apes chapt14 notes

822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 191

WaterWaterChapter 14Chapter 14

Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment 13 13thth Edition MillerEdition Miller

Advanced Placement Environmental Science

Prepared by Nita Ganguly Oak Ridge High

School



Key HKey H220 Characteristics0 Characteristics

bull Water is the prime constituent

of all living organismsbull Water moves easily-from one

physical state to another and

from one place to anotherbull Water slowly absorbs and

releases large quantities of

energybull Water is a superior solvent

bull Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies(Source Wright amp Nebel 2002)



Importance of Water PropertiesImportance of Water Properties

clean water supplies

can quickly lead to

dehydration and

death

quickly erode topsoilrendering farmland

infertile and streams

contaminated

excess nutrients amp

acids dissolved in

H20 can lead to

massive die offsMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies



bullbull WaterWater

ndashndashSupply Renewal and UseSupply Renewal and Usendash Too little Water

ndash Dams and Reservoirs

ndash Transferring water

ndash Groundwater and Saltwater

ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water



Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles

bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans

bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps

and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible

ndash Soil moisture

ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor

ndash Lakes

ndash Streams


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml

Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use

0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014



Water CycleWater Cycle



Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation

bull Continuous recycling of water

ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration

ndash Evaporation

ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes

ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals

ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and

mudflows as melted water mixes with ash

ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)



Surface WaterSurface Water

bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes

wetlands and reservoirs

bull A watershed or drainage basin

ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes

wetlands or reservoirs

wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp



GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates

through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc

bull Shallow rock has little moisture

bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water

bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather

ndash Rises in wet weather

HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater

wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml



AquifersAquifers

bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand

gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows

bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is

called the recharge area

bull Natural recharge is when water percolates

downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs





Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area

through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream

ocean

bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year

bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago

bull Removal from these nonrenewable

resources is called water mining



Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water

United Statesbull 41 agriculture

bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry

bull 10 public

Chinabull 87 agriculture

bull 7 industrybull 6 public

W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll



Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet

bull 70 percent of all water

withdrawn for human use on

an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the

form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23

bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)

accounts for about 7 percent0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic



Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet

bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to

survive in a moderate climate at an average

activity level according to UN figures

bull The minimum amount of water needed for

drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)

Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )



Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet

bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250

to 300 litres of water (65-78

gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering

their yard

bull The average person in the

Netherlands uses 104 litres per

day (27 gallons)


African nation of Gambia uses

45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)

0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia



Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States

bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)

of water were used each day

bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water

and about 69400 Mgald was saline water

bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards

irrigation

bull The state with the second-highest water use was

Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use

in the power-production industries and forirrigation



httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml

bull Some conversions

bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second

bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute

bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year

bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet



bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use

ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs






Too Little WaterToo Little Water

bull Causesndash Dry climate

ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is

much lower and evaporation is much higher

ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such

activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of

water caused by overpopulation



Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly

bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year

bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year

bull However this masks variations between years

bull Some locations may get ten times more or

less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year

bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges

wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm



whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html

Gl b l P i i i P



Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns

Wright and Nebel 2002

Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies



httpwwwpeopleandpla

netnetgraphsFreshwate

ravailabilityjpg



bull In most areas of

Nevada andCalifornia

potential

transpiration andevaporation is in

excess of

precipitationwhich causes a net

moisture deficit



Drought may spark food price hike

Tuesday November 12 2002

SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of

Australias most populous

state New South Waleshas been bit by the

countrys worst drought in

a century with retailers

warning that if rain does

not fall soon the country

will likely face massive

food price hikes




ndash Too little Water

ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and

Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater


W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti



Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to

manage water played a major role in the development of

early systems of government

bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of

irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination

and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream

bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP

bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies


E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management



Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems

ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient

bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend

agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats

(underground chain wells)

bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces

bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the

coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve

burgeoning settlements

bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies

Egyptians perfected the shadouf to




draw water from canals and the river to

the adjacent bank and into ditches

Nomadic herders and later sedentary

civilizations developed chains of

wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash

to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers


Water for PowerWater for Power



Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking

sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work

bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water

out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity

bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and

were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming

bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission

lines to homes and businesses


Example of noria water



Slaters Mill in Rhode

Island one of the

earliest American

water poweredindustrial systems

Example of noria ndash water

driven wheels lifting water

into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is

in Vietnam)

Gorges Project Yangtze River

China ndash worldrsquos biggest

hydropower project 19 m kW




Increasing Water Supplies

bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff

bull Bring in surface water from another area

bull Withdraw groundwater

bull Convert salt water to fresh water

(desalination)

bull Improve the efficiency of water use

swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam



Hoover Dam-

Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam



Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros

bull Collect and store water from rain and snow

bull Produce electricity

bull Irrigate land below the dam

bull Control flooding

bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas

bull Provide recreational activities such as

swimming boating fishing

Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons



Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons

bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation

bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes

bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and

displaces people

bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich

soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted

bull Expensive to build



Case StudyCase Study

CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward

Dept Geography and

Environmental Studies

GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6

isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt

Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern

California is desert

shrubland because

these areas receivelittle precipitation By

contrast wetter areas

of central and northernCalifornia are forested

where mountainous

and developed asfarmland and urban

areas are flatter

Californiarsquos Water



California s Water

bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects

ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy

ndash Salton Sea

ndash Colorado Aqueduct

ndash Central Valley Project

Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law

ndash applies to surface waters

ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other

riparian owners

ndash Works well in areas with water surplus

bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)

ndash from Spanish law

ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights

ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo

Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water

ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable

withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are

correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer

bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution

ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo

ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights

ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of

water in the north Most people in the south

California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code




bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation

bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses

bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state

water plans

bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be

Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)



Eastern Sierra

bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland

bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley

bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years

bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench

bull gravity feed no pumping

bull generates hydroelectric power

bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought

back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range

war





Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting



Mono LakeMono Lake g

Mono Basin streams to add to LA

Aqueduct

bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while

salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and

threatened migrating birds and

nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate

raising the level of the lake 17 feet It

will take about 20 years

Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W



San Francisco Water

bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park

damned Completed in 1931

bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco

bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir

bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water

bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub



The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea



wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml

bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient

overflow channel of the Colorado River

bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink

bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground

bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river

back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents

delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta





Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct



q

bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California

bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people

bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be

implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and

this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water

bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture



The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project



The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s

bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use

bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to

Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather

River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains



Calif ornia Aqueduct

Dams and GlobalDams and Global



RiverRiverDegradationDegradation

Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser

Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA

The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams




bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986

World ReservoirWorld Reservoir




InundationInundation

Area submerged

ndash size California

Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact



bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and

species

ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)

system

ndash exotic species introductions

ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants

bull Cultural social

ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages

regions)

ndash Water quality hazard

bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy

ndash Water loss via evaporation

ndash Water loss via seepage

bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated

Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966



u t 956 966

bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River

DownstreamDownstream



Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality

bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling

bull Reduce sediment supply

bull Channel adjustments

bull Habitat modification

bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation

The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )



bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)

bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)

oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon

ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California

bull Dams continue to be built until good sites

are gone or it is not economic to buildthem

bull Global numbers We do not know

Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges



World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges

Yangtze River

bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced

bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009

Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems



Systemsy

bull Very complicated

bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley

Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of

SF Bay Delta

bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the

worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by

agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge

farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies



New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed

ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to

Shasta lake where it would join present system

ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot

diameter pipeline

ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year

ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010




ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs


ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency

ndash Too Much Water



Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the

United States is pumped from aquifers

bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver

is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from

aquifers is for irrigation for farming



Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion

ndash more water is removed than is naturally

refreshed

bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater

(Mexico City)

bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers

bull Contamination from multiple sources

Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion



q p

ndash 95 of water removed

from Ogallala Aquifer is

for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than

the refreshing rate

ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern

Europe Middle East

Thailand India

wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm

Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro

the ground (40 years)



bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has

shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m

httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html

Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion



bull ldquoOne-third of the water

supply for coastal areas

of Greater Los Angeles

comes from local

ground-water sources

bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the

supply and a

significant part of theremaining supply is at

riskrdquobull US Geological Survey

Fact Sheet 030ndash02

DesalinationDesalination



bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation

bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in

the Netherlands

wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm

DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom



bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water

ndash reverse osmosis

using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992







ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water

Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste



bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks

bull How to reduce water waste

ndash repair leaky pipescanals

ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc

ndash water conservation

bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)

bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring

Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits



ypyp

Possible benefits of canal replacement with

pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses

bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery

bull better operation of distribution network

bull reduction in maintenance costs

Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse



TreatmentTreatment

WastewaterDrinking Water

Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies

ndash Windhoek Namibia

ndash Denver Colorado

bull Health concerns

bull Public perception

Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia



bull Population 220000

bull Severe water shortage

bull First and only city

using direct potablewater reuse (Since

1968)



Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as

wastewater

bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water

bull Basic public acceptance

bull No significant epidemiological trends

ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends

Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado



bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)

bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater

bull Several barriers of treatment

ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption

ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation

ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration

ndash Air Stripping

ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)



Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA

standards)

bull No adverse health effects

ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests

bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists

Specific Uses for Recycled Water



bull Subsurface drip irrigation

ndash Safer

bull Non-aerosolizing of water and

pathogens

ndash More prone to clogging

bull Requires more maintenance

ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss

bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass

directly

bull Toilet flushing









ndash Efficiency

ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water

Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods

N l fl di i d i il b h i



bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow

bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal

channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain

bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands

help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control

mdashMaintain high water quality

mdashRecharge groundwater

bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil


P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l



People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons

1 Fertile soil

2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture

4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations

However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill

thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to

the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically

increased flood deaths amp damages

FloodingFlooding

H ti iti



Human activitiesthat increase

flooding

bull removing vegetationbulllogging

bullovergrazing

bullforest firesbullmining

bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on

floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP




Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena

Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

Renew and replenishRenew and replenish

Aggravated byhuman activities




Key HKey H220 Characteristics0 Characteristics

bull Water is the prime constituent

of all living organismsbull Water moves easily-from one

physical state to another and

from one place to anotherbull Water slowly absorbs and

releases large quantities of

energybull Water is a superior solvent

bull Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies(Source Wright amp Nebel 2002)





can quickly lead to

dehydration and

death



contaminated


acids dissolved in

H20 can lead to




bullbull WaterWater












ndash Soil moisture


ndash Lakes

ndash Streams




0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014










ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir








can quickly lead to

dehydration and

death



contaminated


acids dissolved in

H20 can lead to




bullbull WaterWater












ndash Soil moisture


ndash Lakes

ndash Streams




0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014










ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






bullbull WaterWater












ndash Soil moisture


ndash Lakes

ndash Streams




0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014










ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir










ndash Soil moisture


ndash Lakes

ndash Streams




0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014










ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







0014 liter

(25 teaspoons)

Readily

available

freshwater

0014










ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir













ndash Evaporation























HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir





















HOW RIVERS



HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






HOW RIVERS

WORK the role of

groundwater




AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






AquifersAquifers













ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir










ocean










bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir









bull 10 public













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir













10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic
















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir



















their yard



day (27 gallons)




0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia









irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir












irrigation









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir









































Gl b l P i i i P








httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir











httpwwwpeopleandpla


ravailabilityjpg





potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir








potential


excess of


moisture deficit













food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir
















food price hikes




























































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir































































Island one of the

earliest American





in Vietnam)












(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir











(desalination)





Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Hoover Dam-



















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir





















displaces people








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir








Dept Geography and




Most of the land in



Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Most of the land in

Nevada and southern


shrubland because




where mountainous


areas are flatter




California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






California s Water



ndash Salton Sea



Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Water LawWater Law




riparian owners






Water LawWater Law



Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Water LawWater Law

















water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir










water plans





Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Eastern Sierra









war










Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir













Aqueduct










San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






San Francisco Water



























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir
























q




































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

































Area submerged






species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







species


system





regions)









u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






u t 956 966

























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir


























Yangtze River






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Systemsy




SF Bay Delta











diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir










diameter pipeline





















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






















refreshed


(Mexico City)






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






q p




the refreshing rate


Europe Middle East

Thailand India















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir















comes from local



supply and a









the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir








the Netherlands







using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir








using highpressure

bull The Santa

Barbara facility

began operation

in March 1992





















ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir
























ypyp









TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






TreatmentTreatment


Direct



Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir






Potable WaterReuse

bull Case Studies












1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir










1968)




wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







wastewater














ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir












ndash Air Stripping





standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







standards)








ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







ndash Safer


pathogens





directly










ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir












ndash Efficiency



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir



















1 Fertile soil







FloodingFlooding

H ti iti




flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







flooding


bullovergrazing


bulldestruction of

wetlands

bullbuilding on






Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir







Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir




apes chapt14 notes

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