application manual ret670 dec 2012 880 pages

Relion 670 series

Transformer protection RET670Application manual

Document ID: 1MRK 504 116-UENIssued: December 2012

Revision: CProduct version: 1.2

Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved

CopyrightThis document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without writtenpermission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a thirdparty, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a licenseand may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.TrademarksABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. All other brand orproduct names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registeredtrademarks of their respective holders.WarrantyPlease inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.

ABB ABSubstation Automation ProductsSE-721 59 VstersSwedenTelephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18http://www.abb.com/substationautomation

DisclaimerThe data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the conceptor product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteedproperties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in thismanual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable andacceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirementsare complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including butnot limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of theperson or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are herebyrequested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot becompletely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requestedto notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, inno event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting fromthe use of this manual or the application of the equipment.

ConformityThis product complies with the directive of the Council of the EuropeanCommunities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating toelectromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerningelectrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB inaccordance with the product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255-26 for the EMCdirective, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the lowvoltage directive. The product is designed in accordance with the internationalstandards of the IEC 60255 series.

Table of contents

Section 1 Introduction.....................................................................13Introduction to the application manual..............................................13

About the complete set of manuals for an IED............................13About the application manual......................................................14Intended audience.......................................................................14Related documents......................................................................15Revision notes.............................................................................15

Section 2 Requirements.................................................................17Current transformer requirements....................................................17

Current transformer classification................................................17Conditions....................................................................................18Fault current................................................................................19Secondary wire resistance and additional load...........................19General current transformer requirements..................................20Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements........................20

Transformer differential protection.........................................20Distance protection.................................................................21Restricted earth fault protection (low impedancedifferential)..............................................................................22

Current transformer requirements for CTs according toother standards............................................................................25

Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1,class P, PR.............................................................................25Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, classPX, IEC 60044-6, class TPS(and old British Standard, class X).........................................25Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE.......................26

Voltage transformer requirements....................................................27SNTP server requirements...............................................................27IEC 61850-9-2LE Merging unit requirements ..................................27

Section 3 IED application...............................................................29General IED application....................................................................29Analog inputs....................................................................................31

Introduction..................................................................................31Setting guidelines........................................................................31

Setting of the phase reference channel..................................31Setting parameters......................................................................56

Local human-machine interface.......................................................62

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1Application manual

Human machine interface ...........................................................62Local HMI related functions.........................................................64

Introduction.............................................................................64General setting parameters....................................................64

Indication LEDs...........................................................................65Introduction.............................................................................65Setting parameters.................................................................65

Basic IED functions..........................................................................67Self supervision with internal event list........................................67

Application..............................................................................67Setting parameters.................................................................68

Time synchronization...................................................................68Application..............................................................................68Setting guidelines...................................................................69Setting parameters.................................................................71

Parameter setting groups............................................................74Application..............................................................................74Setting guidelines...................................................................74Setting parameters.................................................................74

Test mode functionality TEST.....................................................75Application..............................................................................75Setting guidelines...................................................................75Setting parameters.................................................................75

Change lock CHNGLCK..............................................................75Application..............................................................................76Setting parameters.................................................................76

IED identifiers..............................................................................77Application..............................................................................77Setting parameters.................................................................77

Product information.....................................................................77Application..............................................................................77Setting parameters.................................................................77

Rated system frequency PRIMVAL.............................................78Application..............................................................................78Setting guidelines...................................................................78Setting parameters.................................................................78

Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI...........................................79Application..............................................................................79Setting guidelines...................................................................79Setting parameters.................................................................79

Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO ......................................79Application..............................................................................79Setting guidelines...................................................................79

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2Application manual

Setting parameters.................................................................80Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI...............................................80

Application..............................................................................80Setting guidelines...................................................................80Setting parameters.................................................................80

Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI..........................................80Application..............................................................................80Frequency values...................................................................80Setting guidelines...................................................................81Setting parameters.................................................................86

Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM...........................................87Application..............................................................................87Setting guidelines...................................................................87Setting parameters.................................................................88

Authority status ATHSTAT..........................................................88Application..............................................................................88Setting parameters.................................................................88

Denial of service DOS.................................................................88Setting guidelines...................................................................89

Differential protection........................................................................89Transformer differential protection T2WPDIF andT3WPDIF ....................................................................................89

Application..............................................................................89Setting guidelines...................................................................90Setting example......................................................................98Setting parameters...............................................................110

Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance REFPDIF .....115Application............................................................................115Setting guidelines.................................................................120Setting parameters...............................................................122

1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF ................122Identification.........................................................................122Application............................................................................123Connection examples for high impedance differentialprotection..............................................................................129Setting guidelines.................................................................132Setting parameters...............................................................144

Impedance protection ....................................................................145Distance measuring zones, quadrilateral characteristicZMQPDIS, ZMQAPDIS, ZDRDIR..............................................145

Identification.........................................................................145Application............................................................................145Setting guidelines.................................................................161Setting parameters...............................................................170

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3Application manual

Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic forseries compensated lines ZMCPDIS, ZMCAPDIS,ZDSRDIR...................................................................................172

Application............................................................................172Setting guidelines.................................................................214Setting parameters...............................................................226

Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with fixedangle FDPSPDIS.......................................................................230

Identification.........................................................................230Application............................................................................230Setting guidelines.................................................................230Setting parameters...............................................................237

Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristicZMHPDIS .................................................................................238


Full-scheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earthfaults ZMMPDIS, ZMMAPDIS...................................................259


