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APPENDIX A
Proximate Analysis
Sample Calcullations:
Determination of the Moisture content:
where: W s is the weight of the sample in grams
W f is the weight after heating in grams
Wc is the constant weight of the crucible in grams
Determination of Volatile Matter Content
where: W s is the weight of the sample in grams
W f is the weight after heating in grams
Wc is the constant weight of the crucible in grams
Mave is the average moisture content of the sample.
Determination of Ash content
where: W s is the weight of the sample in grams
W f is the weight after heating in grams
Wc is the constant weight of the crucible in grams
Determination of Fixed Carbon content
1
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where: M ave is the weight of the sample in grams
W f is the weight after heating in grams
Wc is the constant weight of the crucible in grams
Sample Calculation:
2
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Calculations:
Table 1. Proximate Analysis of Ulva reticulata during sun-drying (trial 1)
time
Ulva reticulata
replicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3 AVE.M
wt constant
w isampl
e M wt crucibl
e
w isamp
le M wt crucibl
e
w isamp
le M
7:45 11:3
322.94
740.750
823.46
710.30
7820.43
800.5003
20.7805
0.3154
35.3067
0.4804
35.6326
0.3216
0.3149
14:41
23.6729
0.9760
24.4480
0.2058
31.4815
0.5137
31.8959
0.1933
35.7388
0.4953
36.1360
0.1980
0.1990
18:21
23.9064
0.7319
24.5019
0.1864
23.6598
0.5401
24.0987
0.1874
35.9406
0.4785
36.3290
0.1884
0.1874
8:28 11:3
426.02
940.748
426.63
900.18
5523.86
330.4196
24.2032
0.1899
31.8895
0.593
32.3698
0.1901
0.1885
14:44
22.3367
0.9177
23.0914
0.1776
36.2077
0.496
36.6179
0.1730
28.0184
0.5283
28.4538
0.1759
0.1755
18:12
24.5149
0.6228
25.0806
0.0917
24.0221
0.5016
24.4777
0.0917
32.451
0.5287
32.9312
0.0917
0.0917
Table 2. Proximate Analysis of Sun-dried Sargassum polycystum during sun-drying(trial 1)
Time
Sargassum polycystum
Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Ave.M
7:45 11:3
324.077
3 2.0237 25.39630.348
222.390
42.021
2 23.70470.349
724.104
82.030
125.426
00.34
920.349
05514:4
120.068
2 1.9899 21.72380.168
026.109
80.914
3 26.87620.161
823.027
12.663
325.248
30.16
600.165
24718:2
123.789
1 2.0230 25.46480.171
723.237
32.019
9 24.90480.174
529.945
52.063
031.650
60.17
350.173
2138:28 11:3 24.055
12.0065 25.7524 0.154
123.305
02.055
625.0444 0.153
831.948
12.083
533.709
30.15 47
0.154207
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414:4
424.275
5 2.0491 26.08570.116
623.921
32.073
7 25.74010.122
935.715
92.074
937.539
70.12
100.120
16918:1
225.842
0 1.9967 27.62360.107
726.433
12.055
0 28.25240.114
731.405
42.017
633.206
10.10
750.109
974
Table 4. Moisture content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)
ecies # Moisture Contentreplicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3 avera
gID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M ID
wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M
vaiculata
19 24.5149
0.6228
25.0806
0.0917
20
24.0221
0.5016
24.4777
0.0917065
UR1
32.451
0.5287
32.9312
0.0917
07
rgassu
gocyst
1 SO3
20.438
1.9972
22.1289
0.1534
G 23.907
2.003 25.6026
0.1534698
UL2
28.0184
2.005 29.7159
0.1534
04
2 22 26.1098
1.9924
27.8098
0.1468
11
22.3367
2.0564
24.0918
0.1465182
S01
35.7159
1.9787
37.4044
0.1467
06
3 17 23.2373
2.0156
24.9936
0.1286
13
23.6729
1.9956
25.4089
0.1300862
SS2
31.4815
2.0164
33.2338
0.1310
09
rgassu
ycyst
1 16 23.6598
2.0212
25.4226
0.1278
K 23.6731
2.0134
25.4291
0.1278434
S02
31.4054
2.0101
33.1582
0.1280
09
2 UR2
31.8895
2.0065
33.6882
0.1036H 26.43
382.00143
28.2278
0.103640922 26.10
982.0112
27.9129
0.1035 063 I 24.07
771.9961
25.8428
0.1157
J 22.3371
2.0013
24.1068
0.1157248
18 23.0271
2.002 24.7978
0.1155
07
vatuca
1 SP1
29.9455
2.0207
31.6543
0.1544
20
24.0221
2.0199
25.7299
0.1545126
4 24.0551
2.0234
25.7650
0.1549
06
2 SS1
36.2077
2.0181
37.9577
0.1328
B 25.8431
2.0204
27.5958
0.1324985
2 24.2755
2.0223
26.0298
0.1325
06
Table 5. Volatile matter content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)
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VM Content
1 2average
VCMID wt consta
nt
Wt sample
wt. VCM ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. VCM VCM
322.39
04 2.00822.78
800.710
3 224.27
552.049
724.70
14 0.7005 0.7054
124.10
48 2.04325.00
430.406
3 F23.92
142.168
424.87
74 0.4057 0.4060
J22.33
712.011
223.19
290.427
8 S0231.40
542.072
332.28
79 0.4275 0.4277
723.78
912.021
224.62
58 0.4561 1924.51
492.005
