SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

CitationA reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The elements of a citation normally include author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal reference

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Reference

What we quoted in the text consists of author name (Not inverted), title and pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Bibliography In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book includes author name inverted, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Foot Note Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page

OP Cited (for reference already given in list)op. cited ref No 11, H.M Deitel

Ibid (for the same reference use )

Various Style Manuals APA – American Psychological

Association MLA – Modern Language Association Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style Harvard Referencing System ASA – American Sociological Association CBE - Council of Biology Editors

What is the APA Style? Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association

In 1929, the APA published a manual with instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in psychology journals

Later used for theses, term papers, etc.

Latest edition 5th in 2001 Widely used in the social

sciences

General Guidelines-1 Type or print on one side only of heavy,

white, unruled paper Paper size: 8½ X 11 inches Double-space the entire paper(1.5 in 6th

edition). Left justify text only Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the

sides, top, and bottom of each page. Number pages consecutively in the top

right corner, beginning with the title page Just before the page number, use a

shortened form of the title as a header

General Guidelines-2 Font size 12-point Times Roman or Courier are

acceptable typefaces. Only black toner Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces No more than 27 lines of text per

page

HeadingsFive levels

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADINGCentered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a period, with following text starting on the same line.

headings in 6th edition1. Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase

Heading‘

2. Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and lowercase Heading

3. Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

4. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

5. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Numbers in numerals In general write as words all numbers from one to

nine and use numerals for all numbers 10 and over.

Never begin a sentence with a numeral. numbers in the abstract of a paper or in a

graphical display within a paper.(6th) numbers that Immediately precede a unit of

measurement.( 6th) numbers that represent statistical or

mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles. For example :multiplied by 5 ( 6th)

Numbers in numerals numbers that represent time, dates, ages,

scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals as numerals.

For example: 1 hr 34 min, at 12:30 a.m. 2-year-olds, scored 4 on a 7-point scale (6th)

Exception: Use words for approximations of numbers of days, months, and years(e.g., about three months ago).

numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers. For example Grade 8, row 5 (6th)

Seriation Within paragraph or sentence: use lowercase letter in

parentheses

Participants considered (a) some alternative courses of action, (b) the factors influencing the decision, and (c) the probability of success.

Separate paragraphs: number each paragraph with an arabic numeral, followed by a period

1. Begin with paragraph indent. Type second and succeeding lines flush left.

2. The second item begins a new paragraph.

Types of figures Graphs typically display the relationship

between two quantitative indices or between a continuous quantitative variable (usually displayed as the y axis) and groups of subjects displayed along the x axis.

Charts generally display no quantitative information such as the flow of subjects through a process, for example, flow charts.

Maps generally display spatial information. Drawings show information pictorially. Photographs contain direct visual

representations of information.

Tables

GradeNumber of Viewing Hours

Reading Level

First Grade 5 - 10 hours 2.8

Second Grade 16 - 20 hours 2.6

Third Grade 11 - 15 hours 4.2

Note. Reading level refers to average reading level for students in that year and month of school.

Table 2( change in 6th table no. in arabic like table X )

Reading Level for First Through Third Graders Children

Figures

Figure 2. Pie chart of total sales

Computing Systems 42%

Imaging and Printing Systems 41%

IT Services 14%

Other 3%

Citations In-text citation

also calledParenthetical citationAuthor-date reference

Reference list

Information Needed for Citation Author or Authoring Body Date of publication Title of the work Publisher of the work & place of publication Title of the Source, if work is part of

something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia, website

Location information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page or paragraph numbers

Retrieval date, if electronic format

Author’s Name in Sentence

Schwepps (1998) states that

the solution sat dormant for

several months before any of the

employees tested it (p. 743).

Author’s Name in Parentheses( even in between)

When the solution had been

sitting for a number of months, the

employees tested for bacteria

(Schwepps, 1998).

Short Quotations When fewer than 40 words Put prose quotations in running text Put quote marks around quoted

material. Same in 6th edition Author’s last name, publication year,

and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text.( same in 6th edition)

In quotations less than 40 words the full stop is placed after the page (in 6th edition)

Example – Short Quotations

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p. 11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

Long Quotations

When 40 words or more In block form Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the

quotation marks. If the quotation has internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a further 5-7 spaces

Do not use quotation marks Double space the block quote Cite the source after the end punctuation of the

quote The font size in a block quotation should be

changed to size 10, and it should be single-spaced.

Long Quotation Material that was in double quotation marks in the

original source should be placed within double quotation marks in a block quotation.

To start a new paragraph within the quotation, indent the first line of the new paragraph, one tab key from the margin of the quotation.

To emphasize a word or words in a quotation italicize the word(s). Immediately after the italicized word(s) insert within brackets the words [italics added].

Material in the original source that was in double quotation marks should be placed within single quotation marks in the (short) quotation.

Long Quotations Use three ellipses points (…) within a sentence to

indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Use four ellipses points (….) to indicate omission between sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the three ellipsis points follow.

Direct quotations must mention the exact spelling, punctuation, and wordings of the original source even if the source is incorrect. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar in the source might confuse the reader, insert the word sic italicized and within brackets [sic], immediately after the error in the quotation.

