appendix a proximate analysis sample calcullations: determination

8/14/2019 APPENDIX a Proximate Analysis Sample Calcullations: Determination

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APPENDIX A

Proximate Analysis

Sample Calcullations:

Determination of the Moisture content:

where: W s is the weight of the sample in grams

W f is the weight after heating in grams

Wc is the constant weight of the crucible in grams

Determination of Volatile Matter Content




Mave is the average moisture content of the sample.

Determination of Ash content




Determination of Fixed Carbon content

1


2/34

where: M ave is the weight of the sample in grams



Sample Calculation:

2


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Calculations:

Table 1. Proximate Analysis of Ulva reticulata during sun-drying (trial 1)

time

Ulva reticulata

replicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3 AVE.M

wt constant

w isampl

e M wt crucibl

e

w isamp

le M wt crucibl

e

w isamp

le M

7:45 11:3

322.94

740.750

823.46

710.30

7820.43

800.5003

20.7805

0.3154

35.3067

0.4804

35.6326

0.3216

0.3149

14:41

23.6729

0.9760

24.4480

0.2058

31.4815

0.5137

31.8959

0.1933

35.7388

0.4953

36.1360

0.1980

0.1990

18:21

23.9064

0.7319

24.5019

0.1864

23.6598

0.5401

24.0987

0.1874

35.9406

0.4785

36.3290

0.1884

0.1874

8:28 11:3

426.02

940.748

426.63

900.18

5523.86

330.4196

24.2032

0.1899

31.8895

0.593

32.3698

0.1901

0.1885

14:44

22.3367

0.9177

23.0914

0.1776

36.2077

0.496

36.6179

0.1730

28.0184

0.5283

28.4538

0.1759

0.1755

18:12

24.5149

0.6228

25.0806

0.0917

24.0221

0.5016

24.4777

0.0917

32.451

0.5287

32.9312

0.0917

0.0917

Table 2. Proximate Analysis of Sun-dried Sargassum polycystum during sun-drying(trial 1)

Time

Sargassum polycystum

Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Ave.M

7:45 11:3

324.077

3 2.0237 25.39630.348

222.390

42.021

2 23.70470.349

724.104

82.030

125.426

00.34

920.349

05514:4

120.068

2 1.9899 21.72380.168

026.109

80.914

3 26.87620.161

823.027

12.663

325.248

30.16

600.165

24718:2

123.789

1 2.0230 25.46480.171

723.237

32.019

9 24.90480.174

529.945

52.063

031.650

60.17

350.173

2138:28 11:3 24.055

12.0065 25.7524 0.154

123.305

02.055

625.0444 0.153

831.948

12.083

533.709

30.15 47

0.154207


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414:4

424.275

5 2.0491 26.08570.116

623.921

32.073

7 25.74010.122

935.715

92.074

937.539

70.12

100.120

16918:1

225.842

0 1.9967 27.62360.107

726.433

12.055

0 28.25240.114

731.405

42.017

633.206

10.10

750.109

974

Table 4. Moisture content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)

ecies # Moisture Contentreplicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3 avera

gID wt constant

Wt sample

wt. M ID

wt constant

Wt sample

wt. M ID wt constant

Wt sample

wt. M

vaiculata

19 24.5149

0.6228

25.0806

0.0917

20

24.0221

0.5016

24.4777

0.0917065

UR1

32.451

0.5287

32.9312

0.0917

07

rgassu

gocyst

1 SO3

20.438

1.9972

22.1289

0.1534

G 23.907

2.003 25.6026

0.1534698

UL2

28.0184

2.005 29.7159

0.1534

04

2 22 26.1098

1.9924

27.8098

0.1468

11

22.3367

2.0564

24.0918

0.1465182

S01

35.7159

1.9787

37.4044

0.1467

06

3 17 23.2373

2.0156

24.9936

0.1286

13

23.6729

1.9956

25.4089

0.1300862

SS2

31.4815

2.0164

33.2338

0.1310

09

rgassu

ycyst

1 16 23.6598

2.0212

25.4226

0.1278

K 23.6731

2.0134

25.4291

0.1278434

S02

31.4054

2.0101

33.1582

0.1280

09

2 UR2

31.8895

2.0065

33.6882

0.1036H 26.43

382.00143

28.2278

0.103640922 26.10

982.0112

27.9129

0.1035 063 I 24.07

771.9961

25.8428

0.1157

J 22.3371

2.0013

24.1068

0.1157248

18 23.0271

2.002 24.7978

0.1155

07

vatuca

1 SP1

29.9455

2.0207

31.6543

0.1544

20

24.0221

2.0199

25.7299

0.1545126

4 24.0551

2.0234

25.7650

0.1549

06

2 SS1

36.2077

2.0181

37.9577

0.1328

B 25.8431

2.0204

27.5958

0.1324985

2 24.2755

2.0223

26.0298

0.1325

06

Table 5. Volatile matter content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)