925.34
63 0.4556 0.4559
SP320.06
821.847
220.61
140.578
0 L35.30
752.239
235.96
48 0.5786 0.5783
SP231.94
812.022
732.68
240.533
4 UR335.94
062.168
736.72
97 0.5326 0.5330
C2031.33
481.994
631.91
280.594
6 1723.23
732.114
223.84
81 0.5954 0.5950
UL335.73
882.062
836.33
430.556
7 SS1 36.20772.091
836.81
05 0.5572 0.5570
UR132.45
12.004
433.00
060.593
2 E26.02
972.021
626.58
43 0.5930 0.5931
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Table 6. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)
Table 7. Fixed Carbon content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 1)
ASHCONTENT
1 2
average
Ash
wt. ASH wt. ASH ASH
22.8003
0.20 41
24.6888
0.2016
0.2029
25.0022 0.4393 24.8773 0.440 8 0.440023.195
00.42
6632.28
570.424
80.425
724.619
30.41
0725.33
940.411
00.410
920.612
40.29 46
35.9633
0.2929
0.2937
32.6819
0.3628
36.7286
0.363 4
0.3631
31.9117
0.2892
23.8478
0.2888
0.2890
36.3188
0.2812
36.801
0.2836
0.2824
32.9837
0.2658
26.5683
0.266 4
0.2661
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Table 8. Proximate Analysis of Ulvareticulata during sun-drying (trial 2)
Table 9. Proximate Analysis of Sargassum polycystum during sun-drying (trial 2)
FC CONTENT1 2
average FC
FC FC FC-
0.0061
0.0061
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0005
-0.001
00.001
10.000
00.003
20.003
40.003
3-
0.0005
0.0007
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.0004
0.0006
0.0001
0.0003
0.0075
0.0045
0.0060
0.008 4
0.00790.008
2
Ulva reticul ata
average Mtime hrs.
mins.
t T of drying
replicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3
# wt crucible
w isampl
e
M # wt crucible
w isampl
e
M # wt cruci
ble
w isampl
e M
15:00 0 0 0
17:30 2 30 2.50 E
26.0297 2.1499
26.2960
0.8761
SO2
31.4054
2.0692 31.65267
0.8805
12
23.8633 2.0256
24.1167
0.8749 0.8772
9:30 0 30 0.00 12:3
0 5 30 5.50 K 23.67
31 2.081224.18
740.7529
SS2
31.4815
2.1488 32.01956
0.7 496
16
23.6598 1.9678
24.17222
0.7396 0.7474
14:00 7 0 7.00 A
24.0224 2.1167
24.8081
0.6288
UL1
35.3067
2.3705 36.21271
0.6178
21
25.842 2.0379
26.61885
0.6188 0.6218
15:30 8 30 9.00 H
26.4338 2.0632
27.7781
0.3 484
UL2
28.0184
2.0063 29.34476
0.3389 9
23.9064 2.0647
25.2689
0.3 401 0.3425
18:00 11 0 12.00 J
22.3371 2.0624
23.7866
0.2972
UL3
35.7388
1.9975 37.1257
0.3057 7
23.7891 2.0785
25.24883
0.2977 0.3002
8:00 0 0 0.00 12:0
0 15 0 15.00UR3
35.9406 2.0059
37.5160
0.2146
3 22.3904
1.9756 23.94678
0.2122 5
23.9213 2.0472
25.52692
0.2157 0.2142
FINAL 20 0 17.00
UR1
32.4510 2.0018
34.2480
0.1023
1 24.1048
2.1456 26.0311
0.1022 2
24.2755 2.1695
26.2231
0.1023 0.1023
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0 54 68 106 3 88 06 699 31 976 999 418:0
0 11 0 12.00 G23.90
70 2.102125.66
930.1616
UL2
28.0184 2.1134
29.7926
0.1605
UR2
31.8895 2.3452
37.00954
0.161999
0.16 4
8:00 0 0 0.00 12:0
0 15 0 15.00 2226.10
98 2.014827.84
010.1
412 1323.67
29 2.054225.43
600.141
699 H26.43
38 2.064330.40407
0.140999
0.143
FINAL 20 0 17.00
SO2
31.4054 2.0328
33.169
0.1324 18
23.0271 2.2233
24.9543
0.133199 15
24.0773 2.3249
29.17674
0.1315
0.132 4
Table 10. Moisture content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 2)
pecies #
Moisture Contentreplicate1
replicate2 replicate 3
ag
ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. M
va reticulata UR132.45
102.001
834.24
800.1023 1
24.1048
2.1456
26.0311
0.1022 2
24.2755
2.1695
26.2231
0.1023
0
rgassum
igocyst um
SS1 F
23.9214
2.1088
25.7161
0.1489 G
23.907
2.1102
25.7028
0.1490
SP2
31.9481
2.1007
33.7348
0.1495
0
SS2
UL2
28.0184
2.0060
29.7325
0.1455 L
35.3075
2.0045
37.0210
0.1452
SS1
36.2077
2.0109
37.9254
0.1458
0
SS3
SO1
35.7159
2.0109
37.4127
0.1562 20
24.0221
2.0021
25.7123
0.1558
UL1
35.3067
2.0029
36.9961
0.1565
0
SS4
UR3
35.9406
2.0090
37.6043
0.1719 15
24.0773
2.0102
25.7387
0.1735 J
22.3371
2.0076
23.9978
0.1728
0
rgassum
olycyst um
SS1
SS2
31.4815
2.0122
33.2024
0.1448 H
26.4338
2.0131
28.1589
0.1431 3
22.3904
2.0095
24.1095
0.1445
0
SS2 L
35.3075
2.1758
37.1769
0.1408 19
24.5149
2.1534
26.3640
0.1413 4
24.0551
2.1589
25.9085
0.1415
0
SS3 11
22.3367
2.1006
24.1388
0.1421 17
23.2373
2.0463
24.9920
0.1425 14
23.305
2.0724
25.0828
0.1422
0
SS4
SO2
31.4054
2.0002
33.1319
0.1368
SP1
29.9455 2.001
31.6719
0.1372 C
24.0554
2.0022
25.7831
0.1371
0
Ulvaactuca
UL1 18
23.0271
2.0239
24.7617
0.1429 I
24.0777
2.0356
25.8218
0.1432 13
23.6729 2.041
25.4182
0.1449
0
UL2 2
24.2755
2.0169
26.0544
0.1180 9
23.9064
2.0233
25.6893
0.1188 A
24.0224
2.0229
25.804
0.1193
0
UL 14 23.30 2.028 25.12 0.10 D 24.51 2.045 26.35 0.10 SP 31.94 2.03 33.77 0.10 0.