Additional distance protection directional function for earthfaults ZDARDIR.........................................................................281


Mho impedance supervision logic ZSMGAPC...........................284Application............................................................................284Setting guidelines.................................................................284Setting parameters...............................................................285

Faulty phase identification with load encroachmentFMPSPDIS................................................................................286


Distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic,separate settings ZMRPDIS, ZMRAPDIS and ZDRDIR............290


Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with settableangle FRPSPDIS.......................................................................314

Application............................................................................314

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4Application manual

Load encroachment characteristics......................................319Setting guidelines.................................................................324Setting parameters...............................................................326

Power swing detection ZMRPSB ..............................................327Application............................................................................327Setting guidelines.................................................................328Setting parameters...............................................................336

Power swing logic ZMRPSL .....................................................337Application............................................................................337Setting guidelines.................................................................338Setting parameters...............................................................344

Pole slip protection PSPPPAM .................................................344Application............................................................................344Setting guidelines.................................................................347Setting parameters...............................................................357

Phase preference logic PPLPHIZ..............................................358Application............................................................................358Setting guidelines.................................................................361Setting parameters...............................................................362

Current protection...........................................................................363Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase outputPHPIOC ....................................................................................363


Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC .................368Application............................................................................368Setting guidelines.................................................................369Setting parameters...............................................................380

Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC ...........384Application............................................................................385Setting guidelines.................................................................385Setting parameters...............................................................388

Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero, negativesequence direction EF4PTOC ..................................................388


Four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrentprotection NS4PTOC ................................................................405


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5Application manual

Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and powerprotection SDEPSDE ................................................................416


Thermal overload protection, two time constants TRPTTR ......427Application............................................................................427Setting guideline...................................................................428Setting parameters...............................................................431

Breaker failure protection CCRBRF .........................................432Application............................................................................432Setting guidelines.................................................................432Setting parameters...............................................................436

Pole discordance protection CCRPLD .....................................436Application............................................................................437Setting guidelines.................................................................437Setting parameters...............................................................438

Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP..........................438Application............................................................................439Setting guidelines.................................................................441Setting parameters...............................................................444

Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP ...........................445Application............................................................................445Setting guidelines.................................................................447Setting parameters...............................................................451

Broken conductor check BRCPTOC ........................................452Application............................................................................452Setting guidelines.................................................................452Setting parameters...............................................................453

Capacitor bank protection CBPGAPC.......................................453Application............................................................................454Setting guidelines.................................................................458Setting parameters...............................................................460

Negativ sequence time overcurrent protection for machinesNS2PTOC .................................................................................461


Voltage protection...........................................................................468Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV ...........................468


Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV .............................473

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6Application manual


Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV ............479Application............................................................................479Setting guidelines.................................................................480Setting parameters...............................................................485

Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH .......................................486Application............................................................................487Setting guidelines.................................................................489Setting parameters...............................................................492

Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV .................................493Application............................................................................493Setting guidelines.................................................................495Setting parameters...............................................................497

Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV .............................................497Application............................................................................497Setting guidelines.................................................................498Setting parameters...............................................................498

Frequency protection......................................................................498Underfrequency protection SAPTUF ........................................498


Overfrequency protection SAPTOF ..........................................501Application............................................................................501Setting guidelines.................................................................502Setting parameters...............................................................503

Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC ........................503Application............................................................................503Setting guidelines.................................................................504Setting parameters...............................................................505

Multipurpose protection..................................................................505General current and voltage protection CVGAPC.....................505


Secondary system supervision.......................................................527Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF .......................................527


Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF..........................................528

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7Application manual


Control............................................................................................533Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizingSESRSYN.................................................................................533

Application............................................................................534Application examples...........................................................539Setting guidelines.................................................................545Setting parameters...............................................................551

Apparatus control APC..............................................................553Application............................................................................554Interaction between modules...............................................560Setting guidelines.................................................................562Setting parameters...............................................................563

Interlocking ...............................................................................565Configuration guidelines.......................................................566Interlocking for line bay ABC_LINE .....................................567Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC ...........................572Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO .......................578Interlocking for bus-section breaker A1A2_BS.....................579Interlocking for bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC ...........582Interlocking for busbar earthing switch BB_ES ...................590Interlocking for double CB bay DB ......................................596Interlocking for 1 1/2 CB BH ................................................598Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlockingGOOSEINTLKRCV..............................................................599

Voltage control...........................................................................599Application............................................................................600Setting guidelines.................................................................632Setting parameters...............................................................643

Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMIpresentation SLGGIO................................................................650


Selector mini switch VSGGIO....................................................652Application............................................................................652Setting guidelines.................................................................653Setting parameters...............................................................653

IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions DPGGIO........653Application............................................................................654Setting guidelines.................................................................654

Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO....................654

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8Application manual


AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS.....655Application............................................................................655Setting guidelines.................................................................656Setting parameters...............................................................656

Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD...............................670Application............................................................................670Setting guidelines.................................................................672Setting parameters...............................................................672

Scheme communication.................................................................673Scheme communication logic for residual overcurrentprotection ECPSCH ..................................................................673


Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residualovercurrent protection ECRWPSCH..........................................675


Logic...............................................................................................678Tripping logic SMPPTRC ..........................................................678


Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO.......................................................683Application............................................................................683Setting guidelines.................................................................683Setting parameters...............................................................684

Configurable logic blocks...........................................................684Application............................................................................684Setting parameters...............................................................685

