appendix a chronology, 1960 to 1992 - springer978-0-230-37429-4/1.pdf · 1960 to 1992 chronology,...

Appendix A 1960 to 1992

Chronology,

Politics Social and economic policies

April1960 April student revolution The Second Republic

May 1961 Military coup by General Park Chung Hee

January 1962 First Five-Year Economic Plan

December 1963 Park Chung Hee elected Industrial Accident as president of the Third Insurance and National Republic Health Insurance Acts

September 1965 Experimental projects for health insurance, public assistance. Programme implemented

May 1967 Park Chung Hee reelected as president

October 1969 Constitutional amendment allowing President Park to run for a third term

April1971 Park Chung Hee reelected in a close election

August 1972 Special economic measures to freeze informal debts of private businesses

October 1972 Martial law declared Yushin Constitution introduced

143

144 Appendix A

Politics Social and economic policies

December 1972 Park Chung Hee reelected as president by the electoral college. The Fourth Republic

December 1973 The National Welfare Pension Act passed (implementation postponed)

January 1974 Presidential Emergency Measure No 3 declared to reduce taxes for lower income earners and curb unfair labour practices

March 1977 National Health Insurance became compulsory for firms of a certain size. Health Assistance Programme

December 1979 President Park assassinated by his intelligence chief

August 1980 Fifth Five-Year Economic Plan (constituted an economic and a social plan)

August 1981 General Chun elected as president by the electoral college. The Fifth Republic

June 1987 Presidential candidate of the governing party, Rho Tae Woo, promises democratic constitutional reform

December 1987 Rho elected as president under the new constitution (Rho benefited from a divided opposition)

Chronology, 1960 to 1992 145

January 1988

April1988

March 1992

Politics

Opposition parties dominate the National Assembly after the general election

The ruling Democratic liberal Party secures a majority in the general election

December 1992 Kim Young Sam elected as President

Social and economic policies

Regional members join the National Health Insurance Programme. National Pension Programme implemented

Appendix B Coverage of Social Welfare Programmes (per cent)

Programmes

Industrial Accident Insurance Public Assistance Programme Health Assistance Programme National Health Insurance National Pension Programme Government Employees' Pension Private School Teachers' Pension Veterans' Pension

Notes: 1. Percentage of employed people. 2. Percentage of the working population. 3. Percentage of entire population.

146

1990

41.31

5.263

7.73 90.83

15.72 2.82

0.522

0.522

1994

36.71

4.243

4.763

lOP 26.782

2.72 0.522

n.a.

Appendix C The Composition of Taxes

National taxes Direct taxes

Income tax Coporation tax Inheritance tax Revaluation tax Indirect taxes Customs duties Stamp revenue Public monopoly Defence surtaxes1

Education surtaxl Local taxes Carry-over Total taxes Taxburden2

Notes:

1989

26.30 13.56 11.85 0.55 0.34

30.74 8.07 0.62 O.ol

13.28 1.61

18.91 0.46 100

18.6

1990

25.27 14.31

9.78 0.90 0.29

31.46 8.38 0.59 0.00

13.43 1.58

19.29 0.79 100

19.0

1. Defence and Education Taxes are surtaxes and are therefore collected both indirectly and directly.

2. Tax burden = Total taxes/GNP Source: Korea Statistical Yearbook (1990, 1991).

147

AppendixD Simulated Contributions and Pensions of Two Individuals

Professional Electronic Worker

Contribution Pension Contribution Pension per year per year per year per year

Age (won) Age (won) Age (won) Age (won)

25 154800 61 5 202641 20 97200 56 2935 381 26 162000 62 5 202641 21 118800 57 3131073 27 183 600 63 5 202 641 22 133 200 58 3326 765 28 205 200 64 5 202641 23 140400 59 3522457 29 216000 65 5 202 641 24 154 800 60 3718149 30 453 600 66 5 202 641 25 324 000 61 3 913 841 31 475 200 67 5 202 641 26 345 600 62 3 913 841 32 496800 68 5 202 641 27 345 600 63 3 913 841 33 518400 69 5 202 641 28 367200 64 3 913 841 34 554400 70 5 202641 29 367 200 65 3 913 841 35 885 600 71 5 202641 30 583 200 66 3 913 841 36 939600 72 5 202641 31 583 200 67 3913 841 37 939 600 73 5 202 641 32 615 600 68 3 913 841 38 993 600 74 5 202 641 33 615 600 69 3 913 841 39 993 600 75 3 085 585 34 648000 70 3 913 841 40 1047 600 76 3 085 585 35 648000 71 2312305 41 1047600 77 3 085 585 36 648 000 72 2 312 305 42 1101600 78 3 085 585 37 680 400 73 2312305 43 1101600 38 680400 74 2312305 44 1177 200 39 680 400 45 1177200 40 680 400 46 1177 200 41 712800 47 1252800 42 712 800 48 1252800 43 712800 49 1252800 44 712800 50 1252800 45 712800 51 1328 400 46 745 200 52 1328 400 47 745 200 53 1404 000 48 745 200

148

Simulated Contributions and Pensions 149

Professional Electronic Worker

Contribution Pension Contribution Pension per year per year per year per year

Age (won) Age (won) Age (won) Age (won)

54 1404000 49 745 200 55 1404000 50 745 200 56 1404000 51 777 600 57 1404000 52 777 600 58 1512000 53 777600 59 1512000 54 777600 60 1512000 55 831600

Total 35 226 000 85179 315 20689200 65021455

Notes and References

Introduction

1. Throughout this book, Korea refers to the Republic of Korea, unless otherwise indicated. Romanisation of Korean script is done according to the McCune-Reishauer system, except for common usages such as Park Chung Hee (Pak Chong Hui).

2. For instance, a book edited by the Korean Political Science Association to 'reflect the reality of Korean politics and its members' interest' includes articles on political legitimacy, political changes in the authoritarian regime and the possibility of liberal democracy. Social policy was not included in the book. See the Korean Political Science Association, Hyimdae Han'guk Chi'Jngch 'i-wa Kukka (Contemporary Korean Politics and the State) (Seoul: Pommunsa, 1986). Social policy is also omitted from the most comprehensive review of Korean political literature: Kim Hakchun, Han 'guk Chi'Jngch 'ihak Sajon (Dictionary of Korean Politics) (Seoul: Han'gilsa, 1990).

3. A debate on the role of the state in the Korean economy has been taking place in the context of economic development and state intervention. The first section of Chapter 3 will review that debate.

4. 'The battles behind the welfare state lay bare the structure and conflicts of modern society. Ongoing disputes among groups for redistributive advantage contests over solidarity, force a constant renegotiation of the social contract.' Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State 1875-1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 1.

5. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 41.

6. New Zealand was among the pioneering nations in the development of the welfare state in the late nineteenth century. The welfare state in New Zealand is currently undergoing a radical reshaping. See Jonathan Boston and P. Dalziel, The Decent Society?: Essays in Response to National Economic and Social Policies (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992). See also Francis G. Castles, The Working Class and Welfare: Reflections on the Political Development of the Welfare State in Australia and New Zealand, 1880-1980 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985).

7. See Michael Shalev, 'Israel's Domestic Policy Regime: Zionism, Dualism and the Rise of Capital', in Francis G. Castles (ed.), The Comparative History of Public Policy (Oxford: Polity Press, 1989); Shamuel Eisenstadt, 'The Israeli Welfare System- A Nation with

151

152 Notes and References

a difference', in Richard Rose and R. Shira tori, The Welfare State East and West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

8. For Japanese case studies, see Naomi Maruo, 'The Development of the Welfare Mix in Japan'; Yukio Noguchi, 'Overcommitment in Pensions: The Japanese Experience', in Richard Rose and R. Shiratori, The Welfare State East and West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

9. The following works are economic studies of social policy in developing countries. Jean Dreze and A. Sen (eds), Hunger and Public Action (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); Ehtisham Ahmad, J. Dreze, J. Hills and A. Sen (eds), Social Security in Developing Countries (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1991); Kenneth Lee and A. Mills, The Economics of Health in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983). Catherine Jones explains Hong Kong's welfare system, with particular reference to the legal and administrative structure, in Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990).

10. Among these few studies, Malloy is concerned with the politics of social policy in Brazil. James M. Malloy, The Politics of Social Security in Brazil (Pittsburgh, P A: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979).

11. A recent comparative study edited by White et aL deals with the welfare systems in East Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore). See Gordon White, Roger Goodmand and Huck-Ju Kwon, Welfare Orienta/ism (London: Routledge, 1998).

12. Asa Briggs, 'The Welfare State in Historical Perspective', European Journal of Sociology, vol. 2 (1961), pp. 221-2; Richard Titmuss, Essays on 'the Welfare State' (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963).

13. Not all OECD nations, of course, can be described as welfare states. Korea became a member of the OECD in 1996.

1 Social Policy in a Confined Institutional Terrain

1. Francis G. Castles, 'Introduction: Puzzles of Political Economy', in Francis G. Castles (ed.), The Comparative History of Public Policy (Cambridge: Polity, 1989), pp. 1-3.

2. T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development (New York: Doubleday, 1964), reprinted in T. H. Marshall and T. Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Perspective, 1992), p. 8.

3. Ibid., p. 8. 4. Tom Bottomore, 'Citizenship and Social Class, Forty Years On',

in T. H. Marshall and T. Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class op. cit., p. 55. See also Bendix's critique on the evolutionist

Notes and References 153

approach to social change: Reinhard Bendix, Nation-Building and Citizenship: Studies of Our Changing Social Order (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), pp. 5-35.

