement of water into the cells is called (1990:34)

A. conduction

B. active transport

C. transpiration

D. osmosis

E. facilitated diffusion

6. Which of the following is the primary role of the lysosome (1990:46)

A. ATP synthesis

B. intracellular digestion

C. lipid transport

D. carbohydrate storage

E. protein synthesis

7. Cytoplasmic channels between plant cells which are most similar to gap junctions between animal cells are called (1990:64)

A. middle lamellas D. tight junctions

B. tonoplasts E. desmosomes

C. plasmodesmata

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


Questions 114–116. The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown at right. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. (99:114.116)

8. From the initial conditions and results described which of the following is a logical conclusion? (99:114)

A. The initial concentration of glucose in the bag is higher than the initial concentration of starch in the bag.

B. The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the starch molecules.

C. The bag is not selectively permeable.

D. A net movement of water into the beaker has occurred.

E. The molarity of the solution in the bag and the molarity of the solution in the surrounding beaker are the same.

9. Which of the following best describes the conditions expected after 24 hours? (99:115)

A. The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition.

B. The contents of the bag will have the same osmotic concentration as the surrounding solution.

C. Water potential in the bag will be greater than water potential in the surrounding solution.

D. Starch molecules will continue to pass through the bag.

E. A glucose test on the solution in the bag will be negative.

10. If, instead of the bag, a potato slice were placed in the beaker of distilled water, which of the following would be true of the potato slice? (99:116)

A. It would gain mass.

B. It would neither gain nor lose mass.

C. It would absorb solutes from the surrounding liquid.

D. It would lose water until water potential inside the cells is equal to zero.

E. The cells of the potato would increase their metabolic activity.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


B. Sample Free Response Questions 1. 2002:4

The following experiment was designed to test whether different concentration gradients affect the rate of diffusion. In this experiment, four solutions (0% NaCl, 1% NaCl, 5% NaCl, and 10% NaCl) were tested under identical conditions. Fifteen milliliters (mL) of 0% NaCl were put into a bag formed of dialysis tubing that is permeable to Na+, Cl–, and water. The same was done for each NaCl solution. Each bag was submerged in a separate beaker containing 300 mL of distilled water. The concentration of NaCl in mg/L in the water outside the bag was measured at 40-second intervals. The results from the 5% bag are shown in the table below.

CONCENTRATION IN mg/L OF NaCl OUTSIDE THE 5% NaCl BAG

Time (seconds)

NaCl (mg/L)

0 0 40 130 80 220

120 320 160 400

a. On the axes provided, graph the data for the 5% NaCl solution

b. Using the same set of axes, draw and label three additional lines representing the results that you would predict for the 0% NaCl, 1% NaCl, and 10% NaCl solutions. explain your predictions.

c. Farmlands located near coastal regions are being threatened by encroaching seawater seeping into the soil. In terms of water movement into or out of plant cells, explain why seawater could decrease crop production. Include a discussion of water potential in your answer.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


2. 2004B:1

Prokaryotes are found throughout the biosphere. Answer two of the following.

a. Provide three examples of adaptations found in various prokaryotes. Explain how these three adaptations have ensured the success of prokaryotes.

b. Discuss how prokaryotes early in Earth’s history altered environments on Earth.

c. Discuss three ways in which prokaryotes continue to have an ecological impact today.

3. 2007:1

Membranes are essential components of all cells.

a. Identify THREE macromolecules that are components of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell and discuss the structure and function of each.

b. Explain how membranes participate in THREE of the following biological processes.

muscle contraction

fertilization of an egg

chemiosmotic production of ATP

intercellular signaling

4. 2006:1

A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.

a. Describe the structure and function of TWO eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles other than the nucleus.

b. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane-bound components in common. Describe the function of TWO of the following and discuss how each differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

DNA

cell wall

ribosomes

c. Explain the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cell and discuss an example of evidence supporting this theory.