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VM Content

1 2average

VCMID wt consta

nt

Wt sample

wt. VCM ID wt constant

Wt sample

wt. VCM VCM

322.39

04 2.00822.78

800.710

3 224.27

552.049

724.70

14 0.7005 0.7054

124.10

48 2.04325.00

430.406

3 F23.92

142.168

424.87

74 0.4057 0.4060

J22.33

712.011

223.19

290.427

8 S0231.40

542.072

332.28

79 0.4275 0.4277

723.78

912.021

224.62

58 0.4561 1924.51

492.005

925.34

63 0.4556 0.4559

SP320.06

821.847

220.61

140.578

0 L35.30

752.239

235.96

48 0.5786 0.5783

SP231.94

812.022

732.68

240.533

4 UR335.94

062.168

736.72

97 0.5326 0.5330

C2031.33

481.994

631.91

280.594

6 1723.23

732.114

223.84

81 0.5954 0.5950

UL335.73

882.062

836.33

430.556

7 SS1 36.20772.091

836.81

05 0.5572 0.5570

UR132.45

12.004

433.00

060.593

2 E26.02

972.021

626.58

43 0.5930 0.5931


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Table 6. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)

Table 7. Fixed Carbon content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)

ASHCONTENT

1 2

average

Ash

wt. ASH wt. ASH ASH

22.8003

0.20 41

24.6888

0.2016

0.2029

25.0022 0.4393 24.8773 0.440 8 0.440023.195

00.42

6632.28

570.424

80.425

724.619

30.41

0725.33

940.411

00.410

920.612

40.29 46

35.9633

0.2929

0.2937

32.6819

0.3628

36.7286

0.363 4

0.3631

31.9117

0.2892

23.8478

0.2888

0.2890

36.3188

0.2812

36.801

0.2836

0.2824

32.9837

0.2658

26.5683

0.266 4

0.2661


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Table 8. Proximate Analysis of Ulvareticulata during sun-drying (trial 2)

Table 9. Proximate Analysis of Sargassum polycystum during sun-drying (trial 2)

FC CONTENT1 2

average FC

FC FC FC-

0.0061

0.0061

0.0000

0.0010

0.0000

0.0005

-0.001

00.001

10.000

00.003

20.003

40.003

3-

0.0005

0.0007

0.0001

0.0002

0.0005

0.0004

0.0006

0.0001

0.0003

0.0075

0.0045

0.0060

0.008 4

0.00790.008

2

Ulva reticul ata

average Mtime hrs.

mins.

t T of drying

replicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3

# wt crucible

w isampl

e

M # wt crucible

w isampl

e

M # wt cruci

ble

w isampl

e M

15:00 0 0 0

17:30 2 30 2.50 E

26.0297 2.1499

26.2960

0.8761

SO2

31.4054

2.0692 31.65267

0.8805

12

23.8633 2.0256

24.1167

0.8749 0.8772

9:30 0 30 0.00 12:3

0 5 30 5.50 K 23.67

31 2.081224.18

740.7529

SS2

31.4815

2.1488 32.01956

0.7 496

16

23.6598 1.9678

24.17222

0.7396 0.7474

14:00 7 0 7.00 A

24.0224 2.1167

24.8081

0.6288

UL1

35.3067

2.3705 36.21271

0.6178

21

25.842 2.0379

26.61885

0.6188 0.6218

15:30 8 30 9.00 H

26.4338 2.0632

27.7781

0.3 484

UL2

28.0184

2.0063 29.34476

0.3389 9

23.9064 2.0647

25.2689

0.3 401 0.3425

18:00 11 0 12.00 J

22.3371 2.0624

23.7866

0.2972

UL3

35.7388

1.9975 37.1257

0.3057 7

23.7891 2.0785

25.24883

0.2977 0.3002

8:00 0 0 0.00 12:0

0 15 0 15.00UR3

35.9406 2.0059

37.5160

0.2146

3 22.3904

1.9756 23.94678

0.2122 5

23.9213 2.0472

25.52692

0.2157 0.2142

FINAL 20 0 17.00

UR1

32.4510 2.0018

34.2480

0.1023

1 24.1048

2.1456 26.0311

0.1022 2

24.2755 2.1695

26.2231

0.1023 0.1023


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0 54 68 106 3 88 06 699 31 976 999 418:0

0 11 0 12.00 G23.90

70 2.102125.66

930.1616

UL2

28.0184 2.1134

29.7926

0.1605

UR2

31.8895 2.3452

37.00954

0.161999

0.16 4

8:00 0 0 0.00 12:0

0 15 0 15.00 2226.10

98 2.014827.84

010.1

412 1323.67

29 2.054225.43

600.141

699 H26.43

38 2.064330.40407

0.140999

0.143

FINAL 20 0 17.00

SO2

31.4054 2.0328

33.169

0.1324 18

23.0271 2.2233

24.9543

0.133199 15

24.0773 2.3249

29.17674

0.1315

0.132 4

Table 10. Moisture content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 2)

