APA StyleAPA Style

Reference ListReference List

Why do I need to know how to cite Why do I need to know how to cite right?right?

Because you need to cite your sources in a term Because you need to cite your sources in a term paper or research paper.paper or research paper.

Because it is right to give credit to others for their Because it is right to give credit to others for their ideas and words.ideas and words.

Because proper citation helps others find your Because proper citation helps others find your sources.sources.

Each APA citation usually Each APA citation usually includes:includes:

Author’s nameAuthor’s name

Year of publicationYear of publication

Title of workTitle of work

Publishing dataPublishing data

FormatFormat The reference list is double-spaced, and citation The reference list is double-spaced, and citation

entries should have a entries should have a hanging indenthanging indent::

Lewis, L. A. (2006). Lewis, L. A. (2006). All the way with APA!All the way with APA! New York: New York:

Fantasy Books.Fantasy Books.

Let’s take a closer look at…Let’s take a closer look at…

The components of APA citation:The components of APA citation:

AuthorsAuthors

Publication DatesPublication Dates

TitlesTitles

Publication InformationPublication Information

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

AuthorsAuthors

FORMAT:FORMAT:

Lastname, F. M.Lastname, F. M.

- Last name comes firstLast name comes first- Followed by initials for first and, if known, middle Followed by initials for first and, if known, middle

namesnames- Space after period in initialsSpace after period in initials- Finish author entry with a periodFinish author entry with a period

AuthorsAuthors

ONE AUTHORONE AUTHOR::

Author, A. A., Jr.Author, A. A., Jr.

TWO AUTHORS:TWO AUTHORS:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

- Use comma AND ampersand (&)- Use comma AND ampersand (&)

AuthorsAuthors

THREE TO SIX AUTHORS:THREE TO SIX AUTHORS:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.

SEVEN OR MORE AUTHORS:SEVEN OR MORE AUTHORS:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., et al.D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., et al.

- Use “et al.” (and others) after the sixth name.- Use “et al.” (and others) after the sixth name.

AuthorsAuthors

EDITED BOOK:EDITED BOOK:

Editor, E. E. (Ed.).Editor, E. E. (Ed.).

Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. (Eds.).Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. (Eds.).

NO AUTHOR GIVEN:NO AUTHOR GIVEN:

TitleTitle. (2006).. (2006).

Publication DatesPublication Dates

(2006). (2006). – journals, books, A/V materials– journals, books, A/V materials

(2006, June). (2006, June). – – monthlymonthly magazines, newsletters, magazines, newsletters, and newspapers and newspapers

(2006, June 18). (2006, June 18). – dailies and weeklies– dailies and weeklies

(n.d.). (n.d.). – no date available– no date available

TitlesTitles

ARTICLE TITLEARTICLE TITLE::

Title of an article: Subtitle words.Title of an article: Subtitle words.

- - NO quotation marksNO quotation marks- Only capitalize first word of title, subtitle (if any), and proper - Only capitalize first word of title, subtitle (if any), and proper nounsnouns

JOURNAL TITLEJOURNAL TITLE::

Title of a JournalTitle of a Journal, , xxxx..

- - Use upper and lowercase in journal titleUse upper and lowercase in journal title- Use - Use italicsitalics- Volume number also in - Volume number also in italicsitalics

TitlesTitles

BOOK TITLE:BOOK TITLE:

Title of a book: Subtitle words Title of a book: Subtitle words (2nd ed.).(2nd ed.).

- In - In italicsitalics

- Do NOT underline- Do NOT underline

- Capitalize first word of title, the first word after a - Capitalize first word of title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nounscolon or dash, and proper nouns

- Edition info (if any) is in parentheses and is NOT - Edition info (if any) is in parentheses and is NOT italicizeditalicized

Publication informationPublication information

Location: Publisher.Location: Publisher.