5. Harold Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditure (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), p. xiii.

6. P. Cutright, 'Political Structure, Economic Development, and National Social Security Program',American Journal of Sociology, vol. 70 (1965); see also Frederic Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (London: Allen & Unwin, 1968).

7. Harold Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality, op. cit., p. 27. 8. Theda Skocpol and E. Amenta, 'State and Social Policies',

Annual Review of Sociology (1986), p. 133. 9. Peter Flora and A Heidenheimer, 'Introduction', in Peter Flora

and A Heidenheimer (eds), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (London: Transaction Books, 1981 ), p. 8.

10. Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (London: Hutchinson, 1984), pp. 120-1; James O'Connor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973), p. 6.

11. On the autonomy of the capitalist state, an interesting debate took place between R. Miliband and N. Poulantzas. See Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969); 'The Capitalist State: Reply to Nicos Poulantzas', New Left Review, vol. 59 (1970); 'Poulantzas and the Capitalist State', New Left Review, vol. 82 (1973); N. Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Clllss (London: New Left Books, 1968); 'The Problem of the Capitalist State', New Left Review, vol. 58 (1969); 'The Capitalist State: a Reply to Miliband and Laclau', New Left Review, vol. 95 (1976).

12. Ian Gough offers two answers: first, the strength and form of working-class struggle, and secondly the ability of the capitalist state to formulate and implement policies to secure the long-term reproduction of capitalist social relations. Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State (London: Macmillan, 1979), p. 64.

13. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Base of the Welfare State 1875-1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 3-31.

14. Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985).

15. Francis G. Castles, 'On religion and public policy: Does Catholicism make a difference?, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 25, no. 1 (1994); GOran Therbon, 'Another way of taking religion seriously: Comment of Francis G. Castles', European Journal of Political Research, vol. 26, no. 1 (1994); Francis G. Castles, 'On religion and public policy: The case for covariance, Reply to Goran Therbon', European Journal of Political Research, vol. 26, no. 1 (1994).


16. Douglas A. Hibbs, 'Political Parties and Macro-economic Policy', American Political Science Review, vol. 71 (1977}, p.1487.

17. Francis G. Castles ( ed. ), The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist State (London: Sage, 1982), p. 32.

18. Alan Ware, Citizenship, Parties and the State (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987}, p. 205.

19. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), p. 39.

20. Gosta Esping-Andersen and W. Korpi, 'Social Policy as Class Politics in Post-War Capitalism: Scandinavia, Austria, and Germany', in John Goldthorpe, Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1984), p. 202.

21. Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, op. cit., p. 40. 22. Writing about the case of Austria, Korpi makes two remarks

about the political power of the left that appear to conflict. See Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, op. cit., and Gosta EspingAndersen and W. Korpi, 'Social Policy as Class Politics in Post-War Capitalism: Scandinavia, Austria and Germany', in Goldthorpe, Order and Conflict, op. cit.

23. Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity, op. cit, p. 11. 24. Ibid., p. 12. P. Baldwin and S. Olsson have been engaged in a

debate on the role of farmers in the development of the Swedish welfare state. Baldwin argued that the farmers as well as the working class played an important role in the nineteenth century when the Swedish welfare reform started. Olsson challenged this view, and pointed out that Baldwin had misread the historical context. Olsson maintained that the Swedish welfare state was the triumph of the working class. See Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity, op. cit., p. 113; Sven E. Olsson, 'Working Class Power and the 1946 Pension Reform in Sweden: A Respectful Festschrift Contribution', International Review of Social History, vol. 34, no. 2 (1989); Peter Baldwin, 'Class, Interest and the Welfare State: A Reply to Sven E. Olsson', International Review of Social History, vol. 34, no. 3 (1989).

25. Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity, op. cit., pp. 21-31. 26. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

(Cambridge: Polity, 1990). 27. Ellen Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in

Western Europe (New York: Cambridge Press, 1992). 28. Ellen Immergut, 'The rules of the game: The logic of health

policy-making in France, Switzerland, and Sweden', in Sven Steinmo, K. Thelen and F. Longstreth, Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 65.

29. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992).


30. Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (Cambridge: Polity, 1986), p.19.

31. G. John Ikenberry, 'Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy', in G. John Ikenberry, D. A Lake and M. Mastanduno ( eds ), The State and American Foreign Economic Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 226.

32. Hall, Governing the Economy, op. cit., p. 19. 33. Sven Steinmo and K. Thelen, 'Historical institutionalism in

comparative politics', in Steinmo et al., Structuring Politics, op. cit., p. 9.

34. Max Weber, Economy and Society.(New York: Beminister Press, 1968), p. 36.

35. Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (London: Hutchinson, 1984).

36. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Political Struggle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).

37. Adam Prezworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 95.

38. See Frederic Pryor, Public Expenditures, op. cit.; Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality, op. cit.; David Cameron, 'The Expansion of the Public Economy: A comparative analysis', American Political Science Review, vol. 72 (1978); Castles, The Impact of Parties op. cit.

39. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), p. 19.

40. See Walter Korpi, 'Power, politics, and state autonomy in the development of social citizenship: Social rights during sickness in eighteen OECD countries since 1930', American Sociological Review, vol. 54, no. 3 (1989); Oli Kangas, The Politics of Social Rights: The Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in OECD Countries (Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1991); Joakim Palme, Pension Rights in Welfare Capitalism: The Development of Old-Age Pension in Eighteen OECD Countries 1930 to 1985 (Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1990).

41. Castles questions the methodological viability of the expenditure approach in the study of comparative public policy. See Francis Castles, 'Is Expenditure Enough? On the Nature of the Dependent Variable in Comparative Public Analysis', Journal of Commonwealth & Compartive Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, (1994).

42. In this book we do not analyse education and housing policies. While they are an important part of the welfare state, the present framework cannot deal with these two areas of social policy because they need to be approached from a cultural and sociological angle as well as through political analysis. Hence this book does not cover the entire welfare system in Korea.


43. Calculated from National Bureau of Statistics, Han'guk T'onggye Ny{Jn'gam (Korean Statistical Yearbook]) (1990), and Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohOm Saop Nyonbo (Yearbook of Industrial Accident Insurance) (1990). 'Employed persons' includes 'temporary employees' who work fewer than 18 hours a week.

44. Kangas, The Politics of Social Rights, op. cit., p. 15.

2 Social Policy Making

1. For Korean politics in the First and Second Republic, see Sungjoo Han, The Failure of Democracy in South Korea (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1974).

2. In line with O'Donell's model of 'bureaucratic authoritarianism', the Park government can be described as a 'bureaucratic authoritarian' regime. Whether the emergence of the authoritarian regime can be explained by the 'bureaucratic authoritarian regime' theory is subject to debate. See Han Sangjin, 'Kwallyojok Kwonwijiii-wa Han'guk Sahoe' (Bureaucratic Authoritanism and Korean Society), in Soul Taehakkyo Sahoehak Yon'guhoe (ed.), Han'guk Sahoe-ui ChOnt'ong-gwa Pyonhwa (The Tradition of Korean Society and Change) (Seoul: Pommunsa, 1983): Yi Chongpok, 'Sanop Sahoe-wa Chongch'i Ch'eje-iii Pyonhwa' (Industrialisation and the Change of Political Institutions), in Han'guk ChOngch'ihak Hakhoebo (Journal of the Korean Political Science Association), vol. 19 (1985); Hyuk Baeg Im, 'The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea', World Politics, vol. 39, no. 2 (1987).

3. 'In technically complex fields of policy, such as that of macroeconomic policy-making, decision-makers are often guided by an overarching set of ideas that specify how the problems facing them are to be perceived, which goals might be attained through policy and what sorts of techniques can be used to reach those goals.' Peter Hall, 'The movement from Keynesianism to monetarism: Institutional analysis and British economic policy in the 1970s', in Sven Steinmo, K. Thelen and F. Longstreth, Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 91.

4. According to the 'Yushin' constitution of the Fourth Republic, the president had the constitutional power to appoint a third of the National Assemblymen, which ensured the majority of his party in the National Assembly in conjunction with the electoral system of the rest of the National Assemblymen. In the Fifth Republic, one half of the National Assembly seats were given to the biggest party after the general election, according to the provisions of the proportional representation system. More importantly, the opposition parties in the National Assembly were


effectively controlled by the government in the Fifth Republic, or at least for the first three years.

5. Jang-Jip Choi, 'Interest Conflict and Political Control in South Korea: A Study of Labor Unions in Manufacturing Industries, 1961-1980', PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1983.

6. George E. Ogle, South Korea: Dissent within the Economic Miracle (London: Zed Books, 1991 ).

7. Hak-Kyu Sohn, Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea (London: Routledge, 1989), ch. 5.

8. Ellen Immergut, Health Politics: Interest and Institutions in Western Europe (New York, Cambridge University Press: 1992), pp.6-9.

9. Agreements were signed between Britain and Japan, and between the United States and Japan: the Anglo-Japanese Treaty and the Taft-Katsura communique, respectively. These agreements recognised Japanese ascendancy in North-East Asia while Japan promised not to interfere with British policy in Burma and China, and with US affairs in the Philippines.

10. C. I. Eugene Kim and Han-kyo Kim, Korea and the Politics of Imperilllism, 1876-1910 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967).

11. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes 1945-1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 12-16·

12. A study by Eckert traced a family of landlords from the Japanese Imperialist period to the post-liberation period, during which time they transformed themselves from landlords to capitalists. Carter J. Eckert, Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origin of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991).

13. Soon Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 1945-1950: An Evaluotion of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967).

14. For a critical review of US foreign policy in the postwar period, see Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power: the World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).

15. Han, The Failure of Democracy in South Korea, op. cit., pp. 7-32. 16. Jang-Jip Choi, 'The Strong State and Weak Labor Relations in

South Korea', in Kyungdong Kim (ed.), Dependent Issues in Korean Development (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1987), p. 311.

17. Eckert seems to emphasises Japan's influence on Korean business practices. He argues that nearly 60 per cent of the founders of Korea's top fifty chaebols had some kind of colonial business experience. This does not mean, however, that they were a coherent group of people as a class during the Japanese imperial


period, nor that there was a strong continuity in the business class during the pre- and post-liberation periods. Carter J. Eckert, Offspring of Empire, op. cit., p. 254.

18. Sangsop Park, 'The Failure of Liberal Democracy in Korea, 1945-1979', in Kyungdong Kim (ed.), Dependent Issues in Korean Development (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1987), p. 328.

19. Jungwon A. Kim, Divided Korea: The Politics of Development 1945-1972 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), p.119.

20. Chang Sanghwan, 'Nongji Kaehyok-e Kwanhan Silchiingjok Yon'gu' (Empirical Research on Land Reform), in Kang Man'gil, Haebang Chonhusa-iti lnsik 2 (Studies of the Period Before and After Liberation, Vol 2) (Seoul: Han'gilsa, 1985).

21. Kim, Divided Korea, op. cit., p. 125. 22. Ibid. 23. Sin Pyongsik, 'Han'guk-kwa Taeman-iii T'oji Kaehyok-e

Kwanhan Yon'gu' (Comparative Research on Land Reform in Korea and Taiwan), Han'guk-kwa Kukche ChOngch'i (Korea and World Politics), vol. 4, no. 2 (1988).

24. Yi Honch'ang, '8, 15-iii Sahoe Kyongjesa chok Insik' (Social Economic Aspects of Korean Liberation), in Yi Taegiin and Chong Unyong, Han'guk Chabonjuiti Non (Studies of Korean Capitalism) (Seoul: Kkach'i, 1984), p. 93.

25. For the development of social policy prior to the 1960s, see Hikang Yang, 'The Origins of Social-Policy Making in Korea 1910-1963', MA thesis, Oxford University, 1995.

26. The five 'revolutionary pledges' were (1) anti-communism as the nation's first policy, (2) observance of the UN rules, (3) social morality, (4) an independent economy and (5) national unification. When the military leaders prepared these pledges, they were very anxious about the US government's response. The US government was suspicious of Park's ideological orientation because he had been sympathetic to communism in his early life and had a communist brother. The first two of the 'revolutionary pledges' were made to reassure the US government.

27. Sohn, Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea, op. cit., p. 31.

28. Dal-Joong Chang, Economic Control and Political Authoritarianism: the Role of Japanese Corporations in Korean Politics 1965-1979 (Seoul: Sogang University Press, 1985), p. 87.

29. Park Chung Hee graduated from the Manchukuo Military Institute in 1942 and entered the Japanese Military Academy in Manchuria, from which he did not graduate due to the end of the

· Second Word War. He took part in a military personnel training programme at the US Army Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma in 1955. At that time, only a few Koreans had received formal military education; see Se-Jin Kim, The Politics of Military


Revolution in Korea (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1971), pp. 89-90. See also Park Chung Hee, The Country, the Revolution and I (Seoul: Hollym, 1963).

30. Oaus Offe, 'Advanced Capitalism and the Welfare State',Politics and Society, vol. 2, no. 4 (1972); Ian Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State (London: Macmillan, 1979); J. O'Connor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973).

31. S. Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Base of Politics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).

32. S. Martin Lipset, 'Social Confiict, Legitimacy and Democracy', in W. Connoly (ed.), Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), p. 89.

33. Amitai Etzioni, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organisation: On Power, Involvement and Their Co"elates (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961), p. 5.

34. Chong Yunhyong, "Kyongje Kaebal-iii Ch'ejejok Yon'gu" (A Systematic Approach to Economic Development), Han'guk Sahoe Pyondong Yongu I (Studies on Changes in Korean Society I), p. 31.

35. Park, The Country, the Revolution and I, op. cit., p. 177. 36. 0 Hyojin, 'Kim Chongp'il, Ib-iil Yolda: Pak Taet'ongnyong-gwa

Kim Hyonguk Silcbong' (Kim Chongp'il Speaks: President Park and the Disappearance of Kim Hyonguk), pp. 297-298, quoted in Sohn, Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea, op. cit., pp. 31-2.

37. Hyun-Chin Lim, Dependent Development in Korea (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1985), p. 76.

38. Kwon Hyok-Chu (Kwon, Huck-Ju), 'Han'gug-iii ChOngdangsong Wigi: Kin'giip Cboch'i 3 Ho' (The Crisis of Legitimacy in Korea: Presidential Emergency Measure No. 3), Songsim Hakpo (Journal of Sacred Heart University) (1986).

39. Stephan Haggard and C. Moon, 'Institutions and Economic Policy', World Politics, no. 2 (1990), p. 220.

40. Jang-Jip Choi, 'The Strong State and Weak Labor Relations in South Korea', in Kim (ed.), Dependent Issues in Korean Development, op. cit.

41. Hochul Sonn, 'Towards a Synthetic Approach of Third World Political Economy: The Case of South Korea', unpublished dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin,1987, pp. 343-4.

42. Jangjip Choi, 'A Corporatist Control of the Labor Union in South Korea', Korean Social Science Journal, vol. 9 (1984), pp. 25-55.

43. Chang, Economic Control and Political Authoritarianism, op. cit., p. 77.

44. Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 136.


For various promotional laws for businesses, see H. Chang, The Political Economy of Industrial Policy (New York: StMartin's Press, 1994), pp. 115-16.

45. Bank of Korea, Kyongje Kin'gup Choch'i Chonghap Pogoso (General Report on the August Third Economic Emergency Measures) (1973).

46. Paul Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure in the Republic of Korea (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977). On this point there have been a series of debates involving neoliberal economists, dependency theorists and state theorists. See Robert Wade, 'East Asia's Economic Success: Conflicting Perspectives, Partial Insights, Shaky Evidence', World Politics, vol. 44 (1992~

47. Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohOm 15-nyon Sa (Fifteen Year History of 1ndustrialAccident Insurance) (1981), p. 67.

48. Centre for Korean Economic Studies, '90 Nyondae Sahoe Pokchi Sahoe Kaebal Chongch'aek Panghyang' (The Policy Orientation of Social Welfare and Social Development in the 1990s), working paper 85-10, I-163 (1985), p. 159.

49. Michael Hill, The Welfare State in Britain: A Political History since 1945 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1993), pp. 25-45.

50. Rune Premfors, 'The "Swedish Model" and Public Sector Reform', West European Politics, vol. 14, no. 3 (1991), p. 84.

51. Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialisation in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971), pp.l02-22.

52. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), p. 39.

53. ChOng Hiiisop, 'Hyongmyong Inyongan OpchOk Kaeyo: Pogon Sahoebu' (The Summary of the Achievements during the Two Years after the Revolution: the Ministry of Health and Social Mfairs), Ch'oego Hoeuibo (Supreme Council Review), no. 21 (1963), p. 40.

54. International Labour Office, Korean Statistical Yearbook (various issues) (Genera: ILO).

55. Uri Nodong Monje Yon'guwon (Institute for Labour Issues in Korean Society), Minju Nojo Undong-ui Hyimhwang-gwa Chonmang (The Current Stage of the Democratic Union Movements and Their Prospects) (Seoul: Paeksan, 1989), p. 10.

56. Ibid. 57. Pak Hyongjun, 'TokchOm Chabonjuiii-wa Nodong Undong'

(Monopoly Capitalism and Working Class Movements), in Han'guk Sahoe Nodongja Yon'gu (Studies of the Working Class in Korean Society) (Seoul: Paeksan SOdang, 1989), pp. 60-1.

58. Ogle, South Korea, op. cit., pp. 157-61. 59. Kwon Yang Mok, union president Hyundai Engine (one of the

biggest unions in the democratic union movement), said in a speech that 'We formed the Union because we believe the land


wants to be democratic. Our task is [the) inescapable task of history. Quoted in ibid., p.161.

60. Korean Medical Association, Taelum (/ihak Hyophoe 85-nyonsa: 1908-1993 (85-Year History of the Korean Medical Association: 1908-1993) (Seoul: KMA, 1993), p. 96.

61. Son Chun'gyu, 'Han'gug-iii Sahoe ChOngch'aek Kyoljong Kwajong-e Taehan Yon'gu' (A Study of the Decision-Making Process of Social Policy), unpublished PhD. dissertation, Seoul National University, 1981, p. 95.

62. Korean Medical Association, Taehan (/ihak Hyophoe 85-nyonsa, op. cit., p. 115.

63. The titles of the pamphlets produced by the study group are Uiryo PohOm Chedo Toib-e Kwallyondoen Che Munje-wa Yebi Kwon'go' (Issues Related to the Introduction of Health Insurance and a Preliminary Proposal) and 'Sahoe Pojang Chedo-iii Ch'angsi-e Kwannan Koniii' (A Proposal for the Creation of Social Welfare Institutions). Choe Ch'onsong, Han'guk Sahoe Pojang Yon'gusa (The History of Korean Social Policy Research) (Seoul: Institute of Korean Social Security, 1991), p. 17.

