© 2014 The College Board.

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Appendix: AP Physics 1 and 2 Equations and Constants

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 1 TABLE OF INFORMATION

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Proton mass,

Neutron mass,

Electron mass,

Speed of light,

Electron charge magnitude,

Coulomb’s law constant, Universal gravitational

constant, Acceleration due to gravity

at Earth’s surface,

��= − H ���� × �� �&

N � � pe � ��� � �� �1 P � &�

− �

UNIT SYMBOLS

meter, m kelvin, K watt, W degree Celsius, C �kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C second, s newton, N volt, V ampere, A joule, J ohm, 1 � � � �

PREFIXES Factor Prefix Symbol

�� ��� tera

�� �� giga G

�� � � mega M

�� �� kilo k

��− �� centi c

��−� � milli m

��− � � micro P

��−� � nano n

��−�� � pico p

T � � � � � � �

sinT 0 1 2 3 5 2 2 4 5 3 2 1

cosT 1 3 2 4 5 2 2 3 5 1 2 0

tanT 0 3 3 3 4 1 4 3 3 �

225

T

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

The following conventions are used in this exam. I. The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial unless

otherwise stated. II. Assume air resistance is negligible unless otherwise stated.

III. In all situations, positive work is defined as work done on a system. IV. The direction of current is conventional current: the direction in which

positive charge would drift. V. Assume all batteries and meters are ideal unless otherwise stated.

© 2014 The College Board.

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ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 1 EQUATIONS

MECHANICS

0x x a t¥ ¥ � x

2 0 0

1 2x xx x t¥ � � a t

0�2 2 0 2x x xa x x¥ ¥ � � �

netFF a

m ÇG

m

GG

f nF � P F G G

2

ac r ¥

p m v G G

p F' t G G

'

21 2

K mv

cosE W F d Fd T' &

EP t

' '

0T T 2 0

1 2

tZ D� � t

0 tZ Z � D

� �cos 2 x A S ft GG

net I I

WW D Ç G

sin r F rFW TA

L IZ

L tW' '

21 2

K IZ

sF k G G

x

21 2sU k x

m V

U

'ygU mg'

2T f

S Z 1

2s mT k

S

2pT g

S A

1 2 2g

m mF G

r

G

G gF

g m

G

1 2

G Gm m

U r

�

a = acceleration d = distance E = energy f = frequency F = force h = height I = rotational inertia K = kinetic energy k = spring constant L = angular momentum

= length m = mass P = power p = momentum r = radius or separation T = period t = time U = potential energy V = volume v = speed W = work done on a system x = position D = angular acceleration

P = coefficient of friction

T U

= angle

= torque = density

W Z = angular speed

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ELECTRICITY

1 2 2E

q qF k

r

G

qI

t ' '

R A U A

VI R '

P I V'

s i i

R R Ç

1 1 p ii

R R Ç

A = area F = force I = current A = length P = power q = charge R = resistance r = separation t = time V = electric potential U = resistivity �

WAVES

v f

O f = frequency �Y� = speed

= wavelength O

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle A bh

1 2

A b h

2A Sr 2C Sr

V h A w

2V Sr A r 22S Sr S A � 2

34 3

V Sr

24S Sr

Triangle

Circle

Rectangular solid

Cylinder

Sphere

b2 2 2 c a �

sin a c

T

cos b c

T

tan a b

T

�

c a

b 90q q

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AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2 Course and Exam Description

A = area C = circumference V = volume S = surface area b = base h = height A = length w = width r = radius

Right triangle

226