appendix1 glossary

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Glossary of Terms

Agitator A type of mechanical mixing device; used in copiers in the toner supply to keep tonerparticles separated; also used in the development unit to combine toner and carrier,creating twocomponent developer.

AI Short Protocol Artificial Intelligence Short Protocol reduces the time required for the protocolexchange with a particular terminal by saving the communication parameters and themodem rate used to send the last page of a transmission. These parameters are usedfor the start of the next transmission to that terminal.

Air Knife(or AirSeparation)

The air knife paper separation process uses jets of air to separate sheets of paper forpaper feed.

Attenuation After the modem converts data to serial and modulates it, the data passes through anattenuator, which adjusts the TX level.

Auger A screw-like mechanical transport device used to move bulk materials in manydifferent applications. It relies on a large screw with deep, wide-pitched threads turninginside a close-fitting cylinder. The threads act like an endless scoop or wedge to liftmaterial from one end of the cylinder to the other.

Automatic DocumentFeeder (ADF)

A motorized device that allows automatic feeding, alignment and stacking of multipleoriginals, greatly improving the overall efficiency of photocopying.

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Appendix 1 Glossaryof Terms

Automatic DocumentHandler (ADH)

An advanced type of document feeder that can recycle and reverse originals.

Autorouting When a G3 fax message with a SUB code is received, the machine compares it withthe personal codes stored in the machine with e-mail addresses. If there is a match,

the machine automatically routes the message to that e-mail address.

Baud Rate The Baud Rate is the number of bits per second divided by the number of bits perBaud.

Bias Roller A bias roller is a roller that has a constant electric voltage applied to it. Such rollers areused at various places in copiers and printers. A typical use is in a copiers cleaningsystem, where a bias roller is often used to attract toner removed by a cleaning bladeor brush.

Bipolar JunctionTransistor

A bipolar junction transistor contains two junctions between p and n typesemiconductor, and three electrodes (the collector, the base, and the emitter). SeeTransistors.

Block Diagram A kind of electronic map that divides a system into a number of functional blocks; itshows all the interconnections among the blocks, but generally does not show detailinside them.

Bond A category of papers, consisting of many individual types. Most bond papers aresuitable for use in plain-paper copiers.

Breakdown Voltage The voltage at which current will flow in reverse through a diode. Regular diodes willgenerally be destroyed if a reverse voltage greater than the breakdown voltage isapplied; however, zener diodes are designed to operate at the breakdown voltage.See Zener Diode.

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Brushless DC Motor In standard DC motors, the magnet is stationary while the coil rotates, and brushescomplete the electrical contact to the rotor. However, In a brushless DC motor, the coilis stationary and the magnet moves.

Call Collision

Prevention

After the scanning the document, the machine checks whether there is an incoming

fax message. The machine cannot dial if there is an incoming message. This differsbetween North American, and European and Asian models. See North Americanmodelsand European and Asian models.

Carrier (copiers) Carrier is one of the components of a two-component developer. Carrier consists oftiny iron-based beads that attract toner particles through a triboelectric charge andtransport them to the photoconductor during the development process. SeeTriboelectric Charge.

Carrier (facsimile) The carrier is the base frequency wave that fax machines use for communication. To

transmit data, fax machines superimpose a modulating signal onto the carrier wave byvarying the frequency, amplitude, or phase (or a combination of these) in a standardmanner. See Modulation Techniques.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

A microprocessor chip that is used as the primary control and information processingdevice in a sophisticated electronic system.

Charge The first step in the copy process; during the charge process, an even electricalcharge is applied to the photoconductor, preparing it to receive the image of an originalduring exposure.

Charge Corona Unit A corona unit used for the first step in the copy process, to apply an even highvoltage charge to the photoconductor; usually ventilated by a blower to help distributeions during charging.

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Charge CoupledDevice (CCD)

A solid-state component made from a number of very small light-sensitive elements;the amount of light falling on each element produces an electrical signal ofcorresponding strength. CCDs are used in laser-based copiers, fax machines andsome television cameras.