Example – Long Quotations

Meile (1993) found the following:

The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Example – Long QuotationsRubin and Thompson (1994) stated that,

Some teachers also treat their students as if they were a tabula rasa [italics added], or blank slate, on which the new language information will be inscribed.

The fact is that all of us possess a wealth of knowledge that can be brought to bear in learning a foreign language. Following the principle of “going from the known to the unknown,” if you wisely use what you know, you can make the process of learning a foreign language more efficient and rewarding. (p.63)

Example – Long Quotations She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when

behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found the following:The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in

previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Secondary Reference

In 1947 the World Health Organization proposed the following definition of health. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity” (World Health Organization, as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).

Parenthetical Citations – Multiple Authors 2 authors – cite both names separated

by & Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)

3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after first time, use et al. Example: (Wilson et al., 2000)

6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.Example: (Perez et al., 1992)

Parenthetical Citations – Multiple Citations

Multiple sources from same author – chronological order, separated by comma Example: (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)

Within same year: Example: (Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

Parenthetical Citations –Multiple Citations

Multiple sources – separated by semicolon, alphabetical order Example: (Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)

Personal communication (not included in references)

Example: (T.K. Lutes, personal communication, September 19, 2001)

Handling Parenthetical CitationsSometimes additional information is necessary . .

. More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses

(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997) Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

2005, p. 10)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Citation: (“California,” 1999)

Sample Parenthetical Citations

Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

Reference List Place the list of references cited at the end

of the paper Start references on a new page Begin each entry flush with the left margin Indent subsequent lines five to seven

spaces (hanging indent) Double space both within and between

entries Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.

Abbreviation ed. Rev. ed. 2nd ed. Ed. (Eds.) Trans. n.d. p. (pp.) Vol. Vols. No. Pt. Tech. Rep. Suppl.

Book or publication part edition Revised edition second edition Editor (Editors) Translator(s) no date page (pages) Volume (as in Vol. 4) Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4) Number Part Technical Report Supplement

Abbreviations ( from 6th edition)

Capitalization in Reference List Capitalize only the first word of the

title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns in titles of books, articles, etc.

Capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more in periodical titles.

Reference List Order Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with

author’s last name If author has more than one source, arrange

entries by year, earliest first When an author appears both as a sole author

and, in another citation as the first author of a group, list the one author entries first

If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or the

Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name

Example – Reference List Order

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control … Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of … Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors … Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention … Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P.,

… Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …

Group Author

American Psychological Association.(2001). Publication

manual of theAmerican

Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington,

DC: Author.

multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname(edition 6th)

One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname

even if the multiple-author work was publIshed earlier :

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999)

Book with one author

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifornia Press.

Book - Electronic (edition 6th)

Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the URL).

Book with two authors

Struck, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979).The elements of style (3rd

ed.).New York: Macmillan.

Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,

Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,

et al. (2000). An experimentalevaluation of…

Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary

(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.

Book with editors

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).(2000). Diversity and the

recreationprofession: Organizationalperspectives. State College, PA:Venture.

Chapter in BookStern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).

The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),Principles of psychophysiology:Physical, social, and inferentialelements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,CA: University of California Press.

Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Journals with Continuous Pagination

Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the

typical eyewitness. American

Psychologist, 48, 574-576.

Journals with Pagination by Issue

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).Administrative issues for use ofnurse practitioners. Journal ofNursing Administration, 25(5),64-70.

Article in press

Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare lexicon. Journal of Health.

AbstractMisumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects

of PM organizational development insupermarket organization. JapaneseJournal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,Abstract No. 11474

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (edition 6th)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (edition 6th)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

Thesis from US - electronic version (edition 6th)

Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.

Online discussion (edition 6th)

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Blog post (edition 6th)

Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Video blog post (edition 6th)

Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY  

Magazine

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).Seeing the mind. Science,

262,673-674.

Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines.

Newspaper

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).Obesity affects economic,

socialstatus. The Washington

Post, pp.A1, A4.

Encyclopedia

Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Galeencyclopedia of science (Vol.

15,pp. 82-86). New York, GaleEncyclopedia Co.

Thesis

Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies ofcounselling professionals.Unpublished master’s thesis,Nanyang Technological

University,Singapore.

Videotape

National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).

Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:

Author.

Electronic sources

Velmans, M. (1999). When perceptionbecomes conscious. BritishJournal of Psychology, 90, 543-566. Retrieved May 25, 2001,from the Expanded AcademicASAP database.

Web page

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,

from http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

it is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. Wiki).(NEW)

Professional paper from Internet

Jacob, B. & Shoemaker, N. (n.d.). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: An interpersonal tool for system administrators. Retrieved October 19, 2003 from: http://www.mindspring.com/~nancyshoemaker/nes/mbti/mbtipaper.pdf

Stand-Alone Web Document with no author or date

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.).

Retrieved January 17, 2003, from

http://www.ccgatech.edu/gvu

Sample Reference List References

Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August

21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food

interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-

828.

Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of

reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.

Flory, R. K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on

schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic

Society 9, 383-386.

Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the

Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

Formatting for Theses Preliminary pages Bibliography instead of Reference

List Left-hand margin 1½ inch Single spacing in tables, long

quotations, within references Figure caption is typed below

For More Information

APA Manual Website:www.apastyle.org

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml