APES REVIEW

What to expect

• 35 multiple choice

1 free response

Important People• John Muir- responsible for Yosemite NP and

founded the Sierra Club• Rachel Carson- author of Silent Spring which

documented the pollution of air and water from pesticides (DDT). Marks the beginning of the environmental movement

• Aldo Leopold- writer and conservationist- Land Ethic- defines the role of humans as protectors of nature

• Teddy Roosevelt- first political figure to bring conservation to the attention of US public. Started the Forest Service

Events

• Love Cannel• Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire• Chernobyl• Three Mile Island• Exxon Valdez• Earth day• 1999 Human population 6 million people• Yellowstone 1st NP

Acts and Laws• InternationalKyoto, Montreal, Copenhagen, CITES• Domestic National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA): Environmental

Impact Statements must be done before any project on federal lands can be started

Water Quality Act: attempts to reduce non-point source pollutants

Safe Drinking Water Act(SWA): Sets levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health

Others: ESA, Lacey, RCRA, CERCLA, CAA, CWA,, FIFRA, SMCRA, FQA

2.Which of the following federal laws specifically deals with the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites?

A- Clean Air Act

B- Clean water Act

C- Safe drinking water act

D- Resource conservation Act

E- Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act

• EPA- Environmental Protection Agency

Protect human and environmental health

Regulates all of the pollution laws

Chemical Formulas

H2SO4

HNO3

SO2

NOx

N2

NH3

PO4

CH4

HgCaCO3

4._____ is considered by many the number one environmental problem because it aggravates or adds to other problems

a. Air pollution

b. Global warming

c. Water pollution

d. Human population growth

e. Ozone depletion

Earth Systems and Resources

• Earth Science: plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism, seasons, solar intensity

• The atmosphere: composition, structure

• Soil: formation, composition, physical and chemical properties

Soil is rock

Weathering=breaking down of rock

• Physical/ Mechanical= wind and water

• Chemical weathering= water and temperature causing oxidation and carbonation

• Biological= plant roots

Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,

Basalt

Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,

Limestone

Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,

Marble

Magma(Molten Rock)

WeatheringWeathering

ErosionErosion

TransportTransportDepositionDeposition

Heat,PressureHeat,Pressure

Heat,

Pressure

Heat,

Pressure

Rock Cycle

Land and Water

• Agriculture: pest control, GMO’s , types of agriculture, irrigation, crop production

• Forestry: fires, tree plantations, old growth

• Mining: techniques and impact

• Fishing: over fishing, techniques, aquaculture

• Tragedy of the commons

Tragedy of the Commons

• Fishing

• Air pollution

• Water pollution

(a) Terracing

Figure 14-14b

Page 285

(b) Contour planting and strip cropping

Forests

• National Forest Service

• Wildlife Refuges

• National Parks

• Wilderness area

15.Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

A- selective cutting

B- Clear cutting

C- shelter-wood cutting

D- slash and burn clearing

C- Gleaning

Fishing

• By catch

• Drift nets, long lining, bottom trawling

• Aquaculture raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest

• 47-50 % of major fish stocks are fully exploited

Spotter airplane

Fish farmingin cage

#1 Trawlerfishing #4Purse-seine

fishingsonartrawl flap

trawllines

trawl bag

#2Long line fishinglines withhooks

#3Drift-net fishing

fish caughtby gills

float buoy

fish school

Energy

• Energy concepts: law of thermodynamics, units

• Fossil fuel resources: coal, oil, natural gas: extraction, world reserves, + and –

• Hydroelectric

• Conservation: CAFÉ standards

• Renewable Energy: solar, biomass, wind, tidal, geothermal, + and – of each

16. The separation of various components of crude oil in refineries is accomplished primarily by taking advantage of differences in which of the following?