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


5. 2000:1

The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The following results were obtained.

a. How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In your answer,

include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the function of this enzyme, as well as a discussion of how structure and function of enzymes are affected by temperature and pH.

b. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here.

Name _____________________________ Period _________

AP Biology Date ______________________


REVIEW UNIT 4 & 5: HEREDITY & MOLECULAR GENETICS — “TOP TEN”

A. Top “10” — If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Meiosis produces haploid gametes

a. Meiosis 1 separates homologous pairs: reduction division

• crossing over in Prophase 1

b. Meiosis 2 separates sister chromatids: produces 4 sex cells

2. Different versions of same gene are called alleles

a. dominant vs. recessive

b. homozygous vs. heterozygous

c. phenotype vs. genotype

3. Mendelian inheritance

a. monohybrid crosses

• Aa x Aa = 3:1 ratio

• Law of Segregation

b. dihybrid crosses

• AaBb x AaBb = 9:3:3:1 ratio

• Law of Independent Assortment

c. test cross

• determine genotype of individual showing dominant phenotype

• unknown (A_) x aa (homozygous recessive)

4. Non-Mendelian inheritance

a. incomplete dominance (pink flower color), co-dominance (blood type), sex linked (mainly X-linked: color blindness, hemophilia), epistasis (coat color), pleiotropy (dwarfism, giantism), polygenic (skin color)

5. Chi-square analysis

a. determining if observed results are significantly different from expected results

b. know how to use formula when given & how to interpret results

• degrees freedom (1 less than number of classes of results)

• less than p=.05, then difference can be due to random chance alone & null hypothesis is accepted

6. DNA & RNA

a. DNA: ACTG nitrogen bases, double helix

• A : T, C : G

b. RNA: ACUG nitrogen bases, single helix

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


7. Central Dogma

a. DNA RNA protein trait

b. transcription (DNA mRNA)

• in nucleus

• RNA polymerase copies coding strand & produces mRNA

c. translation (mRNA protein)

• in cytoplasm

• codons on mRNA read by ribosome

• matched to anticodons of tRNA

• tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA & ribosome assembles polypeptide chain

• start codon (Met) & stop codons, redundancy in code

• universal code (single common ancestor)

8. Regulation of genes

a. operons

• prokaryotes

• cluster of genes for enzymes in a pathway

• controlled by repressor protein

• repressible operon (synthesis pathway = tryp operon) vs. inducible operon (digestive pathway = lac operon)

b. transcription factors

• eukaryotes

• proteins which enable bonding of RNA polymerase to gene

9. Mutations

a. fuel for evolution = variation, genetic change

b. gene duplication, point mutation, insertions, deletion

10. Biotechnology

a. Scientists can modify an organism’s genome by inserting foreign DNA

• bacterial transformation (human insulin gene in E. coli)

• possible because of universal genetic code

b. Techniques

• restriction digest: restriction enzymes, sticky ends

• transformation: restriction enzymes, sticky ends, ligase, amp selection, lacZ screening

• gel electrophoresis: DNA moves in an electrical field (negative positive), small pieces move further

Name _____________________________ AP Biology


• PCR: DNA amplification

• RFLP: DNA fingerprinting

• Sanger sequencing: Human Genome Project

B. Labs 1. Genetics of Organisms (Fly Lab)

Be sure to review the procedures and the conclusions, and understand:

a. How to determine genotype of individuals through crosses

b. How to calculate Chi square values

2. Bacterial Transformation & Restriction Analysis

Be sure to review the procedures and the conclusions, and understand:

a. How to set up a similar experiment

b. How to interpret transformation results on LB vs. LB+amp plates

c. How to interpret gel electrophoresis results in restriction analysis

d. Controls vs. Experimental

ap +midterm+review+questions boichem

Documents

multiple choice questions

closed circulatory system

sickle cell anemia

net primary productivity

ap biology

population density observed

ap biology

natural selection