pecies #

Moisture Contentreplicate1

replicate2 replicate 3

ag

ID wt constant

Wt sample


Wt sample


Wt sample

wt. M

va reticulata UR132.45

102.001

834.24

800.1023 1

24.1048

2.1456

26.0311

0.1022 2

24.2755

2.1695

26.2231

0.1023

0

rgassum

igocyst um

SS1 F

23.9214

2.1088

25.7161

0.1489 G

23.907

2.1102

25.7028

0.1490

SP2

31.9481

2.1007

33.7348

0.1495

0

SS2

UL2

28.0184

2.0060

29.7325

0.1455 L

35.3075

2.0045

37.0210

0.1452

SS1

36.2077

2.0109

37.9254

0.1458

0

SS3

SO1

35.7159

2.0109

37.4127

0.1562 20

24.0221

2.0021

25.7123

0.1558

UL1

35.3067

2.0029

36.9961

0.1565

0

SS4

UR3

35.9406

2.0090

37.6043

0.1719 15

24.0773

2.0102

25.7387

0.1735 J

22.3371

2.0076

23.9978

0.1728

0

rgassum

olycyst um

SS1

SS2

31.4815

2.0122

33.2024

0.1448 H

26.4338

2.0131

28.1589

0.1431 3

22.3904

2.0095

24.1095

0.1445

0

SS2 L

35.3075

2.1758

37.1769

0.1408 19

24.5149

2.1534

26.3640

0.1413 4

24.0551

2.1589

25.9085

0.1415

0

SS3 11

22.3367

2.1006

24.1388

0.1421 17

23.2373

2.0463

24.9920

0.1425 14

23.305

2.0724

25.0828

0.1422

0

SS4

SO2

31.4054

2.0002

33.1319

0.1368

SP1

29.9455 2.001

31.6719

0.1372 C

24.0554

2.0022

25.7831

0.1371

0

Ulvaactuca

UL1 18

23.0271

2.0239

24.7617

0.1429 I

24.0777

2.0356

25.8218

0.1432 13

23.6729 2.041

25.4182

0.1449

0

UL2 2

24.2755

2.0169

26.0544

0.1180 9

23.9064

2.0233

25.6893

0.1188 A

24.0224

2.0229

25.804

0.1193

0

UL 14 23.30 2.028 25.12 0.10 D 24.51 2.045 26.35 0.10 SP 31.94 2.03 33.77 0.10 0.


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3 5 1 56 23 51 6 13 24 2 81 08 21Table 11. Volatile matter content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 2)

VM Content average

VCM1 2

ID wt constant

Wt sample

wt. VCM ID wt constant

Wt sample

wt. VCM

SP129.94

552.016

830.24

130.751

1 2226.10

982.106

726.42

210.749

50.750

3

UR335.94

062.011

536.50

440.570

6 G23.90

72.012

124.47

260.569

80.570

2

224.27

552.029

424.99

940.497

8 D24.51

51 2.03125.23

670.499

20.498

5

1823.02

712.011

723.62

360.547

3 L35.30

752.017

635.90

800.546

20.546

8

322.39

042.018

723.01

460.518

1 822.94

742.038

723.57

440.519

70.518

9

723.78

912.012

124.57

310.466

2 UL135.30

672.018

736.09

590.464

90.465

6

1223.86

332.011

524.59

360.495

7 2125.84

22.006

726.56

920.496

40.496

1

1423.30

5 2.01623.87

810.573

5 2024.02

212.145

324.63

180.573

50.573

5

SO135.71

592.013

636.46

120.492

8 B25.84

312.065

426.60

680.493

20.493

0

SO231.40

542.011

031.83

450.642

9 A24.02

242.543

224.56

430.643

20.643

1

UL228.0184 2.0128 28.428 0.6778 1 24.1048 2.0321 24.5177 0.6781 0.6780

SS231.48

152.015

831.89

610.692

1 J22.33

712.012

322.75

130.691

90.692

0Table 12. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial

2)

ASH CONTENT1 2 averag

e ASHwt. ASH wt. ASH30.25

810.1550

26.4389

0.1562 0.1556


10/34

36.5077

0.2819

24.4764

0.2830 0.2825

25.0006

0.3573

25.2373

0.3556 0.3564

23.6300

0.2997

35.9138

0.3005 0.3001

23.0160

0.3099

23.5808

0.3107 0.3103

24.5852

0.3957

36.0996

0.3928 0.3942

24.5922

0.3624

26.5680

0.3618 0.3621

24.1580 0.4231 24.9296 0.4230 0.4231

36.4746

0.3768

26.6218

0.3770 0.3769

31.8348

0.2135

24.5641

0.2130 0.2133

28.4274

0.2032

24.5193

0.2040 0.2036

31.8968

0.2060

22.7494

0.2049 0.2055

Table 13. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species(trial 2)

FC CONTENT1 2 average FCFC FC

-0.008

3

-0.008

0 -0.0082-

0.0016

-0.001

9 -0.0018-

0.0006

-0.000

3 -0.0004


11/34

-0.003

2

-0.002

9 -0.0030-

0.0007

-0.003

1 -0.0019-

0.0060

-0.001

8 -0.00390.000

70.000

6 0.0006-

0.1388

-0.1388 -0.1388

-0.006

7

-0.007

3 -0.0070-

0.0001

0.0001 0.0000

0.0003

-0.000

8 -0.0002-

0.0003

0.0009 0.0003


12/34

APPENDIX B

PREPARATION & STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N NaOH

Preparation

Volume to be prepared: 2 Liters of 0.1 N NaOH

Amount of NaOH neede (g) d:

Amount of NaOH actual (g) : 8.0804 g NaOH

Table 14. Standardization

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3Wt. of KHP (g) 0.5073 0.5011 0.5013

Initial Vol. of NaOH(mL)

8.9 6.6 7.3

Final Vol. of NaOH(mL)

35 32.4 32.9

Calculating for the Molarity of the NaOH solution:

Trial 1

Trial 1

Trial 1

12


13/34

APPENDIX C

Calorific Values

A. Determination of Calorimeter Constant using benzoic acid

Given:

Heat capacity of benzoic acid: 26430 J/ mol (Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook)

Heat Capacity of nitric acid: 57767.49 J/mol (Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook)