64. The committee was chaired by the deputy minister of health and social affairs. There were eight researchers and associate researchers in the committee. Among the researchers were Cho Manje, a graduate of Tokyo Imperial University, who was in charge of the general section, Sim Kangsop (labour section) who had worked in the Labour Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Han Sangmu (public assistance section) and Choe Ch'onsong (health insurance section), a graduate of Paris University. Committee for Social Security, 'Sahoe Pojang Simiii Wiwonhoe Yon'guwon Myondan mit Nyondo Pyol Yon'gu SilchOk' (Names of the Researchers in the Committee for Social Security and Research in Each Year) (1981), mimeo.

65. Choe Ch'onsong, Han'guk Sahoe Pojang Yon'gusa, op. cit., p. 13. 66. Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohOm 15-nyonsa, op. cit., p. 25. 67. So Pongch'an, '5.16 Hyongmyong Kongyak-kwa Pokchi Kukkwa

ui Inyom' (The Pledges of the 5.16 Military Revolution and the Idea of the Welfare State), Ch 'oego Hoeuibo (Supreme Council Review), no.9 (1962), p. 114.

68. Ministry of the Labour, Sanjae PohOm 15-nyonsa, op. cit., p. 27. 69. CSS, Kon'gang Chosa Pogoso (The Report on Health Survey)

(1963), cited in Choe Ch'onsong, Han'guk Sahoe Pojang Yon'gusa, op. cit., p. 60.

70. Korea Statistical Yearbook, 1965. 71. Interview with Choe Ch'onsong, Seoul, January 1992. Despite his

stated regret, he was very proud of his contribution to the health insurance programme.

72. Choe Ch'onsong, Han 'guk Sahoe Pojang Yon 'gusa, op.cit., p. 110.


73. The CSS published a report entitled 'Sahoe Kyebal Kyehoek Kich'o Yon'gu' (Preliminary Research on the Plan for Social Development) in 1966/1967 and several reports on social development each year until 1974. Committee for Social Security, 'Sahoe Pojang Simiii Wiwonhoe Yon'guwon Myondan mit Nyondo Pyol Yon'gu SilchOk' (Names of the Researchers in the Committee for Social Security and Research in Each Year) (1981), mimeo.

74. Son Chun'gyu, 'Han'gug-iii Sahoe Chongch'aek Kyoljong Kwajong-e Taehan Yon'gu', op.cit., p. 77.

75. Chong Kee Park, Social Security in Korea: An Approach to SocioEconomic Development (Seoul: KDI, 1975), p. 104. Chong Kee Park also participated in the discussion. After the meeting he was put in charge of KDI activities in social policy.

76. The name of the programme was changed to the National Pension Programme when it was put into effect in 1988.

77. Park, Social Security in Korea, op. cit., p. 90. 78. Ibid., p. 86. 79. Korea Herald, 15 January 1974. 80. Interview with Chong Kee Park (director of the Health Policy

Unit), in January 1992, Seoul. 81. S. Haggard and C. Moon, 'Institutions and Economic Policy',

World Politics, no. 2 (1990), pp. 221-9. 82. Interview with Chong Kee Park, January 1992, Seoul. 84. See Guy Peters and A. Barker ( eds ), The Politics of Expert Advice:

Creating, Using and Manipulating Scientific Knowledge for Public Policy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992); Guy Peters and A. Barker (eds),Advmng West European Governments: Inquiries, Expertise and Public Policy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); Radhika Desai, 'Second-Hand Dealers in Ideas: Think-Tanks and Thatcherite Hegemony', New Left Review, no. 203 (1994).

84. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1992), p.177.

85. Ibid., p. 176 86. Ibid., pp. 254-5. 87. Ibid., p. 188. 88. James Cotton and S. Bae, 'Regionalism in Electoral Politics', in

J. Cotton ( ed. ), Korea under Rho Tae-woo: Democratisation, Northern Policy and Inter-Korean Relations (London: Allen & Unwin, 1993), p. 171.

89. Sin Tong'a, January 1988. 90. Hong-oak Kim, 'The Parliamentary Election in South Korea',

Asian Survey, vol. 29, J!O. 5 (1989), pp. 481-2. 91. National Assembly, Uijong Yoyak (Summary of the National

Assembly Discussions), mimeo, 9 March 1988.


92. Interview with Yun-Taek Lee, Oxford, December 1993. Lee was a senior secretary to the president of public administration from 1988 to 1990. He was appointed as minister of public administration in 1990 and minister of labour in 1992.

3 The Structure of Social Policy

1. John Mohan used the terms, coordinator, facilitator and provider when refering to the role of the state, but he did not clearly define the terms and it is very difficult to distinguish between coordinator and facilitator. For this reason these terms do little to advance the understanding of the characteristics of state intervention. John Mohan, 'Health Care Policy and the State in "Austerity Capitalism"', in James Simmie and R. King, State in Action (London: Pinter, 1990).

2. Rune Premfors, 'The "Swedish Model" and Public Sector Reform', West European Politics, vol. 14, no. 3 (1991); Roger King, 'Policy and Process in the Modem State', in Simmie and King, The State In Action, op. cit.

3. Rents from tenants could also be a source of resources. 4. Although the British National Health Service is in principle also

financed by contributions from employers and employees, the state treats these contributions as just another tax and part of its general revenues.

5 See OECD, Financing and Delivering Health Care: A Comparative Analysis of OECD Countries (Paris: OECD, 1987), pp. 27-8.

6. Douglas Hibbs, 'Political parties and macro-economic policy', American Political Science Review, vol. 71 (1977); Christopher Hewitt, 'The effect of political democracy and social democracy on equality in industrial societies: a cross-national comparison', American Sociological Review, vol. 42 (1977); David Cameron, 'The expansion of the public economy: a comparative analysis', American Political Science Review, vol. 72 (1978); Francis Castles, The Impact of Parties (London: Sage, 1982).

7. Bismarck's reforms and the social policies of the Christian Democratic Parties are examples of this. For Bismarck's social policies, see Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America and Russia (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971); W. Dawson, Bismarck and State Socialism: An Exposition of the Social and Economic Legislation of Germany since 1870 (London: Swan Sonnenshein, 1890); P. Paur, 'The Corporatist Character of Bismarck's Social Policy', European Studies Review, vol. 11 (1981 ). For the Christian Democratic Parties, see Kees van Kersbergen, 'Catholicism and Social Citizenship: In Search of the Christian Democratic Welfare State', paper presented at the conference on the Comparative Studies of Welfare State Development, Bremen, 1992.


8. Anne Kruger, 'The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society',American Economic Review vol. 64, no. 3 (1974).

9. Samir Amin, Unequal Development: an Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976); Andre G. Frank, 'The Development of Underdevelopment', Monthly· Review, vol. XVIII (1966); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

10. Peter Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinationa~ State and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).

11. Ian Little, 'True Experience and the Cause of Rapid Labour Intensive Development in Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore: and the Possibilities of Emulation', ILO working paper WPII-1 (Bangkok: ILO, 1979).

12. Bela Balassa, 'Structural Adjustment Policies in Developing Economies', World Bank staff working paper no. 464 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981), p. 8.

13. Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 14.

14. For subsidies see Hajoon Chang, The Political Economy of Industrial Policy (London: St. Martin's, 1994), pp. 115-16.

15. Robert Wade, 'The Role of Government in Overcoming Market Failure: Taiwan, Republic of Korea and Japan', in Helen Hughes (ed.), Achieving Industrialization In East Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 130.

16. Ibid., pp. 36-137. 17. Stephan Haggard, 'The Politics of Industrialization in the

Republic of Korea and Taiwan', in Hughes, Achieving Industrialization In East Asia, op. cit., p. 264.

18. Ibid., p. 261. 19. Peter Evans, 'The State as Problem and Solution: Predation,

Embedded Autonomy and Structural Change', in Haggard and Kaufman, The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 163.

20. In the area of economic policy, we interpret the state's role of provider as including not only the provision of financial resources to economic actors such as public companies, but also the ownership of these companies.

21. Frederic Deyo (ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), p. 17. Deyo differentiates between state-led strategies and stateinduced strategies that emphasise the role of the private sector in implementing strategy within a broad political, legal infrastructural and economic framework. He argues that Korea and Taiwan adopted state-led strategies, and that in the Latin American context this basic distinction serves to separate periods


of state-led, import substituting industrial restructuring from state-induced, and neo-conservative experiments in economic liberalisation.

22. Chalmers Johnson, 'Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan', in Deyo op. cit., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, p. 140.

23. Bernard and Ravenhill question the validity of Cumings' explanation of economic development in the East Asian region. They argue that economic development in this region cannot be satisfactorily explained by the product-cycle theory. Mitchell Bernard and J. Ravenhill, 'Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese: Regionalisation, Hierarchy, and the Industrialization of East Asia', World Politics, vol. 47, no. 2 (1995).

24. Cumings describes the Korean and Taiwanese states as 'Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Industrializing Regimes' (BAIR): 'These States are ubiquitous in economy and society: penetrating, comprehensive, highly articulated and relatively autonomous of particular groups and classes' Bruce Cumings, 'The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles, and Political consequences', in Deyo, The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, p. 70.

25. Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 31.