- Location where item is published comes first.Location where item is published comes first.- If two or more locations are given, use the first If two or more locations are given, use the first

listed in the book.listed in the book.- Follow location with a colon (:) and a space.Follow location with a colon (:) and a space.- Keep the publisher’s name as brief as possible.Keep the publisher’s name as brief as possible.- Do NOT use Publisher, Co., or Inc.Do NOT use Publisher, Co., or Inc.- DO use Books and Press.DO use Books and Press.- End item with a period.End item with a period.

LocationLocation

Generally give location in APA as city AND state Generally give location in APA as city AND state or country.or country.

For states, use 2-letter US Postal Service For states, use 2-letter US Postal Service abbreviations.abbreviations.

Pittsburgh, PA:Pittsburgh, PA:

Spell out countries in full.Spell out countries in full.

Dusseldorf, Germany:Dusseldorf, Germany:

Exception: University PressException: University Press

If a university press has the state in its title, do If a university press has the state in its title, do NOT include the state in the location:NOT include the state in the location:

Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Boulder: University of Colorado Press.

Exception: Cities that stand Exception: Cities that stand alonealone

Baltimore Amsterdam ParisBaltimore Amsterdam Paris

Boston Jerusalem RomeBoston Jerusalem Rome

Chicago London StockholmChicago London Stockholm

Los Angeles Milan TokyoLos Angeles Milan Tokyo

New York Moscow ViennaNew York Moscow Vienna

PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

San FranciscoSan Francisco

* These are large cities that are major publishing * These are large cities that are major publishing centers. Do NOT use state or country.centers. Do NOT use state or country.

Publication information Publication information examples:examples:

Location: Publisher.Location: Publisher.

Littleton, CO: Funky Granola Books.Littleton, CO: Funky Granola Books.

Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.

New York: McGraw-Hill.New York: McGraw-Hill.

Austin: University of Texas Press.Austin: University of Texas Press.

Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

AbbreviationsAbbreviations APA has its own set of approved abbreviations.APA has its own set of approved abbreviations.

ed. = editioned. = edition

2nd ed. = second edition2nd ed. = second edition

Ed. (Eds.) = Editor(s)Ed. (Eds.) = Editor(s)

p. (pp.) = page(s)p. (pp.) = page(s)

General FormsGeneral Forms

PeriodicalPeriodical NonperiodicalNonperiodical Part of a nonperiodicalPart of a nonperiodical Online periodicalOnline periodical Online documentOnline document

General Forms:General Forms:

Periodical:Periodical:

Author, A. A. (2006). Title of article. Author, A. A. (2006). Title of article. Title of Title of PeriodicalPeriodical, , xxxx, xxx-xxx., xxx-xxx.

Periodicals include items published on a regular Periodicals include items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, basis: journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, newspapers, etc.newspapers, etc.

General Forms:General Forms:

Nonperiodical:Nonperiodical:

Author, A. A. (2006). Author, A. A. (2006). Title of workTitle of work. Location: . Location: Publisher.Publisher.

Nonperiodicals include items published separately: Nonperiodicals include items published separately: books, reports, brochures, manuals, audiovisual books, reports, brochures, manuals, audiovisual materials, etc.materials, etc.

General Forms:General Forms:

Part of a nonperiodicalPart of a nonperiodical::

Author, A. A. (2006). Title of Author, A. A. (2006). Title of

chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title Title

of bookof book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: (pp. xxx-xxx). Location:

Publisher.Publisher.

An example of a part of a nonperiodical is a An example of a part of a nonperiodical is a book book chapterchapter..

In print vs. OnlineIn print vs. Online

There are different formats for ONLINE sources .There are different formats for ONLINE sources .

Author, A. A. (2006). Title of article. Author, A. A. (2006). Title of article. Title of Title of PeriodicalPeriodical, , xxxx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, , xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.year, from source.

People need to be able to locate the item online People need to be able to locate the item online (either via database name, DOI or URL).(either via database name, DOI or URL).

Date of retrieval tells when the item was found at Date of retrieval tells when the item was found at a URL.a URL.