Cleaning That step in the copy process during which residual toner particlesthose left behindafter image transferare removed from the photoconductor. Cleaning relies mainly onmechanical systems but electrostatic forces may also be used.

Cleaning Blade An element in a copiers cleaning system. After a copy has been made, the cleaningblade acts like a windshield wiper, riding along the surface of the photoconductor towipe off all remaining toner particles.

Cleaning Brush An element in a copiers cleaning system. After a copy has been made, the cleaningbrush removes the residual toner from the surface of the photoconductor. See Bias

Roller.

Clutch A control device for rotational movement; a clutch will either be engaged, locking itscomponents together and transferring rotation, or disengaged, letting its componentsturn separately and preventing the transfer of rotation.

Clutch, Magnetic See Magnetic Clutch.

Clutch, MagneticSpring

SeeMagnetic Spring Clutch

Clutch, Slip SeeTorque Limiter Clutches. SeeSlip Clutch.

Clutch, Spring See Spring Clutch.

Clutch, Torque Limiter See Torque Limiter Clutches.

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Coefficient of Friction(of paper)

The coefficient of friction directly affects the efficiency of paper feeding. It must be highenough that the feed and transport rollers can get a good grip. However, it must be lowenough that the sheets of paper slip over each other.

Cold Cathode

Fluorescent Lamp

A variation of the fluorescent lamp. SeeFluorescent Lamps,Applications.

Contact Image Sensor

(CIS)

The contact image sensor (CIS) is a compact image reading assembly containing anLED array, an array of self-focusing optic fibers (SELFOC), and a strip of lightdetectors, such as phototransistors. The CIS is used instead of the CCD in the mostcompact of fax machines.

Corona Unit A copier component that uses a high electrical voltage to create a localized electricalfield of charged ions; various kinds of corona units are used at different points in thecopy process. See Pre-Cleaning,Quenching,Transfer And Separation Corona Units.

Corona Wire A thin wire usually made from tungsten and coated with carbon. Mounted inside acorona unit, it carries the high voltage needed to generate an electrical field for aspecific copier application.

Cross Mixing The process by which toner and carrier are mixed together inside a copier; alsocreates and distributes the triboelectric charge that binds the toner to the carrierparticles.

Current The rate of flow of electricity through a conductor; current is measured in Amperes or

Amps.

Data Compressor andReconstructor - DCR

Part of a fax circuit; it compresses the data before sending it out over the telephoneline. It also reconstructs compressed data coming in from the telephone line.

DC Motor A motor that operates on direct current.

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DC motor, Brushless SeeBrushless DC motor.

Developer,Mono-component

SeeMono-component Developer.

Developer,Two-component

Alsocalled dual-componentdeveloper. SeeTwo-component Developer.

Development That step in the copy process which first produces a visible image on thephotoconductor. During development, toner is applied to the photoconductor, where itis electrically attracted to the latent image formed during exposure.

Development Roller Part of a copiers development system. Development rollers use some combination ofmagnetism, triboelectric charge and/or bias voltage to apply toner to the latent imageon the photoconductor.

Diode A p-type semiconductor joined to an n-type semiconductor. A diode allows current tomove in only one direction. SeeDiodes.

Diode, Zener See Zener Diode.

DNS Domain Name System is a service that enables the IP address to be obtained from thehost under the TCP/IP network environment.

Doctor Blade Part of a copiers development system. It limits the thickness of developer picked upby the development roller by scraping off the excess as the roller turns. It determines

the height of the magnetic brush.

Dual Component Toner Toner designed to work in a dual-component developmentsystem. This toner issimilar to the non-magnetic type monocomponent toner. It works with a separateparticle known as a carrier. The mixture of toner and carrier is known as developer.

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Exposure Lamp Part of a copiers exposure and optical systems; provides the necessary illumination tocreate a reflected image from an original, which in turn creates an electrical latentimage on the photoconductor.

Fax On Demand-FOD A polling application with pre-recorded voice assistance.

FRR Paper Feed One of the standard paper feeding systems; the FRR (feed and reverse roller) feedmechanism consists of a pick-up roller, a feed roller, and a reverse roller.