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3 5 1 56 23 51 6 13 24 2 81 08 21Table 11. Volatile matter content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial 2)
VM Content average
VCM1 2
ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. VCM ID wt constant
Wt sample
wt. VCM
SP129.94
552.016
830.24
130.751
1 2226.10
982.106
726.42
210.749
50.750
3
UR335.94
062.011
536.50
440.570
6 G23.90
72.012
124.47
260.569
80.570
2
224.27
552.029
424.99
940.497
8 D24.51
51 2.03125.23
670.499
20.498
5
1823.02
712.011
723.62
360.547
3 L35.30
752.017
635.90
800.546
20.546
8
322.39
042.018
723.01
460.518
1 822.94
742.038
723.57
440.519
70.518
9
723.78
912.012
124.57
310.466
2 UL135.30
672.018
736.09
590.464
90.465
6
1223.86
332.011
524.59
360.495
7 2125.84
22.006
726.56
920.496
40.496
1
1423.30
5 2.01623.87
810.573
5 2024.02
212.145
324.63
180.573
50.573
5
SO135.71
592.013
636.46
120.492
8 B25.84
312.065
426.60
680.493
20.493
0
SO231.40
542.011
031.83
450.642
9 A24.02
242.543
224.56
430.643
20.643
1
UL228.0184 2.0128 28.428 0.6778 1 24.1048 2.0321 24.5177 0.6781 0.6780
SS231.48
152.015
831.89
610.692
1 J22.33
712.012
322.75
130.691
90.692
0Table 12. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species (trial
2)
ASH CONTENT1 2 averag
e ASHwt. ASH wt. ASH30.25
810.1550
26.4389
0.1562 0.1556
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36.5077
0.2819
24.4764
0.2830 0.2825
25.0006
0.3573
25.2373
0.3556 0.3564
23.6300
0.2997
35.9138
0.3005 0.3001
23.0160
0.3099
23.5808
0.3107 0.3103
24.5852
0.3957
36.0996
0.3928 0.3942
24.5922
0.3624
26.5680
0.3618 0.3621
24.1580 0.4231 24.9296 0.4230 0.4231
36.4746
0.3768
26.6218
0.3770 0.3769
31.8348
0.2135
24.5641
0.2130 0.2133
28.4274
0.2032
24.5193
0.2040 0.2036
31.8968
0.2060
22.7494
0.2049 0.2055
Table 13. Ash content of all sun-dried seaweed species(trial 2)
FC CONTENT1 2 average FCFC FC
-0.008
3
-0.008
0 -0.0082-
0.0016
-0.001
9 -0.0018-
0.0006
-0.000
3 -0.0004
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-0.003
2
-0.002
9 -0.0030-
0.0007
-0.003
1 -0.0019-
0.0060
-0.001
8 -0.00390.000
70.000
6 0.0006-
0.1388
-0.1388 -0.1388
-0.006
7
-0.007
3 -0.0070-
0.0001
0.0001 0.0000
0.0003
-0.000
8 -0.0002-
0.0003
0.0009 0.0003
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APPENDIX B
PREPARATION & STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N NaOH
Preparation
Volume to be prepared: 2 Liters of 0.1 N NaOH
Amount of NaOH neede (g) d:
Amount of NaOH actual (g) : 8.0804 g NaOH
Table 14. Standardization
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3Wt. of KHP (g) 0.5073 0.5011 0.5013
Initial Vol. of NaOH(mL)
8.9 6.6 7.3
Final Vol. of NaOH(mL)
35 32.4 32.9
Calculating for the Molarity of the NaOH solution:
Trial 1
Trial 1
Trial 1
12
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APPENDIX C
Calorific Values
A. Determination of Calorimeter Constant using benzoic acid
Given:
Heat capacity of benzoic acid: 26430 J/ mol (Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook)
Heat Capacity of nitric acid: 57767.49 J/mol (Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook)
Molarity of NaOH: 0.0958 mol/ L
Heat Capacity of Fuse wire used: 9.6279 J/cm
Working Equation:
[Equation 1]
Where C = calorimeter constant (JK)
Wb = weight of benzoic acid (g)
C b = heat capacity of benzic acid (J/mol)
T = temperature difference (T f T i)
F1 = correction for the formation of nitric acid:
[Equation 2]
F2 = correction for the fuse wire consumed:
[Equation 3]
= length of fuse wire consumed (cm)
C w = heat capacity of the fuse wire (J/cm)
13
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B. Determination of the Calorific Values
[Equation 4]
C. Sample Calculations
Calorimeter Constant
Given:
Weight of benzoic acid = 0.69 g
Initial temperature = 27.8 C