Molarity of NaOH: 0.0958 mol/ L

Heat Capacity of Fuse wire used: 9.6279 J/cm

Working Equation:

[Equation 1]

Where C = calorimeter constant (JK)

Wb = weight of benzoic acid (g)

C b = heat capacity of benzic acid (J/mol)

T = temperature difference (T f T i)

F1 = correction for the formation of nitric acid:

[Equation 2]

F2 = correction for the fuse wire consumed:

[Equation 3]

= length of fuse wire consumed (cm)

C w = heat capacity of the fuse wire (J/cm)

13


14/34

B. Determination of the Calorific Values

[Equation 4]

C. Sample Calculations

Calorimeter Constant

Given:

Weight of benzoic acid = 0.69 g

Initial temperature = 27.8 C

Final temperature = 29.8 C

Volume of washing = 60 ml

Aliquot of washing = 30 ml

Fuse wire consumed = 7.8 cm

Volume NaOH used = 0.2 ml

( T) = T i T f = 29.8 27.8 = 2 C

F1 = 2.21365 J

F2 = 75.09762 J

Calorimeter constant:

C = 9157.006 J/K

Calorific Value14


15/34

Given:

Weight of sample = 0.4262 g

Initial temperature = 27.2 C

Final Temperature = 27.6 C

Volume of washing = 100 ml

Aliquot of washing = 50 ml

Fuse wire consumed = 4.2 cm

Volume NaOH used = 0.3 ml

( T) = T i T f = 27.6 27.2 = 0.4 C

F1 = 3.320475 J

F2 = 40.43718 J

15


16/34

Calorific Value:

CV = 8494.975 kJ/kg

Molarity NaOH (mol/L) HC HNO3 (J/mol) Heat capacity of Benzoic Acid (J/mol) Fuse Wire (J/cm)

0.0958 57767.49 26430 9.6279

Weight(g)

FuseWire

Consumed(cm)

Washing

(mL)

Aliquot

(mL)

NaOH

used

(ml)

Correction

HNO3(J)

Correction

wire (J)

Initial T( C)

FinalT

( C)

T( C)

Calorimeter

constant(J/K)

AverageCalorim

eterconstant

(J/K)1 0.69 7.8 60 30 0.2 2.21365 75.0976

227.8 29.

82 9157.006 9158.666

0.69 7.8 100 50 0.8 8.854601

75.09762

27.8 29.8

2 9160.326

2 0.69 7.6 53 25 0.4 4.692938

73.17204

28.5 30.5

2 9157.394 9157.157

0.69 7.5 100 50 0.4 4.4273 72.20925

28.5 30.5

2 9156.668

3 0.69 10 100 50 0.1 1.106825

96.279 27.7 29.7

2 9167.043 9166.549

0.69 8.6 100 50 0.2 2.21365 82.79994

27.7 29.7

2 9166.054

AVERAGE 9160.79

Table 16. Calibration of Bomb Calorimeter

Table 15. Raw and Calculated Data


17/34

Table 17. Raw and Calculated Data for Preliminary Run


18/34

Weight(g)

Fuse WireConsumed

(cm)

Washing (mL)

Aliquot (mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT

( C)

FinalT

( C)

T( C)

CalorificValue

(kJ/kg)

AverageCV

(kJ/kg)

CordovaS. Oligocystum 0.4262 4.2 100 50 0.3 3.320475 40.43718 27.2 27.6 0.4 8494.97

58495.21

10.4254 5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 48.1395 27.2 27.6 0.4 8495.44

7S.

Polycystum0.5098 6.9 100 50 0.1 1.106825 66.43251 28.8 29.4 0.6 10649.1

510644.3

0.4268 4.1 100 50 0 0 39.47439 26.9 27.4 0.5 10639.46

S.Crassifolium

0.4896 7.5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 72.20925 28 28.7 0.7 12945.53

12944.4

0.4895 7.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 72.20925 28 28.7 0.7 12943.27

S.Crystaefoliu

m

0.4255 4.4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 42.36276 28.5 29 0.5 10659.97

10666.94

0.4243 5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 48.1395 28.6 30 0.5 10673.9Maribago

S.Polycystum

0.4114 4.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475 42.36276 27.4 27.9 0.5 11022.63

10967.88

0.4151 5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 48.1395 27.4 27.9 0.5 10913.13

U. Reticulata 0.2875 5.3 100 50 1.6 17.7092 51.02787 28.8 29.2 0.4 12506.36

12603.42

0.2832 6.9 100 50 0.1 1.106825 66.43251 29.1 29.5 0.4 12700.48

BuayaU. Lactuca 0.3999 4.5 100 50 3.2 35.4184 43.32555 28.1 28.7 0.6 13547.7

113477.4

10.4039 5 100 50 3 33.20475 48.1395 28.1 28.7 0.6 13407.1

1


19/34

time Weight(g)

FuseWire

Consumed (cm)

Washing(mL)

Aliquot (mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT

( C)

FinalT

( C)

T( C)

CalorificValue

(kJ/kg)

AverageCV (kJ/kg)

7:4511:33 0.4392 3 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 28.8837 25.7 26.1 0.4 8221.95

0.5342 4.2 100 50 2.5 27.6706277 40.43718 25.8 26.3 0.5 8446.81 8394.5720.5307 3.4 100 50 2.6 28.7774528 32.73486 25.8 26.3 0.5 8514.95