Feed Roller The first roller to handle paper a copiers paper feed system; pulls individual sheetsfrom a paper supply, feeding them into the copier where they are passed to otherrollers in the paper path.

FIFO Memory First-In First-Out Memory synchronizes the transfer of video data to (transmission) orfrom (reception) the modem.

Fluorescent Lamp A lamp consisting of a gas-filled, closed glass tube that has electrodes at each endand an internal coated surface of a phosphorous material.

Frequency Shift Keying Frequency shift keying (FSK) is s type of frequency modulation that is used fortransmitting digital signals.

Fusing The step in the copy process that bonds toner to a sheet of paper. Heat and pressuremelt toner and force it into the paper surface, creating a copy that meets or exceedsthe durability of the original.

Fusing LubricationSystem Part of a copiers fusing system, needed to keep toner from sticking to the fusingrollers. Uses an absorbent pad and/or a blade to coat the rollers with silicone oil.

Gray Scale A row of small test patches showing a full range of image density, from solid black topaper white, usually in five to ten steps. Printed on a copier test chart. It is a gauge forthe side-to-side and overall image density of the machine.

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Interleave Duplexing A duplexing method used by some digital machines that speeds up duplexing bystoring original images in memory. Sheets continually feed and reverse withoutstopping and the correct image for each sheet and side is selected from memory.

ITU-T Standards International standards for data communication.

JBIG Compression The JBIG compression method consists of four processes: conversion to bi-level data,progressive coding, division into strips, and coding.

LAN Local Area Network. See LAN Fax, LAN Basics.

Large Capacity PaperTray

A copier peripheral that holds a much greater amount of paper than a standard tray,thereby enabling the copier to run for longer periods without the supply being refilled,typically holds between 500 and 3000 sheets.

Laser Diode An LED that outputs laser light.

Latent Image A photographic term which refers to an undeveloped image on a piece of film; inxerography, it refers to the invisible, electrostatic image formed on the photoconductorduring exposure.

LCD LCD is an abbreviation for Liquid Crystal Display. An LCD is a digital display thatconsists of two sheets of glass separated by hermetically sealed liquid crystal material.The liquid crystal is normally transparent.

LCT See Large Capacity Tray.

Lead Edge The first paper edge to contact the latent image on the photoconductor. The frontedge of a copy as it travels through the paper path.

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Lead Edge Erase The removal of that portion of a latent image which corresponds to a narrow stripalong the lead edge of the copy, usually no more than 5 mm wide. This prevents adark line from the edge of the original document from appearing on the copy. Achievedthrough the action of an erase lamp immediately after the exposure process.

Light Emitting Diode A kind of diode that emits photons. Usually shortened to LED.

LED Array LEDs mounted together in an array as a light source.

Line Buffer A memory buffer that ensures synchronization of video data transfer between differentcomponents of the circuit.

Magnetic Brush A localized concentration of two-component developer formed on the surface of adevelopment roller by magnetic fields. It brushes developer over the photoconductorduring the development process. This allows toner particles in the brush to be

attracted to the latent image.

Magnetic Clutch SeeElectromagnetic Clutch.

MagneticMonocomponent Toner

Similar to the non-magnetic monocomponent toner, this type has iron oxide particlesencapsulated in the resin matrix of each individual particle of toner. The toner isntactually magnetic itself, but it can be attracted by a magnet.

Magnetic Spring Clutch The magnetic spring clutch is a hybrid of the electromagnetic and spring clutches.Unlike the normal spring clutch, the spring is loose when idling.

Magnification LinesTwo lines of an identical specified length, one vertical and one horizontal, printed on acopier test chart. Used to check the vertical and horizontal magnification of a copiersoptical system.

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Main Control Board A printed circuit board containing the most important components in a copierselectronic control system, including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and factory-programmed instructions stored on Read Only Memory (ROM) chips. The main boardis linked to other parts of the control system with a number of multi-wire connectors.

