AppendixUseful Facts and Figures

Prominent Roman Emperors A-1Prominent Byzantine Emperors A-2Prominent Popes A-3The Carolingian Dynasty A-3German Kings Crowned Emperor A-3Rulers of France A-4Monarchs of England and Great Britain A-4Prime Ministers of Great Britain A-5Rulers of Prussia and Germany A-6Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary A-6Leaders of Post–World War II Germany A-6Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation A-7Rulers of Spain A-7Rulers of Italy A-7Secretaries-General of the United Nations A-8United States Presidential Administrations A-8Major Wars of the Modern Era A-8

A-1

Prominent Roman Emperors

Julio-Claudians

27 b.c.e.–14 c.e. Augustus14–37 Tiberius37–41 Gaius (Caligula)41–54 Claudius54–68 Nero

Flavian Dynasty

69–79 Vespasian79–81 Titus81–96 Domitian

Golden Age Emperors

96–98 Nerva98–117 Trajan117–138 Hadrian138–161 Antoninus Pius161–180 Marcus Aurelius

Severan Emperors

193–211 Septimius Severus211–217 Antoninus (Caracalla)217–218 Macrinus222–235 Severus Alexander

Period of Instability

235–238 Maximinus Thrax238–244 Gordian III244–249 Philip the Arab249–251 Decius251–253 Trebonianus Gallus253–260 Valerian270–275 Aurelian275–276 Tacitus276–282 Probus283–285 Carinus

Dominate

284–305 Diocletian306 Constantius306–337 Constantine I337–340 Constantine II337–350 Constans I337–361 Constantius II361–363 Julian363–364 Jovian364–375 Valentinian I364–378 Valens367–383 Gratian375–392 Valentinian II378–395 Theodosius I (the Great)

The Western Empire

395–423 Honorius406–407 Marcus407–411 Constantine III409–411 Maximus411–413 Jovinus412–413 Sebastianus423–425 Johannes425–455 Valentinian III455–456 Avitus457–461 Majorian461–465 Libius Severus467–472 Anthemius473–474 Glycerius474–475 Julius Nepos475–476 Romulus Augustulus

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A-2  Appendix

Prominent Byzantine Emperors

Dynasty of Theodosius

395–408 Arcadius408–450 Theodosius II450–457 Marcian

Dynasty of Leo

457–474 Leo I474 Leo II474–491 Zeno475–476 Basiliscus484–488 Leontius491–518 Anastasius

Dynasty of Justinian

518–527 Justin527–565 Justinian I565–578 Justin II578–582 Tiberius II578–582 Tiberius II (I)

Constantine582–602 Maurice602–610 Phocas

Dynasty of Heraclius

610–641 Heraclius641 Heraclonas641 Constantine III641–668 Constans II646–647 Gregory649–653 Olympius669 Mezezius668–685 Constantine IV685–695 Justinian II (banished)695–698 Leontius698–705 Tiberius III (II)705–711 Justinian II

(restored)711–713 Bardanes713–716 Anastasius II716–717 Theodosius III

Isaurian Dynasty

717–741 Leo III741–775 Constantine V

Copronymus775–780 Leo IV

780–797 Constantine VI797–802 Irene802–811 Nicephorus I811 Strauracius811–813 Michael I813–820 Leo V

Phrygian Dynasty

820–829 Michael II821–823 Thomas829–842 Theophilus842–867 Michael III

Macedonian Dynasty

867–886 Basil I869–879 Constantine887–912 Leo VI912–913 Alexander913–959 Constantine VII

Porphrogenitos920–944 Romanus I

Lecapenus921–931 Christopher924–945 Stephen959–963 Romanus II963–969 Nicephorus II

Phocas976–1025 Basil II1025–1028 Constantine VIII

(IX) alone1028–1034 Romanus III Argyrus1034–1041 Michael IV the

Paphlagonian1041–1042 Michael V Calaphates1042 Zoe and Theodora1042–1055 Constantine IX

Monomachus1055–1056 Theodora alone1056–1057 Michael VI

Stratioticus

Prelude to the Comnenian Dynasty

1057–1059 Isaac I Comnenos1059–1067 Constantine X (IX)

