Cairns Performing Arts Centre – Feasibility Study Overview– May 2013

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 12121212 – Mechanical Report

Cairns Performing Arts Centre – Feasibility Study Overview– May 2013

C

airn

s Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts C

entr

e M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s Con

cept

En

gine

erin

g R

epor

t

CR

001

Issu

e |

8 F

ebru

ary

2013

This

repo

rt ta

kes i

nto

acco

unt t

he p

artic

ular

in

stru

ctio

ns a

nd re

quire

men

ts o

f our

clie

nt.

It is

not i

nten

ded

for a

nd s

houl

d no

t be

relie

d

upon

by

any

third

par

ty a

nd n

o re

spon

sibi

lity

is

unde

rtake

n to

any

third

par

ty.

Job

num

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Arts

Cen

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Con

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Pa

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1 In

trod

uctio

n 1

1.1

Proj

ect D

escr

iptio

n 1

2 D

esig

n C

rite

ria

2 2.

1 R

egul

atio

ns, S

tand

ards

, Aut

horit

ies a

nd re

fere

nce

docu

men

ts 2

2.

2 G

ener

al &

Site

Wid

e Is

sues

4

2.3

Con

stru

ctio

n Is

sues

4

2.4

Envi

ronm

enta

l & S

usta

inab

ility

Issu

es

4

3 M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s 5

3.1

Ove

rvie

w

5 3.

2 Pr

opos

ed sy

stem

s 5

4 Sy

stem

Des

crip

tions

7

4.1

Var

iabl

e A

ir V

olum

e (V

AV

) Sys

tem

7

4.2

Bas

e bu

ildin

g A

ir H

andi

ng U

nits

7

4.3

Chi

lled

Wat

er S

yste

m

7 4.

4 C

old

Wat

er S

tora

ge

7 4.

5 Lo

w T

empe

ratu

re H

ot W

ater

(LTH

W)

8 4.

6 V

entil

atio

n Sy

stem

s 8

4.7

Pum

ps

8 4.

8 D

uctw

ork

8 4.

9 Th

erm

al M

odel

ling

10

4.10

B

uild

ing

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m

10

App

endi

ces

App

endi

x A

Mec

hani

cal P

lant

Spa

tial’s

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

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Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

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vice

s C

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Pag

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1 In

trod

uctio

n Th

is re

port

prov

ides

a su

mm

ary

of th

e si

gnifi

cant

mec

hani

cal d

esig

n co

nsid

erat

ions

for t

he C

airn

s Pe

rfor

min

g A

rts C

entre

. The

doc

umen

t out

lines

key

per

form

ance

requ

irem

ents

, ass

esse

s opt

ions

and

m

akes

reco

mm

enda

tions

for t

he m

ost a

ppro

pria

te m

echa

nica

l sys

tem

. The

inte

nt o

f the

repo

rt is

to

prov

ide

the

clie

nt w

ith su

ffic

ient

info

rmat

ion

to e

nabl

e co

nfirm

atio

n fo

r the

des

ign

team

to p

rogr

ess t

o th

e ne

xt d

esig

n st

age.

1.1

Proj

ect D

escr

iptio

n

1.1.

1 Si

te

The

Cai

rns P

erfo

rmin

g A

rts C

entre

(CPA

C) p

roje

ct is

pro

pose

d on

a si

te a

djac

ent t

o th

e C

airn

s C

onve

ntio

n C

entre

. The

site

occ

upie

s an

area

bou

nded

by

Har

tley,

Gra

fton,

Wha

rf a

nd la

ke S

treet

s.

Fi

gure

1: C

PAC

pro

pose

d si

te (I

mag

e ex

tract

from

CO

X A

rchi

tect

s)

1.1.

2 Pr

opos

ed B

uild

ings

for

CPA

C

The

Cai

rns E

nter

tain

men

t Pre

cinc

t is a

per

form

ing

arts

faci

lity

cons

istin

g of

:

Tw

o pe

rfor

man

ce sp

aces

- 11

00 se

ater

Aud

itoriu

m (1

bal

cony

), St

age,

Orc

hest

ra p

it (4

0 pe

ople

) and

Fly

Tow

er

- 50

0 se

ater

Stu

dio

Thea

tre –

Fle

xibl

e fla

t flo

or re

tract

able

seat

ing

incl

udin

g st

age

Fo

yer

- Fr

ont o

f Hou

se (B

ox o

ffic

e, F

oyer

, Toi

lets

, Man

agem

ent o

ffic

es)

B

ack

of H

ouse

spac

es

- A

dmin

off

ices

, mee

ting

room

and

supp

ort f

acili

ties f

or u

p to

20

pers

ons

- Pr

oduc

tion

and

tech

nica

l off

ices

for u

p to

10

pers

ons

- B

OH

/FO

H a

nd b

uild

ing

staf

f roo

ms a

nd a

men

ities

for 3

0 pe

rson

s

- Th

eatre

Dre

ssin

g ro

oms (

2) fo

r 4 p

erso

ns

- Th

eatre

Dre

ssin

g ro

oms (

3) w

ith e

n-su

ites f

or 1

0 pe

rson

s

- Th

eatre

Dre

ssin

g ro

oms (

2) w

ith a

men

ities

for 4

0 pe

rson

s

- St

udio

Dre

ssin

g ro

oms (

2) w

ith e

n-su

ites f

or 1

0 pe

rson

s

- St

udio

Dre

ssin

g ro

oms (

2) w

ith a

men

ities

for 2

0 pe

rson

s

- D

ress

ing

room

(1) w

ith a

men

ities

for

5 p

erso

ns

- G

reen

Roo

m w

ith k

itche

nette

for 1

00 p

erso

ns

- W

ardr

obe

and

laun

dry

with

goo

d ve

ntila

tion

and

fum

e ex

tract

ion

- Fo

od &

bev

erag

e do

ck in

clud

ing

Gar

bage

faci

litie

s

- Sc

ener

y do

ck st

orag

e sp

ace

- M

aint

enan

ce w

orks

hop

- St

orag

e fo

r sta

ging

, sou

nd, l

ight

ing

and

Aud

io/v

isua

l req

uire

men

t

- Pi

ano

and

inst

rum

ent s

tore

with

indi

vidu

al c

limat

e co

ntro

l

- C

lean

ers a

nd c

hem

ical

stor

age

cupb

oard

s with

sink

s

A

bas

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t car

par

k pr

ovid

ing

92 c

ar p

arki

ng sp

aces

Cai

rns

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rns

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rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