14:41 0.6064 4.4 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 42.36276 27 27.6 0.6 8950.440.6083 4.5 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 43.32555 27 27.6 0.6 8924.54 8904.060.5104 4.5 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 43.32555 27 27.6 0.5 8837.2

18:21 0.4001 4 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 38.5116 27.5 27.9 0.4 9001.390.4093 3 100 50 2 22.1365022 28.8837 27.1 27.5 0.4 8827.99 8987.3070.4948 4.1 100 50 2 22.1365022 39.47439 27.2 27.7 0.5 9132.55

2ndDay8:28

11:34 0.4958 10 88 44 2.9 32.0979281 96.279 27.1 27.6 0.5 8979.460.3946 3.8 100 50 1.8 19.922852 52.95345 26.5 26.9 0.4 9101.47 9009.0780.5053 5.5 100 50 2.1 23.2433273 36.58602 26.5 27 0.5 8946.3

14:44 0.4862 5.4 100 50 2.6 28.7774528 51.99066 25 25.5 0.5 9254.680.485 4.3 100 50 2.1 23.2433273 41.39997 25 25.5 0.5 9310.83 9281.349

0.4855 5.1 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 49.10229 26.1 26.6 0.5 9278.546:12 0.3474 2.6 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 25.03254 28.5 28.9 0.4 10434.4

0.3401 3 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 28.8837 28.4 28.8 0.4 10647 10572.630.4259 3.5 100 50 1.5 16.6023766 33.69765 28.5 29 0.5 10636.5

Moist

ure-free

0.3195 4.2 100 50 2.3 25.4569775 40.43718 26.2 26.6 0.4 11262.7 11250.28

0.3173 6.9 100 50 2.9 32.0979281 66.43251 28.5 28.9 0.4 11237.9

Table 18. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Ulva reticulata (trial 1)


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time Weight(g)

Fuse WireConsumed(cm)

Washing(mL)

Aliquot(mL)

NaOHused (ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT ( C)

FinalT ( C)

T( C)

CalorificValue(kJ/kg)

AverageCV

(kJ/kg)

7:45

11:33 0.6974 4.7 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 45.25113 26.7 27.3 0.6 7810.146

0.5759 2.9 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 27.92091 29.6 30.1 0.5 7899.208 7899.939

0.5686 3.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 33.69765 29.6 30.1 0.5 7990.463

14:41 0.5556 4 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 38.5116 28.7 29.4 0.6 9815.578

0.4665 3.9 100 50 0.35 3.873887879 37.54881 29.4 29.9 0.5 9729.845 9729.652

0.4696 5 100 50 0.33 3.652522858 48.1395 29.4 29.9 0.5 9643.533

18:21 0.5785 4.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 41.39997 28.7 29.3 0.6 9425.861

0.6532 6.6 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 63.54414 28.2 28.9 0.7 9713.077 9572.255

0.5681 5.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 51.99066 28.7 29.3 0.6 9577.826

2ndDay

8:28

11:34 0.5667 3.8 90 45 0.5 5.534125542 36.58602 29.4 30.3 0.6 9624.765

0.48 1.1 100 50 2 22.13650217 10.59069 29.8 30.3 0.5 9474.308 9473.767

0.5844 2.4 100 50 2.3 25.45697749 23.10696 30 30.6 0.6 9322.228

14:44 0.5911 4.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 41.39997 28.2 28.8 0.6 9224.938

0.4867 1 100 50 0 0 9.6279 29.6 30.1 0.5 9391.344 9492.108

Table 19. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Sargassum polycystum (trial1)


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0.4621 2.5 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 24.06975 29.6 30.1 0.5 9860.042

6:12 0.548022771

5.5 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 52.95345 27.6 28.2 0.6 9928.98

0.465656518

3.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 31.77207 28 28.5 0.5 9763.44 9821.58

0.465085598

3.45 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 33.216255 28 28.5 0.5 9772.32

M-free 0.4263 5 100 50 1 11.06825108 48.1395 29.2 29.7 0.5 10605.65 10672.72

0.5089 2.3 100 50 0.8 8.854600867 22.14417 29.1 29.7 0.6 10739.78


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time Weight(g)

Fuse WireConsumed

(cm)

Washing(mL)

Aliquot(mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT (C)

FinalT(C)

T(C)

CalorificValue

(kJ/kg)

AverageCV (kJ/kg)

15:00

17:30 0.4225 - - - - - - 29.9 29.9 0 0

0.4884 - - - - - - 29.9 29.9 0

2nd day

9:30

12:30 0.4789 - - - - - - 30 30 0 0

0.5781 - - - - - - 30 30 0

14:00 0.5789 - - - - - - 27.5 27.5 0 0

0.6102 - - - - - - 27.5 27.5 0

15:30 0.4659 5.7 100 50 2 22.1365022 54.87903 26 26.4 0.4 7699.722

0.3513 2.8 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 26.95812 27.1 27.4 0.3 7705.352 7800.302

