A&P Test 4

Fall 2012

Know the following muscles/groups

• Pectoralis major• Deltoids• Biceps brachii• Triceps brachii• Quadriceps• Hamstrings

• Tibialis anterior• Gastrocnemius• Latissimus dorsi• Trapezius• Gluteus maxmius

Cardiovascular System

• Heart • Blood vessels• Blood

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

• Transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones• Removal of metabolic wastes• Protection white blood cells• Regulation of body temperature, pH and

water content

Blood• Red blood cells

– Transport O2 and CO2• White Blood Cells

– Protection• Platelets

– Stoppage of bleeding• Plasma

– Liquid portion of blood– Water, proteins, waste

products, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases

Circulatory Pathways• Arteries Capillaries Veins• Pulmonary circulation

– From right side of heart to the lungs• Systemic circulation

– From left side of heart to the rest of the body

Respiratory System• Deliver air to the lungs• O2 diffuses out of the

lungs & into the blood• CO2 diffuses out of the

blood & into the lungs• Pulmonary ventilation –

breathing• External respiration – gas

exchange between lungs and blood

• Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and cells

• Gas transport – accomplished by CV system

• Respiratory Control– Medullar oblongata– Influenced by stimuli

received from sensory neurons

DigestionFood

– Consumption and processing is vital for maintaining body tissues and providing fuel

The Digestive Process• Mouth

– Food is chewed and broken down• Stomach

– Further break down• Small intestine

– Absorption• Large intestine

– Water re-absorption– Elimination of unneeded/unusable

compounds

Fates of Food• Proteins–Muscles and other tissues maintain

structural integrity, repair damage• Fats and Carbohydrates– To working muscle or other metabolically

active area to be burned for energy– Supplies in excess of demands are stored• Carbohydrates liver and muscle glycogen• Fats in adipose tissue as body fat

Urinary System• Maintains homeostasis

– Regulates water balance– Removes harmful

substances from the blood

• Blood is filtered by the kidneys

Lymphatic System

• The other circulatory system• Collects excess fluids and plasma proteins and

returns them to the blood• Absorbs lipids and fat soluble materials from

the digestive tract• Filters lymph– destroys pathogens– Lymph nodes immune response centers

Circulatory Fluid Movement

• Lymph– 3 liters per day– Moved by muscle contraction and breathing

• Blood– 5 liters per minute– Moved by the heart

Lymph Nodes

• Filter lymph – prevent the spread of microorganisims and toxins

• Destroy bacteria and toxins

• Produce antibodies

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS)– Brain & Spinal Cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)– Nerves outside the CNS

Endocrine System vs. Nervous System

Endocrine• Influence other cells with

chemicals (hormones)• Effect takes seconds to days

to be produced• Effects last as long as

hormones remain in blood• Distal influence

Nervous• Influence other cells with

chemicals (neurotransmitters)

• Effects are immediate• Effect is short lived• Proximal influence

Key Metabolic Hormones• Insulin– Secreted in response to elevated blood glucose

levels– Tells the body to store nutrients

• Glucagon– Secreted in response to elevated amino acid levels– Tells the body to release nutrients

• Cholecystokinin (CCK)– Secreted in response to lipids– Hunger suppressant