Online sourcesOnline sources

Documents available online:Documents available online:

• Articles from periodicals (in databases or Articles from periodicals (in databases or online journals)online journals)

• Stand-alone documents (e.g., research paper, Stand-alone documents (e.g., research paper, government report)government report)

• Uniquely Web-based format (e.g. Web page)Uniquely Web-based format (e.g. Web page)

Online source guidelinesOnline source guidelines

# 1 – Direct people as closely as possible to the info # 1 – Direct people as closely as possible to the info being cited – whenever possible, reference being cited – whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home pages or specific documents rather than home pages or menu pages.menu pages.

# 2 – Provide Digital Object Identifier (DOI) # 2 – Provide Digital Object Identifier (DOI) information whenever possible (find DOIs in the information whenever possible (find DOIs in the online databases themselves or at sites such as online databases themselves or at sites such as CrossRef.org)CrossRef.org)

HINT: Cut and paste URLs or DOIs to avoid errors.HINT: Cut and paste URLs or DOIs to avoid errors.

Minimum for citing an Internet Minimum for citing an Internet sourcesource

Document TITLE or descriptionDocument TITLE or description

DATE (Date of retrieval and, if available, date of DATE (Date of retrieval and, if available, date of publication or update) publication or update)

Address (URL), name of database, or DOIAddress (URL), name of database, or DOI

Whenever possible, identify AUTHOR as well.Whenever possible, identify AUTHOR as well.

Internet SourceInternet Source

BASIC FORMATBASIC FORMAT::

Personal or corporate author. (Year, Personal or corporate author. (Year, Month Day). Month Day). Title in italicsTitle in italics. Retrieved . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source.Month Day, Year, from source.

NOTE: If the source is an Internet address NOTE: If the source is an Internet address (URL), do NOT underline URL and do (URL), do NOT underline URL and do NOT end citation with a period.NOT end citation with a period.

APA EXAMPLESAPA EXAMPLES

Article in a journal/magazineArticle in a journal/magazine

JOURNAL ARTICLEJOURNAL ARTICLE (print version) (print version)

McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Medical use, McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. Journal of American College Health, 54Journal of American College Health, 54(5), 269-278.(5), 269-278.

NOTE1: Do NOT use p. or pp. with journal articles.NOTE1: Do NOT use p. or pp. with journal articles.

NOTE2: Journal issue number is placed in parentheses AFTER NOTE2: Journal issue number is placed in parentheses AFTER the volume number and is NOT in italics.the volume number and is NOT in italics.

Article in a journal/magazineArticle in a journal/magazine

JOURNAL ARTICLEJOURNAL ARTICLE (from an online (from an online database)database)

McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Medical McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. drugs. Journal of American College Health, 54Journal of American College Health, 54(5), (5), 269-278. 269-278.

With the exception of hard-to-find books and other With the exception of hard-to-find books and other documents of limited circulation delivered by electronic documents of limited circulation delivered by electronic databases, the database name is no longer a necessary databases, the database name is no longer a necessary element of the reference.element of the reference.

Article in a journal/magazineArticle in a journal/magazine

JOURNAL ARTICLEJOURNAL ARTICLE (from an online (from an online database with DOI available)database with DOI available)

Shanahan, M. (2005). Perception as abduction: Shanahan, M. (2005). Perception as abduction: Turning sensor data into meaningful Turning sensor data into meaningful representation. representation. Cognitive Science, 29Cognitive Science, 29(1), 103-(1), 103-134. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2901_5134. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2901_5

Article in a journal/magazineArticle in a journal/magazine

JOURNAL ARTICLEJOURNAL ARTICLE (from an (from an online journal)online journal)Garrity, C., & Emam, K. E. (2006). Who’s Garrity, C., & Emam, K. E. (2006). Who’s using using PDAs? Estimates of PDA use by PDAs? Estimates of PDA use by health care health care providers: A systematic providers: A systematic review of surveys. review of surveys. Journal of Medical Journal of Medical Internet ResearchInternet Research, , 88(2), (2), Article e7. Article e7. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/

2005/2/e192005/2/e19

NOTE: Online journals often don’t have page NOTE: Online journals often don’t have page numbers. Sometimes they have article numbers numbers. Sometimes they have article numbers assigned, as above.assigned, as above.