0.3374 3.4 100 50 1.6 17.7092017 32.73486 27.2 27.5 0.3 7995.83

18:00 0.3154 4.7 100 50 1.35 14.942139 45.25113 26.5 26.8 0.3 8522.65

0.4052 2.8 100 50 2 22.1365022 26.95812 26.5 26.9 0.4 8922.067 8818

0.2978 5.4 100 50 1.2 13.2819013 51.99066 26.5 26.8 0.3 9009.283

3rd day

8:00

12:00 0.3002 2.5 100 50 1 11.0682511 24.06975 27.4 27.7 0.3 9326.973

0.2972 3.7 100 50 0.5 5.53412554 35.62323 27.4 27.7 0.3 9108.613 9238.162

0.2902 4.5 100 50 1.1 12.1750762 43.32555 27.4 27.7 0.3 9278.899

1400 0.2775 0.3 100 50 1.8 19.922852 2.88837 26.1 26.4 0.3 9821.355

0.282 1.5 100 50 2 22.1365022 14.44185 26.2 26.5 0.3 9615.811 9718.415

0.2798 1.3 100 50 1.5 16.6023766 12.51627 27.1 27.5 0.3 9718.079

Moistur e free

0.3195 4.2 100 50 2.3 25.4569775 40.43718 26.2 26.6 0.4 11625.14 11733.97

0.4558 6.9 100 50 3 33.2047533 66.43251 28.5 29.1 0.6 11842.79

Table 20. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Ulva reticulata (trial 2)


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time Weight (g)

FuseWireConsumed(cm)

Washing(mL)

Aliquot (mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT(C)

FinalT(C)

T(C)


AverageCV

(kJ/kg)

15:00 17:30 0.455 - - - - - - 26.1 26.1 0 0 0

0.5687 - - - - - - 26.1 26.1 0 02ndday

9:30 12:30 0.5245 - - - - - - 27.2 27.2 0 0 0 0.5479 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 014:00 0.457 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 0 0 0.5781 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 015:30 0.6812 2.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 23.10696 28 28.5 0.5 6685.214

0.7125 3.1 100 50 0.5 5.534125542 29.84649 28 28.5 0.5 6378.968 6559.104 0.5466 4 100 50 1 11.06825108 38.5116 28 28.4 0.4 6613.12918:00 0.5649 6.6 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 63.54414 27.2 27.7 0.5 7988.005

0.5467 7 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 67.3953 27.2 27.7 0.5 8248.911 8128.43 0.5552 5.4 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 51.99066 27.2 27.7 0.5 8148.3743rdday

8:00 12:00 0.4253 6.2 100 50 0.5 5.534125542 59.69298 26 26.4 0.4 8462.471

0.4185 5 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 48.1395 26 26.4 0.4 8630.225 8571.156 0.5272 3 100 50 0.6 6.64095065 28.8837 26 26.5 0.5 8620.7711400 0.3984 5.7 100 50 2 22.13650217 54.87903 26 26.4 0.4 9004.269

0.5099 2.4 100 50 1.5 16.60237663 23.10696 26 26.5 0.5 8905.052 8989.597 0.3994 1.9 100 50 2.5 27.67062771 18.29301 26 26.4 0.4 9059.471M-free 0.4306 4.1 100 50 0.35 3.873887879 39.47439 28.1 28.6 0.5 10536.57 10651.87

Table 21. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Sargassum polycystum (trial 2)


24/34

0.4218 3.8 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 36.58602 26.6 27.1 0.5 10767.18

Species Weight(g)


Washing(mL)

Aliquot(mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

Initial T(C)

FinalT(C)

T(C)


AverageCV (kJ/kg)

S.oligocystum

1 0.6376 5.5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 52.95345 29 29.6 0.6 8534.0450.5201 4.2 100 50 0.2 2.21365 40.43718 29 29.5 0.5 8724.754 8627.337

0.633 3.6 100 50 0.3 3.320475 34.66044 29.1 29.7 0.6 8623.2122 0.513 3 100 50 0.2 2.21365 28.8837 28.4 28.9 0.5 8868.027

0.5142 5 100 50 0.1 1.106825 48.1395 28.7 29.2 0.5 8812.036 8840.235 0.5135 4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 38.5116 28.7 29.2 0.5 8840.643

3 0.5005 6.9 100 50 0.2 2.21365 66.43251 28.2 28.7 0.5 9014.4840.5907 6 100 50 0.3 3.320475 57.7674 28.5 29.1 0.6 9201.602 9155.223

0.3903 5.4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 51.99066 28.5 28.9 0.4 9249.582S.

polycystum

1 0.4548 3 100 50 0.4 4.4273 28.8837 28.8 29.3 0.5 9997.9860.4514 5.4 100 50 0.5 5.534126 51.99066 29.2 29.7 0.5 10019.65 10012.48

0.5437 4.6 100 50 0.4 4.4273 44.28834 29.1 29.7 0.6 10019.792 0.4653 6.9 100 50 0.2 2.21365 66.43251 28.9 29.4 0.5 9696.43

0.4648 6.2 100 50 0.3 3.320475 59.69298 29.2 29.7 0.5 9718.98 9707.425 0.5591 6.4 100 50 0.7 7.747776 61.61856 28.3 28.9 0.6 9706.864

3 0.4533 2.1 100 50 0.3 3.320475 20.21859 28.8 29.3 0.5 10052.630.4436 6.1 100 50 0.3 3.320475 58.73019 29.2 29.7 0.5 10185.63 10119.07

0.5381 5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 48.1395 29.1 29.7 0.6 10118.96U. lactuca

1 0.3762 3.7 100 50 2.7 29.88428 35.62323 28.6 29 0.4 9566.211 9569.153 0.377 3.7 100 50 2.5 27.67063 35.62323 28.7 29.1 0.4 9572.095