Final temperature = 29.8 C
Volume of washing = 60 ml
Aliquot of washing = 30 ml
Fuse wire consumed = 7.8 cm
Volume NaOH used = 0.2 ml
( T) = T i T f = 29.8 27.8 = 2 C
F1 = 2.21365 J
F2 = 75.09762 J
Calorimeter constant:
C = 9157.006 J/K
Calorific Value14
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Given:
Weight of sample = 0.4262 g
Initial temperature = 27.2 C
Final Temperature = 27.6 C
Volume of washing = 100 ml
Aliquot of washing = 50 ml
Fuse wire consumed = 4.2 cm
Volume NaOH used = 0.3 ml
( T) = T i T f = 27.6 27.2 = 0.4 C
F1 = 3.320475 J
F2 = 40.43718 J
15
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Calorific Value:
CV = 8494.975 kJ/kg
Molarity NaOH (mol/L) HC HNO3 (J/mol) Heat capacity of Benzoic Acid (J/mol) Fuse Wire (J/cm)
0.0958 57767.49 26430 9.6279
Weight(g)
FuseWire
Consumed(cm)
Washing
(mL)
Aliquot
(mL)
NaOH
used
(ml)
Correction
HNO3(J)
Correction
wire (J)
Initial T( C)
FinalT
( C)
T( C)
Calorimeter
constant(J/K)
AverageCalorim
eterconstant
(J/K)1 0.69 7.8 60 30 0.2 2.21365 75.0976
227.8 29.
82 9157.006 9158.666
0.69 7.8 100 50 0.8 8.854601
75.09762
27.8 29.8
2 9160.326
2 0.69 7.6 53 25 0.4 4.692938
73.17204
28.5 30.5
2 9157.394 9157.157
0.69 7.5 100 50 0.4 4.4273 72.20925
28.5 30.5
2 9156.668
3 0.69 10 100 50 0.1 1.106825
96.279 27.7 29.7
2 9167.043 9166.549
0.69 8.6 100 50 0.2 2.21365 82.79994
27.7 29.7
2 9166.054
AVERAGE 9160.79
Table 16. Calibration of Bomb Calorimeter
Table 15. Raw and Calculated Data
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Table 17. Raw and Calculated Data for Preliminary Run
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Weight(g)
Fuse WireConsumed
(cm)
Washing (mL)
Aliquot (mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT
( C)
FinalT
( C)
T( C)
CalorificValue
(kJ/kg)
AverageCV
(kJ/kg)
CordovaS. Oligocystum 0.4262 4.2 100 50 0.3 3.320475 40.43718 27.2 27.6 0.4 8494.97
58495.21
10.4254 5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 48.1395 27.2 27.6 0.4 8495.44
7S.
Polycystum0.5098 6.9 100 50 0.1 1.106825 66.43251 28.8 29.4 0.6 10649.1
510644.3
0.4268 4.1 100 50 0 0 39.47439 26.9 27.4 0.5 10639.46
S.Crassifolium
0.4896 7.5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 72.20925 28 28.7 0.7 12945.53
12944.4
0.4895 7.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 72.20925 28 28.7 0.7 12943.27
S.Crystaefoliu
m
0.4255 4.4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 42.36276 28.5 29 0.5 10659.97
10666.94
0.4243 5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 48.1395 28.6 30 0.5 10673.9Maribago
S.Polycystum
0.4114 4.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475 42.36276 27.4 27.9 0.5 11022.63
10967.88
0.4151 5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 48.1395 27.4 27.9 0.5 10913.13
U. Reticulata 0.2875 5.3 100 50 1.6 17.7092 51.02787 28.8 29.2 0.4 12506.36
12603.42
0.2832 6.9 100 50 0.1 1.106825 66.43251 29.1 29.5 0.4 12700.48
BuayaU. Lactuca 0.3999 4.5 100 50 3.2 35.4184 43.32555 28.1 28.7 0.6 13547.7
113477.4
10.4039 5 100 50 3 33.20475 48.1395 28.1 28.7 0.6 13407.1
1
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time Weight(g)
FuseWire
Consumed (cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot (mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT
( C)
FinalT
( C)
T( C)
CalorificValue
(kJ/kg)
AverageCV (kJ/kg)
7:4511:33 0.4392 3 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 28.8837 25.7 26.1 0.4 8221.95
0.5342 4.2 100 50 2.5 27.6706277 40.43718 25.8 26.3 0.5 8446.81 8394.5720.5307 3.4 100 50 2.6 28.7774528 32.73486 25.8 26.3 0.5 8514.95
14:41 0.6064 4.4 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 42.36276 27 27.6 0.6 8950.440.6083 4.5 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 43.32555 27 27.6 0.6 8924.54 8904.060.5104 4.5 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 43.32555 27 27.6 0.5 8837.2