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vice

s C

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g R

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Pag

e 2

2 D

esig

n C

rite

ria

This

con

cept

repo

rt ou

tline

s the

des

ign

solu

tions

for t

he m

echa

nica

l ser

vice

s tha

t sha

ll se

rve

the

Cai

rns

Ente

rtain

men

t Pre

cinc

t. Th

e fo

llow

ing

key

desi

gn o

bjec

tives

hav

e be

en ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n:

A

cous

tic P

erfo

rman

ce

O

ccup

ant C

omfo

rt

C

apita

l and

Ope

ratin

g C

osts

Se

amle

ss in

tegr

atio

n w

ith th

e ar

chite

ctur

al d

esig

n

2.1

Reg

ulat

ions

, Sta

ndar

ds, A

utho

ritie

s and

ref

eren

ce d

ocum

ents

Th

e m

echa

nica

l ser

vice

s sha

ll be

des

igne

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

follo

win

g:

N

atio

nal C

onst

ruct

ion

Cod

e (f

orm

erly

Bui

ldin

g C

ode

of A

ustra

lia) a

nd

B

uild

ing

Perm

it co

nditi

ons

A

S 16

68 P

art 1

: The

use

of v

entil

atio

n an

d ai

r con

ditio

ning

in b

uild

ings

– F

ire a

nd sm

oke

cont

rol i

n m

ulti-

com

partm

ent b

uild

ings

A

S 16

68 P

art 2

: The

use

of v

entil

atio

n an

d ai

r con

ditio

ning

in b

uild

ings

– M

echa

nica

l ve

ntila

tion

in b

uild

ings

A

S 36

66: A

ir-ha

ndlin

g an

d w

ater

sys

tem

s in

build

ings

A

S/N

ZS 3

000:

2007

: Ele

ctric

al in

stal

latio

ns

A

ustra

lian

Com

mun

icat

ions

Aut

horit

y

A

ll ot

her a

pplic

able

Aus

tralia

n St

anda

rds

C

harte

red

Inst

itute

of B

uild

ing

Serv

ices

Eng

inee

rs (C

IBSE

) Gui

des A

, B a

nd C

W

ork-

cove

r req

uire

men

ts

O

HS

regu

latio

ns

El

ectri

city

supp

ly a

utho

ritie

s

Fi

re b

rigad

e re

quire

men

ts

A

ll lo

cal c

ounc

il re

gula

tions

A

cous

tic S

tudi

os D

esig

n B

rief

Sc

hule

r Sho

ok –

The

atre

Pla

nner

s – C

PAC

Brie

f (08

/02/

2013

)

2.1.

1 E

xter

nal D

esig

n C

ondi

tions

Th

e ex

tern

al d

esig

n cr

iteria

as d

ocum

ente

d w

ithin

the

Aus

tralia

n In

stitu

te o

f Ref

riger

atio

n an

d A

ir C

ondi

tioni

ng a

nd H

eatin

g (A

IRA

H) A

pplic

atio

n M

anua

l DA

-09

for t

he C

airn

s reg

ion

is il

lust

rate

d in

Ta

ble

1 be

low

.

D

ry B

ulb

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

) R

elat

ive

Hum

idity

(°C

)

Sum

mer

32

.8

26.8

Win

ter

15.1

Sa

tura

ted

Tabl

e 1:

Ext

erna

l Des

ign

Con

ditio

ns

2.1.

2 In

tern

al D

esig

n C

ondi

tions

Fo

r the

inte

rnal

des

ign

crite

ria fo

r occ

upan

t com

fort

it is

pro

pose

d to

use

inte

rnat

iona

l bes

t pra

ctic

e st

anda

rds a

s sta

ted

with

in th

e A

mer

ican

Soc

iety

of H

eatin

g R

efrig

erat

ion

and

Air

Con

ditio

ning

En

gine

ers (

ASH

RA

E) d

esig

n gu

ides

as i

llust

rate

d in

Tab

le 2

bel

ow.

Roo

m

Sum

mer

Dry

Bul

b T

empe

ratu

re (°

C )

Win

ter

Dry

Bul

b T

empe

ratu

re (°

C )

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity (%

)

Aud

itoriu

m(s

) 24

+2

22+2

40

-60*

Stud

io T

heat

re

24+2

22

+2

40-6

0*

Bac

k of

Hou

se (O

ccup

ied

room

s)

24+2

22

+2

40-6

0*

Fron

t of H

ouse

, Foy

er a

nd P

ublic

Sp

aces

24

+2

22+2

40

-60*

Reh

ears

al sp

aces

24

+2

22+2

40

-60*

Toile

ts, W

ashr

oom

s and

Clo

akro

oms

NC

**

NC

**

NC

Tabl

e 2:

Inte

rnal

Des

ign

Con

ditio

ns

* D

enot

es h

umid

ity sh

all g

ener

ally

fluc

tuat

e w

ithin

the

regi

on st

ated

thro

ugh

the

norm

al a

ir co

nditi

onin

g pr

oces

s. H

owev

er c

lose

con

trol i

s not

gua

rant

ee

** S

pace

ven

tilat

ed b

y m

ake-

up fr

om c

ondi

tione

d sp

aces

.

NC

den

otes

“N

ot c

ontro

lled”

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

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Pag

e 3

2.1.