Master Belt A wide, flexible loop of plastic with an organic photoconductorsurface.Modified HuffmanCompression

This compression method has one-dimensional coding scheme codes scan line datawithout reference to data on adjacent lines.

Microswitch Microswitches are electromechanical switching devices containing two contacts.

MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions is a specification for the inclusion of varioustypes of data in e-mail.

Modified MRCompression

The Modified MR method uses the same algorithm as the MR method, but has 6 maindifferences.

Modulating Signal The data signal from the fax machine. SeeModulation Techniques.

Moisture Content(of paper)

Moisture content directly affects paper transport, copy quality, and curl. The generallyacceptable range is 4 ~ 6 percent moisture. SeePaper Characteristics.

Monocomponent Toner A special toner formulation that has both magnetic and electrical properties; functionswithout carrier. SeeMonocomponent Developer.

Motor, Stepper SeeStepper Motor.

Moving Platen A type of scanning optical system in which originals are placed on a glass documentsurface (the platen) which moves across a fixed exposure slit and lamp during anexposure; found only on relatively small, low-speed copiers.

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Moving Scanner A type of scanning optical system in which originals are placed on a fixed glassdocument surface, under which is a moving lamp and mirror assembly (the scanner).This scanner moves under the original during an exposure. Found on most medium-to-high speed copiers; this design is also known as fixed platen scanning

Modified ReadCompression

This is the Modified Read compression method. It is an expanded form of the one-dimensional run length encoding method. While the MH method encodes pixels in thepixel scanning direction, the MR also takes notice of the pixels in the feed direction.

Neon Lamp Similar to the cold cathode fluorescent lamp, but light emission is from the neon gasrather than the phosphorous inside coating.

Network Control Unit(NCU)

Interfaces a fax machine with the telephone network.

Network InterfaceCircuits

The filters, relays, attenuators and other components in these circuits interface themachine with the public telephone network.

New Estimated FillbitControl

Fill bits are never added to the data and the receiver uses the SAF memory or harddisk instead of the FIFO memory. If the receiver's memory is full, it sends PINto thetransmitter and the line is disconnected.

Non-magneticMonocomponent Toner

All-in-One toner that contains pigments for printing in a matrix of resin. This kind oftoner usually comes in a cartridge and is used with non-magnetic rollers.

Offset Image A partial image that remains on the photoconductor or fusing rollers due to incompletecleaning and is transferred to subsequent copies.

Opacity of Paper Paper must be sufficiently opaque to prevent image show through. This is especiallyimportant in paper used for duplexing. Most brands of paper use some kind of filler toenhance opacity. SeePaper Characteristics.

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OrganicPhotoconductor (OPC)

A type of photoconductor based on certain organic chemicals, rather than metallicelements like selenium or silicon. An OPC requires negative charging beforeexposure. It is generally non-toxic, enabling it to be handled and disposed of moreeasily than selenium types.

Over-toning A condition that occurs when a copiers toner supply system is delivering too muchtoner to the development unit; the excess toner builds up inside the copier, especiallyaround the photoconductor and paper path.

Paddle Roller Part of the development unit of many copiers. It pushes charged developer (a mix oftoner and carrier) against the development roller, which picks up the developerthrough magnetic attraction and brushes it over the latent image.

Paper Brightness The brightness of a paper is a measure of its light reflectivity. SeePaperCharacteristics.

Paper Curl Curl in paper is a major cause of transport problems resulting in misfeeds. SeePaperCharacteristics.

Paper Feed System The various rollers, belts, sensors and control devices that are responsible for movingsheets of paper through the copier; begins with the paper supply, and ends with theexit tray or sorter that holds the finished copies. SeePaper Feed

Paper Size There are several standard systems for measuring paper size. The most commonlyused is the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) series of paper sizes.In the United States, paper sizes are usually measured in inches.

Paper Stiffness Paper stiffness is a result of the orientation of the fibers within the paper. Stiffnessaffects paper feeding and transport in copiers and laser printers. Paper is generallytwo or three times stiffer in the with graindirection than in the cross graindirection.SeePaper Characteristics.