Fixed signal function block FXDSIGN.......................................686Application............................................................................686Setting parameters...............................................................687

Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I.....................................687Application............................................................................687Setting guidelines.................................................................688

Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic noderepresentation B16IFCVI...........................................................688

Application............................................................................688Setting guidelines.................................................................688

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9Application manual

Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16.....................................688Application............................................................................688Setting parameters...............................................................689

Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic noderepresentation IB16FCVB..........................................................689

Application............................................................................689Setting parameters...............................................................689

Monitoring.......................................................................................689Measurement.............................................................................689

Application............................................................................690Zero clamping.......................................................................692Setting guidelines.................................................................692Setting parameters...............................................................702

Event counter CNTGGIO...........................................................715Identification.........................................................................715Application............................................................................715Setting parameters...............................................................715

Event function EVENT...............................................................715Introduction...........................................................................715Setting guidelines.................................................................715Setting parameters...............................................................716

Logical signal status report BINSTATREP................................718Application............................................................................718Setting guidelines.................................................................719Setting parameters...............................................................719

Measured value expander block RANGE_XP...........................719Application............................................................................719Setting guidelines.................................................................720

Disturbance report DRPRDRE..................................................720Application............................................................................720Setting guidelines.................................................................721Setting parameters...............................................................726

Event list....................................................................................736Application............................................................................736Setting guidelines.................................................................736

Indications.................................................................................736Application............................................................................736Setting guidelines.................................................................737

Event recorder ..........................................................................737Application............................................................................737Setting guidelines.................................................................738

Trip value recorder....................................................................738Application............................................................................738

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10Application manual

Setting guidelines.................................................................738Disturbance recorder.................................................................739

Application............................................................................739Setting guidelines.................................................................739

Metering..........................................................................................740Pulse-counter logic PCGGIO.....................................................740


Function for energy calculation and demand handlingETPMMTR.................................................................................741


Section 4 Station communication.................................................745Overview.........................................................................................745IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol.........................................745

Application IEC 61850-8-1.........................................................745Setting guidelines......................................................................747Setting parameters....................................................................747IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions SPGGIO,SP16GGIO................................................................................748


IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions MVGGIO.......748Application............................................................................748Setting guidelines.................................................................748Setting parameters...............................................................749

IEC 61850-8-1 redundant station bus communication..............749Application............................................................................749Setting guidelines.................................................................750Setting parameters...............................................................752

IEC 61850-9-2LE communication protocol.....................................752Introduction................................................................................752Setting guidelines......................................................................754

Specific settings related to the IEC 61850-9-2LEcommunication.....................................................................755Consequence on accuracy for power measurementfunctions when using signals from IEC 61850-9-2LEcommunication.....................................................................755Loss of communication.........................................................756

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Setting examples for IEC 61850-9-2LE and timesynchronization....................................................................758

Setting parameters....................................................................763LON communication protocol.........................................................764

Application.................................................................................764Setting parameters....................................................................765

SPA communication protocol.........................................................766Application.................................................................................766Setting guidelines......................................................................768Setting parameters....................................................................769

IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol.....................................769Application.................................................................................769Setting parameters....................................................................774

Multiple command and transmit MULTICMDRCV,MULTICMDSND.............................................................................777

Application.................................................................................778Setting guidelines......................................................................778

Settings................................................................................778Setting parameters....................................................................778

Section 5 Remote communication................................................779Binary signal transfer......................................................................779

Application.................................................................................779Communication hardware solutions.....................................779

Setting guidelines......................................................................780Setting parameters....................................................................783

Section 6 Configuration................................................................787Introduction.....................................................................................787Description of configuration RET670..............................................788

Introduction................................................................................788Description of configuration A30..........................................788Description of configuration B30..........................................791Description of configuration A40..........................................793Description of configuration B40..........................................795Description of configuration A10..........................................797Description of configuration A25..........................................799

Section 7 Glossary.......................................................................803

Table of contents


Section 1 Introduction

About this chapterThis chapter introduces the user to the manual as such.

1.1 Introduction to the application manual1.1.1 About the complete set of manuals for an IED

The users manual (UM) is a complete set of five different manuals:

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Operators manual

Installation andEngineeringmanual

Commissioning manual

manualTechnical reference

IEC09000744 V1 EN

The Application Manual (AM) contains application descriptions, settingguidelines and setting parameters sorted per function. The application manualshould be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical protection functioncould be used. The manual should also be used when calculating settings.The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains application and functionalitydescriptions and it lists function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals,setting parameters and technical data sorted per function. The technical reference

1MRK 504 116-UEN C Section 1Introduction


manual should be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase,installation and commissioning phase, and during normal service.The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions onhow to install and commission the protection IED. The manual can also be used asa reference during periodic testing. The manual covers procedures for mechanicaland electrical installation, energizing and checking of external circuitry, setting andconfiguration as well as verifying settings and performing directional tests. Thechapters are organized in the chronological order (indicated by chapter/sectionnumbers) in which the protection IED should be installed and commissioned.The Operators Manual (OM) contains instructions on how to operate theprotection IED during normal service once it has been commissioned. Theoperators manual can be used to find out how to handle disturbances or how toview calculated and measured network data in order to determine the cause of a fault.The Engineering Manual (EM) contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDsusing the different tools in PCM600. The manual provides instructions on how toset up a PCM600 project and insert IEDs to the project structure. The manual alsorecommends a sequence for engineering of protection and control functions, LHMIfunctions as well as communication engineering for IEC 61850 and DNP3.