3 V

entil

atio

n R

ates

Th

e ou

tsid

e ai

r rat

es sh

all b

e ba

sed

on A

S166

8.2

1991

as t

able

d be

low

. How

ever

whe

re o

ccup

ancy

de

nsity

figu

res h

ave

been

spec

ifica

lly d

efin

ed a

s par

t of t

he p

roje

ct b

rief t

hey

shal

l be

used

in li

eu o

f th

e fig

ures

stat

ed b

elow

.

Roo

m T

ype

Net

floo

r ar

ea

per

pers

on

(m2 /p

erso

n)

Out

side

air

flow

rat

e

(Litr

es/s

econ

d/pe

rson

)

Aud

itoriu

m(s

) 0.

6 15

*

Stud

io T

heat

re

1.5

10*

Foye

rs

0.6

15*

Gre

en R

oom

s 5

15

Lobb

ies

1 15

*

Stag

es

1.5

10

Tick

et B

ooth

s -

10

Dre

ssin

g R

oom

s 2

10

Tabl

e 3:

Out

side

Air

Rat

es

* D

enot

es C

O2 c

ontro

l (ou

tsid

e ai

r abl

e to

redu

ce to

5l/s

/p d

urin

g

un

occu

pied

or r

educ

ed c

apac

ity p

erio

ds)

Exha

ust v

entil

atio

n ra

tes s

hall

be b

ased

on

AS1

668.

2: 1

991

as ta

bled

bel

ow.

Roo

m T

ype

Air

flow

Req

uire

men

t

Toile

ts

The

grea

ter o

f 10l

/s/m

2 and

25l

/s

per l

iste

d fix

ture

Plan

t roo

ms

5 l/s

/m2

Car

Par

k D

eem

ed to

Sat

isfy

Des

ign

Aud

itoriu

m

Con

trol R

oom

5

l/s/m

2

Tabl

e 4:

Exh

aust

Ven

tilat

ion

requ

irem

ents

2.1.

4 A

cous

tics R

equi

rem

ents

Roo

m T

ype

NR

Lev

el

Aud

itoriu

m(s

) 20

Stud

io T

heat

re

20

Foye

rs

40*

Gre

en R

oom

s 35

*

Lobb

ies

40*

Stag

es

20

Tick

et B

ooth

s 40

*

Dre

ssin

g R

oom

s 35

*

Tabl

e 5:

Aco

ustic

Per

form

ance

* Fr

om C

IBSE

Gui

de A

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

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l Ser

vice

s C

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EC

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NIC

AL

SE

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ICE

S C

ON

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PT

EN

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EE

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OR

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1.D

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X

Pag

e 4

2.2

Gen

eral

& S

ite W

ide

Issu

es

2.2.

1 Pr

opos

ed U

tility

Ser

vice

s N

ew c

onne

ctio

ns sh

all b

e re

quire

d to

pro

vide

ele

ctric

ity, w

ater

and

con

dens

ate

drai

n po

ints

for t

he

mec

hani

cal s

yste

ms.

2.3

Con

stru

ctio

n Is

sues

N

o co

nstru

ctio

n is

sues

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied

at th

is st

age

that

will

impa

ct th

e in

stal

latio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of m

echa

nica

l pla

nt to

serv

e th

e pr

ojec

t.

2.4

Env

iron

men

tal &

Sus

tain

abili

ty Is

sues

Th

e de

sign

shal

l fol

low

the

envi

ronm

enta

l stra

tegy

as s

et o

ut w

ithin

the

Ecol

ogic

ally

Sus

tain

able

D

esig

n (E

SD) c

onsu

ltant

s brie

f (C

unda

ll) w

hich

add

ress

the

requ

irem

ents

of C

airn

s Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil.

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

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JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

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CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

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SE

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ICE

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PT

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1.D

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Pag

e 5

3 M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s

3.1

Ove

rvie

w

It is

inte

nded

that

the

inte

rnal

spac

es sh

all b

e ai

r con

ditio

ned

thro

ugh

dedi

cate

d in

divi

dual

syst

ems f

or

each

dis

cret

e ar

ea. T

hese

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems s

hall

be c

onne

cted

to c

entra

lised

bas

e bu

ildin

g he

atin

g an

d co

olin

g pl

ant t

o of

fer a

n en

ergy

eff

icie

nt so

lutio

n th

at is

ene

rgy

effic

ient

3.2

Prop

osed

syst

ems

The

follo

win

g sy

stem

s are

pro

pose

d fo

r CPA

C:

O

utdo

or a

ir su

pply

syst

em

C

hille

d w

ater

retic

ulat

ion

syst

em

B

ase

build

ing

air-

cond

ition

ing

syst

em

To

ilet e

xhau

st sy

stem

G

ener

al e

xhau

st sy

stem

C

onde

nsat

e dr

ains

El

ectri

cal p

ower

and

con

trol s

yste

ms f

or m

echa

nica

l pla

nt

A

utom

atic

con

trols

and

bui

ldin

g m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

(BM

S)

Te

stin

g an

d co

mm

issi

onin

g of

all

syst

ems

3.2.

1 A

udito

rium

Fo

r the

mai

n au

dito

rium

, con

ditio

ned

air s

hall

be su

pplie

d fr

om a

n un

derf

loor

ple

num

ben

eath

the

seat

s th

roug

h si

de-w

all d

iffus

ers.

Supp

lyin

g ai

r at l

ow le

vel r

educ

es a

ny d

raft

issu

es a

nd h

as th

e ad

ded

adva

ntag

e in

usi

ng th

e he

at g

ener

ated

from

eac

h se

ated

occ

upan

t in

driv

ing

heat

ed a

ir ou

t of t

he

audi

toriu

m. T

hese

buo

yanc

y ef

fect

s hel

p re

duce

the

retu

rn a

ir fa

n lo

ad. T

he st

age

in th

e au

dito

rium

sh

all h

ave

cond

ition

ed a

ir su

pplie

d vi

a di

spla

cem

ent t

erm

inal

s tha

t ext

end

from

the

duct

ed n

etw

ork.