26. See James Cotton's criticism of Cumings' approach. James Cotton, 'Understanding the State in South Korea: Bureaucratic Authoritarian or State Autonomy Theory?', Comparative Political Studies, vol. 24, no. 4 (1992).

27. A. V. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England (1954), pp. 283-4, quoted in Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization op. cit., pp. 56-7.

28. International Labour Office, Introduction to Social Security (Geneva: ILO, 1984), pp. 43-4.

29. Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohOm I5-nyon Sa (The Fifteen Year History of Industrial Accident Insurance) (Korea: Ministry of Labour, 1981), p. 27.

30. Calculated from the Korean Statistical Yearbook (1990) and Sanjae PohOm Saop Nyonbo (Yearbook of the Industrial Accident Insurance) (1990). 'Employed people' includes temporary employees who work fewer than 18 hours a week.

31. The Industrial Accident Insurance fund is managed by the Ministry of Labour and the revenue mostly comes from the employers. 'Subsidy from the government' means subsidy from general government expenditure to the Special Account for the Industrial Accident Insurance.


32. Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohiJm Saop Ny{Jnbo, op. cit. 33. In 1981 the Ministry of Labour was established and it took over

labour affairs previously dealt with by other ministries, including the management of industrial accident insurance. Ministry of Labour, Nodong Paekso (Labour White Paper), (Ministry of Labour, 1990), p. 411.

34. Up to 40 per cent of the premium (formely 30 per cent) is reduced or added to the basic premium according to the accident rate of the workplace for the previous three years: accident rate (%) = (gross compensation/gross wages) x 100.

35. Ministry of Labour, Sanjae PohOm Saop Nyonbo, op. cit., pp.48-9.

36. Ibid., p. 67. 37. The Ministry of Labour classifies injuries into fourteen classes:

serious damage falls into classes one to three. 38. After an agreement is reached the insurance fund pays the special

compensation and the regular compensation to the injured worker. The following year the employer reimburses the special compensation to the insurance fund by quarterly payments.

39. KDI, Sahoe Pochang Chedo Kaeson-ul wihan Yon'gu Pogoso (A Research Report on the Reform of the Social Welfare Programme) (Seoul; KDI, 1981), p. 102.

40. The basket of 45 000 won included 'food and beverages', 'fuel, light and water charges' and 'clothing and footwear'. The income of 45 000 won was 65 hours of work paid by the minimum hourly wage defined in 1990. Economic Planning Board, Kyongje Paekso 1990 (Economic White Paper), pp. 320-9. The minimum monthly income calculated by the General League of the Korean Trade Unions was 185 383 won, three times higher than the official poverty line. Ministry of Labour, Nodong Paekso [Labour White Paper] (1990), p. 67.

41. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Pogon Sahoe T'onggye Nyonbo (Yearbook of Health and Social Statistics) (1990).

42. The payment of 80 000 is the equivalent of 116 hours of work, if paid by the minimum hourly wage defined in 1990. Economic Planning Board, Kyongje Paekso, op. cit., pp. 320-9.

43. Anthony Atkinson, 'The Social Safety Net', Welfare State Programme Discussion Paper 166 (Suntory Toyota International Centre, 1991) pp. 16-17.

44. So Sang-Mok et aL, Pin'gon-ui Silt'ae-wa Yongsemin Taech'aek (The Situation of Poverty and Policies for the Poor) (Seoul: KDI, 1981), p. 192.

45. Ko 11-Tong, 'Kongjok Pucho Chedo-iii Kaeson-gwa Pin'gonch'iing Taech'aek' (Reform of the Public Assistance Programme and Policies for the Poor), in Kukka Yesan-gwa ChiJngch'aek Mokp'yo (National Expenditure and Policy Targets) (Seoul: KDI, 1990), p. 332.


46. Ministry of Health and Social Affair~ Pogon Sahoe T'onggye Nyonbo, op. cit.

47. Most of these regional members did not have employers because they were farmers, self-employed and so on. Those who were employed worked in the informal sector in small-scale businesses that were not legally recognised as businesses. These regional members' health insurance was managed localli and the local authorities collected contributions the on behalf of the health funds. of the regional members.

48. Choe Ch'onsong, Han'guk Sahoe Pojang Yon'gusa (The History of Korean Social Policy Research) (Seoul: Korean Institute for Social Security, 1991), p. 121.

49. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

50. Voice, exit and loyalty are Albert Hirshman's concepts and describe a theory of reaction. A. Hirshman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).

51. Pak Chong Ki (Park Chong Kee ), Han 'gug-ui Pogon Chaejonggwa iliryo PohOm (Health Financing and Health Insurance in Korea) (Seoul: KDI, 1979), p. 98.

52. In the Korean legal system the National Assembly can table and revise a law, but the details of its implementation are decided by the government. This gives a great deal of legislative power to the government.

53. Anne Mills, 'Economic Aspects of Health Insurance', in A Mills and K. Lee (eds), The Economics of Health in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 80.

54. Le Grand shows that it is the middle class that benefits IJlOSt from the National Health Service in Britain. See J. Le Grand, The Strategy of Equality: Redistribution and the Social Services (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982).

55. The Health Assistance Programme divides its recipients into three categories according to earning ability. For those in Class 1, who are not able to earn a living, the Health Assistance Programme pays all the fees for medical services. In the case of Classes 2 and 3, the Health Assistance Programme covers outpatient fees. Class 2 hospital patients pay 40 per cent in urban areas or 20 per cent in rural areas while Class 3 patient pay 50 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. The rest of the fees are paid by the Health Assistance Programme, but the patients must repay the full amount over one to three years. No interest is charged.

56. Willy De Geyndt, 'Managing Health Expenditures Under National Health Insurance: the case of Korea', World Bank technical paper no. 156 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991 ), p. 1.

57. Yon Hach'ong and Hagyong Kim, Pogon Oiryo Chawon-gwa Chillyo Saenghwal Kwon (Health and Medical Resources and Health Regions) (Seoul: KDI, 1980), pp. 56-67.


58. For models of health care systems, see Hellen lmmergut, Health Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 34-79.

59. The average inflation rate in the period 1971-75 was 15.46 per cent, reaching its highest point (29.62 per cent) in 1974.

60. Min Chae-Song et al, Kungmin Yon 'gam Chedo-ui Kibon Kusanggwa Kyongje Sahoe Pagflp Hyogwa (The Idea of the National Pension Programme and Its Economic and Social Impact) (Seoul: KDI, 1986), p. 18.

61. Kwak Tae-Won, 'Pokchi Yesan-iii Paengch'ang-gwa Kungmin-iii Pudam' (The Expansion of Welfare Spending and the Burden of Citizens), in Kukka Yesan-gwa ChOngch'aek Mokpyo (National Budget and Policy Targets) (Seoul: KDI, 1987), p. 79.

62. The formula of this intergenerational transfer differs between the pay-as-you-go system and the fund system. In the pay-as-you-go system the transfer between generations is direct in the sense that current pensions are paid for by those who are present by employed, who in turn can rely on the next generation's contributions for their pensions. As for the fund system, future pensions are based on present contributions. The real value of this pension, however, depends on the next generation's economic productivity. Despite this difference, both systems have intergenerational redistribution effects. See Nicholas Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), pp. 205-221.

63. OECD, Ageing Population: The Social Policy Implications (Paris: OECD, 1988).

64. The amount of the lump-sum payment is the sum of contributions from the employer and the participant plus interest at a rate decided by the government. See Min Jae-Sung et al, Kungmin Yon 'gum Chedo-ui Kibon Kusang-gwa Kyongje Sahoe Pagup Hyogwa (The Idea of the National Pension Programme and Its Economic and Social Impact) (Seoul: KDI, 1986), p. 135.

65. The Employment Insurance Programme is yet another insurance programme to which employers and employees pay contributions. It requires the insured to pay contributions for a certain period of time to be entitled to unemployment benefit. The initial contribution rate is 1.36 per cent of total wages, of which employees and employers pay 0.31 per cent and 1.05 per cent respectively. The conditions for entitlement are fairly strict: claimants should not (1) leave their jobs without good reason, (2) refuse job-training if offered, (3) be made unemployed as a result of their own fault, (4) lack the will to seek new jobs and (5) be made unemployed without paying contributions for a certain period of time, nor make false claims.

66. Pak Chong Ki (Park Chong Kee ), Han 'gug-ui Pogon Chaejonggwa (J;ryo PohOm (Health Finance and Health Insurance in Korea) (Seoul:KDI, 1979),p.36.


67. National Health Insurance divides wages into 53 'standard monthly income bands'.

4 The Outcome of Social Policy

1. Julian LeGrand, The Strategy of Equality: Redistribution and the SocilJl Services (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982).

2. Robert Goodin, Reasons For Welfare (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp. 51-69.

3. Stein Ringen, Possibility of Politics: A Study in the Political Economy of the Welfare State {Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p.S.

4. Ibid., p. 166. 5. Anthony Atkinson, The Economics of Inequality (Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 1. 6. National Statistical Office, Kagu Sobi Silt'ae Chosa Pogoso I991

(National SutVey of Family Income and Expenditure 1991) (Seoul: National Statistical Office, 1993).

7. Irma Adelman and S. Robinson, Income Distribution Policy in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Korea {Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).

8. Adelman and Robinson pointed out that there were no acceptable data on the size of income distribution. See ibid., p. 45.