18:21 0.4001 4 100 50 2.2 24.3501524 38.5116 27.5 27.9 0.4 9001.390.4093 3 100 50 2 22.1365022 28.8837 27.1 27.5 0.4 8827.99 8987.3070.4948 4.1 100 50 2 22.1365022 39.47439 27.2 27.7 0.5 9132.55
2ndDay8:28
11:34 0.4958 10 88 44 2.9 32.0979281 96.279 27.1 27.6 0.5 8979.460.3946 3.8 100 50 1.8 19.922852 52.95345 26.5 26.9 0.4 9101.47 9009.0780.5053 5.5 100 50 2.1 23.2433273 36.58602 26.5 27 0.5 8946.3
14:44 0.4862 5.4 100 50 2.6 28.7774528 51.99066 25 25.5 0.5 9254.680.485 4.3 100 50 2.1 23.2433273 41.39997 25 25.5 0.5 9310.83 9281.349
0.4855 5.1 100 50 2.4 26.5638026 49.10229 26.1 26.6 0.5 9278.546:12 0.3474 2.6 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 25.03254 28.5 28.9 0.4 10434.4
0.3401 3 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 28.8837 28.4 28.8 0.4 10647 10572.630.4259 3.5 100 50 1.5 16.6023766 33.69765 28.5 29 0.5 10636.5
Moist
ure-free
0.3195 4.2 100 50 2.3 25.4569775 40.43718 26.2 26.6 0.4 11262.7 11250.28
0.3173 6.9 100 50 2.9 32.0979281 66.43251 28.5 28.9 0.4 11237.9
Table 18. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Ulva reticulata (trial 1)
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time Weight(g)
Fuse WireConsumed(cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot(mL)
NaOHused (ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT ( C)
FinalT ( C)
T( C)
CalorificValue(kJ/kg)
AverageCV
(kJ/kg)
7:45
11:33 0.6974 4.7 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 45.25113 26.7 27.3 0.6 7810.146
0.5759 2.9 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 27.92091 29.6 30.1 0.5 7899.208 7899.939
0.5686 3.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 33.69765 29.6 30.1 0.5 7990.463
14:41 0.5556 4 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 38.5116 28.7 29.4 0.6 9815.578
0.4665 3.9 100 50 0.35 3.873887879 37.54881 29.4 29.9 0.5 9729.845 9729.652
0.4696 5 100 50 0.33 3.652522858 48.1395 29.4 29.9 0.5 9643.533
18:21 0.5785 4.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 41.39997 28.7 29.3 0.6 9425.861
0.6532 6.6 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 63.54414 28.2 28.9 0.7 9713.077 9572.255
0.5681 5.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 51.99066 28.7 29.3 0.6 9577.826
2ndDay
8:28
11:34 0.5667 3.8 90 45 0.5 5.534125542 36.58602 29.4 30.3 0.6 9624.765
0.48 1.1 100 50 2 22.13650217 10.59069 29.8 30.3 0.5 9474.308 9473.767
0.5844 2.4 100 50 2.3 25.45697749 23.10696 30 30.6 0.6 9322.228
14:44 0.5911 4.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 41.39997 28.2 28.8 0.6 9224.938
0.4867 1 100 50 0 0 9.6279 29.6 30.1 0.5 9391.344 9492.108
Table 19. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Sargassum polycystum (trial1)
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0.4621 2.5 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 24.06975 29.6 30.1 0.5 9860.042
6:12 0.548022771
5.5 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 52.95345 27.6 28.2 0.6 9928.98
0.465656518
3.3 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 31.77207 28 28.5 0.5 9763.44 9821.58
0.465085598
3.45 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 33.216255 28 28.5 0.5 9772.32
M-free 0.4263 5 100 50 1 11.06825108 48.1395 29.2 29.7 0.5 10605.65 10672.72
0.5089 2.3 100 50 0.8 8.854600867 22.14417 29.1 29.7 0.6 10739.78
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time Weight(g)
Fuse WireConsumed
(cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot(mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT (C)
FinalT(C)
T(C)
CalorificValue
(kJ/kg)
AverageCV (kJ/kg)
15:00
17:30 0.4225 - - - - - - 29.9 29.9 0 0
0.4884 - - - - - - 29.9 29.9 0
2nd day
9:30
12:30 0.4789 - - - - - - 30 30 0 0
