ap world history august 24, 2015. warm up – august 24, 2015 both hinduism and buddhism 1.supported...
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Warm Up – August 24, 2015 Both Hinduism and Buddhism
1. Supported the caste system2. Revered women3. Became increasingly popular in India4. All of the above5. None of the above
Agenda◦ Warm Up◦ SLO Pre-Test Tomorrow◦ Grades & Expectations◦ Notes on Egypt & Indus River Valley◦ Work on Chapter 3 Guided Reading◦ Ticket out the door
Don’t forget! ◦ Reading – Chapter 3 (Reading Guides due Friday, August 28th)
A River Valley & Its People One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the banks of the Nile◦ In northeastern Africa◦ Nile = world’s longest river
People of the Nile relied on the river’s yearly floods to bring them water
Green Nile Valley = stark contrast to deserts surrounding it on either side
A River Valley & Its People Rich black soil in Valley = good for farming
5000 BCE = farmers began to settle down in the Valley◦ Grew cereal crops (wheat, barley)◦ Hunted ducks & geese; fished
Early Egyptians harvested papyrus◦ Used for rope, sandals, baskets, and paper
A River Valley & Its People Early farming villages prospered --> WHY?? Because they were protected from foreign invasions by deserts and cataracts (waterfalls) in the Nile
Strong leaders united the farming villages into kingdoms or monarchies ruled by a king
A River Valley & Its People By 4000 BCE, Egypt had 2 large kingdoms◦ Lower Egypt (in the north)◦ Upper Egypt (in the south)◦ 3000 BCE = Narmer (king of Upper Egypt)
attacked Lower Egypt and united the 2◦ Capital = Memphis◦ 1st of the Egyptian dynasties◦ Egyptian dynasties divided into 3 periods: Old, Middle,
New
The Old Kingdom(2700 BCE to 2200 BCE)
People saw their kings as gods◦ Called a theocracy = same person is the
political AND religious leader◦ King gave many responsibilities to a
bureaucracy = groups of government officials◦ King controlled trade & taxes◦ King supervised building of canals, dams,
grain storehouses
The Old Kingdom(2700 BCE to 2200 BCE) Egyptians built pyramids as burial places for their kings◦Great Pyramids in Giza◦King’s bodies were mummified for preservation
The Middle Kingdom(2050 BCE to 1800 BCE) Old Kingdom ended with violence & a new dynasty reunited Egypt Capital moved to Thebes Theben kings = seized new territory & added thousands of acres to their civilization Built canals and irrigation systems
The Middle Kingdom(2050 BCE to 1800 BCE)
Local leaders began to challenge the kings’ power, which threatened peace◦ At same time = 1st real threat to Egypt
= invasion by Hyksos (people from western Asia)
◦ Hyksos swept through with new tools for war --> bronze weapons & horse-drawn chariots
◦ Easily conquered the Egyptians & set up a new dynasty (for about 110 years)
The New Kingdom Egyptian prince named Ahmose raised an army & drove the Hyksos out
Ahmose & those that came after him used the title pharaoh◦ Rebuilt Egypt & conquered more land
The New Kingdom 1480 BCE = Queen Hatshepsut came to power in Egypt = 1st female pharaoh◦ After her death, her stepson Thutmose III
took over◦ Thutmose III created an army, conquered
neighboring Syria, and expanded the Egyptian empire
◦ Empire = many territories under one ruler◦ Egyptian empire grew rich & benefited
from cultural diffusion
The New Kingdom 1370 BCE = ruler named Amenhotep = created new religion with just 1 god◦ Changed his named to Akhenaton =
“spirit of Aton”◦ Aton = sun-disk god = only 1 to be
worshipped◦ Controversial, so after his death the
priests went back to old religion◦ King Tut took over for him
The New Kingdom 1200s BCE = Ramses II (Ramses the Great)◦ Built large statues of himself,
temples, and tombs◦ After his death, Egypt weakened
under attacks from invaders & was taken over by foreigners
Life in Ancient EgyptSocial Order
Upper class = kings, nobles, priests
Middle class = artisans, scribes, merchants
Lower class (majority of Egyptians) = farmers, poor
Lowest of the low = slaves
Life in Ancient EgyptFamilies
In cities & upper class = husband, wife, children Outside the city & poor families = also included grandparents & other relatives
Life in Ancient EgyptWomen In the beginning = property of their husbands By the time of the Egyptian Empire = they could own property and divorce their husbands; had more rights
Life in Ancient EgyptReligion
Very important to early Egyptians Polytheistic = believed in more than one god
Gods were often half human, half animal
Believed in an afterlife – burial rituals reflect this
The ankh = symbol of life
Some Egyptian Gods
Ra = Sun God
King of the Gods
Osiris = God of the Dead
Iris = Queen of the
Goddesses
Horus = Son of Iris &
OsirisAnubis = God of
Embalming
Life in Ancient EgyptWriting
Used hieroglyphics (picture symbols) for writing
Few people could read or write Language remained a mystery until discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799◦ (Greek writing matched the hieroglyphs
on the Stone)
Life in Ancient EgyptScience
Developed a number system Used geometry to calculate volume and area
Created a 365-day calendar Developed medical expertise used splints, bandages, etc.
THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Indian Subcontinent
◦ To North: Impassable Himalayas◦ To East: Passable low hills◦ To Northwest: Passable Hindu Kush, Khyber Pass◦ To West: Arabian Sea
Northern Plain of Indus, Ganges Rivers
THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Southern Deccan
◦ High plateau, extremely dry◦ Bordered on East and West by mountains◦ Separated from north by river, low mountains
The Monsoon Winds◦ Off the land October to April: Dry Season ◦ Off the Indian Ocean May to September: Wet Season
HARAPPAN SOCIETY
The Indus River ◦Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas
◦Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile ◦Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley ◦Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. ◦Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.
HARAPPAN SOCIETY Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
◦ Possibly served as twin capitals ◦ Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary ◦ Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings ◦ Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks
Specialized labor and trade ◦ Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals ◦ Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.
HARAPPAN SOCIETY/CULTURE Social distinctions as seen from living styles
Religious beliefs strongly emphasized fertility◦ Many deities were feminine◦ In later Hinduism, Dravidian gods are blue-faced
Harappan society declined from 2000 B.C.E. onward ◦ Ecological degradation led to a subsistence crisis ◦ Natural catastrophes - floods or earthquakes ◦ Population began to abandon their cities by about 1700 B.C.E. ◦ Almost entirely collapsed by about 1500 B.C.E◦ Evidence of warfare, invasion