ENDING APARTHEID

INSOUTH AFRICA

South African UnionSouth African Union

With the founding of the South African Union in 1910, the British colony and the independent Boer Republics were united.With the founding of the South African Union in 1910, the British colony and the independent Boer Republics were united.

South African UnionDue to harsh treatment of the Boers during the Anglo-Boer War, the British granted internal political control to the Boer minority. South Africa had gained self-rule under the British Empire.

First Prime Minister, Louis Botha (Afrikaner)

A modern "democratic" state was formed, in which only the white

population could execute the right to vote.

A modern "democratic" state was formed, in which only the white

population could execute the right to vote.

The founding members of the SANNC, from left to right,Dr W. Rubusana, T. Mapikela, Rev. J. L. Dube, Sol Plaatje and S. Msane

AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC)

• Formed by Black South Africans in 1912

•Organized strikes and boycotts to protest

racist policies

• Formed by Black South Africans in 1912

•Organized strikes and boycotts to protest

racist policies

The National PartyThe National Party

In 1948, the National Party came to power in

South Africa. Promoted Afrikaner, or Dutch South African,

nationalism. In 1961, South Africa was

granted total independence from Great Britain.

In 1948, the National Party came to power in

South Africa. Promoted Afrikaner, or Dutch South African,

nationalism. In 1961, South Africa was

granted total independence from Great Britain.

Decolonization

South Africa was a settler colony with larger European population than most settler colonies.

Afrikaners were distinct from the Dutch - had no European homeland to return to if ousted.

Afrikaners shared ideology of white supremacy and limited the education, opportunities, and rights of the black Africans – policy of apartheid

Why was South African Decolonization led and controlled by the white Afrikaner minority?

Apartheid“[Apartheid] is the only basis on which

the character and the future of each race can be protected and made secure…”

Hendrik Verwoerd,

Prime Minister 1958-1966

System of ApartheidSystem of Apartheid

The system of segregation between races. The system of Apartheid was created to make the whites more powerful and to keep the races separated.

The system of segregation between races. The system of Apartheid was created to make the whites more powerful and to keep the races separated.

Whites Non-Whites

Ethnic Composition Of South Africa

14%

75%

9% 2%

White

Black

Colored

Indian

Classified population by four racial categories: White, Bantu (black African), Colored (of mixed race)Asian (Indians and Pakistanis)

Classified population by four racial categories: White, Bantu (black African), Colored (of mixed race)Asian (Indians and Pakistanis)

Required non-whites to carry a "pass" to prove they had permission to travel in white areas.

Required non-whites to carry a "pass" to prove they had permission to travel in white areas.

Assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas. Non-whites were forbidden to live, work or own land in areas belonging to whites Assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas. Non-whites were forbidden to live, work or own land in areas belonging to whites

•Created ten African "homelands" or small

nations.•Made every black

South African a citizen of one of the

homelands, effectively excluding blacks from South African politics.

•Created ten African "homelands" or small

nations.•Made every black

South African a citizen of one of the

homelands, effectively excluding blacks from South African politics.

13% of South Africa's total area for almost 75% of its population!

The homelands were not developed industrially. This led to a situation in which working men would migrate into white South Africa, work there for 11 months and return once a year to their

families for four weeks.

The homelands were not developed industrially. This led to a situation in which working men would migrate into white South Africa, work there for 11 months and return once a year to their

families for four weeks.

How Was Apartheid Enforced? 1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed:

•Empowered the government to declare states of emergency •Increased penalties for protesting against the law. •Penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings.

•Empowered the government to declare states of emergency •Increased penalties for protesting against the law. •Penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings.

Anti-Apartheid Movement

•Led by Nelson Mandela•The ANC vigorously opposed the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. •They used boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience.

•Led by Nelson Mandela•The ANC vigorously opposed the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. •They used boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience.

Nelson Mandela, a leader of the

ANC, burns pass.

Nelson, inspired you are to use non-violence! Freedom, you will

gain one day!

1960: Sharpeville Massacre

The Sharpeville Massacre signaled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies.

The Sharpeville Massacre signaled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies.

In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their

passes.The government declared a

state of emergency that lasted for 156 days, leaving

69 people dead and 187 people wounded.

In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their

passes.The government declared a

state of emergency that lasted for 156 days, leaving

69 people dead and 187 people wounded.

Spear of the Nation

After the Sharpeville Massacre the ANC was

officially banned.

A guerrilla arm of the ANC was then formed

called Spear of the Nation.

After the Sharpeville Massacre the ANC was

officially banned.

A guerrilla arm of the ANC was then formed

called Spear of the Nation.

Nelson MandelaArrested!

Nelson Mandela was arrested many times, but in 1962 when

the ANC (African National Congress) was banned, he

was found guilty of sabotage and bombing of government

buildings.

Nelson Mandela was arrested many times, but in 1962 when

the ANC (African National Congress) was banned, he

was found guilty of sabotage and bombing of government

buildings.

"Sabotage did not involve loss of life, and it offered the best hope for future race relations. Bitterness would be kept to a

minimum and, if the policy bore fruit, democratic government could become a reality.”

Film ClipFilm Clip

Mandela Imprisoned

In 1962 Mandela was convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the

government. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on the Robben Island

Maximum Security Prison

In 1962 Mandela was convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the

government. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on the Robben Island

Maximum Security Prison Film Clip start at 2:16

“To be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains but to live in a way that respects and enhances the

freedom of others.”