The

syst

em sh

all b

e su

itabl

e to

pro

vide

a le

vel o

f com

fort

for a

udie

nce,

arti

sts a

nd p

rodu

ctio

n st

aff.

Ben

efits

of a

n un

derf

loor

syst

em:

Lo

w e

nerg

y sy

stem

En

hanc

ed le

vel o

f occ

upan

t com

fort

thro

ugh

incr

ease

d %

of o

utsi

de a

ir

B

uoya

ncy

driv

en sy

stem

mea

ns in

tern

al h

eat g

ains

, CO

2 and

oth

er p

ollu

tant

s mov

e na

tura

lly

away

from

occ

upie

d sp

ace.

A

ll ai

r sys

tem

redu

ces m

aint

ainc

e an

d re

mov

ed w

ater

or r

efrig

eran

t bas

ed sy

stem

from

the

bein

g lo

cate

d in

the

occu

pied

spac

e

Lo

w n

oise

from

mec

hani

cal s

ervi

ces d

ue to

atte

nuat

ion

and

low

supp

ly a

ir ve

loci

ties

Stag

e ar

eas s

hall

be h

ave

supp

ly a

nd e

xhau

st a

ir w

hich

can

be

isol

ated

sepa

rate

ly to

allo

w th

e us

e of

st

age

smok

e an

d ha

ze e

ffec

ts.

Figu

re 2

: Dis

plac

emen

t sys

tem

The

smok

e ex

haus

t ven

tilat

ion

syst

em sh

all b

e ca

pabl

e of

use

r act

ivat

ion

to c

lear

thea

trica

l sm

oke

or

pyro

tech

nica

l eff

ects

to q

uick

ly c

lear

the

stag

e of

smok

e/fu

mes

.

3.2.

2 Pe

rfor

min

g A

rts S

pace

s A

ll pe

rfor

min

g ar

ts sp

aces

, sid

e st

ages

, orc

hest

ra p

it an

d in

stru

men

t sto

rage

shal

l req

uire

hum

idity

co

ntro

l to

prot

ect m

usic

al in

stru

men

ts.

The

pian

o an

d in

stru

men

t sto

re ro

om sh

all b

e in

stal

led

with

indi

vidu

al c

limat

e co

ntro

l.

3.2.

3 B

asem

ent C

ar P

ark

The

base

men

t car

par

k sh

all b

e m

echa

nica

lly v

entil

ated

usi

ng su

pply

and

exh

aust

air

fans

con

nect

ed to

du

ctw

ork.

3.2.

4 Fr

ont a

nd B

ack

of H

ouse

, Reh

ears

al R

oom

s Fr

ont a

nd b

ack

of h

ouse

are

as, a

s wel

l as r

ehea

rsal

are

as a

re to

be

cond

ition

ed u

sing

trea

ted,

duc

ted

air

supp

lied

from

cei

ling

mou

nted

swirl

diff

user

s.

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

BA

L.A

RU

P.C

OM

\AU

STR

ALA

SIA

\BN

E\P

RO

JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

-00

CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

AL

SE

RV

ICE

S C

ON

CE

PT

EN

GIN

EE

RIN

G R

EP

OR

T-C

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1.D

OC

X

Pag

e 6

All

dres

sing

room

s sha

ll in

clud

e in

divi

dual

use

r adj

usta

ble

tem

pera

ture

con

trol.

3.2.

5 K

itche

n an

d To

ilet A

reas

K

itche

ns a

nd to

ilet a

reas

shal

l hav

e th

eir o

wn

dedi

cate

d ex

haus

t ven

tilat

ion

syst

em to

exp

el p

unge

nt a

ir fr

om th

e sp

ace.

The

exh

aust

air

shal

l be

expe

lled

from

the

build

ing

thro

ugh

the

roof

usi

ng ro

of-

mou

nted

exh

aust

fans

. Exh

aust

poi

nts s

hall

be se

para

ted

from

air

inta

ke p

oint

s by

a m

inim

um d

ista

nce

of s

ix (6

) met

res.

3.2.

6 C

omm

unic

atio

n R

oom

s C

omm

unic

atio

n ro

oms s

hall

be a

ir co

nditi

oned

usi

ng D

X-s

plit

refr

iger

ant u

nits

. Doo

r gril

les s

hall

be

utili

sed

to p

rovi

de m

ake-

up a

ir to

ven

tilat

e th

e sp

ace.

A w

all m

ount

ed fa

n co

il un

it sh

all b

e po

sitio

ned

in e

ach

com

mun

icat

ion

room

. The

fina

l loc

atio

n of

the

fan

coil

unit

is to

be

co-o

rdin

ated

with

the

rack

/equ

ipm

ent l

ayou

t.

3.2.

7 St

airs

St

air P

ress

uris

atio

n sy

stem

s sha

ll be

pro

vide

d on

eac

h eg

ress

stai

r com

plet

e w

ith v

aria

ble

spee

d dr

ives

an

d in

-line

fans

.

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

BA

L.A

RU

P.C

OM

\AU

STR

ALA

SIA

\BN

E\P

RO

JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

-00

CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

AL

SE

RV

ICE

S C

ON

CE

PT

EN

GIN

EE

RIN

G R

EP

OR

T-C

R00

1.D

OC

X

Pag

e 7

4 Sy

stem

Des

crip

tions

4.1

Var

iabl

e A

ir V

olum

e (V

AV

) Sys

tem

A

VA

V s

yste

m d

eliv

ers c

ondi

tione

d ai

r (fr

om a

prim

ary

air h

andl

ing

plan

t) to

a sp

ace.

The

VA

V

syst

em w

ill m

odul

ate

the

amou

nt o

f air

deliv

ered

to th

e sp

ace

(bet

wee

n a

min

imum

and

max

imum

le

vel)

depe

ndin

g on

the

amou

nt o

f hea

t is g

ener

ated

with

in th

e sp

ace

to b

e ai

r con

ditio

ned.