Ducas1068–1071 Romanus IV

Diogenes

1071–1078 Michael VII Ducas1078–1081 Nicephorus III

Botaniates1080–1081 Nicephorus

Melissenus

Comnenian Dynasty

1081–1118 Alexius I1118–1143 John II1143–1180 Manuel I1180–1183 Alexius II1183–1185 Andronieus I1183–1191 Isaac, Emperor of

Cyprus

Dynasty of the Angeli

1185–1195 Isaac II1195–1203 Alexius III1203–1204 Isaac II (restored)

with Alexius IV1204 Alexius V Ducas

Murtzuphlus

Lascarid Dynasty in Nicaea

1204–1222 Theodore I Lascaris1222–1254 John III Ducas

Vatatzes1254–1258 Theodore II Lascaris1258–1261 John IV Lascaris

Dynasty of the Paleologi

1259–1289 Michael VIII Paleologus

1282–1328 Andronicus II1328–1341 Andronicus III1341–1391 John V1347–1354 John VI

Cantancuzenus1376–1379 Andronicus IV1379–1391 John V (restored)1390 John VII1391–1425 Manuel II1425–1448 John VIII1449–1453 Constantine XI

(XIII) Dragases

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Appendix  A-3

Prominent Popes

314–335 Sylvester440–461 Leo I590–604 Gregory I (the Great)687–701 Sergius I741–752 Zachary858–867 Nicholas I1049–1054 Leo IX1059–1061 Nicholas II1073–1085 Gregory VII1088–1099 Urban II1099–1118 Paschal II1159–1181 Alexander III1198–1216 Innocent III

1227–1241 Gregory IX1243–1254 Innocent IV1294–1303 Boniface VIII1316–1334 John XXII1447–1455 Nicholas V1458–1464 Pius II1492–1503 Alexander VI1503–1513 Julius II1513–1521 Leo X1534–1549 Paul III1555–1559 Paul IV1585–1590 Sixtus V1623–1644 Urban VIII

1831–1846 Gregory XVI1846–1878 Pius IX1878–1903 Leo XIII1903–1914 Pius X1914–1922 Benedict XV1922–1939 Pius XI1939–1958 Pius XII1958–1963 John XXIII1963–1978 Paul VI1978 John Paul I1978–2005 John Paul II2005– Benedict XVI

The Carolingian Dynasty

687–714 Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace

715–741 Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace

741–751 Pepin III, Mayor of the Palace

751–768 Pepin III, King768–814 Charlemagne, King800–814 Charlemagne, Emperor814–840 Louis the Pious

West Francia

840–877 Charles the Bald, King875–877 Charles the Bald,

Emperor877–879 Louis II, King879–882 Louis III, King879–884 Carloman, King

Middle Kingdoms

840–855 Lothair, Emperor855–875 Louis (Italy), Emperor

855–863 Charles (Provence), King

855–869 Lothair II (Lorraine), King

East Francia

840–876 Ludwig, King876–880 Carloman, King876–882 Ludwig, King876–887 Charles the Fat,

Emperor

German Kings Crowned Emperor

Saxon Dynasty

962–973 Otto I973–983 Otto II983–1002 Otto III1002–1024 Henry II

Franconian Dynasty

1024–1039 Conrad II1039–1056 Henry III1056–1106 Henry IV1106–1125 Henry V1125–1137 Lothair II (Saxony)

Hohenstaufen Dynasty

1138–1152 Conrad III1152–1190 Frederick I (Barbarossa)1190–1197 Henry VI1198–1208 Philip of Swabia1198–1215 Otto IV (Welf)

1220–1250 Frederick II1250–1254 Conrad IV

Interregnum, 1254–1273: Emperors from Various Dynasties

1273–1291 Rudolf I (Habsburg)1292–1298 Adolf (Nassau)1298–1308 Albert I (Habsburg)1308–1313 Henry VII (Luxemburg)1314–1347 Ludwig IV (Wittelsbach)1347–1378 Charles IV (Luxemburg)1378–1400 Wenceslas (Luxemburg)1400–1410 Rupert (Wittelsbach)1410–1437 Sigismund (Luxemburg)