9. Ibid., p. 45. 10. Chu Hakchung, Han'gug-ui Soduk Punbae Kujo-wa KyolchOng

Yoin (Income Distribution in Korea and Causal Factors), 2 vols, (Seoul: KDI, 1979), vol. 1, p. 99.

11. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 78-9. 12. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 89. 13. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 101. Song also cites causal factors for the enequal

income distribution. His explanation is similar to those of Adelman and Robinson (1978) and Chu (1979). Byung-Nak Song, The Rise of the Korean Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 176-80.

14. Ibid., pp. 165-75. Song argues that the pattern of income equality in Korea has followed Kuznets' U-shaped curve during the course of economic development.

15. Ibid., p. 172. 16. Stein Ringen, 'The Experience of Income Redistribution', paper

presented at the Plenary Lecture, Multidisciplinary Research Conference on Poverty and Distribution, Oslo, 1992, pp. 3-4. See also Anthony Atkinson, The Economics of Inequality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), pp. 82-8.

17. For the methodology of the standard method, see Ringen, Possibility of Politics, op. cit., pp. 166-91, 242-61; for the current state of studies of measuring income redistribution, see Ringen, 'The Experience of Income Redistribution', op. cit.


18. A few surveys on household income and expenditure had been conducted before, but they covered only a limited area of the country. For example the annual Kagu Silt'ae Chosa Pogoso (Household Survey Report) by the National Statistical Office surved urban household income and expenditure.

19. Ringen, Possibility of Politics, op. cit., pp. 242, 261. 20. It is worth noting that the average age of the heads of households

of the poorest quintile is considerably higher than those of other quintile groups. This suggests that older people are prone to poverty, which probably has something to do with the absence of a pension programme for them.

21. Employers paid a third of contributions until1992; the remainder was paid by employees and company retirement funds. Since 1993 employers have paid half and employees the rest (see Table 4.4).

22. When interpreting redistribution effects we need to be aware of the social mechanisms by which society 'strikes back' against redistribution caused by policy intervention. In other words, social forces may respond to policy intervention in various ways to protect their interests. Due to this mechanism, the trend of income redistribution in the Ionge term can be different from that in the short term. Ringen, 'The Experience of Income Redistribution', op. cit., p. 3.

23. J. Falkiogham, J. Hills and C. Lessof, 'William Beveridge versus Robin Hood: Social Security and Redistribution over the Lifecycle' (London: LSE Welfare State Programme 88, 1993); Anne Harding, 'Income Distribution and Redistribution Across the Lifecycle: Evidence From Australia', Welfare State Programme Discussion Paper 70 (Suntory-Toyota International Centre, 1992).

24. Definitions of job categories from Ministry of Labour, Nodong T'onggye Yon gam 1990 (Yearbook of Labour Statistics).

25. According to the Ministry of Labour, in the first half of 1989 51.5 per cent of electricity, gas and water industry workers entered the labour market straight from high school. In the financial, insurance, real estates and business services and community and personal Services, 48.2 per cent were university or college graduates. Taking into account the two and half years of military service that all Korean men have to do, we assume that the professional and the electronic workers entemal the labour market at age 25 and 20 after graduating from university and high school respectively. Ministry of Labour, Nodong T'onggye Yon gam 1990 (Yearbook of Labour Statistics).

26. For the first five years the contribution rate of the National Pension Programme is set at 3.0 per cent and for the second five years at 6.0 per cent of the standard monthly income. In these transitional periods, the retirement funds reserved in companies


pay a third of contributions and employers and employees each pay half of the rest. After a ten-year transitional period the contribution rate is 9 per cent of which employers and employees each pay half.

27. This assumption must be made because more than a year of unemployment would lead to a lump-sum payment according to the National Pension benefit system. Then contributions would start again from the beginning after resumption of work. Consequently an absence from work for more than a year would make our simulation much more complex, which shall avoid. For this reason we assume that they will not be unemployed and will pay contributions without interruption.

28. From Ministry of Labour data we know the average wage of workers in all categories of jobs, who have worked for less than a year, for 1-2 years, 3-4 years, 5-9 years, and 10 years and over. Ministry of Labour, Nodong T'onggye Yon gam 1990 (Yearbook of Labour Statistics).

29. The Ministry of Labour's Yearbook of Labour Statistics,1990 have only data of average wage '10 years and over' while we have year by year data by the ninth year. For this reason, assumption 5 attempts to make the professional and the electronic worker typical high income and middle income persons. However, we are in no position to follow correctly their income level year by year. We have inevitably to guess to a reasonable extent based on other assumptions.

30. We cannot be sure that employers' contributions would shift entirely to employees' wages if there were no public pension programme. Among other things, it would depend on wage negotiations between employers and employees. The assumption that the cost of participation includes employers' contributions may exaggerate the cost of participation.

31. Even if they did stay with their parents, children over 18 are not entitled to child supplement.

32. As the level of wages becomes higher, the standard monthly income band is wider. That is why the line in Figure 4.1 becomes steplike as the wage level of our two men becomes higher.

33. As a real interest rate, 12 per cent is unrealistically high. We include this high interest rate for illustration purposes when estimating gain rates, which will be discussed later in this section.

34. These pensions are approximately £332.50 and £250.80 respectively at on exchange rate of 1,00 won to the pound.

35. The pension formula is as the follows: monthly pension = 2.4 x (M +0. 75 x A) x (1 + 0.05 x N)/12, where M is the mean wage of all the participants of the NPP a year before the pension starts, A is the average wage over the working life of the person concerned, and N is the number of years of contribution - 20. Because of M, extension of the programme to lower income


groups would reduce the amount paid to the current participants.

36. T. H. Marshall and T. Bottomore Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto, 1992), p. 18. For a historical account of the development of social rights, see Richard Bendix, Nation-Building and Citizenship: Studies of Our Changing Social Order (Berkeley: CA, University of California Press, 1974 ).

37. Marshall and Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class, op. cit., p.8.

38. Oli Kangas, The Politics of Social Rights: The Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in OECD Countries (Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1991), p. 15. See also Joakim Palme, Pension Rights in Welfare Capitalism: The Development of Old-Age Pension in Eighteen OECD Countries 1930 to 1985 (Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research,1990), p. 15; Walter Korpi, 'Power and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship: Social Rights During Sickness in Eighteen OECD Countries Since 1930', American Sodological Review, vol. 54, no. 3 (1989), p. 313.

39. Le Grand and his colleagues, for instance, present tables of the use of the National Health Service by socio-economic group and income group. Julian Le Grand, D. Winter and F. Wooley, 'The National Health Service: Safe in Whose Hands?', in John Hills ( ed. ), The State of Welfare: the Welfare State in Britain since 1974 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 122-3.

40. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Pogon Sahoe T'onggye Nyonpo (Yearbook of Health and Social Statistics) (Seoul, 1990).

41. Ministry of Health and Social Mfairs Pogi'Jn Sahoe T'onggye Nyonpo (Yearbook of Health And Social Statistics) (Seoul, 1991); Ministry of Public Administration, Kongmuwon Yon gum T'onggye Nyonbo (Statistics of Government Employee Pensions); Sahak Yon'giim Kwanli Kongdan (Private School Teachers' Pension Agency) Sahak Yon'gum 20-nyonsa [20 Year History of Private Teachers' Pension]; Personnel Department, Ministry of Defence. The figures not include current pensioners because we are dealing with entitlement.

42. Asa Briggs, 'The Welfare State in Historical Perspective', European Journal of Sociology, vol. 2 (1961 ), p. 228.

43. For a methodological debate about the measurement of poverty, see Amartya Sen, 'Poverty relatively Speaking', Oxford Economic Papers, no. 35 (1983); Stein Ringen, 'Direct and Indirect Measures ofPoverty',Joumal of Social Policy, vo1.17 (1988).

44. So Sangmok et al., Pin 'gon-ui Silt'aewa Yongsemin Taech 'aek (The Situation of Poverty and Policy Responses) (Seoul: KDI, 1981), p.99.

45. The basket of 45 000 won includes food and beverages, fuel, light and water charges, and clothing and footwear. The income of


45 000 won is the equivalent of 65 hours of work, if paid by the minimum hourly wage defined in 1990. Economic Planning Board, Kyongje Paekso (Economic White Paper) (Seoul, 1990), pp. 320-9. The minimum monthly income calculated by the General League of the Korean Trade Unions was 185, 83 won, three times higher than the official poverty line. Ministry of Labour, Nodong Paekso [Labour White Paper] (Seoul, 1990), p. 67.

46. Economic Planning Board, Economic While Paper, op. cit., p. 321. 47. The payment of 80 000 won is the equivalent of 116 hours of

work, if paid by the minimum hourly wage defined in 1990. Economic Planning Board, Economic White Paper, op. cit., pp. 320-9.

48. The KDI's poverty line does not take size of family into and 300 000 won is deemed the poverty line regardless of family size. Ko 11-Tong, 'Kongjok Pujo Chedo-iii Kaeson-kwa Pin'gonch'iing Taech'aek' (Reform of the Public Assistance Programme and Policies for the Poor), in KDI, Kukka Yesan-gwa ChOngch'aek Mokp'yo (The National Expenditure and Policy Targets) (Seoul: KDI, 1990), p. 310.

49. If an unemployed person living in poverty as defined by the Public Assistance Programme, enters a job-training programme, he or she receives a subsidy of 80 000 won.

5 Conclusion

1. Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industritllization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971), p.111.

2. Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (London: Hutchinson, 1984), pp. 130-45.