The

prim

ary

plan

t (A

HU

s) lo

cate

d in

ded

icat

ed p

lant

room

s sha

ll su

pply

con

ditio

ned

air t

o th

e V

AV

box

es b

y vi

rtue

of c

oolin

g an

d he

atin

g co

ils lo

cate

d w

ithin

the

prim

ary

plan

t.

Each

VA

V b

ox sh

all b

e lin

ked

to b

oth

a pr

essu

re d

iffer

entia

l sen

sor a

nd a

room

tem

pera

ture

sens

or. I

n co

nnec

tion

to th

e B

uild

ing

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m (B

MS)

the

prim

ary

AH

U sh

all m

odul

ate

its to

tal

volu

me

of c

ondi

tione

d ai

r sup

plie

d to

the

VA

Vs b

ased

on

how

muc

h ai

r is r

equi

red

by th

e V

AV

’s. I

n do

ing

so e

ach

AH

U c

an b

e ru

n ef

ficie

ntly

to p

rodu

ce o

nly

the

amou

nt o

f con

ditio

ned

air r

equi

red

depe

ndin

g on

the

room

con

ditio

ns. T

he im

pact

of t

his e

ffic

ient

pro

cess

will

be

to re

duce

the

over

all

cool

ing

dem

ande

d fr

om th

e ba

se b

uild

ing

cool

ing

plan

t (ch

iller

s, co

olin

g to

wer

s, pu

mps

etc

).

4.2

Bas

e bu

ildin

g A

ir H

andi

ng U

nits

D

edic

ated

air

hand

ling

units

shal

l be

inst

alle

d fo

r eac

h sp

ace.

Each

uni

t sha

ll be

cap

able

of s

uppl

ying

con

ditio

ned

air t

o th

e sp

ace.

Eac

h sh

all b

e fit

ted

with

the

follo

win

g ke

y co

mpo

nent

s:

V

SD to

the

fans

C

O2 c

ontro

l to

mod

ulat

e th

e am

ount

of t

he o

utsi

de a

ir be

twee

n a

set m

inim

um a

nd fu

ll ou

tsid

e ai

r to

prom

ote

the

use

of e

cono

my

cycl

e. A

n ec

onom

y cy

cle

shal

l be

utili

sed

whe

n th

e ex

tern

al

cond

ition

s are

suff

icie

nt to

pro

vide

supp

ly a

ir w

ithou

t the

nee

d to

use

mec

hani

cal c

oolin

g or

he

atin

g w

hils

t mee

ting

the

requ

ired

room

con

ditio

ns

C

oolin

g co

il

Lo

w T

empe

ratu

re H

ot W

ater

Coi

l

D

eep

bed

filte

rs

Pr

imar

y an

d se

cond

ary

atte

nuat

ors (

fitte

d ei

ther

as p

art o

f the

uni

t or d

uct m

ount

ed lo

cally

)

Fi

gure

3 E

xam

ple

of a

n A

ir H

andl

ing

Uni

t (A

HU

)

4.3

Chi

lled

Wat

er S

yste

m

A b

ase

build

ing

cent

ralis

ed c

hille

d w

ater

syst

em sh

all b

e us

ed to

serv

e th

e co

olin

g re

quire

men

ts o

f C

PAC

. The

coo

ling

plan

t sha

ll:

Pr

ovid

e ch

illed

wat

er to

the

cool

ing

coils

of t

he a

ir ha

ndlin

g un

its (a

s req

uire

d)

B

e co

nnec

ted

to c

oolin

g to

wer

s via

a c

onde

nser

wat

er lo

op to

ena

ble

heat

reje

ctio

n in

an

high

ly

effic

ient

man

ner.

Each

coo

ling

tow

er sh

all b

e in

stal

led

with

VSD

’s to

mod

ulat

e th

e sp

eed

of th

e fa

ns.

The

chill

ed w

ater

syst

em sh

all c

onsi

st o

f the

follo

win

g co

mpo

nent

s:

H

igh

effic

ienc

y w

ater

-coo

led

chill

ers

Pr

imar

y an

d Se

cond

ary

chill

ed w

ater

pum

ps

H

igh

effic

ienc

y dr

aft i

nduc

ed c

oolin

g to

wer

s

C

hem

ical

wat

er tr

eatm

ent e

quip

men

t to

serv

e th

e co

olin

g to

wer

s

C

onde

nser

wat

er p

umps

C

hille

d w

ater

and

con

dens

ate

wat

er d

istri

butio

n pi

pew

ork

The

wat

er-c

oole

d ch

iller

s sha

ll be

loca

ted

in a

n in

tern

ally

seal

ed p

lant

room

. The

pla

nt ro

om is

to b

e ve

ntila

ted

thro

ugh

the

inst

alla

tion

of w

eath

er p

roof

louv

ers t

o th

e ex

tern

al fa

çade

.

Fi

gure

4: E

xam

ple

of a

wat

er c

oole

d ch

iller

4.4

Col

d W

ater

Sto

rage

Th

e ch

illed

wat

er sy

stem

is p

ropo

sed

to b

e re

ticul

ated

thro

ugh

the

build

ings

sprin

kler

tank

. In

doin

g so

th

e ch

iller

pla

nt w

ill c

harg

e th

e ta

nk w

ith c

hille

d w

ater

ther

efor

e th

e sp

rinkl

er ta

nk w

ill b

ehav

e as

a

ther

mal

ene

rgy

stor

age

syst

em. T

he sp

rinkl

er ta

nk w

ill b

e us

ed a

s a h

eat e

xcha

nger

and

no

wat

er w

ill b

e

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

BA

L.A

RU

P.C

OM

\AU

STR

ALA

SIA

\BN

E\P

RO

JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

-00

CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

AL

SE

RV

ICE

S C

ON

CE

PT

EN

GIN

EE

RIN

G R

EP

OR

T-C

R00

1.D

OC

X

Pag

e 8

rem

oved

from

the

sprin

kler

tank

. The

use

of a

stor

age

syst

em w

ill b

enef

it th

e sy

stem

in a

num

ber o

f w

ays:

Pr

ovid

e a

buff

er o

f chi

lled

wat

er –

Dai

ly c

oolin

g de

man

d flu

ctua

tions

from

the

build

ing

can

be

smoo

thed

out

thro

ugh

the

buff

er ta

nk a

llow

ing

the

chill

er to

ope

rate

mor

e ef

fect

ivel

y.