0.5781 - - - - - - 30 30 0
14:00 0.5789 - - - - - - 27.5 27.5 0 0
0.6102 - - - - - - 27.5 27.5 0
15:30 0.4659 5.7 100 50 2 22.1365022 54.87903 26 26.4 0.4 7699.722
0.3513 2.8 100 50 1.3 14.3887264 26.95812 27.1 27.4 0.3 7705.352 7800.302
0.3374 3.4 100 50 1.6 17.7092017 32.73486 27.2 27.5 0.3 7995.83
18:00 0.3154 4.7 100 50 1.35 14.942139 45.25113 26.5 26.8 0.3 8522.65
0.4052 2.8 100 50 2 22.1365022 26.95812 26.5 26.9 0.4 8922.067 8818
0.2978 5.4 100 50 1.2 13.2819013 51.99066 26.5 26.8 0.3 9009.283
3rd day
8:00
12:00 0.3002 2.5 100 50 1 11.0682511 24.06975 27.4 27.7 0.3 9326.973
0.2972 3.7 100 50 0.5 5.53412554 35.62323 27.4 27.7 0.3 9108.613 9238.162
0.2902 4.5 100 50 1.1 12.1750762 43.32555 27.4 27.7 0.3 9278.899
1400 0.2775 0.3 100 50 1.8 19.922852 2.88837 26.1 26.4 0.3 9821.355
0.282 1.5 100 50 2 22.1365022 14.44185 26.2 26.5 0.3 9615.811 9718.415
0.2798 1.3 100 50 1.5 16.6023766 12.51627 27.1 27.5 0.3 9718.079
Moistur e free
0.3195 4.2 100 50 2.3 25.4569775 40.43718 26.2 26.6 0.4 11625.14 11733.97
0.4558 6.9 100 50 3 33.2047533 66.43251 28.5 29.1 0.6 11842.79
Table 20. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Ulva reticulata (trial 2)
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time Weight (g)
FuseWireConsumed(cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot (mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT(C)
FinalT(C)
T(C)
CalorificValue(kJ/kg)
AverageCV
(kJ/kg)
15:00 17:30 0.455 - - - - - - 26.1 26.1 0 0 0
0.5687 - - - - - - 26.1 26.1 0 02ndday
9:30 12:30 0.5245 - - - - - - 27.2 27.2 0 0 0 0.5479 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 014:00 0.457 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 0 0 0.5781 - - - - - - 27.3 27.3 0 015:30 0.6812 2.4 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 23.10696 28 28.5 0.5 6685.214
0.7125 3.1 100 50 0.5 5.534125542 29.84649 28 28.5 0.5 6378.968 6559.104 0.5466 4 100 50 1 11.06825108 38.5116 28 28.4 0.4 6613.12918:00 0.5649 6.6 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 63.54414 27.2 27.7 0.5 7988.005
0.5467 7 100 50 0.3 3.320475325 67.3953 27.2 27.7 0.5 8248.911 8128.43 0.5552 5.4 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 51.99066 27.2 27.7 0.5 8148.3743rdday
8:00 12:00 0.4253 6.2 100 50 0.5 5.534125542 59.69298 26 26.4 0.4 8462.471
0.4185 5 100 50 0.4 4.427300434 48.1395 26 26.4 0.4 8630.225 8571.156 0.5272 3 100 50 0.6 6.64095065 28.8837 26 26.5 0.5 8620.7711400 0.3984 5.7 100 50 2 22.13650217 54.87903 26 26.4 0.4 9004.269
0.5099 2.4 100 50 1.5 16.60237663 23.10696 26 26.5 0.5 8905.052 8989.597 0.3994 1.9 100 50 2.5 27.67062771 18.29301 26 26.4 0.4 9059.471M-free 0.4306 4.1 100 50 0.35 3.873887879 39.47439 28.1 28.6 0.5 10536.57 10651.87
Table 21. Raw and Calculated Data for Sun Drying of Sargassum polycystum (trial 2)
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0.4218 3.8 100 50 0.2 2.213650217 36.58602 26.6 27.1 0.5 10767.18
Species Weight(g)
Fuse WireConsumed(cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot(mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
Initial T(C)
FinalT(C)
T(C)
CalorificValue(kJ/kg)
AverageCV (kJ/kg)
S.oligocystum
1 0.6376 5.5 100 50 0.2 2.21365 52.95345 29 29.6 0.6 8534.0450.5201 4.2 100 50 0.2 2.21365 40.43718 29 29.5 0.5 8724.754 8627.337
0.633 3.6 100 50 0.3 3.320475 34.66044 29.1 29.7 0.6 8623.2122 0.513 3 100 50 0.2 2.21365 28.8837 28.4 28.9 0.5 8868.027
0.5142 5 100 50 0.1 1.106825 48.1395 28.7 29.2 0.5 8812.036 8840.235 0.5135 4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 38.5116 28.7 29.2 0.5 8840.643
3 0.5005 6.9 100 50 0.2 2.21365 66.43251 28.2 28.7 0.5 9014.4840.5907 6 100 50 0.3 3.320475 57.7674 28.5 29.1 0.6 9201.602 9155.223
0.3903 5.4 100 50 0.2 2.21365 51.99066 28.5 28.9 0.4 9249.582S.