2 0.3725 3.7 100 50 2.1 23.24333 35.62323 27.9 28.3 0.4 9679.059 10127.38 0.3715 3.7 100 50 1.9 21.02968 35.62323 27.9 28.3 0.4 9685.002U. reticulata 0.5106 3.4 100 50 1 11.06825 32.73486 29.8 30.4 0.6 10678.95 10572.73

Table 22. Raw and Calculated Data for different seaweed species after sun-drying (trial 1)


25/34

0.5202 4 100 50 1.2 13.2819 38.5116 29.8 30.4 0.6 10466.51

Species Weight(g)


Washing(mL)

Aliquot(mL)

NaOHused(ml)

CorrectionHNO3 (J)

Correctionwire (J)

InitialT(C)

Final T(C)

T(C)


AverageCV

(kJ/kg)S.oligocystum

1 0.5608 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 9726.281 9788.327

0.6452 5.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 54.87903 27.3 28 0.7 9850.3732 0.6947 3.9 100 50 0.3 3.320475 37.54881 30 30.6 0.6 7853.181 7853.515

0.6945 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 7853.849

3 0.5559 3.8 100 50 0.3 3.320475 36.58602 29.9 30.5 0.6 9815.736 9793.677

0.6504 5.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 54.87903 27.3 28 0.7 9771.6184 0.5398 1.5 100 50 0.1 1.106825 14.44185 29.7 30.2 0.5 8456.552 8529.93

0.634 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 8603.309

S. polycystum

1 0.6779 3.7 100 50 0.3 3.320475 35.62323 30.2 30.8 0.6 8050.642 8790.029

0.4764 4.1 100 50 0.1 1.106825 39.47439 27.8 28.3 0.5 9529.416

2 0.6082 5 100 50 0.4 4.4273 48.1395 29.3 29.9 0.6 8950.851 8989.271

0.4994 6.9 100 50 0.5 5.534126 66.43251 30.8 31.3 0.5 9027.693 0.6432 1.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 14.44185 26.9 27.5 0.6 8517.898 8722.103

0.5082 4 100 50 0.5 5.534126 38.5116 31.1 31.6 0.5 8926.308

4 0.6126 6.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 64.50693 30.2 30.8 0.6 8863.457 8926.492

0.5025 6.1 100 50 0.4 4.4273 58.73019 28.6 29.1 0.5 8989.528

U. lactuca

1 0.3239 4.6 100 50 1.9 21.02968 44.28834 28.2 28.6 0.4 11111.45 11184.2 0.3174 6.5 100 50 2.6 28.77745 62.58135 27.2 27.6 0.4 11256.95

2 0.3881 6 100 50 2.7 29.88428 57.7674 26.9 27.4 0.5 11576.25 11492.48

0.3945 5.4 100 50 2.5 27.67063 51.99066 27 27.5 0.5 11408.7

3 0.4431 3.4 100 50 2.2 24.35015 32.73486 29.8 30.4 0.6 12275.76 12272.25

0.4422 5.1 100 50 2 22.1365 49.10229 29.8 30.4 0.6 12268.74

Table 23. Raw and Calculated Data for different seaweed species after sun-drying (trial 2)


26/34

U. reticulata 0.3899 2.8 100 50 1.5 16.60238 26.95812 28.2 28.7 0.5 11624.54 11625.91

0.4684 4.3 100 50 0.8 8.854601 41.39997 29.8 30.4 0.6 11627.28


27/34

APPEDIX D

MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

Multiple linear regression model:

Normal estimation equations for multiple linear regression:

*These equations can be solved for b o , b 1 , b 2 , , b k by any appropriate method for solving systems of linear equations.

27

. . . ..

. . . ..

. . . ..


28/34

CALCULATIONS

Given:

Species # HV(y) M (x1)VCM(x2

) ASH(x3)S.

oligocystum1 1 8.62734 15.34 40.60 44.00S.

oligocystum2 2 8.84024 14.66 42.77 42.57S.

oligocystum3 3 9.1552 12.99 45.59 41.09S.

polycystum1 4 10.0125 12.79 57.83 29.37S.

polycystum2 5 9.7074 10.36 53.30 36.30S.

polycystum3 6 10.1191 11.57 59.50 28.90

U. lactuca 1 7 9.5692 15.46 55.70 28.24U. lactuca 2 8 9.6820 13.26 59.31 26.61U. reticulata 9 10.5727 9.17 70.54 20.29

S.oligocystum

1

1

0 9.7883 14.91 57.02 28.25S.oligocystum

211 7.8535 14.55 49.85 35.64

S.oligocystum

312 9.79368 15.62 54.68 30.01

S.oligocystum

413 8.52993 17.27 51.89 31.03

S. polycystum

1

1

4 8.79003 14.41 46.56 39.42S.

polycystum2

15 8.9893 14.12 49.61 36.21

S. polycystum

316 8.7221 14.23 57.35 42.31

S. polycystum

17 8.9265 13.71 49.30 37.69

28

Table 24. Raw and Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression


29/34

4

U. lactuca 118 11.1842 14.37 64.31 21.33

U. lactuca 219 11.4925 11.87 67.80 20.36

U. lactuca 320 12.2723 10.23 69.20 20.55

U. reticulata21 11.6259 10.23 75.03 15.56

Estimation equations for multiple linear equation:

29


30/34

From the given,

n = number of points = 21

Species #

HV(y)

M(x1)

VCM(x2)