R

educ

e ch

iller

wea

r n te

ar –

Red

uces

freq

uenc

y ch

iller

com

pres

sors

star

t/sto

p to

mee

t the

bu

ildin

gs v

aryi

ng c

oolin

g lo

ad th

roug

hout

the

day.

Th

erm

al lo

ad lo

ppin

g –

The

prod

uctio

n of

chi

lled

wat

er d

urin

g th

e ni

ght w

ill a

llow

the

chill

ers

to ru

n m

ore

effic

ient

ly w

hen

exte

rnal

am

bien

t con

ditio

ns a

re g

ener

ally

coo

ler.

This

will

resu

lt in

a

likel

y re

duct

ion

in e

lect

ricity

bill

s due

to th

e sh

ift in

pro

porti

on o

f chi

ller e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n du

ring

peak

to o

ff p

eak

hour

s.

Fi

gure

5: I

llust

ratio

n of

coo

ling

plan

t sch

emat

ic

4.5

Low

Tem

pera

ture

Hot

Wat

er (L

TH

W)

Low

tem

pera

ture

hot

wat

er sh

all b

e pr

oduc

ed th

roug

h th

e us

e of

a d

edic

ated

wat

er-to

-wat

er h

eat p

ump.

Th

e he

at p

ump

shal

l be

conn

ecte

d to

the

cond

ense

r wat

er s

yste

m sh

all e

xtra

ct h

eat w

hich

wou

ld

othe

rwis

e be

reje

cted

thro

ugh

the

use

of c

oolin

g to

wer

s. LT

HW

from

the

heat

pum

p w

ill b

e de

liver

ed

to b

oth

the

AH

U h

eatin

g co

ils a

nd to

a d

edic

ated

hyd

raul

ic c

ircui

t to

prov

ide

a he

at so

urce

for t

he

gene

ratio

n of

dom

estic

hot

wat

er.

4.6

Ven

tilat

ion

Syst

ems

Ded

icat

ed m

echa

nica

l ven

tilat

ion

shal

l be

inst

alle

d to

serv

e th

e ca

r par

k, li

fe sa

fety

sys

tem

s and

all

othe

r sup

ply

and

exha

ust s

yste

ms a

s req

uire

d by

AS1

668.

The

sele

ctio

n of

eac

h fa

n sh

all a

im to

min

imis

e no

ise

and

vibr

atio

n at

the

sour

ce; t

hus t

he c

hoic

e of

qu

iet f

ans s

hall

be c

onsi

dere

d fo

r aco

ustic

ally

-crit

ical

syst

ems.

Cen

trifu

gal f

ans w

ith b

ackw

ard-

incl

ined

ae

rofo

il bl

ades

are

gen

eral

ly a

ccep

tabl

e. A

xial

and

forw

ard-

curv

ed c

entri

fuga

l fan

s are

som

etim

es

acce

ptab

le. V

ane-

axia

l uni

ts m

ay p

rodu

ce le

ss n

oise

at l

ow fr

eque

ncie

s tha

n ce

ntrif

ugal

fans

, but

they

sh

ould

be

avoi

ded

beca

use

they

are

tona

l and

typi

cally

10d

B n

oisi

er th

an o

ther

fans

.

4.7

Pum

ps

Sele

ctio

n an

d ba

lanc

ing

of c

entri

fuga

l pum

ps fo

r max

imum

eff

icie

ncy

is e

ssen

tial.

Low

pum

p ef

ficie

ncy

can

caus

e hi

gh p

ump

nois

e an

d en

ergy

tran

smis

sion

to th

e flu

id a

nd p

ipin

g.

Var

iabl

e fr

eque

ncy

driv

e sy

stem

s sha

ll be

giv

en c

aref

ul c

onsi

dera

tion

as w

ill n

oise

and

vib

ratio

n fr

om

the

cont

rol u

nit.

Whe

re m

ultip

le p

umps

are

join

ed to

a c

omm

on p

ipin

g sy

stem

spec

ial a

ttent

ion

shal

l be

paid

so a

s not

to c

reat

e ‘b

eat f

requ

ency

’ vib

ratio

n.

Fi

gure

6: M

ultip

le p

umps

4.8

Duc

twor

k D

uctw

ork

shal

l be

ther

mal

ly in

sula

ted

to m

eet c

ode

requ

irem

ents

und

er S

ectio

n J o

f NC

C. A

irflo

w in

du

ctw

ork

shal

l be

mai

ntai

ned

to lo

w v

eloc

ities

that

rend

er it

inau

dibl

e to

hum

an h

earin

g. D

uctw

ork

shal

l be

fitte

d w

ith in

tern

ally

line

d in

sula

tion

to p

rovi

de a

cous

tic a

ttenu

atio

n.

4.8.

1 A

ir V

eloc

ities

Th

e ai

rflo

w v

eloc

ities

in d

uctw

ork

syst

ems t

hat s

erve

aco

ustic

ally

-crit

ical

spac

es m

ust b

e ve

ry lo

w

thro

ugho

ut th

e du

ctw

ork

(exc

ept w

here

the

duct

wor

k is

dis

tant

from

the

spac

e, fo

r exa

mpl

e in

the

plan

t

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

BA

L.A

RU

P.C

OM

\AU

STR

ALA

SIA

\BN

E\P

RO

JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

-00

CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

AL

SE

RV

ICE

S C

ON

CE

PT

EN

GIN

EE

RIN

G R

EP

OR

T-C

R00

1.D

OC

X

Pag

e 9

room

), an

d ev

en lo

wer

as t

he d

uctw

ork

appr

oach

es th

e te

rmin

al u

nits

with

in th

e ac

oust

ical

ly-c

ritic

al

spac

es.

