ap wh 3 abbrid

New Civilizations in the New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Eastern and Western

HemispheresHemispheres

2200 BC – 250 BC2200 BC – 250 BC

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations

• Invasions were frequent for Invasions were frequent for ancient river valley civilizations.ancient river valley civilizations.

• Although destructive to society Although destructive to society they often brought an influx of they often brought an influx of new ideas.new ideas.

The River Valley CivilizationsThe River Valley Civilizations

1750 BC: Egypt was conquered 1750 BC: Egypt was conquered by the by the Hyksos. Hyksos.

The Hyksos introduced the The Hyksos introduced the chariot and the horse to Egypt. chariot and the horse to Egypt. This new technology would allow Egypt to become a great empire under Pharaoh Rameses II.

The River Valley CivilizationsThe River Valley Civilizations

1500 BC: The Indus was conquered 1500 BC: The Indus was conquered by the by the AryansAryans who would introduce who would introduce their own changes of ideas.their own changes of ideas.

1300 BC: The 1300 BC: The HittitesHittites would invade would invade and conquer Mesopotamia and and conquer Mesopotamia and bring in the knowledge of smelting bring in the knowledge of smelting iron for weapons and tools.iron for weapons and tools.


New civilizations arose New civilizations arose afterafter the the first three river valley first three river valley civilizations:civilizations:

ChinaChina NubiaNubia Celtic EuropeCeltic Europe Central AmericaCentral America

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations The geographic environment The geographic environment

affected society and economics in affected society and economics in China from 2000 BCE to 221 BCE.China from 2000 BCE to 221 BCE.

Eastern China was heavily Eastern China was heavily agricultural:agricultural:

• North ( Yellow River) grew North ( Yellow River) grew millet millet and wheat and wheat

• South (Yangtzi River) grew South (Yangtzi River) grew ricerice


• Agriculture required large Agriculture required large numbers of people for irrigation numbers of people for irrigation projects. projects.

• Irrigation projects appear to Irrigation projects appear to have been a major have been a major cause of cause of organizing civilizations.organizing civilizations.


Whenever large numbers of Whenever large numbers of people are involved in a project people are involved in a project the following impacts occur:the following impacts occur:

leadership is requiredleadership is required cities formcities form laws are createdlaws are created These are the things that These are the things that

organize society and labor and organize society and labor and create civilizations.create civilizations.

New CivilizationsNew CivilizationsPolitical info:

Early China was ruled by dynasties.

Dynasty: power and authority are kept within a family.

There were two Chinese dynasties during this time period of 2000-221 BC:

The Shang Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty (Chou)

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations The first Chinese dynasty was the

Shang Dynasty (2000 BC-1027 BC) which began in the Yellow River Valley and expanded to the Yangtze River.

There is a theory that there may have been a previous dynasty called the Xsia. It is not yet widely accepted as there are no written records for it.

The dynasty had a emperor who was The dynasty had a emperor who was considered the considered the intermediaryintermediary between between the gods and the human world.the gods and the human world.

This secured his power.This secured his power.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations The Shang were the first to unite

China into a cohesive kingdom.

The Chinese had little or no direct contact with western Eurasian and African societies at this time.

However, some contact was carried out by nomads who were intermediaries. Fragments of Shang pottery were found in Mohenjo-Daro.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations Chinese farmers had a symbiotic

relationship with central Asian nomads.

Farmers provided food, textiles and metal goods to the nomads.

Nomads provided horses and traded goods from farther west.


Economic Info:Economic Info:Much trade and commerce with other Much trade and commerce with other

regions. regions. Some contact with Some contact with MesopotamiaMesopotamia..

Religious Info:Religious Info: Chinese were animistic and included Chinese were animistic and included

male ancestors in their animism.male ancestors in their animism. Ancestor worship would give influence Ancestor worship would give influence

with the gods.with the gods. Practiced divination using oracle Practiced divination using oracle

bones, and sacrifice. bones, and sacrifice.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations Divination: the practice of foreseeing the future.Divination: the practice of foreseeing the future.Technological Info:Technological Info:• Vast irrigation systems such as in Egypt or Mesopotamia Vast irrigation systems such as in Egypt or Mesopotamia

were were not necessarynot necessary along the Huang He due to large along the Huang He due to large amounts of rain.amounts of rain.

• Copper and bronze metallurgy. The Shang and Zhou were Copper and bronze metallurgy. The Shang and Zhou were masters of bronze.masters of bronze.

Civil engineering: bridges, roads, etc. The building of many Civil engineering: bridges, roads, etc. The building of many large cities with strong, thick walls signify its power.large cities with strong, thick walls signify its power.

Horse and chariotHorse and chariot

Writing: the Chinese characters of today. Chinese consists Writing: the Chinese characters of today. Chinese consists of 10,000 characters.of 10,000 characters.

New CivilizationsNew CivilizationsThe Zhou Dynasty (1027-221 BC)The Zhou Dynasty (1027-221 BC) Two Zhou periods: Two Zhou periods: Western Zhou (1027-800 BC) and Western Zhou (1027-800 BC) and Eastern Zhou (800-221 BC).Eastern Zhou (800-221 BC).

Political Info:Political Info: Defeated the Shang Dynasty.Defeated the Shang Dynasty. Many kings in this dynasty.Many kings in this dynasty. Developed the concept of the Developed the concept of the

““Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven.”.”


Mandate: an instruction or command.Mandate: an instruction or command.