1.1.2 About the application manualThe application manual contains the following chapters: The chapter Requirements describes current and voltage transformer

requirements. The chapter IED application describes the use of the included software

functions in the IED. The chapter discusses application possibilities and givesguidelines for calculating settings for a particular application.

The chapter Station communication describes the communicationpossibilities in a SA-system.

The chapter Remote communication describes the remote end datacommunication possibilities through binary signal transferring.

The chapter Configuration describes the preconfiguration of the IED andits complements.

The chapter Glossary is a list of terms, acronyms and abbreviations used inABB technical documentation.

1.1.3 Intended audienceGeneralThe application manual is addressing the system engineer/technical responsiblethat is responsible for specifying the application of the IED.

Section 1 1MRK 504 116-UEN CIntroduction


RequirementsThe system engineer/technical responsible must have a good knowledge aboutprotection systems, protection equipment, protection functions and the configuredfunctional logics in the protection.

1.1.4 Related documentsDocuments related to RET670 Identity numberOperators manual 1MRK 504 114-UENInstallation and commissioning manual 1MRK 504 115-UENTechnical reference manual 1MRK 504 113-UENApplication manual 1MRK 504 116-UENProduct guide customized 1MRK 504 117-BENProduct guide pre-configured 1MRK 504 118-BENProduct guide IEC 61850-9-2 1MRK 504 104-BENSample specification SA2005-001283

Connection and Installation components 1MRK 513 003-BENTest system, COMBITEST 1MRK 512 001-BENAccessories for 670 series IEDs 1MRK 514 012-BEN670 series SPA and signal list 1MRK 500 092-WENIEC 61850 Data objects list for 670 series 1MRK 500 091-WENEngineering manual 670 series 1MRK 511 240-UENCommunication set-up for Relion 670 series 1MRK 505 260-UEN

More information can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation.

1.1.5 Revision notesRevision DescriptionA Minor corrections madeB Minor corrections madeC Maintenance updates, PR corrections

1MRK 504 116-UEN C Section 1Introduction


Section 2 Requirements

About this chapterThis chapter describes current and voltage transformer requirements.

2.1 Current transformer requirementsThe performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of themeasured current signal. Saturation of the current transformer (CT) will causedistortion of the current signal and can result in a failure to operate or causeunwanted operations of some functions. Consequently CT saturation can have aninfluence on both the dependability and the security of the protection. Thisprotection IED has been designed to permit heavy CT saturation with maintainedcorrect operation.

2.1.1 Current transformer classificationTo guarantee correct operation, the current transformers (CTs) must be able tocorrectly reproduce the current for a minimum time before the CT will begin tosaturate. To fulfill the requirement on a specified time to saturation the CTs mustfulfill the requirements of a minimum secondary e.m.f. that is specified below.There are several different ways to specify CTs. Conventional magnetic core CTsare usually specified and manufactured according to some international or nationalstandards, which specify different protection classes as well. There are manydifferent standards and a lot of classes but fundamentally there are three differenttypes of CTs: High remanence type CT Low remanence type CT Non remanence type CT

The high remanence type has no limit for the remanent flux. This CT has amagnetic core without any airgap and a remanent flux might remain almost infinitetime. In this type of transformers the remanence can be up to around 80% of thesaturation flux. Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P, PX, TPS,TPX according to IEC, class P, X according to BS (old British Standard) and nongapped class C, K according to ANSI/IEEE.The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. This CT ismade with a small air gap to reduce the remanence to a level that does not exceed10% of the saturation flux. The small air gap has only very limited influences on

1MRK 504 116-UEN C Section 2Requirements


the other properties of the CT. Class PR, TPY according to IEC are low remanencetype CTs.The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanent flux.This type of CT has relatively big air gaps in order to reduce the remanence topractically zero level. In the same time, these air gaps reduce the influence of the DC-component from the primary fault current. The air gaps will also decrease themeasuring accuracy in the non-saturated region of operation. Class TPZ accordingto IEC is a non remanence type CT.Different standards and classes specify the saturation e.m.f. in different ways but itis possible to approximately compare values from different classes. The ratedequivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044 6 standard isused to specify the CT requirements for the IED. The requirements are alsospecified according to other standards.

2.1.2 ConditionsThe requirements are a result of investigations performed in our network simulator.The current transformer models are representative for current transformers of highremanence and low remanence type. The results may not always be valid for nonremanence type CTs (TPZ).The performances of the protection functions have been checked in the range fromsymmetrical to fully asymmetrical fault currents. Primary time constants of at least120 ms have been considered at the tests. The current requirements below are thusapplicable both for symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents.Depending on the protection function phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and three-phase faults have been tested for different relevant fault positions for example,close in forward and reverse faults, zone 1 reach faults, internal and external faults.The dependability and security of the protection was verified by checking forexample, time delays, unwanted operations, directionality, overreach and stability.The remanence in the current transformer core can cause unwanted operations orminor additional time delays for some protection functions. As unwantedoperations are not acceptable at all maximum remanence has been considered forfault cases critical for the security, for example, faults in reverse direction andexternal faults. Because of the almost negligible risk of additional time delays andthe non-existent risk of failure to operate the remanence have not been consideredfor the dependability cases. The requirements below are therefore fully valid for allnormal applications.It is difficult to give general recommendations for additional margins forremanence to avoid the minor risk of an additional time delay. They depend on theperformance and economy requirements. When current transformers of lowremanence type (for example, TPY, PR) are used, normally no additional margin isneeded. For current transformers of high remanence type (for example, P, PX, TPS,TPX) the small probability of fully asymmetrical faults, together with high

Section 2 1MRK 504 116-UEN CRequirements


remanence in the same direction as the flux generated by the fault, has to be kept inmind at the decision of an additional margin. Fully asymmetrical fault current willbe achieved when the fault occurs at approximately zero voltage (0).Investigations have shown that 95% of the faults in the network will occur whenthe voltage is between 40 and 90. In addition fully asymmetrical fault currentwill not exist in all phases at the same time.