Article in a journal/magazineArticle in a journal/magazine

MAGAZINE ARTICLE MAGAZINE ARTICLE (monthly)(monthly)Galinsky, E., & Ginsberg, S. (2006, April). Galinsky, E., & Ginsberg, S. (2006, April).

What parents can do about teens What parents can do about teens drinking. drinking. Work & Family LifeWork & Family Life, 2., 2.

MAGAZINE ARTICLEMAGAZINE ARTICLE (weekly) (weekly)Smith, K. T. (2006, May 10). Alcohol and Smith, K. T. (2006, May 10). Alcohol and

the teenage brain: A bad mix. the teenage brain: A bad mix. TimeTime, , 24-26.24-26.NOTE: Do NOT use p. or pp. with magazine articles.NOTE: Do NOT use p. or pp. with magazine articles.

Newspaper articleNewspaper article

NEWSPAPER ARTICLENEWSPAPER ARTICLE (in print) (in print)

Toland, B. (2006, February 26). Neighborhood groups begin Toland, B. (2006, February 26). Neighborhood groups begin

to collect information on casinos. to collect information on casinos. Pittsburgh Post-Pittsburgh Post-GazetteGazette, p. B3., p. B3.

NOTE1: DO use p. or pp. with newspaper articles.NOTE1: DO use p. or pp. with newspaper articles.

NOTE2: Newspaper articles often have section letter NOTE2: Newspaper articles often have section letter AND page number(s).AND page number(s).

BookBook

BOOKBOOK

Keegan, J. (2004). Keegan, J. (2004). The Iraq War.The Iraq War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Book chapter, essay, or articleBook chapter, essay, or article

ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOKBOOK

Gomez, G. G., & Kruse, C. A. (2004). Gomez, G. G., & Kruse, C. A. (2004). Isolation and culture of human Isolation and culture of human brain tumor cells. In S. P. Langdon brain tumor cells. In S. P. Langdon

(Ed.), (Ed.), Cancer cell culture: Methods and Cancer cell culture: Methods and protocolsprotocols (pp. 101-109). Totowa, NJ: (pp. 101-109). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Humana Press.

NOTE1: DO use p. and pp. for pages of an article, chapter, or NOTE1: DO use p. and pp. for pages of an article, chapter, or essay in an edited book.essay in an edited book.

Internet sourceInternet source

STAND-ALONE DOCUMENTSTAND-ALONE DOCUMENT (no author (no author indicated, no date)indicated, no date)

GVU’s 10th WWW user survey. GVU’s 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2006, from August 2, 2006, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/user_surveys/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/user_surveys/

survey-1998-10/survey-1998-10/

- Title goes first, in Title goes first, in italicsitalics..- Split URLs after a slash or before a period.Split URLs after a slash or before a period.- Do NOT end citation with a period.Do NOT end citation with a period.

Internet sourceInternet source DOCUMENT ON A COMPLEX WEBSITEDOCUMENT ON A COMPLEX WEBSITE (e.g., (e.g.,

university, organization, or government agency)university, organization, or government agency)

Rogers, J. L. (2005, June 4). Rogers, J. L. (2005, June 4). Impact of an honor Impact of an honor code on college student integritycode on college student integrity. Retrieved . Retrieved September 3, 2006, from Georgiana University, September 3, 2006, from Georgiana University, Institute of Academic Integrity Web site: Institute of Academic Integrity Web site: http://www.iai.gu.edu/pubs/050604.htmlhttp://www.iai.gu.edu/pubs/050604.html

NOTE1 - Identify host organization and relevant department or NOTE1 - Identify host organization and relevant department or program and include the words “Web site”program and include the words “Web site”

NOTE2 - Place a colon (:) after “Web site” and before the URL.NOTE2 - Place a colon (:) after “Web site” and before the URL.

Helpful APA resources:Helpful APA resources:

APA manualAPA manual

Concise rules of APA styleConcise rules of APA style

APA style for electronic referencesAPA style for electronic references

APA style website