polycystum
1 0.4548 3 100 50 0.4 4.4273 28.8837 28.8 29.3 0.5 9997.9860.4514 5.4 100 50 0.5 5.534126 51.99066 29.2 29.7 0.5 10019.65 10012.48
0.5437 4.6 100 50 0.4 4.4273 44.28834 29.1 29.7 0.6 10019.792 0.4653 6.9 100 50 0.2 2.21365 66.43251 28.9 29.4 0.5 9696.43
0.4648 6.2 100 50 0.3 3.320475 59.69298 29.2 29.7 0.5 9718.98 9707.425 0.5591 6.4 100 50 0.7 7.747776 61.61856 28.3 28.9 0.6 9706.864
3 0.4533 2.1 100 50 0.3 3.320475 20.21859 28.8 29.3 0.5 10052.630.4436 6.1 100 50 0.3 3.320475 58.73019 29.2 29.7 0.5 10185.63 10119.07
0.5381 5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 48.1395 29.1 29.7 0.6 10118.96U. lactuca
1 0.3762 3.7 100 50 2.7 29.88428 35.62323 28.6 29 0.4 9566.211 9569.153 0.377 3.7 100 50 2.5 27.67063 35.62323 28.7 29.1 0.4 9572.095
2 0.3725 3.7 100 50 2.1 23.24333 35.62323 27.9 28.3 0.4 9679.059 10127.38 0.3715 3.7 100 50 1.9 21.02968 35.62323 27.9 28.3 0.4 9685.002U. reticulata 0.5106 3.4 100 50 1 11.06825 32.73486 29.8 30.4 0.6 10678.95 10572.73
Table 22. Raw and Calculated Data for different seaweed species after sun-drying (trial 1)
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0.5202 4 100 50 1.2 13.2819 38.5116 29.8 30.4 0.6 10466.51
Species Weight(g)
Fuse WireConsumed(cm)
Washing(mL)
Aliquot(mL)
NaOHused(ml)
CorrectionHNO3 (J)
Correctionwire (J)
InitialT(C)
Final T(C)
T(C)
CalorificValue(kJ/kg)
AverageCV
(kJ/kg)S.oligocystum
1 0.5608 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 9726.281 9788.327
0.6452 5.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 54.87903 27.3 28 0.7 9850.3732 0.6947 3.9 100 50 0.3 3.320475 37.54881 30 30.6 0.6 7853.181 7853.515
0.6945 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 7853.849
3 0.5559 3.8 100 50 0.3 3.320475 36.58602 29.9 30.5 0.6 9815.736 9793.677
0.6504 5.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 54.87903 27.3 28 0.7 9771.6184 0.5398 1.5 100 50 0.1 1.106825 14.44185 29.7 30.2 0.5 8456.552 8529.93
0.634 3.9 100 50 0.4 4.4273 37.54881 29.6 30.2 0.6 8603.309
S. polycystum
1 0.6779 3.7 100 50 0.3 3.320475 35.62323 30.2 30.8 0.6 8050.642 8790.029
0.4764 4.1 100 50 0.1 1.106825 39.47439 27.8 28.3 0.5 9529.416
2 0.6082 5 100 50 0.4 4.4273 48.1395 29.3 29.9 0.6 8950.851 8989.271
0.4994 6.9 100 50 0.5 5.534126 66.43251 30.8 31.3 0.5 9027.693 0.6432 1.5 100 50 0.3 3.320475 14.44185 26.9 27.5 0.6 8517.898 8722.103
0.5082 4 100 50 0.5 5.534126 38.5116 31.1 31.6 0.5 8926.308
4 0.6126 6.7 100 50 0.2 2.21365 64.50693 30.2 30.8 0.6 8863.457 8926.492
0.5025 6.1 100 50 0.4 4.4273 58.73019 28.6 29.1 0.5 8989.528
U. lactuca
1 0.3239 4.6 100 50 1.9 21.02968 44.28834 28.2 28.6 0.4 11111.45 11184.2 0.3174 6.5 100 50 2.6 28.77745 62.58135 27.2 27.6 0.4 11256.95
2 0.3881 6 100 50 2.7 29.88428 57.7674 26.9 27.4 0.5 11576.25 11492.48
0.3945 5.4 100 50 2.5 27.67063 51.99066 27 27.5 0.5 11408.7
3 0.4431 3.4 100 50 2.2 24.35015 32.73486 29.8 30.4 0.6 12275.76 12272.25
0.4422 5.1 100 50 2 22.1365 49.10229 29.8 30.4 0.6 12268.74
Table 23. Raw and Calculated Data for different seaweed species after sun-drying (trial 2)
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U. reticulata 0.3899 2.8 100 50 1.5 16.60238 26.95812 28.2 28.7 0.5 11624.54 11625.91
0.4684 4.3 100 50 0.8 8.854601 41.39997 29.8 30.4 0.6 11627.28
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APPEDIX D
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
Multiple linear regression model:
Normal estimation equations for multiple linear regression:
*These equations can be solved for b o , b 1 , b 2 , , b k by any appropriate method for solving systems of linear equations.
27
. . . ..
. . . ..
. . . ..
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CALCULATIONS
Given:
Species # HV(y) M (x1)VCM(x2
) ASH(x3)S.
oligocystum1 1 8.62734 15.34 40.60 44.00S.
oligocystum2 2 8.84024 14.66 42.77 42.57S.
oligocystum3 3 9.1552 12.99 45.59 41.09S.
polycystum1 4 10.0125 12.79 57.83 29.37S.
polycystum2 5 9.7074 10.36 53.30 36.30S.
polycystum3 6 10.1191 11.57 59.50 28.90
U. lactuca 1 7 9.5692 15.46 55.70 28.24U. lactuca 2 8 9.6820 13.26 59.31 26.61U. reticulata 9 10.5727 9.17 70.54 20.29
S.oligocystum
1
1
0 9.7883 14.91 57.02 28.25S.oligocystum
211 7.8535 14.55 49.85 35.64
S.oligocystum
312 9.79368 15.62 54.68 30.01
S.oligocystum
413 8.52993 17.27 51.89 31.03
S. polycystum
1
1
4 8.79003 14.41 46.56 39.42S.