2.1.3 Fault currentThe current transformer requirements are based on the maximum fault current forfaults in different positions. Maximum fault current will occur for three-phasefaults or single phase-to-earth faults. The current for a single phase-to-earth faultwill exceed the current for a three-phase fault when the zero sequence impedancein the total fault loop is less than the positive sequence impedance.When calculating the current transformer requirements, maximum fault current forthe relevant fault position should be used and therefore both fault types have to beconsidered.

2.1.4 Secondary wire resistance and additional loadThe voltage at the current transformer secondary terminals directly affects thecurrent transformer saturation. This voltage is developed in a loop containing thesecondary wires and the burden of all relays in the circuit. For earth faults the loopincludes the phase and neutral wire, normally twice the resistance of the singlesecondary wire. For three-phase faults the neutral current is zero and it is justnecessary to consider the resistance up to the point where the phase wires areconnected to the common neutral wire. The most common practice is to use fourwires secondary cables so it normally is sufficient to consider just a singlesecondary wire for the three-phase case.The conclusion is that the loop resistance, twice the resistance of the singlesecondary wire, must be used in the calculation for phase-to-earth faults and thephase resistance, the resistance of a single secondary wire, may normally be usedin the calculation for three-phase faults.As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-to-earth faults it is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-to-earth fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earthfault can be dimensioning for the CT depending on the higher burden.In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault is not thedimensioning case and therefore the resistance of the single secondary wire alwayscan be used in the calculation, for this case.



2.1.5 General current transformer requirementsThe current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data forexample, maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to theprotection is higher than the minimum operating value for all faults that are to bedetected with the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is different fordifferent functions and normally settable so each function should be checked.The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a verysensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If a very sensitivesetting of this function will be used it is recommended that the current transformershould have an accuracy class which have an current error at rated primary currentthat is less than 1% (for example, 5P). If current transformers with less accuracyare used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during thecommissioning.

2.1.6 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirementsWith regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of highremanence and low remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the ratedequivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal below can be used. The characteristic of the nonremanence type CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error isconcerned. If no explicit recommendation is given for a specific function wetherefore recommend contacting ABB to confirm that the non remanence type canbe used.The CT requirements for the different functions below are specified as a ratedequivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard.Requirements for CTs specified in different ways are given at the end of this section.

2.1.6.1 Transformer differential protectionThe current transformers must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that islarger than the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

sn Ral alreq nt CT L 2

pn r

I SE E 30 I R RI I = + +

EQUATION1412 V1 EN (Equation 1)

sn Ral alreq tf CT L 2

pn r

I SE E 2 I R RI I = + +




where: Int The rated primary current of the power transformer (A)Itf Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs andthe power transformer (A)Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (W). The loopresistance containing the phase and neutral wires must be used for faults in

solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should beused for faults in high impedance earthed systems.

SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.020 VA/channel for Ir=1A and Sr=0.150 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breakerarrangement, the fault current may pass two main CTs for the transformerdifferential protection without passing the power transformer. In such cases and ifboth main CTs have equal ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs mustsatisfy equation 1 and equation 3.

sn Ral alreq f CT L 2

pn r

I SE E I R RI I = + +


where: If Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs without passingthe power transformer (A)

2.1.6.2 Distance protectionThe current transformers must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that islarger than the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

k max sn Ral alreq CT L 2

pn r

I I SE E a R RI I = + +


kzone1 sn Ral alreq CT L 2

pn r

I I SE E k R RI I = + +




where: Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in forward andreverse faults (A)Ikzone1 Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for faults at the end of zone 1reach (A)Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (W). In solidly earthedsystems the loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires should be

used for phase-to-earth faults and the resistance of the phase wire should beused for three-phase faults.In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the resistance of the singlesecondary wire always can be used.

SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.020 VA/channel for Ir=1A and Sr=0.150 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

a This factor is a function of the primary time constant for the dc component in thefault current.a= 2 for the primary time constant Tp 50 msa = 3 for the primary time constant Tp> 50 ms

k A factor of the primary time constant for the dc component in the fault current fora three-phase fault at the set reach of zone 1.k = 4 for the primary time constant Tp 30 msk = 6 for the primary time constant Tp> 30 ms

2.1.6.3 Restricted earth fault protection (low impedance differential)The requirements are specified separately for solidly earthed and impedanceearthed transformers. For impedance earthed transformers the requirements for thephase CTs are depending whether it is three individual CTs connected in parallel orit is a cable CT enclosing all three phases.