Habsburg Dynasty

1438–1439 Albert II1440–1493 Frederick III1493–1519 Maximilian I

1519–1556 Charles V1556–1564 Ferdinand I1564–1576 Maximilian II1576–1612 Rudolf II1612–1619 Matthias1619–1637 Ferdinand II1637–1657 Ferdinand III1658–1705 Leopold I1705–1711 Joseph I1711–1740 Charles VI1742–1745 Charles VII (not a

Habsburg)1745–1765 Francis I1765–1790 Joseph II1790–1792 Leopold II1792–1806 Francis II

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A-4  Appendix

Rulers of France

Capetian Dynasty

987–996 Hugh Capet996–1031 Robert II1031–1060 Henry I1060–1108 Philip I1108–1137 Louis VI1137–1180 Louis VII1180–1223 Philip II (Augustus)1223–1226 Louis VIII1226–1270 Louis IX (St. Louis)1270–1285 Philip III1285–1314 Philip IV1314–1316 Louis X1316–1322 Philip V1322–1328 Charles IV

Valois Dynasty

1328–1350 Philip VI1350–1364 John

1364–1380 Charles V1380–1422 Charles VI1422–1461 Charles VII1461–1483 Louis XI1483–1498 Charles VIII1498–1515 Louis XII1515–1547 Francis I1547–1559 Henry II1559–1560 Francis II1560–1574 Charles IX1574–1589 Henry III

Bourbon Dynasty

1589–1610 Henry IV1610–1643 Louis XIII1643–1715 Louis XIV1715–1774 Louis XV1774–1792 Louis XVI

After 1792

1792–1799 First Republic1799–1804 Napoleon Bonaparte,

First Consul1804–1814 Napoleon I, Emperor1814–1824 Louis XVIII (Bourbon

Dynasty)1824–1830 Charles X (Bourbon

Dynasty)1830–1848 Louis Philippe1848–1852 Second Republic1852–1870 Napoleon III, Emperor1870–1940 Third Republic1940–1944 Vichy government,

Pétain regime1944–1946 Provisional government1946–1958 Fourth Republic1958– Fifth Republic

Monarchs of England and Great Britain

Anglo-Saxon Monarchs

829–839 Egbert839–858 Ethelwulf858–860 Ethelbald860–866 Ethelbert866–871 Ethelred I871–899 Alfred the Great899–924 Edward the Elder924–939 Ethelstan939–946 Edmund I946–955 Edred955–959 Edwy959–975 Edgar975–978 Edward the Martyr978–1016 Ethelred the Unready1016–1035 Canute (Danish

nationality)1035–1040 Harold I1040–1042 Hardicanute1042–1066 Edward the Confessor1066 Harold II

Norman Monarchs

1066–1087 William I (the Conqueror)

1087–1100 William II1100–1135 Henry I

House of Blois

1135–1154 Stephen

House of Plantagenet

1154–1189 Henry II1189–1199 Richard I1199–1216 John1216–1272 Henry III1272–1307 Edward I1307–1327 Edward II1327–1377 Edward III1377–1399 Richard II

House of Lancaster

1399–1413 Henry IV1413–1422 Henry V1422–1461 Henry VI

House of York

1461–1483 Edward IV1483 Edward V1483–1485 Richard III

House of Tudor

1485–1509 Henry VII1509–1547 Henry VIII1547–1553 Edward VI1553–1558 Mary1558–1603 Elizabeth I

House of Stuart

1603–1625 James I1625–1649 Charles I

Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649–1660)

1653–1658 Oliver Cromwell1658–1659 Richard Cromwell

House of Stuart (Restored)

1660–1685 Charles II1685–1688 James II1689–1694 William III and Mary II1694–1702 William III (alone)1702–1714 Anne

House of Hanover

1714–1727 George I1727–1760 George II1760–1820 George III1820–1830 George IV1830–1837 William IV1837–1901 Victoria