Film Clip

Throughout the 70s and 80s his imprisonment became a rallying point for black resistance. Throughout the 80s he rejected several offers of release, all

conditional on his renouncing certain beliefs. He would not be released until February 11, 1990, after 27 years in prison.

Throughout the 70s and 80s his imprisonment became a rallying point for black resistance. Throughout the 80s he rejected several offers of release, all

conditional on his renouncing certain beliefs. He would not be released until February 11, 1990, after 27 years in prison.

•Formed the Black Consciousness Group: •Believed freedom could only be achieved if blacks stopped feeling inferior to whites •Attracted enormous international attention, and is considered by many to be the turning point in the demise of apartheid.

Biko was jailed and beaten into a semi-conscious state. He was kept chained and naked for hours and then sent to a hospital 12 hours away.

Biko was jailed and beaten into a semi-conscious state. He was kept chained and naked for hours and then sent to a hospital 12 hours away.

Biko Imprisoned

September 12, 1977 – Steven Biko died. He was 30 years old.

In announcing his death, South African authorities claimed Biko died after refusing food and water for a week in a hunger strike.

September 12, 1977 – Steven Biko died. He was 30 years old.

In announcing his death, South African authorities claimed Biko died after refusing food and water for a week in a hunger strike.

September '77Port Elizabeth weather fineIt was business as usualIn police room 619Oh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

When I try and sleep at nightI can only dream in redThe outside world is black and whiteWith only one colour deadOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

September '77Port Elizabeth weather fineIt was business as usualIn police room 619Oh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

When I try and sleep at nightI can only dream in redThe outside world is black and whiteWith only one colour deadOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

You can blow out a candleBut you can't blow out a fireOnce the flames begin to catchThe wind will blow it higherOh Biko, Biko, because Bikooh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

And the eyes of the world arewatching nowwatching now

You can blow out a candleBut you can't blow out a fireOnce the flames begin to catchThe wind will blow it higherOh Biko, Biko, because Bikooh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

And the eyes of the world arewatching nowwatching now

Biko – Peter Gabriel

Biko – Peter Gabriel

Song

(Descending Spirit)

Steve Biko

"One People One Nation" was written on Biko’s coffin

"We have set on a quest for true humanity, and somewhere on the distant horizon we can see the glittering prize. Let us march forth with courage and determination, drawing strength from our common plight and brotherhood. In time we shall be in a position to bestow upon South Africa the greatest gift possible - a more human face".

-- Steve Biko

Spent his life speaking out against injustice and oppression.Led a worldwide economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations not to do business with South Africa. Many nations imposed trade restrictions on South Africa. UN condemned the South African government on human rights violations. Since the 1960s, South Africa was not allowed to join the Olympic games.

Spent his life speaking out against injustice and oppression.Led a worldwide economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations not to do business with South Africa. Many nations imposed trade restrictions on South Africa. UN condemned the South African government on human rights violations. Since the 1960s, South Africa was not allowed to join the Olympic games.

-- Desmond Tutu

"My vision is of a South Africa that is totally non-racial...a

new South Africa, a free South Africa, where all of us, black and white together, will walk

tall; where all of us, black and white together, will hold hands

as we stride forth on the Freedom March to usher in the

new South Africa where people will matter because

they are human beings made in the image of God."

Elected by white South Africans as the new president in 1989.He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison.Apartheid laws were repealed.Agreed to hold elections in 1994 in which people of all races could vote.

Elected by white South Africans as the new president in 1989.He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison.Apartheid laws were repealed.Agreed to hold elections in 1994 in which people of all races could vote.

“The season of violence is over. The time for reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.”“The season of violence is over. The time for

reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.”

In 1990, the president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, legalized the ANC and released Mandela from prison after serving 27 years!!

In 1990, the president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, legalized the ANC and released Mandela from prison after serving 27 years!!

On February 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison!

“As I walked out the door toward the gate that would lead to my

freedom, I knew if I didn't leave my

bitterness and hatred behind, I'd still be in

prison.”

Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk won the Noble Peace Prize in 1993 for ending apartheid and creating a new democratic and

free South Africa!

Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk won the Noble Peace Prize in 1993 for ending apartheid and creating a new democratic and

free South Africa!

Mandela Becomes President

In 1994, Mandela was elected president of South Africa.

Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa!

“We shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and

white, will be able to walk tall, without fear in their hearts,

assured of their inalienable right to human dignity – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world."

“Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society

of which all humanity will be proud.”

“Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society

of which all humanity will be proud.”

South Africa Under MandelaNelson Mandela created a non-racial democracy and created a new flag

that represented all the people!

Once Mandela was president, he ended apartheid and created a new constitution!

Thabo Mbeki In June 1996, Thabo Mbeki became

the Deputy President of the new Government of National Unity.

In December 1997, Thabo Mbeki became the new President of the African National Congress.

Thabo Mbeki was elected President of South Africa in June of 1999.

Jacob ZumaJacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma is the current President of the African National Congress

(ANC), the governing political party, and was Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005. Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ and his clan name Msholozi. Zuma became the

President of the ANC on December 18 2007 after defeating incumbent Thabo Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. Zuma is the ANC's presidential candidate in the general

election held on 22 April 2009.

"Never did I think as I was growing up here that one day I would cast my vote here as I am doing," said Zuma, a 67-year-old veteran of the struggle against apartheid. "It must be great,

feeling the difference from the olden days to where we are today, when we can decide our own fate."