A- The densities of the components

B- The boiling points of the components

C- the solubility of the components

D- the sulfur contents of the components

C-The viscosities of the components

17 Which three sources supply the majority of commercial energy in the world today?

A- Coal, oil, and natural gas

B- Solar, wind, and biomass

C- Nuclear, hydropower, and photovoltaics

D- Wood, dung, and charcoal

E- Fuel cell, geothermal, and tidal

18 Which of the following is a true statement about passive solar heating?

A- it is effective only during the summer months

B- it is based in part on the principle of the greenhouse effect

C- It is not used to heat commercial buildings

D- it is not efficient because it cannot produce high quality energy

E- it produces more pollution than heating with an electric heat pump

Pollution

• Air pollution: sources, smog, acid deposition, indoor air pollution, Clean air act

• Water pollution: sources, eutrophication, sewage treatment/septic, Clean water Act

• Solid waste: types and impacts

• Impacts on human health: dose-response curves, toxicology, biomagnification

14_14a.jpg

Dose-Response Curves

Fig. 19-6 p. 414

Atmospheric pressure (millibars)0 200 400 600 800 1,000

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0(Sea

Level)–80 –40 0 40 80 120

Pressure = 1,000millibars atground levelTemperature (˚C)

Alt

itu

de

(kilo

met

ers)

Alt

itu

de

(mile

s)

75

65

55

45

35

25

15

5

Thermosphere

Heating via ozone

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Ozone “layer”Heating from the earth

Troposphere

Temperature

Pressure

Mesopause

Stratopause

Tropopause

Primary Pollutants

Secondary Pollutants

Sources NaturalStationary

CO CO2

SO2 NO NO2

Most hydrocarbons

Most suspendedparticles

SO3

HNO3 H2SO4

H2O2 O3 PANs

Most and saltsNO3–

Mobile

SO42 –

Table 20-1Page 436

Table 20-1 Major Classes of Air Pollutants

Class

Carbon oxides

Sulfur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Suspended particulate matter (SPM)

Photochemical oxidants

Radioactive substances

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which cause health effects such as cancer, birth defects, and nervous system problems

Examples

Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3)

Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) (NO and NO2 often are lumped together and labeled NOx)

Methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Solid particles (dust, soot, asbestos, lead, nitrate, and sulfate salts), liquid droplets (sulfuric acid, PCBs, dioxins, and pesticides)

Ozone (O3), peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), aldehydes

Radon-222, iodine-131, strontium-90, plutonium-239 (Table 3-1, p. 49)

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), chloroform (CHCl3), benzene (C6H6), ethylene dibromide (C2H2Br2), formaldehyde (CH2O2)

Power plant

Steam

Turbine GeneratorElectricity

Crane

Furnace

Boiler

Wetscrubber

Electrostaticprecipitator

Conveyor

Water Bottomash

Conven-tional

landfill

Wastetreatment

Hazardouswastelandfill

Dirtywater

Waste pit

Smokestack

Flyash

Landfill DesignLandfill Design

Point and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

Fig. 22-4 p. 494

Sources

• #1 is agriculture

• Industral and minning are runners up

Global Change

• Global Warming: greenhouse gases, impacts, laws and treaties

• Loss of Biodiversity: HIPPO, conservation, laws and treaties

• H- habitat destruction

• I- invasive species

• P- population

• P- pollution

• O- over harvest

• Red line is change in CO2 levels overtime

• World CO2 are expected to increase 2% annually

• Increase occur in the developing world: China and India

• US produces 25% of global emissions and 85% of our energy needs are met with fossil fuels

• Cars currently represent 25% of the emissions

Results of Climate Change• Acidification of oceans- drop in pH• Changes in weather patterns 5-7o warmer than

the start of the Industrial Revolution. Higher temps more evaporation. Higher temps warmer oceans= hurricanes

• Displacement of people• Melting ice caps reduce albedo• Melting glaciers raise sea level Average .1 mm

per year. Since 1900 rising 3mm an year.• If all ice melts the sea could rise 69m• Results in costal erosion, higher storm surges,

property and habitat loss, intrusion of salt in water aquifers

Results cont.

• Move in ecosystems towards the northern or southern extremes. Those unable to move or adapt will die.