Neutral CTs and phase CTs for solidly earthed transformersThe neutral CT and the phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f.Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f.Ealreq below:

230 sn Ral alreq nt CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I

= + + EQUATION2237 V1 EN (Equation 6)

22 sn Ral alreq etf CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I




Where: Int The rated primary current of the power transformer (A)Ietf Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passesthe CTs and the power transformer neutral (A)Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)RCT The secondary resistance of the CT ()RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loop resistancecontaining the phase and neutral wires shall be used.SR The burden of a REx670 current input channel (VA). SR=0,020 VA / channel for IR= 1 A and SR = 0,150 VA / channel for IR = 5 A

In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breakerarrangement, the fault current may pass two main phase CTs for the restricted earthfault protection without passing the power transformer. In such cases and if bothmain CTs have equal ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfyRequirement (12) and the Requirement (14) below:

2sn R

al alreq ef CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I


Where: Ief Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passes two

main CTs without passing the power transformer neutral (A)

Neutral CTs and phase CTs for impedance earthed transformersThe neutral CT and phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Ealthat is larger than or equal to the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

23 sn Ral alreq etf CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I


Where: Ietf Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current thatpasses the CTs and the power transformer neutral (A)Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

Table continues on next page



RCT The secondary resistance of the CT ()RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loopresistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used.SR The burden of a REx670 current input channel (VA). SR = 0,020 VA / channel for

Ir = 1 A and SR = 0,150 VA / channel for Ir = 5 A

In case of three individual CTs connected in parallel (Holmgren connection) on thephase side the following additional requirements must also be fulfilled.The three individual phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Ealthat is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreqbelow:

22 sn Ral alreq tf CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I


Where: Itf Maximum primary fundamental frequency three-phase fault current that passesthe CTs and the power transformer (A).RLsw The resistance of the single secondary wire and additional load ().

In impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault currents often are relativelysmall and the requirements might result in small CTs. However, in applicationswhere the zero sequence current from the phase side of the transformer is asummation of currents from more than one CT (cable CTs or groups of individualCTs in Holmgren connection) for example, in substations with breaker-and-a-halfor double-busbar double-breaker arrangement or if the transformer has a T-connection to different busbars, there is a risk that the CTs can be exposed forhigher fault currents than the considered phase-to-earth fault currents above.Examples of such cases can be cross-country faults or phase-to-phase faults withhigh fault currents and unsymmetrical distribution of the phase currents betweenthe CTs. The zero sequence fault current level can differ much and is often difficultto calculate or estimate for different cases. To cover these cases, with summationof zero sequence currents from more than one CT, the phase side CTs must fulfillthe Requirement (17) below:

2sn R

al alreq f CT Lpn r

I SE E I R RI I




Where: If Maximum primary fundamental frequency three-phase fault current that passesthe CTs (A)RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loop resistancecontaining the phase and neutral wires shall be used.

2.1.7 Current transformer requirements for CTs according toother standardsAll kinds of conventional magnetic core CTs are possible to use with the IEDs ifthey fulfill the requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as therated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard. Fromdifferent standards and available data for relaying applications it is possible toapproximately calculate a secondary e.m.f. of the CT comparable with Eal. Bycomparing this with the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq it is possible to judge if theCT fulfills the requirements. The requirements according to some other standardsare specified below.

2.1.7.1 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PRA CT according to IEC 60044-1 is specified by the secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max.The value of the E2max is approximately equal to the corresponding Eal accordingto IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to class P and PR must have asecondary limiting e.m.f. E2max that fulfills the following:

2 max max alreqE E>


2.1.7.2 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX, IEC60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class X)CTs according to these classes are specified approximately in the same way by arated knee-point e.m.f. Eknee (Ek for class PX, EkneeBS for class X and the limitingsecondary voltage Ual for TPS). The value of the Eknee is lower than thecorresponding Eal according to IEC 60044-6. It is not possible to give a generalrelation between the Eknee and the Eal but normally the Eknee is approximately 80 %of the Eal. Therefore, the CTs according to class PX, X and TPS must have a ratedknee-point e.m.f. Eknee that fulfills the following:



Eknee Ek EkneeBS Ual > 0.8 (maximum of Ealreq)EQUATION2100 V1 EN (Equation 12)

2.1.7.3 Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEECurrent transformers according to ANSI/IEEE are partly specified in differentways. A rated secondary terminal voltage UANSI is specified for a CT of class C.UANSI is the secondary terminal voltage the CT will deliver to a standard burden at20 times rated secondary current without exceeding 10 % ratio correction. Thereare a number of standardized UANSI values for example, UANSI is 400 V for a C400CT. A corresponding rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. EalANSI can beestimated as follows:

Ea lANSI 20 Isn RCT UA NSI+ 20 Isn RC T 20 Isn ZbANSI += =EQUATION971 V1 EN (Equation 13)

where: ZbANSI The impedance (that is, complex quantity) of the standard ANSI burden for the specific Cclass (W)UANSI The secondary terminal voltage for the specific C class (V)

The CTs according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limitingsecondary e.m.f. EalANSI that fulfills the following:

alANSI alreqE max imum of E>EQUATION1384 V1 EN (Equation 14)

A CT according to ANSI/IEEE is also specified by the knee-point voltageUkneeANSI that is graphically defined from an excitation curve. The knee-pointvoltage UkneeANSI normally has a lower value than the knee-point e.m.f. accordingto IEC and BS. UkneeANSI can approximately be estimated to 75 % of thecorresponding Eal according to IEC 60044 6. Therefore, the CTs according to ANSI/IEEE must have a knee-point voltage UkneeANSI that fulfills the following:

EkneeANSI > 0.75 (maximum of Ealreq)EQUATION2101 V1 EN (Equation 15)



2.2 Voltage transformer requirementsThe performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of themeasured input signal. Transients caused by capacitive voltage transformers(CVTs) can affect some protection functions.Magnetic or capacitive voltage transformers can be used.The capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should fulfill the requirementsaccording to the IEC 600445 standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients.The ferro-resonance requirements of the CVTs are specified in chapter 7.4 of thestandard.The transient responses for three different standard transient response classes, T1,T2 and T3 are specified in chapter 15.5 of the standard. CVTs according to allclasses can be used.The protection IED has effective filters for these transients, which gives secure andcorrect operation with CVTs.