Mandate of Heaven:Mandate of Heaven: the right to rule the right to rule was given by the gods as long as the was given by the gods as long as the king acts morally.king acts morally.

PurposePurpose of the Mandate of Heaven: of the Mandate of Heaven: Gave stability to the dynasty.Gave stability to the dynasty. Gave authority to kings’ decisionsGave authority to kings’ decisions

Western Zhou Dynasty Ritual Food Vessel, bronze-ware, 11th century BC - 10th century BC

Eastern Zhou Dynasty of China, six bronze graduate bells, dated to the 6th century BC


Technological info:Technological info:• Copper and bronze metallurgy. The Copper and bronze metallurgy. The

Zhou were masters of bronze and the Zhou were masters of bronze and the dynasty dynasty controlled all the bronze controlled all the bronze productionproduction..

Civil engineering: bridges, roads, etc. Civil engineering: bridges, roads, etc. The building of many large cities with The building of many large cities with strong, thick walls signify its power.strong, thick walls signify its power.

Horse and chariotHorse and chariot

New CivilizationsNew CivilizationsIntellectual info:Intellectual info: Writing: the Chinese characters of today. Writing: the Chinese characters of today.

Chinese consists of 10,000 characters.Chinese consists of 10,000 characters.

• Unlike the Egyptians and MesopotamiansUnlike the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, , the ancient Chinese the ancient Chinese did notdid not have an have an organized religion that played a major organized religion that played a major part in their society.part in their society.

• There was no personal deity who There was no personal deity who intervened in daily life. Instead the intervened in daily life. Instead the concept of concept of tiantian, , or an impersonal power or an impersonal power existed that could revoke the Mandate of existed that could revoke the Mandate of Heaven.Heaven.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations Due to the Chinese veneration of Due to the Chinese veneration of

ancestors,ancestors, religion was local and religion was local and family-based rather than family-based rather than organized with a priesthood.organized with a priesthood.

Chinese institutions were more Chinese institutions were more secularsecular than other ancient than other ancient societies.societies.

The Chinese developed their The Chinese developed their culture in isolation and were culture in isolation and were unique in many aspects.unique in many aspects.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations Developed Developed philosophiesphilosophies that were that were

social, political, and religious:social, political, and religious:

Legalism; Confucianism; Daoism Legalism; Confucianism; Daoism (Taoism). (Taoism).

• These philosophies were social and These philosophies were social and political and sometimes metaphysical.political and sometimes metaphysical.

• They essentially emerged during the They essentially emerged during the Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty period when the period when the political situation was under stress political situation was under stress from from withinwithin..

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations It is not unusual for societies to develop It is not unusual for societies to develop newnew

philosophies, attitudes, or approaches philosophies, attitudes, or approaches during times of strife and uncertainty.during times of strife and uncertainty.

Systems of moral and religious beliefsSystems of moral and religious beliefs all all seek to create stability in society.seek to create stability in society.

The Mandate of Heaven charged the emperor The Mandate of Heaven charged the emperor ( the “( the “Son of HeavenSon of Heaven”) to be responsible for ”) to be responsible for political and social balance or the mandate political and social balance or the mandate would be withdrawn.would be withdrawn.

The desire for stability in society is primary.The desire for stability in society is primary.

Question for thought: Which way will Iraqi Question for thought: Which way will Iraqi society go?society go?


Legalism:Legalism:• Human nature is Human nature is selfishselfish and wicked and wicked

and needs strict laws and and needs strict laws and punishments.punishments.

• Created many Created many law codeslaw codes in China at in China at that time.that time.

• Created a strong Created a strong bureaucracybureaucracy in in China at that time.China at that time.

Bureaucracy: carries out the decisions Bureaucracy: carries out the decisions of the leadership.of the leadership.


Legalism helped create stronger Legalism helped create stronger government control in China.government control in China.

Confucianism:Confucianism:

Based on teachings of Based on teachings of Chinese philosopher and teacher Chinese philosopher and teacher Confucius (Kung futzi).Confucius (Kung futzi).


Confucianism teachings:Confucianism teachings:1.1. Human beings are Human beings are goodgood by by

nature?nature?2.2. The universe exists as a The universe exists as a

hierarchyhierarchy (rank): (rank): heavensheavens earthearth kingking familyfamily individualindividual


3.3. There are moral foundations in There are moral foundations in government and the family. government and the family.

4.4. Concept of Concept of filial devotionfilial devotion: obedience : obedience of the child to the parent.of the child to the parent.

5.5. The family unit was basic to Chinese The family unit was basic to Chinese culture which also venerated culture which also venerated ancestors.ancestors.


5.5. Harmony in society is achieved with Harmony in society is achieved with proper family relationships and state proper family relationships and state relationships. relationships.

7.7. Each person will have his and her own Each person will have his and her own role role and rankand rank in relation to the family and the in relation to the family and the state. state.

8.8. Hierarchy exists in society as well as the Hierarchy exists in society as well as the universe.universe.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations Confucianism became Confucianism became

the dominant the dominant political and social political and social philosophyphilosophy of China. of China.

It would be referred It would be referred to to many timesmany times throughout Chinese throughout Chinese history as a history as a stabilizing approach stabilizing approach to an unstable to an unstable society.society.

ap wh 3 abbrid

Technology

new civilizations mandate

new civilizations divination

new civilizations agriculture

new civilizations invasions

new civilizations theshangwere

chinese dynasty

new technology

influx of new ideas