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Paper Weight There are three systems for classifying paper weight. These are the ISO system(g/m2), the USA system (lb), and the Japanese system (Kg).

Parallel Circuit A type of electrical connection in which components each have a direct, independentpath to a power source.

Phosphor A chemical coating on the inside of a fluorescent tube that produces visible light whenstruck by ultraviolet radiation. SeeFluorescent Lamp.

Photoconductor A special material that acts as an insulator in darkness and as a conductor whenexposed to light.

Photointerrupter An electronic sensors that has a photocell and a light emitting diode (LED) on eitherside of a small gap. When a tab on a moving component enters the gap, it blocks thelight from the LED, shutting off the photocell and signaling the components position tothe machines Main Control Board.

Phototransistor A phototransistor works like an ordinary bipolar transistor, except that light shining onthe base of the transistor switches it on.

Pick-off Pawls Part of a copiers paper separation system that provides a mechanical separationmethod. Pick-off pawls ride along the surface of the photoconductor to peel off anypaper not removed electrically.

Point-to-point Diagram An electronic map, specially designed for troubleshooting equipment with replaceablecircuit boards; combines features of a schematic drawing and a block diagram,

concentrating on connections to and from different components.

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Polarity The quality of electricity that describes its tendency to exist in either a positive ornegative state. In most electrical circuits, polarity determines the direction of currentflow. In electrostatic charges, polarity indicates the charge of ions that make up anelectrical field, and therefore determines the polarity of materials that can be attractedby that field. A charge of a given polarity always attracts materials with a charge of the

opposite polarity

Polyphase Shift Keying A type of phase modulation (PM) where data modulation occurs by altering the phaseof the carrier wave and frequency remains constant.

POP Post Office Protocol servers are computers that receive mail using SMTP.The mailincludes a setting to ensure that it is directed to the POP server. POP servers are usedwhen the user is not permanently connected to the internet.

Pre-cleaning Corona

Unit

A corona unit used just before cleaning in the copy cycle. It creates an electrical field

that reduces the charge on the photoconductor before mechanical cleaning, making iteasier to remove leftover toner.

Pressure Roller Part of a copiers fusing system. During fusing, toner is forced into the surface of thepaper by two rollers, the pressure roller and the hot roller. The pressure roller isusually made of silicon rubber, to help it withstand heat and provide a good grip on thepaper. SeeHot Roller.

Pre-transfer Lamp Used in some copiers to reduce the charge of the latent image after development,weakening its attraction just enough to assure a clean transfer. It also prevents toner

particles from being attracted back to the photoconductor during separation.Process Control Process control is a system that automatically changes machine processes to

compensate for changes in the environment or the machine condition.

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Servomotor Used in many copiers to move scanners in the optical system; servomotors emit aspecific number of electrical pulses with each revolution, allowing a control circuit tomonitor and regulate their speed. Servomotors use feedback to maintain a constantrotating speed.

Setting Powder A dry lubricant powder applied to new photoconductors and or cleaning bladesimmediately before installation. During initial operation, the powder protects thesurface from scratches that might result from contact with other copier components.

Slip Clutch Another name for a torque limiter clutch. See Torque Limiter Clutch.

SMR Compression The Simple Modified Read method is identical to MR coding except that the Kparameteris 8 for Standard and Detail resolution and 16 for Fine.

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the protocol for communication between internet mailMTAs (message transfer agents).

Solenoid A simple electrical control device, consisting of a hollow electromagnet and a metalplunger. When the magnet is energized, the metal plunger is pulled inside it, triggeringwhatever mechanism is attached.

Sorter A sorter is a paper handling device that feeds finished copies into multiple output bins;can produce sets of collated copies, matching the order of the original documents, orcount out stacks of single copies.

Spring Clutch A popular clutch for copier applications; its internal components are normally held

together by a spring connected to an external sleeve, and rotation is transmitted to agiven component. When the sleeve is kept from turning, the spring expands, releasingone internal component and preventing the transfer of rotation.