House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

1901–1910 Edward VII

House of Windsor

1910–1936 George V1936 Edward VIII1936–1952 George VI1952– Elizabeth II

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Appendix  A-5

Prime Ministers of Great Britain

Term Prime Minister Government

1721–1742 Sir Robert Walpole Whig1742–1743 Spencer Compton, Earl Whig

of Wilmington1743–1754 Henry Pelham Whig1754–1756 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Whig

Duke of Newcastle1756–1757 William Cavendish, Whig

Duke of Devonshire1757–1761 William Pitt (the Elder), Whig

Earl of Chatham1761–1762 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke Whig

of Newcastle1762–1763 John Stuart, Earl of Bute Tory1763–1765 George Grenville Whig1765–1766 Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig

Marquess of Rockingham1766–1768 William Pitt, Earl of Chatham Whig

(the Elder)1768–1770 Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke Whig

of Grafton1770–1782 Frederick North (Lord North) Tory1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig

Marquess of Rockingham1782–1783 William Petty FitzMaurice, Whig

Earl of Shelburn1783 William Henry Cavendish Whig

Bentinck, Duke of Portland1783–1801 William Pitt (the Younger) Tory1801–1804 Henry Addington Tory1804–1806 William Pitt (the Younger) Tory1806–1807 William Wyndham Grenville Whig

(Baron Grenville)1807–1809 William Henry Cavendish Tory

Bentinck, Duke of Portland1809–1812 Spencer Perceval Tory1812–1827 Robert Banks Jenkinson, Tory

Earl of Liverpool1827 George Canning Tory1827–1828 Frederick John Robinson Tory

(Viscount Goderich)1828–1830 Arthur Wellesley, Tory

Duke of Wellington1830–1834 Charles Grey (Earl Grey) Whig1834 William Lamb, Viscount Whig

Melbourne1834–1835 Sir Robert Peel Tory1835–1841 William Lamb, Viscount Whig

Melbourne1841–1846 Sir Robert Peel Tory1846–1852 John Russell (Lord) Whig1852 Edward Geoffrey–Smith Stanley Whig

Derby, Earl of Derby1852–1855 George Hamilton Gordon Peelite

Aberdeen, Earl of Aberdeen1855–1858 Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory

Viscount Palmerston1858–1859 Edward Geoffrey–Smith Stanley Whig

Derby, Earl of Derby1859–1865 Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory

Viscount Palmerston

Term Prime Minister Government

1865–1866 John Russell (Earl) Liberal1866–1868 Edward Geoffrey–Smith Tory

Stanley Derby, Earl of Derby1868 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative

of Beaconfield1868–1874 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal1874–1880 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative

of Beaconfield1880–1885 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal1885–1886 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative

Marquess of Salisbury1886 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal1886–1892 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative

Marquess of Salisbury1892–1894 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal1894–1895 Archibald Philip–Primrose Liberal

Rosebery, Earl of Rosebery1895–1902 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative

Marquess of Salisbury1902–1905 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative

Earl of Balfour1905–1908 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal1908–1915 Herbert Henry Asquith Liberal1915–1916 Herbert Henry Asquith Coalition1916–1922 David Lloyd George, Earl Coalition

Lloyd-George of Dwyfor1922–1923 Andrew Bonar Law Conservative1923–1924 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative

Baldwin of Bewdley1924 James Ramsay MacDonald Labour1924–1929 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative

Baldwin of Bewdley1929–1931 James Ramsay MacDonald Labour1931–1935 James Ramsay MacDonald Coalition1935–1937 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Coalition

Baldwin of Bewdley1937–1940 Neville Chamberlain Coalition1940–1945 Winston Churchill Coalition1945 Winston Churchill Conservative1945–1951 Clement Attlee, Earl Attlee Labour1951–1955 Sir Winston Churchill Conservative1955–1957 Sir Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon Conservative1957–1963 Harold Macmillan, Earl Conservative

of Stockton1963–1964 Sir Alec Frederick Douglas- Conservative

Home, Lord Home of the Hirsel

1964–1970 Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour of Rievaulx

1970–1974 Edward Heath Conservative1974–1976 Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour

of Rievaulx1976–1979 James Callaghan, Lord Labour

Callaghan of Cardiff1979–1990 Margaret Thatcher (Baroness) Conservative1990–1997 John Major Conservative1997–2007 Tony Blair Labour2007–2010 Gordon Brown Labour2010– David Cameron Conservative