3. Ian Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State (London: Macmillan, 1979), pp. 102-27.

4. James O'Connnor, The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York: StMartin's Press, 1973).

5. OECD, Social Expenditure 1960-1990: Problems of Growth and Control (Paris: OECD, 1985).

6. Richard Titmuss, Social Policy; An Introduction (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974), pp. 30-2.

7. Gosta Esping-Andersen and W. Korpi, 'From poor relief to institutional welfare states: the development of Scandinavian social policy', in R. Erickson, E. J. Hansen, S. Ringen and H. Uustitalo (eds.), The Scandinavian Model: Welfare States and Welfare Research (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1987), p. 40.

8. Stein Ringen, The Possibility of Politics: A Study in the Political Economy of the Welfare State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p.12.


9. GOsta Esping-Andersen and W. Korpi, 'From poor relief to institutional welfare states', op. cit. p. 40.

10. GOsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), pp. 26-33.

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Kwak Tae-Won (1987) 'Pokchi Yesan-iii Paengch'ang-gwa Kungmin-iii Pudam' (The Expansion of Welfare Spending and the Burden of Citizens), in Kukka Yesan-kwa ChOngch'aek Mokpyo (The National Budget and Policy Targets) (Seoul: KDI).

Kwon Hyok-Chu (Kwon, Huck-Ju) (1986) 'Han'gug-iii ChOngdangs{)ng Wigi: Kin'giip Choch'i 3 Ho' (The Crisis of Legitimacy in Korea: Presidential Emergency Measure No. 3), Songsim Hakpo (Journal of Sacred Heart University).

Min Chae-Song et al. (1986) Kungmin Yongilm Chedo-ui Kibon Kusanggwa Kyongje Sahoe Pagilp Hyogwa (The Idea of the National Pension Programme and Its Economic and Social Impact) (Seoul: KDI).

Ministry of Labour (1981) Sanjae PohOm 15-nyonsa (Fifteen Year History of Industrial Accident Insurance) (Seoul: Ministry of Labour).

Ministry of Labour (1990) Nodong Paekso (Labour White Paper) (Seoul: Ministry of Labour).

National Assembly (1988) 'Uijong Yoyak' (Summary of the National Assembly Discussions), mimeo (9 March).

0 Hyojin (1989) 'Kim Chongp'il, Ib-iil Yolda: Pak Taet'ongnyong-gwa Kim Hyonguk Silchong' (Kim Chongp'il Speaks: President Park and the Disappearance of Kim Hyonguk), in Hak-Kyu Sohn, Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea (London: Routledge).

Pak Chong Ki (Pak Chong Kee) (1979) Han'gug-ui Pogon Chaejong-gwa Uiryo PohOm (Health Financing and Health Insurance in Korea) (Seoul: KDI).

Pak Hyongjun (1989) 'TokchOm Chabonjuiii-wa Nodong Undong' (Monopoly Capitalism and Working Class Movements), in Han'guk Sahoe Nodongja Yongu (Studies of the Working Class in Korean Society) (Seoul: Paeksan SOdang).

Sin Pyongsik (1988) 'Han'guk-kwa Taeman-iii T'oji Kaehyok-e Kwanhan Yon'gu' (Comparative Research on Land Reform in Korea and Taiwan), Han'guk-kwa Kukche Chiingch'i (Korea and World Politics), vol. 4, no. 2.

SO Pongch'an (1962) '5.16 Hyongmyong Kongyak-kwa Pokchi Kukka-ui lnyom' (The Pledges of the 5.16 Military Revolution and the Idea of the Welfare State), in Ch'oegoHoeilibo (Supreme Council Review), no. 9.

So Sang-Mok et al. (1981) Pin'gon-ui Silt'ae-wa Yongsemin Taech'aek (The Situation of Poverty and Policies for the Poor) (Seoul: KDI).

Son Chun'gyu (1981) 'Han'gug-iii Sahoe ChOngch'aek Kyolchong Kwajong-e Taehan Yon'gu' (A Study of the Decision-Making Process of Social Policy), unpublished PhD dissertation, Seoul National University.

186 Bibliography

Soul Taehak:kyo Sahoehak Yon'guhoe (ed.) (1983) Han'guk Sahoe-ui Chont'ong-gwa Pyonhwa (The Tradition of Korean Society and Changes) (Seoul: Pommunsa).

Uri Nodong Munje Yon'guwon (Institute for Labour Issues in Korean Society) (1989) Minju Nojo Undong-ui Hyonhwang-gwa ChOnmang (The Cu"ent Stage of the Democratic Union Movements and Their Prospects) (Seoul: Paeksan).

Yi ChOngpok (1985) 'Sanop Sahoe-wa ChOngch'i Ch'eje-iii Pyonhwa' (Industrialisation and the Change of Political Institutions), Han 'guk Chongch'ihak Hakhoebo (Journal of the Korean Political Science Association), vol. 19.

Yi Honch'ang (1984) '8, 15-iii Sahoe Kyongjesa chOk lnsik' (Social Economic Aspects of Korean Liberation), in Yi Taegiin and ChOng Unyong, Han'guk Chabonjuui Non (Studies on Korean Capitalism) (Seoul: Kkach'i).

Yon Hach'ong and Hagyong Kim (1980) Pogon (Jiryo Chawon-gwa Chillyo Saenghwal Kwlm (Health and Medical Resources and Health Regions) (Seoul: KDI).

Yi Taekiin and Chong Unyong (1984) Han'guk Chabonjuui Non (Studies on Korean Capitalism) (Seoul: Kkach'i).

Statistics

International Labour Office (various years) International Labor Statistics (Geneva; ILO).

Kun'gmin Yonkiim Kwalli Kongdan (National Pension Agency (1990) Kun'gmin Yimkum T'onggye Yonbo (National Pension Statistics) (Aeoul: Kun'gmin Yonkiim Kwalli Kongdan).

Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (1990) Pogon Sahoe T'onggye Nyimbo (Yearbook of Health and Social Statistics) (Seoul: Ministry of Health and Social Affairs).

Ministry of Labour (1990) Nodong T'onggye Yon'gam (Yearbook of Labour Statistics) (Seoul: Ministry of Labour)

Ministry of Labour (various years) Sanjae PohOm Saop Nyimbo (Yearbook of Industrial Accident Insurance) (Seoul: Ministry of Labour).

Ministry of Public Administration (various years) Kongmuwon Yon 'gUm T'onggye Nyonbo (Statistics Yearbook of Government Employee Pensions) (Seoul: Ministry of Public Administration)

National Bureau of Statistics (various years) Han'guk T'onggye Nyon 'gam (Korea Statistical Yearbook) (Seoul: National Bureau of Statistics).

National Statistical Office (1991) Han'gug-ui Sahoe Chip'yo (Social Indicators of Korea) (Seoul: National Statistical Office).

National Statistical Office (1993) Kagu Sobi Silt'ae Chosa Pogoso 1991 (National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure 1991) (Seoul: National Statistical Office).

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National Statistical Office (1993) Kagu Silt'ae Chosa PogosiJ (Household Survey Report) (Seoul: National Statistical Office).

Sahak Yon'gilm Kwalli Kongdan (Private School Teachers' Pension Agency) (0000) Sahak Yonp;m 20-nyonsa (20 Year History of Private Teachers' Pension) (Seoul: Sahak Yon'gilm Kwalli Kongdan)

Oiryo PohOm Kwalli Kongdan (National Health Insurance Agency) (1990) Uiryo PohOm T'onggye Nyonbo 1990 (Medical Insurance Statistical Yearbook) (Seoul: National Health Insurance Agency).

Index

accident insurance 131 accumulation argument 38-9 Adelman, I. 105-6 Amsden,)l 74-5 Atltinson,)l 87,105 Australia 4 Austria 11,12,142

Baldwin, P. 12 Bank of Korea 15 Beveridge plan 12, 99 Bismarck 131, 132 Briggs, )l 5 Britain 7, 8, 9, 23, 32, 109

Beveridge plan 99 cut-back policies 70 Labour Party 44 National Health Service 71,

72 pensions 96 trade unions 44 Workmen's Compensation Act

1887 79 Bureau of Welfare Pensions 58 bureaucracy 32 business organisations 14, 15,

43-4 Byung-Nak Song 106, 107

Cabinet Decree 469 52 Castles, F. G. 11 Centre for Korean Economic

Studies 44 chaebOl 43, 75 Chang Myon 37 Changsong Hospital 82 Chu Hakchung 106 Chun Doo-Hwan 21, 28, 30, 76

democratic social policy making 60,61,62,65

Korean Development Institute 58

politics of legitimation and social policy 38, 42, 47

civil opposition movements 29 civil rights 7 class coalition 13 coercive power 40 colonial apparatus 32-3 colonial banks 32 Committee for Social Security

30,31,100,134 experts, role of 51-6, 58-60 Health Care Section 53 Industrial Accident Insurance

80-1 Korean Development Institute

49 Labour Section 53 National Health Insurance 89

Communist Party 34 compensation 113, 119 compliance procedures 16 constitutional reform (1972) 19,

27 convergence hypothesis 8-9 Council for Health Policy 57 Cumings, B. 76-7,78 cut-back policies 69, 70

decision making 14, 17 democracy 18 Democratic Justice Party 61, 63,

64,65 Democratic Liberal Party 67 Democratic National Front 34 Democratic National Party (now