Super Speed Coding(SSC) Method

The Super Speed Coding method combines EFCwith Short Preambleand white linedouble-speedprocessing to achieve a further reduction in transmission time.

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Stator A stationary part of an electric motor in or about which a rotor turns. SeeDC Motors.

Stepper Motor A type of electric motor designed to be controlled in individual steps that are portionsof a full rotation, each step as small as one degree of arc. It is often used to adjustlens position in copiers with variable reproduction ratio. The design of a stepper motor

allows for extremely precise lens placement and easy electronic control. Steppermotors are used whenever accurate positioning of a component is required.

Stripper Pawls Part of a copiers fusing system; stripper pawls ride along the surface of the hot roller,and peel off copies that stick to the roller despite the rollers lubrication.

Subnet It is difficult for one network to handle 65,534 hosts, therefore the subnet mask createssubnets to take some of the burden off of the main network. See Subnet and SubnetMasks.

Subnet MaskSubnet masks divides the host block into a maximum of 255 subnets within which amaximum of 255 hosts can exist. This helps to increase the speed with which a usercan access a particular portion of the network. See Subnet and Subnet Masks.

Substitute Reception Data is stored in memory as it comes in to avoid loss of data if there is a printerproblem. Basically, this means that memory substitutes for the print engine duringreception.

TCP/IP(TransmissionControl Protocol/

Internet Protocol)

A standard internet protocol supported by Windows 95, it allocates 32-bit networkaddresses to nodes. The host requires a procedure for passing IP packets to thedesired application. This procedure is filled by the TCP/IP.

Test chart A specially designed copier original, with printed gauges used to assess many aspectsof copy quality.

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Toner Shield Glass A piece of ordinary glass used in copiers as a window in the exposure slit; allowslight to reach the photoconductor, but keeps toner from contaminating the opticalsystem.

Toner Supply System A combination of electronic and mechanical components that monitor the density oftoner and add toner to the development unit whenever the density falls too low.

Toner, DualComponent

See Dual Component Toner.

Toner, Magneticmonocomponent

See Magnetic Monocomponent Toner.

Toner, Non-magneticmonocomponent

See Non-magnetic Monocomponent Toner.

Torque limiter clutch In concept, torque limiter clutches transmit rotation to a drive component (usually aroller, pulley, or gear mounted on a rotating shaft). As long as the resistance to rotationis less than the torque (twisting force) limitation of the clutch, the roller turns with theshaft. If the resistance exceeds the torque limitation, the roller stops turning. It slipsand in fact, may turn in the opposite direction if sufficient counter force is applied.

Transfer That step in the copy process in which toner, held by the latent image on thephotoconductor, is transferred to a blank sheet of paper, thereby creating a copy.

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Voice MessageProcessor

This converts recorded voice messages from analog (audio) to digital for storage inthe memory. It also retrieves the message from memory to send it out over thetelephone line.

VR(Residual Voltage) The drum potential after the drum has been exposed by the erase lamp.

VREF, VTREF A targeted control reference for the TDsensor. When VTDbecomes too low, toner isadded to the developer to bring VTDback to the VREFvalue.

VSG The ID sensor output when checking the erased drum surface.

VSP The ID sensor output when checking the ID sensor pattern image.

VTD, VT, or VOUT The output voltage of the TD sensor.

Xenon Flash Lamp The xenon flash lamps used in office machines are basically the same as the flash

lamps used in photography only much larger.

Xenon Lamp A xenon lamp is a xenon-filled glass tube with terminals at each end. When a voltageis applied across the lamp terminals, the xenon gas ionizes and current flows throughthe gas, which emits light. The terminals do not have to be preheated, unlike influorescent lamps. Fluorescent xenon lamps also utilize a phosphor coating on theinside wall of the lamp to generate light.

Xerography The indirect electrostatic copying system which is the basis of all modern plain papercopiers; patented in 1939 by Chester Carlson, Xerography comes from the Greek

words for dry writing.

Zener Diode A diode connected in reverse to a normal diode and is designed to work in excess ofthe breakdown voltage.

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appendix1 glossary

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