2.3 SNTP server requirementsThe SNTP server to be used is connected to the local network, that is not more than4-5 switches or routers away from the IED. The SNTP server is dedicated for itstask, or at least equipped with a real-time operating system, that is not a PC withSNTP server software. The SNTP server should be stable, that is, eithersynchronized from a stable source like GPS, or local without synchronization.Using a local SNTP server without synchronization as primary or secondary serverin a redundant configuration is not recommended.

2.4 IEC 61850-9-2LE Merging unit requirementsThe merging units that supply the IED with measured values via the process busmust fulfill the IEC61850-9-2LE standard.This part of the IEC61850 is specifying Communication Service Mapping(SCSM) Sampled values over ISO/IEC 8802, in other words sampled dataover Ethernet. The 9-2 part of the IEC61850 protocol uses also definitions from7-2, Basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment Abstract communication service interface (ACSI). The set of functionalityimplemented in the IED (IEC61850-9-2LE) is a subset of the IEC61850-9-2. Forexample the IED covers the client part of the standard, not the server part.



The standard does not define the sample rate for data, but in the UCA users grouprecommendations there are indicated sample rates that are adopted, by consensus,in the industry.There are two sample rates defined: 80 samples/cycle (4000 samples/sec. at 50Hzor 4800 samples/sec. at 60 Hz) for a merging unit type1 and 256 samples/cyclefor a merging unit type2. The IED can receive data rates of 80 samples/cycle.Note that the IEC 61850-9-2 LE standard does not specify the quality of thesampled values, only the transportation. Thus, the accuracy of the current andvoltage inputs to the merging unit and the inaccuracy added by the merging unitmust be coordinated with the requirement for actual type of protection function.Factors influencing the accuracy of the sampled values from the merging unit arefor example anti aliasing filters, frequency range, step response, truncating, A/Dconversion inaccuracy, time tagging accuracy etc.In principle shall the accuracy of the current and voltage transformers, togetherwith the merging unit, have the same quality as direct input of currents and voltages.



Section 3 IED application

About this chapterThis chapter describes the use of the included software functions in the IED. Thechapter discusses application possibilities and gives guidelines for calculatingsettings for a particular application.

3.1 General IED applicationRET670 provides fast and selective protection, monitoring and control for two- andthree-winding transformers, autotransformers, generator-transformer units, phaseshifting transformers, special railway transformers and shunt reactors. Thetransformer IED is designed to operate correctly over a wide frequency range inorder to accommodate power system frequency variations during disturbances andgenerator start-up and shut-down.A very fast differential protection function with settable CT ratio matching andvector group compensation makes this IED the ideal solution even for the mostdemanding applications. Since RET670 has very low requirements on the mainCTs, no interposing CTs are required.It is suitable for differential applications withmulti-breaker arrangements with up to six restraint CT inputs. The differentialprotection function is provided with 2nd harmonic and wave-block restraintfeatures to avoid tripping for magnetizing inrush current, and 5th harmonicrestraint to avoid tripping for overexcitation.The differential function offers a high sensitivity for low-level internal faults. Theunique and innovative sensitive differential protection feature of the RET670provides the best possible coverage for winding internal turn-to-turn faults, basedon the theory of symmetrical components .A low impedance restricted earth-fault protection function is available as acomplimentary sensitive and fast main protection against winding earth faults. Thisfunction includes a directional zero-sequence current criterion for additional security.Additionally a high impedance differential function is available. It can be used asrestricted earth fault or, as three functions are included, also as differentialprotection on autotransformers, as differential protection for a tertiary connectedreactor, as T-differential protection for the transformer feeder in a mesh-corner orring arrangement, as tertiary bus protection and so on.Tripping from pressure relief/Buchholz and temperature devices can be donethrough the transformer IED where pulsing, lock-out contact output and so on, is

1MRK 504 116-UEN C Section 3IED application


performed. The binary inputs are heavily stabilized against disturbance to preventincorrect operations at for example dc system capacitive discharges or DC earth faults.The binary inputs are heavily stabilized against disturbances to prevent incorrectoperations during for example during DC system capacitive discharges or DC earthfaults.