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A-6  Appendix

Rulers of Prussia and Germany

1701–1713 *Frederick I1713–1740 *Frederick William I1740–1786 *Frederick II (the Great)1786–1797 *Frederick William II1797–1840 *Frederick William III1840–1861 *Frederick William IV1861–1888 *William I (German emperor after 1871)1888 Frederick III1888–1918 *William II1918–1933 Weimar Republic1933–1945 Third Reich (Nazi dictatorship under Adolf Hitler)1945–1952 Allied occupation1949–1990 Division of Federal Republic of Germany in west

and German Democratic Republic in east1990– Federal Republic of Germany (reunited)

*King of Prussia.

Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary

1493–1519 *Maximilian I (Archduke)1519–1556 *Charles V1556–1564 *Ferdinand I1564–1576 *Maximilian II1576–1612 *Rudolf II1612–1619 *Matthias1619–1637 *Ferdinand II1637–1657 *Ferdinand III1658–1705 *Leopold I1705–1711 *Joseph I1711–1740 *Charles VI1740–1780 Maria Theresa1780–1790 *Joseph II1790–1792 *Leopold II1792–1835 *Francis II (emperor of Austria as Francis I

after 1804)1835–1848 Ferdinand I1848–1916 Francis Joseph (after 1867 emperor of Austria

and king of Hungary)1916–1918 Charles I (emperor of Austria and king of

Hungary)1918–1938 Republic of Austria (dictatorship after 1934)1945–1956 Republic restored, under Allied occupation1956– Free Republic

*Also bore title of Holy Roman Emperor.

Leaders of Post–World War II Germany

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), 1949–1990

Years Chancellor Party

1949–1963 Konrad Adenauer Christian Democratic Union (CDU)1963–1966 Ludwig Erhard Christian Democratic Union (CDU)1966–1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger Christian Democratic Union (CDU)1969–1974 Willy Brandt Social Democratic Party (SPD)1974–1982 Helmut Schmidt Social Democratic Party (SPD)1982–1990 Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU)

East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 1949–1990

Years CommunistPartyLeader

1946–1971 Walter Ulbricht1971–1989 Erich Honecker1989–1990 Egon Krenz

Federal Republic of Germany (reunited), 1990–

Years Chancellor Party

1990–1998 Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU)1998–2005 Gerhard Schroeder Social Democratic Party (SPD)2005– Angela Merkel Christian Democratic Union (CDU)

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Appendix  A-7

Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation

c. 980–1015 Vladimir1019–1054 Yaroslav the Wise1176–1212 Vsevolod III1462–1505 Ivan III1505–1553 Vasily III1553–1584 Ivan IV1584–1598 Theodore I1598–1605 Boris Godunov1605 Theodore II1606–1610 Vasily IV1613–1645 Michael1645–1676 Alexius1676–1682 Theodore III1682–1689 Ivan V and Peter I

1689–1725 Peter I (the Great)1725–1727 Catherine I1727–1730 Peter II1730–1740 Anna1740–1741 Ivan VI1741–1762 Elizabeth1762 Peter III1762–1796 Catherine II (the Great)1796–1801 Paul1801–1825 Alexander I1825–1855 Nicholas I1855–1881 Alexander II1881–1894 Alexander III1894–1917 Nicholas II

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)*

1917–1924 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin1924–1953 Joseph Stalin1953–1964 Nikita Khrushchev1964–1982 Leonid Brezhnev1982–1984 Yuri Andropov1984–1985 Konstantin Chernenko1985–1991 Mikhail Gorbachev

Russian Federation

1991–1999 Boris Yeltsin1999–2008 Vladimir Putin2008– Dmitry Medvedev

*USSR established in 1922.