The

build

ing

serv

ices

des

ign

crite

ria a

s doc

umen

ted

by th

e pr

ojec

t Aco

ustic

Eng

inee

r (A

cous

tic S

tudi

o)

is N

R 2

0.

Duc

t vel

ociti

es sh

all b

e lim

ited

to th

e fo

llow

ing

valu

es:

M

ain

Duc

ts –

4.5

m/s

B

ranc

h D

ucts

– 3

.5m

/s

R

un o

uts -

< 2

m/s

B

etw

een

split

ters

in p

rimar

y at

tenu

ator

– 5

m/s

4.8.

2 D

uct m

ater

ials

and

geo

met

ry

Rec

tang

ular

gal

vani

sed

shee

t met

al d

uctw

ork

shal

l be

used

for m

ost a

pplic

atio

ns b

ecau

se it

pro

vide

s th

e m

ost c

ost e

ffec

tive

atte

nuat

ion

of lo

w fr

eque

ncy

fan

nois

e al

ong

the

duct

. Duc

ts w

ith a

n as

pect

ratio

>

3:1

shou

ld b

e av

oide

d. If

hig

h as

pect

ratio

duc

ts a

re u

navo

idab

le, e

xter

nal d

uct s

tiffe

ners

may

be

requ

ired

to c

ontro

l vib

ratio

n. In

tern

al st

iffen

ers c

reat

e no

ise

and

shou

ld n

ot b

e us

ed.

If e

xpos

ed d

uctw

ork

is re

quire

d in

side

an

acou

stic

ally

-crit

ical

or n

oisy

spac

e, in

tern

ally

line

d ci

rcul

ar

duct

shal

l be

cons

ider

ed, s

ince

this

shap

e al

low

s les

s noi

se to

bre

ak in

to o

r out

of t

he d

uct.

Circ

ular

du

cts a

re n

ot to

be

used

for g

ener

al p

urpo

ses i

n ac

oust

ical

ly-c

ritic

al s

yste

ms,

sinc

e th

ey d

o no

t ad

equa

tely

atte

nuat

e lo

w fr

eque

ncy

nois

e.

Tran

sitio

ns in

duc

t geo

met

ry sh

ould

be ≤

10º.

Figu

re 7

Poo

r Duc

t Elb

ow G

eom

etry

4.8.

3 R

outin

g of

Duc

ts a

nd P

ipes

Th

e ro

utin

g of

duc

ts a

nd p

ipes

shal

l be

cons

ider

ed c

aref

ully

by

the

desi

gn te

am e

arly

in th

e de

sign

. So

und

isol

atio

n ca

n be

seve

rely

redu

ced

by c

hase

s or p

enet

ratio

ns in

wal

ls fo

r duc

twor

k. N

on-e

ssen

tial

serv

ice

pene

tratio

ns a

re to

be

avoi

ded

thro

ugh

soun

d is

olat

ing

cons

truct

ions

. Duc

ts a

re n

ot to

ent

er

perf

orm

ance

spac

es, c

ontro

l roo

ms o

r reh

ears

al sp

aces

dire

ctly

from

ano

ther

occ

upie

d sp

ace.

Inst

ead,

they

are

to e

nter

from

an

encl

osed

and

qui

et d

uct s

pace

. In

som

e ar

eas,

surf

ace

mou

nted

fitti

ngs w

ill b

e re

quire

d in

ord

er to

avo

id p

enet

ratio

n of

isol

atin

g w

alls

or c

eilin

gs.

4.8.

4 Se

rvic

es In

or

Nea

r A

cous

tical

ly-C

ritic

al S

pace

s Se

rvic

es fo

r aco

ustic

ally

-crit

ical

spac

es a

re n

ot b

e ro

uted

thro

ugh

nois

y sp

aces

or t

hrou

gh o

ther

ac

oust

ical

ly-c

ritic

al sp

aces

. Als

o, se

rvic

es se

rvin

g ot

her a

reas

(onl

y) a

re n

ot b

e ro

uted

thro

ugh

acou

stic

ally

-crit

ical

spac

es. N

oise

can

ent

er th

e du

ct in

one

spac

e an

d be

tran

smitt

ed d

own

the

duct

to

anot

her.

Hot

wat

er a

nd st

eam

pip

es g

ener

ate

nois

e as

the

pipe

s exp

and

and

cont

ract

in th

e pi

pe c

lam

ps

and

as v

alve

s con

stric

t the

flow

. Flo

w n

oise

can

be

a pr

oble

m in

all

pipe

s, in

clud

ing

dom

estic

hot

and

co

ld w

ater

. Pip

es c

onne

cted

to p

umps

will

vib

rate

and

radi

ate

low

freq

uenc

y pu

mp

nois

e as

wel

l as

flow

noi

se. T

his v

ibra

tion

can

be e

ffic

ient

ly tr

ansm

itted

thro

ugh

the

build

ing

stru

ctur

e.

Whe

re sp

rinkl

er p

ipes

pen

etra

te th

e en

velo

pe o

f any

aco

ustic

ally

-crit

ical

spac

e th

ey m

ust b

e se

aled

ai

rtigh

t with

a re

silie

nt su

rrou

nd se

al. W

here

sprin

kler

syst

ems i

nclu

de a

n in

term

itten

tly o

pera

ting

‘jock

ey’ p

ump,

the

pipe

s sho

uld

be tr

eate

d as

plu

mbi

ng p

ipes

.