Democratic Party) 33-4, 35,36,37

democratic union movement 48, 49

democratisation 19-22 dependency theory 74 Deyo,F. 76

189

190

distribution of gains 113 doctors 14, 30

economic growth 28, 41 Economic Planning Board 41,

51,57,58, 75 economic policy 22, 28, 42 economic stabilisation 28 effectiveness thesis 39 Employment Insurance

Programme 98, 127 Esping-Andersen, G. 11, 13, 141 Etzioni, A 39-40 Europe 4,8,11,59, 73,142

see also individual countries Evans, P. 74,76 experts see social policy making export-led growth 77

Federation of Korean Trade Unions 48

Fifth Republic 13, 46, 58 financial provision 69 First Five-Year Economic Plan

40 First Republic 34, 35, 36, 37, 132 formal rules 16 France 12,13-14,15 funding 71-2

gain rate 116, 119, 121 General League of Korean

Peasants 34 General League of Korean Trade

Unions 45 Germany 11,12,44,96,141-2

Social Democratic Party 44, 131

Gini index 106-7 Goodin, R. 104 Gough, I. 132 Government Employees' Pension

Programme 109 government spending 23

Haggard, S. 75-6,77-8 Hall, P. 16

Index

Health Assistance Programme 71,88,92,93,123,128

health care policy 13-14,24,71, 104,1~

Health Care Section 54 Health Insurance Programme

54, 66, 131 Health and Social Affairs

Committee 50, 52, 53, 65 Hibbs,D. 11 Hirshman, A 90 historical institutional approach

17 Hodge, General 33 Honam Pilyo company 89 Hong Kong 74, 77, 78 housing 70

income bands 115 income distribution 25, 105-7

transfers 107-13 income support 24 Industrial Accident Insurance

79-84,100,101,125,127, 128,136

Act 53, 8(}.-.1 Committee 82, 83 experts, role of 54 state, role of 24

industrial achievementperformance model 140

Industrial Rehabilitation Centre 82

Industrial Safety and Health Law (1981) 83,84

Institute of Population and Public Health 55

institutional approach 14-19 institutional logic of social policy

131-5 institutional redistributive model

140 institutional relations 22 interest groups 13 interest rate 119-20 International Monetary Fund

11

invalidity insurance 131 Israel 4

Japan 4,31-5,76-7 Johnson, C. 76

Kangas, 0. 123 Kim II Sung 35 Kim Dae lung 61, 63, 64, 67 Kim Hong-nak 64 Kim Jong Pil 63, 64, 67 KimKu 35 Kim Young Sam 61, 63, 64, 67,

139 Korean Central Intelligence

Agency 38, 45 Korean Chamber of Commerce

44,82 Korean Coal Corporation 44, 82 Korean Development Institute

30,31,41,51,55-60,88,127, 134

Health Policy Unit 57, 58 Korean Medical Association

49-50 Korpi, W. 11 Kuznets, P. 43

Labour Standard Law (1953) 53,80,83,100

land reform 36-7 Lassalle, F. 44 Latin America 74, 77,78 legal changes 27 legitimacy/legitimation 9-10,

17-18,19-22,28,31 see also politics of legitimation

liberal democracy within 'strong state' 35-7

Liberal Party 35-6 logic of industrialisation theory

8

market-maintenance 24, 69,70-1 Marshall, T. H. 7-8, 25, 122-3 Marxists 44 Medicaid 71

Index

Medical Protection Law 85 Medicare 71 military coup (1961) 19,45 Mills,A 91

191

Ministry of Health and Social JUia~ 30,52,57,58,81

Ministry of Labour 81, 82, 83, 136

Nathan Group 40 National Assembly 2, 16,17,

133,135,139 democratic policy making 63,

65,66-7 experts, role of 59 National Health Insurance 95 politics of legitimation and

democratisation 22 politics of legitimation and

social policy 37-8, 45 state, nature of and social

classes 28-9, 36 National Association of Artists

62,92 National Committee for

Constitutional Reform 61 National Conference on the

General Economic Plan 40, 52

National Conference for Unification 37

National Council of Korean Labour Unions 34

National Health Fund 95, 139 National Health Insurance 71,

72,100,101-2,128,135,136, 139

Act 50,54 Bill 65,66 democratic policy making 62,

63,65 experts, role of 54, 55, 58 Law 90 and National Pension

Programme 96-7 politics of legitimation and

social policy 49-50

192

National Health Insurance (Cont.)

and Public Assistance Programme 84

social rights approach 123, 124,125,126

state, role of and social policy outcomes 24

see also structure of social policy National League of Peasant

Unions 34 National Pension Programme

95-9,100,101,102,104,128, 129

institutional logic of social policy 134

life-cycle analysis 113-22 outcomes of social policy 137 politics of legitimation 41,

139-40 redistribution 109, 111-12 social policy 41 social rights approach 124-5,

126 state, role of and social policy

outcomes 24 structure of social policy 136

National Security Council 58 National Security Law 21 National Welfare Pension 56-7 neo-Marxism 9, 10, 19-20 neoclassical economics 73, 74,

76, 78 Netherlands 71 New Democratic Republican

Party 64, 65, 67 New Zealand 4 normative power 40 North America 4, 8, 11

see also United States Norway 12, 109

O'Connor, J. 132 Offe, C. 131-2 Organisation of Economic

Cooperation and Development 5, 12, 95-6

Index

Oriental Development Company 32,36

outcomes of social policy 103-30, 136-7

redistribution 104-22; income distribution 105-7; National Pension Programme 113-22; taxes and transfers on income distribution 107-13

social rights approach 122-7; health care, rights to 123-4; pension rights 124-6; poverty, protection against 126-7

Park Chung Hee 27-8, 31, 37, 132

democratic policy making 61, 62

experts, role of 52-3, 55-6, 57

Industrial Accident Insurance 81

National Pension Programme 95

politics of legitimation and democratisation 20-1

politics of legitimation and social policy 38, 40-1, 42, 43,46

Party for Peace and Democracy 64,67

pensions 24, 104, 117-18, 119, 124-6,131

see also National Pension Programme

police repression 32 policy experts 14 political actors 14, 15, 17, 22 political parties 14, 15-16, 17,

29 political rights 7 political strategy 20 political turmoil (1980) 19 politics 10-14

politics of legitimation 3, 27, 138-40

see also social policy making Pongmyong Mining company 89 poverty, protection against

126-7 preference formation 17 Presidential Emergency Measure

Number 3 41, 57 Private School Teachers' Pension

Programme 109 professional groups/organisations

14,49-50 provider-type state 79 Public Assistance Programme

24,62,84-8,99,136 and National Health Insurance

88,92-3 redistribution 101, 109, 110 social rights approach 126,

127 public expenditure 23 Public livelihood Protection law

85

redistribution 24, 119, 120, 121 see also outcomes of social

policy regulatory-type state 79 remunerative power 40 replacement rate 115-16, 119 residual welfare model 140 retirement see pensions Reunification and Democratic

Party 64,67 reverse redistribution 121 Revolutionary Pledge 40, 52 Rho Taw-woo 61, 63, 64, 65-7,

95 Ringen, S. 104-5 risk categories 12 risk-incidence 12 Robinson, S. 105-6

Scandinavia 4, 11 Second Republic 27, 31, 37,50 self-employment 139

Index

self-reliance 12 Sin Hyonhwak 57 Singapore 74, 77,78 Skocpol, T. 14, 58-9 So Sang-Mok 85 social insurance programmes

131 social policy 7-26, 27-68

democratic 60-8

193

experts, role of 50-60; Committee for Social Security 52-5; Korean Development Institute 55-60

institutional approach 14-19 politics 10-14 politics of legitimation 37-50;

businesses 4~; professional groups (Korean Medical Association) 49-50; trade unions 44-9

politics of legitimation and democratisation 19-22

similarities and differences 7-10

state, nature, of and social classes 31-7; Japanese imperialism and American militaiy government 31-5; liberal democracy within 'strong state' 35-7

state, role of and outcomes of social policy 22-6

see also structure social rights 7

see also outcomes of social policy

social workers 14 Special Compensation 83 Special Decree for National

Security (1971) 45,46 standard operating practices 16 state intervention 23-4 state as provider 23-4 state regulation 69 state, role of 72-9

194

structure of social policy 69-102,135-6

continuity and change 99-102 Industrial Accident Insurance

79-84 intervention, types of 69-72 National Health Insurance

88-95; first stage (1965-77) 89-90;second stage (1977-88) 91-3; third stage (1988 onwards) 94-5

National Pension Programme 95-9

Public Assistance Programme 84-8

state, role of 72-9 subsidies 121, 122 Supreme Council for National

Reconstruction 37, 45, 52, 54

Supreme Court 65 Sweden 12,13-14,44,70,109

Democratic Party 44 Switzerland 13-14,71 Syngman Rhee 33-4, 35-6

Taiwan 36, 74, 77,78 taxes 107-13

Index

Third Republic 31 Titmuss, R. 5, 140, 141 total contributions 116 trade unions 14, 15, 44-9 Treasury 58,109,136

Unemployment Benefit Programme 101

United States 14, 71, 76, 77, 126,132

American Association for Labor Legislation 59

experts, role of 57, 58,59 military occupation 31-5 regional strategy in Far East

36

Veterans' Pension Scheme 112 veto points 14

Wade,R. 75 Weber,M. 17 Wednesday Group 52 Wilensky, H. 8-9 working-class mobilisation theory

11,12,15,44-5

Yushin Constitution 27-8,37, 38,41

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