apple i and apple ii nick rakoczy. apple i april 11 th, 1976
TRANSCRIPT
APPLE I and APPLE IINick Rakoczy
APPLE IApril 11th, 1976
Why?
Began as an idea from Steve Wozniak to replace mainframe computing.
Developing a Project Charter
To provide an all-in-one desktop computer: keyboard, screen, and computer; all in one small stand-alone computer on a desktop.
– Steve Wozniak (March 5th, 1975)
Identifying Stakeholders
Initially just Wozniak: who built the design intending to distribute it for free.
Jobs joined and brought the idea of selling the computer as a product.
Wozniak put up $500, and Jobs put up $1500 to get Apple Computers started.
Collecting Requirements
A Processor (Motorola 8600)
Memory
No case, power supply, monitor, or keyboard
Those are to be supplied by the builder as the Apple I was a build kit.
Defining the Scope
No keyboard, no monitor, no case.
Processor, memory, and solder points for expansion. Designed to sold to enthusiasts, not for end-users.
Originally designed to be free by Wozniak, Jobs suggested charging for it.
“I designed the Apple I because I wanted to give it away for free to other people”
– Steve Wozniak
Work Breakdown Structure
Steve Wozniak: Designer and ProgrammerDesigned the Apple I boards
Wrote the BASIC interpreter
Steve Jobs: Sales and MarketingConvinced Woz to sell the Apple I
Found buyers
Found discounts on parts needed for assembly.
Ron Wayne: Legal advise and potential fundingBacked out at the last minute
Estimated Costs
Part Cost Sale Profit
Logic Board $20/unit $40/unit $20/unit
Memory $120/unit
Processor $20/unit
Total $166/unit $500/unit $334/unit
Project Execution
Jobs acted as salesman
Wozniak assembled the Apple I board in his garage (or as some suggest, his bedroom).
Verify / Control Scope
Apple I was designed as an enthusiast kit.
Most stores were unwilling to sell the product due to it’s high price and small target audience, many suggested expanding scope to include a keyboard and monitor; making the Apple I an an all-in-one box.
They stayed true to their original goal, but this idea came back with the Apple II
Closing
Price dropped 5 months before Apple II was released.
Discontinued 3 months after Apple II was released.
It is estimated around 50 Apple I computers are still in working condition.
Leadership Issues
Wozniak was always wanting to include things for free.
Jobs always wanted to monetize everything.
RevivalIn 2003, Vince Briel redesigned the Apple I using modern computer components on a more compact board.
Apple Computer Inc. had no issue with the release as Vince had been given permission from Wozniak and the Apple I design was not technically owned by Apple Computer Inc, but by Wozniak himself.
Apple IIJune 5th, 1977
Changes
Addition of an integrated keyboard
Hacked together color over NTSC support
Switched mode power supply
Inclusion of a case
Target Audience Changes
No longer aiming for hobbyists
Now targeting average consumers
New RequirementsMust have a case
Must include a power-supply
Add support for sound
Multiple expansion slots for lots of third-party devices
BONUS: Wozniak found a way to make color graphics
Process
Reduce costs by outsourcing the printing of the logic boards to Ireland and Singapore
Assemble in Silicon Valley
Adjusted Price Estimate
Addition of a case requires a starting capital of $200,000 for the tooling shop
Filled by getting a loan in exchange for a 1/3rd share of the company from Mike Markkula
Growing Up
Wozniak and Jobs couldn’t keep up with the demand for the Apple II and ended up hiring 10-15 employees
They moved out of the garage and into an office building in Cupertino
Closing
Apple II went through at least 4, some could argue as many as 8 more revisions of the Apple II
The executing phase of the Apple II project dragged on and was renewed over and over until 1993 when the Apple IIe was finally discontinued in favor of the Macintosh project.
CommentaryApple I and II
Successes
Convincing Wozniak to sell the Apple I
Acknowledging the changing market towards consumer products
Failures
Early decision to use Motorola 8600 over the Intel 8080
Intel became the market leader and it took Apple 28 years to move to Intel processors