Rai

nwat

er p

ipes

tran

smit

nois

e fr

om o

utsi

de a

nd ra

diat

e flo

w n

oise

in st

orm

s. Th

ey sh

ould

be

loca

ted

outs

ide

acou

stic

ally

-crit

ical

spac

es. R

ainw

ater

pip

es sh

ould

not

run

thro

ugh

the

roof

voi

d ab

ove

the

audi

toria

, as r

ain

nois

e w

ould

be

audi

ble

durin

g a

stor

m. I

nste

ad, r

un th

e w

ater

to th

e ed

ges w

here

dr

ains

can

des

cend

out

side

the

room

env

elop

e. S

imila

r car

e m

ust b

e ta

ken

in ro

utin

g of

dra

inag

e pi

pes

from

show

ers,

was

hbas

ins a

nd to

ilets

.

4.8.

5 Se

rvic

es C

ross

ing

Aco

ustic

Isol

atio

n Jo

ints

Pi

pes a

nd c

ondu

it ro

utin

g sh

ould

be

plan

ned

to m

inim

ise

the

cros

sing

of a

cous

tic is

olat

ion

join

ts.

Spec

ify is

olat

ors a

nd fl

exib

le c

onne

ctor

s whe

re p

ipes

or c

ondu

its c

ross

an

acou

stic

isol

atio

n jo

int.

Duc

ts c

ross

ing

acou

stic

al jo

ints

shou

ld b

e su

ppor

ted

on is

olat

ors f

or th

e fir

st fi

ve h

ange

rs e

ach

side

of

the

join

t.

Fi

gure

8 F

lexi

ble

duct

con

nect

ion

and

seal

ed p

enet

ratio

n at

an

isol

atio

n jo

int

Cai

rns

Reg

iona

l Cou

ncil

Cai

rns

Perfo

rmin

g Ar

ts C

entre

M

echa

nica

l Ser

vice

s C

once

pt E

ngin

eerin

g R

epor

t C

R00

1 | I

ssue

| 8

Febr

uary

201

3 | A

rup

\\GLO

BA

L.A

RU

P.C

OM

\AU

STR

ALA

SIA

\BN

E\P

RO

JEC

TS\2

2200

0\22

2621

-00

CE

P\5

0 - C

EP

BU

ILD

ING

SE

RV

ICE

S\2

013-

02-0

8 C

PA

C M

EC

HA

NIC

AL

SE

RV

ICE

S C

ON

CE

PT

EN

GIN

EE

RIN

G R

EP

OR

T-C

R00

1.D

OC

X

Pag

e 10

4.

8.6

Aco

ustic

Cro

ssta

lk C

ontr

ol

Cro

ssta

lk c

ontro

l will

be

need

ed b

etw

een

spac

es se

rved

by

a co

mm

on a

ir sy

stem

but

requ

iring

aco

ustic

se

para

tion,

such

as d

ress

ing

room

s. Th

is c

ontro

l is t

ypic

ally

ach

ieve

d by

usi

ng a

cous

tical

ly li

ned

duct

wor

k or

smal

l atte

nuat

ors,

com

bine

d w

ith e

xter

nal d

uctw

ork

lagg

ing.

4.8.

7 A

tmos

pher

ic S

ide

Noi

se C

ontr

ol

Atte

nuat

ors,

incl

udin

g ac

oust

ic lo

uver

s if a

ppro

pria

te, m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to li

mit

nois

e em

issi

on fr

om

the

build

ing

and

to c

ontro

l noi

se in

gres

s with

in n

atur

ally

-ven

tilat

ed a

reas

of t

he b

uild

ing.

4.9

The

rmal

Mod

ellin

g B

uild

ing

heat

load

s (in

clud

ing

fabr

ic a

nd so

lar l

oads

) sha

ll be

det

erm

ined

usi

ng st

eady

stat

e ca

lcul

atio

n so

ftwar

e. In

put v

aria

bles

such

as e

nviro

nmen

t con

ditio

ns, f

açad

e or

ient

atio

n, sh

adin

g el

emen

ts,

build

ing

fabr

ic, l

ight

ing

and

equi

pmen

t loa

ds, o

ccup

ancy

var

iatio

ns a

nd te

mpe

ratu

re o

f adj

acen

t spa

ces

shal

l be

cons

ider

ed to

bui

ld a

n ac

cura

te th

erm

al lo

ad p

rofil

e fo

r eac

h sp

ace

in th

e bu

ildin

g.

Des

ign

chec

ks u

sing

han

d ca

lcul

atio

ns a

nd re

fere

nce

mat

eria

l sha

ll be

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

the

resu

lts o

f th

e st

eady

stat

e ca

lcul

atio

n so

ftwar

e ar

e in

alig

nmen

t with

exp

ecte

d he

at lo

ad v

alue

s.

Follo

win

g ca

lcul

atio

n of

the

build

ing

heat

load

s, th

e m

echa

nica

l pla

nt e

quip

men

t can

be

size

d ac

cord

ingl

y.

4.10

B

uild

ing

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m

A B

MS

is p

ropo

sed

to c

ontro

l and

mon

itor t

he m

echa

nica

l ser

vice

s. Th

e B

MS

will

be

conf

igur

ed in

cl

ose

coor

dina

tion

with

the

faci

lity

man

agem

ent o

f Cai

rns E

nter

tain

men

t Pre

cinc

t.

The

BM

S w

ill:

C

ontro

l and

mon

itor a

ll m

echa

nica

l equ

ipm

ent i

nsid

e th

e bu

ildin

g

C

ontro

l the

inte

rnal

and

ext

erna

l lig

htin

g

M

onito

r all

othe

r ser

vice

s with

in th

e bu

ildin

g fo

r fau

lts (l

ifts,

secu

rity,

ele

ctric

al, h

ydra

ulic

, fire

)

M

onito

r ele

ctric

ity a

nd w

ater

met

ers

In

corp

orat

e its

ow

n U

PS

100%

1/C

DM

/2

20%

1/C

VM

/1

1/H

DX

/1 100%

1/C

DM

/1

1/TS

X/1

XX

Xo C

0%1/

CV

M/2

0%1/

CD

M/3

1/D

PX

/21/

DP

X/1

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