ASH(x3) x 12 x22 x32 x1x2 x1x3 x2x3 x1y x 2y x 3y

SO1 1 8.63

15.3

4 40.60 44.00

235.3

2

1648.3

6

1936.0

0 622.80

674.9

6

1786.4

0

132.3

4 350.27

379.6

0SO2 2 8.84

14.66 42.77 42.57

214.92

1829.27

1812.20 627.01

624.08

1820.72

129.60 378.10

376.33

SO3 3 9.1612.9

9 45.59 41.09168.7

42078.4

51688.3

9 592.21533.7

61873.2

9118.9

3 417.39376.1

9

SP1 410.0

112.7

9 57.83 29.37163.5

83344.3

1 862.60 739.65375.6

41698.4

7128.0

6 579.02294.0

7

SP2 5 9.7110.3

6 53.30 36.30107.3

32840.8

91317.6

9 552.19376.0

71934.7

9100.5

7 517.41352.3

8

SP3 610.1

211.5

7 59.50 28.90133.8

63540.2

5 835.21 688.42334.3

71719.5

5117.0

8 602.08292.4

4

UL1 7 9.5715.4

6 55.70 28.24239.0

13102.4

9 797.50 861.12436.5

91572.9

7147.9

4 533.00270.2

3

UL2 8 9.6813.2

6 59.31 26.61175.8

33517.7

7 708.09 786.46352.8

51578.2

6128.3

8 574.25257.6

4

UR 910.5

7 9.17 70.54 20.29 84.094975.8

9 411.68 646.85186.0

61431.2

6 96.95 745.80214.5

2

SO110 9.79

14.91 57.02 28.25

222.31

3251.28 798.06 850.17

421.21

1610.82

145.94 558.13

276.52

SO211 7.85

14.55 49.85 35.64

211.70

2485.02

1270.21 725.32

518.56

1776.65

114.27 391.50

279.90

SO312 9.79

15.62 54.68 30.01

243.98

2989.90 900.60 854.10

468.76

1640.95

152.98 535.52

293.91

SO413 8.53

17.27 51.89 31.03

298.25

2692.57 962.86 896.14

535.89

1610.15

147.31 442.62

264.68

SP114 8.79

14.41 46.56 39.42

207.65

2167.83

1553.94 670.93

568.04

1835.40

126.66 409.26

346.50

30

Table 24. Raw and Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression


31/34

SP215 8.99

14.12 49.61 36.21

199.37

2461.15

1311.16 700.49

511.29

1796.38

126.93 445.96

325.50

SP316 8.72

14.23 57.35 42.31

202.49

3289.02

1790.14 816.09

602.07

2426.48

124.12 500.21

369.03

SP417 8.93

13.71 49.30 37.69

187.96

2430.49

1420.54 675.90

516.73

1858.12

122.38 440.08

336.44

UL118

11.18

14.37 64.31 21.33

206.50

4135.78 454.97 924.13

306.51

1371.73

160.72 719.26

238.56

UL2

1

9

11.4

9

11.8

7 67.80 20.36

140.9

0

4596.8

4 414.53 804.79

241.6

7

1380.4

1

136.4

2 779.19

233.9

9

UL320

12.27

10.23 69.20 20.55

104.65

4788.64 422.30 707.92

210.23

1422.06

125.55 849.24

252.19

UR21

11.63

10.23 75.03 15.56

104.65

5629.50 242.11 767.56

159.18

1167.47

118.93 872.29

180.90

204.25

281.12

1177.74

655.73

3853.11

67795.71

21910.78

15510.25

8954.51

35312.30

2702.05

11640.57

6211.53

31


32/34

From the figures calculated above,

the estimation equations for multiple linear equation are as follows:

Solving these 4 unknowns with 4 equations,

The values of the unknowns are:

Plugging in these values in the regression model,

Then, the correlation is..

32


33/34

Calculation for the R 2 of the correlation produced:

where:

y mea n= 9.7264

33

Yi(Yi-

Ymean) 2 ()(-

Ymean) 28.6273 1.2079 8.1487 2.48918.8402 0.7852 8.4041 1.7485

9.1552 0.3262 8.8272 0.808510.0125 0.0819 9.9988 0.07429.7074 0.0004 9.7444 0.0003

10.1191 0.1542 10.2525 0.27689.5692 0.0247 9.6417 0.00729.6820 0.0020 10.1718 0.1984

10.5727 0.7163 11.4951 3.12849.7883 0.0038 9.7476 0.00057.8535 3.5076 9.0930 0.40129.7937 0.0045 9.4583 0.0719

8.5299 1.4315 9.0756 0.42348.7900 0.8767 8.7575 0.93878.9893 0.5433 9.1098 0.38028.7221 1.0086 8.7305 0.99178.9265 0.6398 9.0494 0.4583

11.1842 2.1253 10.5056 0.607211.4925 3.1191 11.0271 1.692012.2723 6.4815 11.2884 2.440011.6259 3.6082 11.7842 4.2347

Table 25. Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression


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Parameter Maribago Buaya Cordova

T ( oC) 29 30 33.4 31 30 29 30.2 30 29.8DO(g/mL) 6.57 8.09 6.85 3.5 3.13 2.79 3.4 2.97 2.99Salinity(%) 27 28 32 28 28 22 35 38 35pH 7.8 7.6 8.57 8.62 8.25 8.06 8.33 8.23 8.46

Table 26. Seawater Conditions during sampling

appendix a proximate analysis sample calcullations: determination

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