polycystum2
15 8.9893 14.12 49.61 36.21
S. polycystum
316 8.7221 14.23 57.35 42.31
S. polycystum
17 8.9265 13.71 49.30 37.69
28
Table 24. Raw and Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression
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4
U. lactuca 118 11.1842 14.37 64.31 21.33
U. lactuca 219 11.4925 11.87 67.80 20.36
U. lactuca 320 12.2723 10.23 69.20 20.55
U. reticulata21 11.6259 10.23 75.03 15.56
Estimation equations for multiple linear equation:
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From the given,
n = number of points = 21
Species #
HV(y)
M(x1)
VCM(x2)
ASH(x3) x 12 x22 x32 x1x2 x1x3 x2x3 x1y x 2y x 3y
SO1 1 8.63
15.3
4 40.60 44.00
235.3
2
1648.3
6
1936.0
0 622.80
674.9
6
1786.4
0
132.3
4 350.27
379.6
0SO2 2 8.84
14.66 42.77 42.57
214.92
1829.27
1812.20 627.01
624.08
1820.72
129.60 378.10
376.33
SO3 3 9.1612.9
9 45.59 41.09168.7
42078.4
51688.3
9 592.21533.7
61873.2
9118.9
3 417.39376.1
9
SP1 410.0
112.7
9 57.83 29.37163.5
83344.3
1 862.60 739.65375.6
41698.4
7128.0
6 579.02294.0
7
SP2 5 9.7110.3
6 53.30 36.30107.3
32840.8
91317.6
9 552.19376.0
71934.7
9100.5
7 517.41352.3
8
SP3 610.1
211.5
7 59.50 28.90133.8
63540.2
5 835.21 688.42334.3
71719.5
5117.0
8 602.08292.4
4
UL1 7 9.5715.4
6 55.70 28.24239.0
13102.4
9 797.50 861.12436.5
91572.9
7147.9
4 533.00270.2
3
UL2 8 9.6813.2
6 59.31 26.61175.8
33517.7
7 708.09 786.46352.8
51578.2
6128.3
8 574.25257.6
4
UR 910.5
7 9.17 70.54 20.29 84.094975.8
9 411.68 646.85186.0
61431.2
6 96.95 745.80214.5
2
SO110 9.79
14.91 57.02 28.25
222.31
3251.28 798.06 850.17
421.21
1610.82
145.94 558.13
276.52
SO211 7.85
14.55 49.85 35.64
211.70
2485.02
1270.21 725.32
518.56
1776.65
114.27 391.50
279.90
SO312 9.79
15.62 54.68 30.01
243.98
2989.90 900.60 854.10
468.76
1640.95
152.98 535.52
293.91
SO413 8.53
17.27 51.89 31.03
298.25
2692.57 962.86 896.14
535.89
1610.15
147.31 442.62
264.68
SP114 8.79
14.41 46.56 39.42
207.65
2167.83
1553.94 670.93
568.04
1835.40
126.66 409.26
346.50
30
Table 24. Raw and Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression
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SP215 8.99
14.12 49.61 36.21
199.37
2461.15
1311.16 700.49
511.29
1796.38
126.93 445.96
325.50
SP316 8.72
14.23 57.35 42.31
202.49
3289.02
1790.14 816.09
602.07
2426.48
124.12 500.21
369.03
SP417 8.93
13.71 49.30 37.69
187.96
2430.49
1420.54 675.90
516.73
1858.12
122.38 440.08
336.44
UL118
11.18
14.37 64.31 21.33
206.50
4135.78 454.97 924.13
306.51
1371.73
160.72 719.26
238.56
UL2
1
9
11.4
9
11.8
7 67.80 20.36
140.9
0
4596.8
4 414.53 804.79
241.6
7
1380.4
1
136.4
2 779.19
233.9
9
UL320
12.27
10.23 69.20 20.55
104.65
4788.64 422.30 707.92
210.23
1422.06
125.55 849.24
252.19
UR21
11.63
10.23 75.03 15.56
104.65
5629.50 242.11 767.56
159.18
1167.47
118.93 872.29
180.90
204.25
281.12
1177.74
655.73
3853.11
67795.71
21910.78
15510.25
8954.51
35312.30
2702.05
11640.57
6211.53
31
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From the figures calculated above,
the estimation equations for multiple linear equation are as follows:
Solving these 4 unknowns with 4 equations,
The values of the unknowns are:
Plugging in these values in the regression model,
Then, the correlation is..
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Calculation for the R 2 of the correlation produced:
where:
y mea n= 9.7264
33
Yi(Yi-
Ymean) 2 ()(-
Ymean) 28.6273 1.2079 8.1487 2.48918.8402 0.7852 8.4041 1.7485
9.1552 0.3262 8.8272 0.808510.0125 0.0819 9.9988 0.07429.7074 0.0004 9.7444 0.0003
10.1191 0.1542 10.2525 0.27689.5692 0.0247 9.6417 0.00729.6820 0.0020 10.1718 0.1984
10.5727 0.7163 11.4951 3.12849.7883 0.0038 9.7476 0.00057.8535 3.5076 9.0930 0.40129.7937 0.0045 9.4583 0.0719
8.5299 1.4315 9.0756 0.42348.7900 0.8767 8.7575 0.93878.9893 0.5433 9.1098 0.38028.7221 1.0086 8.7305 0.99178.9265 0.6398 9.0494 0.4583
11.1842 2.1253 10.5056 0.607211.4925 3.1191 11.0271 1.692012.2723 6.4815 11.2884 2.440011.6259 3.6082 11.7842 4.2347
Table 25. Calculated Data for Multiple Linear Regression
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Parameter Maribago Buaya Cordova
T ( oC) 29 30 33.4 31 30 29 30.2 30 29.8DO(g/mL) 6.57 8.09 6.85 3.5 3.13 2.79 3.4 2.97 2.99Salinity(%) 27 28 32 28 28 22 35 38 35pH 7.8 7.6 8.57 8.62 8.25 8.06 8.33 8.23 8.46
Table 26. Seawater Conditions during sampling