Rulers of Spain

1479–1504 Ferdinand and Isabella1504–1506 Ferdinand and Philip I1506–1516 Ferdinand and Charles I1516–1556 Charles I (Holy Roman

Emperor Charles V)1556–1598 Philip II1598–1621 Philip III1621–1665 Philip IV1665–1700 Charles II1700–1746 Philip V

1746–1759 Ferdinand VI1759–1788 Charles III1788–1808 Charles IV1808 Ferdinand VII1808–1813 Joseph Bonaparte1814–1833 Ferdinand VII

(restored)1833–1868 Isabella II1868–1870 Republic1870–1873 Amadeo

1873–1874 Republic1874–1885 Alfonso XII1886–1931 Alfonso XIII1931–1939 Republic1939–1975 Fascist dictatorship

under Francisco Franco

1975– Juan Carlos I

Rulers of Italy

1861–1878 Victor Emmanuel II1878–1900 Humbert I1900–1946 Victor Emmanuel III1922–1943 Fascist dictatorship under Benito Mussolini

(maintained in northern Italy until 1945)1946 (May 9–June 13) Humbert II1946– Republic

Secretaries-General of the United Nations

Years Secretary-General Nationality

1946–1952 Trygve Lie Norway1953–1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden1961–1971 U Thant Myanmar1972–1981 Kurt Waldheim Austria1982–1991 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru1992–1996 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt1997–2006 Kofi A. Annan Ghana2007– Ban Kimoon South Korea

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A-8  Appendix

United States Presidential Administrations

Term(s) President Political Party

1789–1797 George Washington No party designation1797–1801 John Adams Federalist1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican1809–1817 James Madison Democratic-Republican1817–1825 James Monroe Democratic-Republican1825–1829 John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican1829–1837 Andrew Jackson Democratic1837–1841 Martin Van Buren Democratic1841 William H. Harrison Whig1841–1845 John Tyler Whig1845–1849 James K. Polk Democratic1849–1850 Zachary Taylor Whig1850–1853 Millard Filmore Whig1853–1857 Franklin Pierce Democratic1857–1861 James Buchanan Democratic1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln Republican1865–1869 Andrew Johnson Republican1869–1877 Ulysses S. Grant Republican1877–1881 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican1881 James A. Garfield Republican1881–1885 Chester A. Arthur Republican1885–1889 Grover Cleveland Democratic

Term(s) President Political Party

1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison Republican1893–1897 Grover Cleveland Democratic1897–1901 William McKinley Republican1901–1909 Theodore Roosevelt Republican1909–1913 William H. Taft Republican1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson Democratic1921–1923 Warren G. Harding Republican1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge Republican1929–1933 Herbert C. Hoover Republican1933–1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic1945–1953 Harry S. Truman Democratic1953–1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican1961–1963 John F. Kennedy Democratic1963–1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic1969–1974 Richard M. Nixon Republican1974–1977 Gerald R. Ford Republican1977–1981 Jimmy Carter Democratic1981–1989 Ronald W. Reagan Republican1989–1993 George H. W. Bush Republican1993–2001 William J. Clinton Democratic2001–2009 George W. Bush Republican2009– Barack Obama Democratic

Major Wars of the Modern Era

1546–1555 German Wars of Religion1526–1571 Ottoman wars1562–1598 French Wars of Religion1566–1609, 1621–1648 Revolt of the Netherlands1618–1648 Thirty Years’ War1642–1648 English Civil War1652–1678 Anglo-Dutch Wars1667–1697 Wars of Louis XIV1683–1697 Ottoman wars1689–1697 War of the League of Augsburg1702–1714 War of Spanish Succession1702–1721 Great Northern War1714–1718 Ottoman wars1740–1748 War of Austrian Succession1756–1763 Seven Years’ War1775–1781 American Revolution

1796–1815 Napoleonic wars1846–1848 Mexican-American War1853–1856 Crimean War1861–1865 United States Civil War1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War1894–1895 Sino-Japanese War1898 Spanish-American War1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War1914–1918 World War I1939–1945 World War II1946–1975 Vietnam wars1950–1953 Korean War1990–1991 Persian Gulf War1991–1997 Civil War in the former Yugoslavia2001– War in Afghanistan2003– Iraq War

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