• Spread of insect born diseases• Release of Methane in ocean sediment

and permafrost• Could be some positives: less sever

winters, increase in crop production, some species will benefit

Reduce Climate change• Decrease methane, nitrous oxide and carbon

dioxide emissions• Increase the efficiency of cars• Use renewable energy• Chemical substitutes that do not impact global

warming• Slow deforestation and encourage reforestation• Stop using inorganic fertilizers• Support treaties, protocols to require reductions• Reduce poverty and population

Table 21-2Page 467

Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion

Characteristic

Region ofatmosphere involved

Majorsubstances involved

Interaction with radiation

Nature of problem

Possible consequences

Possible responses

Ozone Depletion

Stratosphere.

O3, O2, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

About 95% of incoming ultraviolet (UV)radiation from the sun is absorbed by O3molecules in the stratosphere and does not reach the earth’s surface.

CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals released into the troposphere by human activities have made their way to the stratosphere, where they decrease O3 concentration. This can allow more harmful UV radiation to reach the earth’s surface.

Increased incidence of skin cancer, eyecataracts, and immune system suppression and damage to crops and phytoplankton.

Eliminate or find acceptable substitutes for CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals.

Global Warming

Troposphere.

CO2, CH4, N2O (greenhouse gases).

Molecules of greenhouse gases absorb infared (IR) radiation from the earth’s surface, vibrate, and release longer-wavelength IR radiation (heat) into the lower troposphere. This natural greenhouse effect helps warm the lower troposphere.

There is a high (90–99%) probability that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the troposphere from burning fossil fuels,deforestation, and agriculture are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and raising the earth’s average surface temperature (Figure 21-2, bottom right, andFigure 21-11, p. 471).

Changes in climate, agricultural productivity,water supplies, and sea level.

Decrease fossil fuel use and deforestation;prepare for climate change.

Categories of water pollutants

• Infectious Agents: bacteria, virus, protozoa• Oxygen demanding waste: organic material that is

decomposed by oxygen requiring bacteria• Inorganic chemical: salts, acids, metals• Organic chemicals: oil , biocides,• Plant nutrients: nitrate, phosphate and ammonium• Sediment: soil, silt• Radioactive• Thermal: increased temperature lowers DO levels

Water quality test• Presence or absences of chemicals (inorganic

and organic) as well as insect larva or macroinveterbrates present (indicator species).

• Chemical tests: pH: normal 6-8

Hardness: concentrations of calcium and magnesium

Dissolved oxygen

Turbidity: density of suspended particles in the water

• Fecal coliform bacteria counts

Pollution of StreamsPollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Factors influencing recovery

Fig. 22-5 p. 496

Pollution of Lakes

Eutrophication Eutrophication

Fig. 22-7 p. 499

Gulf of Mexico

• Hypoxia means an absence of oxygen reaching living tissues. In coastal waters, it is characterized by low levels of dissolved oxygen, so that not enough oxygen is available to support fish and other aquatic species.

• Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, are essential for healthy marine and freshwater environments.

• However, an over overabundance of nutrients can trigger excessive algal growth (or eutrophication) which results in reduced sunlight, loss of aquatic habitat, and a decrease in oxygen dissolved in the water.

Excess nutrients may come from a wide range of sources:

Runoff from developed land Atmospheric deposition

Soil erosion Agricultural fertilizers

Sewage and industrial discharges also contribute nutrients.

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution

Nonpoint SourcesNonpoint Sources Point SourcesPoint Sources

Reduce runoffReduce runoff

Buffer zone vegetation

Buffer zone vegetation

Reduce soil erosionReduce soil erosion

Clean Water ActClean Water Act

Water Quality ActWater Quality Act

Technological Approach: Septic Systems

Require suitable soils and maintenanceRequire suitable soils and maintenance

Fig. 22-15 p. 510

Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment

Sewage treatment

• Know the physical, chemical and biological processes

• Know what happens at Primary ( physical), Secondary ( biological) and Tertiary processes

• http://www.wef.org/apps/gowithflow/theflow.htm