Distance protection functionality for phase-to-phase and/or phase-to-earth faults isavailable as back-up protection for faults within the transformer and in theconnected power system.Versatile phase, earth, positive, negative and zero sequence overcurrent functions,which can optionally be made directional and/or voltage controlled, provide furtheralternative backup protection. Thermal overload with two time-constants, volts perhertz, over/under voltage and over/under frequency protection functions are alsoavailable.A built-in disturbance and event recorder provides valuable data to the user aboutstatus and operation for post-fault disturbance analysis.Breaker failure protection for each transformer breaker allows high speed back-uptripping of surrounding breakers.The transformer IED can also be provided with a full control and interlockingfunctionality including Synchrocheck function to allow integration of the main and/or a local back-up control.Out of Step function is available to separate power system sections close toelectrical centre at occurring out of step.RET670 can be used in applications with the IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus withup to two Merging Units (MU). Each MU has eight analogue channels, normallyfour current and four voltages. Conventional and Merging Unit channels can bemixed freely in your application.The advanced logic capability, where user logic is prepared with a graphical tool,allows special applications such as automatic opening of disconnectors in multi-breaker arrangements, closing of breaker rings, load transfer logic and so on. Thegraphical configuration tool ensures simple and fast testing and commissioning.Serial data communication is via optical connections to ensure immunity againstdisturbances.The wide application flexibility makes this product an excellent choice for bothnew installations and the refurbishment of existing installations.

Section 3 1MRK 504 116-UEN CIED application


3.2 Analog inputs3.2.1 Introduction

Analog input channels must be configured and set properly to get correctmeasurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring andall directional and differential functions the directions of the input currents must bedefined properly. Measuring and protection algorithms in the IED use primarysystem quantities. Setting values are in primary quantities as well and it isimportant to set the data about the connected current and voltage transformersproperly.A reference PhaseAngleRef can be defined to facilitate service values reading. Thisanalog channels phase angle will always be fixed to zero degrees and all otherangle information will be shown in relation to this analog input. During testing andcommissioning of the IED the reference channel can be changed to facilitate testingand service values reading.

The IED has the ability to receive analog values from primaryequipment, that are sampled by Merging units (MU) connected to aprocess bus, via the IEC 61850-9-2 LE protocol.

The availability of VT inputs depends on the ordered transformerinput module (TRM) type.

3.2.2 Setting guidelinesThe available setting parameters related to analog inputs aredepending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logicconfiguration made in PCM600.

3.2.2.1 Setting of the phase reference channelAll phase angles are calculated in relation to a defined reference. An appropriateanalog input channel is selected and used as phase reference. The parameterPhaseAngleRef defines the analog channel that is used as phase angle reference.

ExampleThe setting PhaseAngleRef=10 shall be used if a phase-to-earth voltage (usuallythe L1 phase-to-earth voltage connected to VT channel number 10 of the analogcard) is selected to be the phase reference.



Setting of current channelsThe direction of a current to the IED is depending on the connection of the CT.Unless indicated otherwise, the main CTs are supposed to be star connected andcan be connected with the earthing point to the object or from the object. Thisinformation must be set in the IED. The convention of the directionality is definedas follows: A positive value of current, power, and so on means that the quantityhas the direction into the object and a negative value means direction out from theobject. For directional functions the direction into the object is defined as Forwardand the direction out from the object is defined as Reverse. See figure 1A positive value of current, power, and so on (forward) means that the quantity hasa direction towards the object. - A negative value of current, power, and so on(reverse) means a direction away from the object. See figure 1.

Protected ObjectLine, transformer, etc

ForwardReverse

Definition of directionfor directional functions

Measured quantity ispositive when flowing

towards the object

e.g. P, Q, I

ReverseForward


e.g. P, Q, IMeasured quantity ispositive when flowing

towards the object

Set parameterCTStarPoint

Correct Setting is"ToObject"

Set parameterCTStarPoint

Correct Setting is"FromObject"

en05000456.vsdIEC05000456 V1 EN

Figure 1: Internal convention of the directionality in the IEDWith correct setting of the primary CT direction, CTStarPoint set to FromObject orToObject, a positive quantities always flowing towards the object and a directiondefined as Forward always is looking towards the object. The following examplesshow the principle.

Example 1Two IEDs used for protection of two objects.



Transformerprotection

TransformerLine

Line

Setting of current input:Set parameter

CTStarPoint withTransformer as

reference object.Correct setting is

"ToObject"

ForwardReverse


Line protection




"ToObject"


CTStarPoint withLine as


"FromObject"en05000753.vsd

IsIs

Ip Ip Ip

IEC05000753 V1 EN

Figure 2: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IEDThe figure 2 shows the normal case where the objects have their own CTs. Thesettings for CT direction shall be done according to the figure. To protect the linethe direction of the directional functions of the line protection shall be set toForward. This means that the protection is looking towards the line.

Example 2Two IEDs used for protection of two objects and sharing a CT.



Transformerprotection

TransformerLine




"ToObject"

ForwardReverse


Line protection




"ToObject"


CTStarPoint withLine as


"FromObject"

en05000460.vsd

IEC05000460 V1 EN

Figure 3: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IEDThis example is similar to example 1, but here the transformer is feeding just oneline and the line protection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does.The CT direction is set with different reference objects for the two IEDs though itis the same current from the same CT that is feeding the two IEDs. With thesesettings the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward tolook towards the line.

Example 3One IED used to protect two objects.



Transformer andLine protection

TransformerLine




"ToObject"

ReverseForward

Definition of directionfor directionalline functions




"ToObject"

en05000461.vsd

IEC05000461 V1 EN

Figure 4: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IEDIn this example one IED includes both transformer and line protection and the lineprotection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does. For both currentinput channels the CT direction is set with the transformer as reference object. Thismeans that the direction Forward for the line protection is towards the transformer.To look towards the line the direction of the directional functions of the lineprotection must be set to Reverse. The direction Forward/Reverse is related to thereference object that is the transformer in this case.When a function is set to Reverse and shall protect an object in reverse direction itshall be noted that some directional

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