application timing for maximum efficacy of insecticides to control european and common crane fly...
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Application Timing for Maximum Efficacy of
Insecticides to Control European and Common
Crane Fly Larvae in the Pacific Northwest
G.K. Stahnke, A.L. Antonelli, E.D. Miltner, M. J. Johns, P.R. Corpuz and N.P. Aviles
T. Paludosa Meigen femaleFound in WA in 1967 and moved south to northernCalifornia by 1999
T. Oleracea L. femaleFound in WA in 1998 andin Quebec, Canada in 2004
Slide of locations
2005 Crane Fly Larval Locations in United States and Canada
OntarioWA
OR
CA
AL
VA
BC
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vvv
v
vv
vv
vv
v
v
TX
Toronto
QuebecQuebec City
CommonCrane FlyOviposition
CommonCrane FlyOviposition
Crane fly core sampling to make larval counts
Crane Fly Larvae Reduction Trials
Timing for Applications:
1. Oviposition for European Crane Fly (ECF) egg to 1st instar; CCF – 2nd to 3rd instar (September 15)
2. ECF – 1st instar to 2nd instar; CCF- egg to 1st instar (November 15)
3. ECF – Late 3rd instar; CCF- 4th instar, adult to egg lay (February to March 15)
Applications made with CO2 sprayer with 8003 flat fan nozzles.207 KPa and a spray volume of 0.12 L m-2.
Table 1. Oviposition timing for control of larval crane flies on colonial bentgrass (25 Sept. 2001)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Untreated 280.5 a
Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 132.0 ab
Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.28 78.3 b
Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 78.3 b
Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 45.4 b
Imidacloprid 0.2 0.37 33.0 b
LSD 179.0† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Beauveria bassiana JW1 7.2FL 7.42x1010† 1154.6 a‡
Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.28 816.7 ab
Untreated 808.1 b
Beauveria bassiana JW1§ 7.2FL 7.42x1010† 762.9 bc
Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 713.4 bcd
Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 705.9 bcd
LSD 340.0
† Rate is expressed as spores ha-1 (2.3 x 107 spores ml-1 of product)‡ Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).§ 2 apps. 10 days apart
Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000) (cont’d. 1)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Imidacloprid 0.2G 0.37 697.3 bcd
Beauveria bassiana JW1§ 7.2FL 3.71x1010† 717.7 bcde
Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.34 614.4 bcde
Trichlorfon 1.5G 1.69 557.4 bcdef
Pyriproxyfen 11.2EC 0.20 535.9 bcdef
Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.10 524.0 bcdef
Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.44 458.4 cdef
LSD 340.0
† Rate is expressed as spores ha-1 (2.3 x 107 spores ml-1 of product)
Table 2. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Nov. 2000) (cont’d. 2)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Trichlorfon 6.2G 6.08 404.6 def
Lambda-cyhalothrin 10WP 0.13 326.0 efg
Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 313.1 efg
Bifenthrin (Talstar FL) 7.9FL 0.25 280.8 efg
Acephate (97) 97WG 4.13 231.3 fg
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 0.45 40.9 g
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 21.5 g
LSD 340.0
Table 3. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (20 Nov. 2001)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.44 1006.4 a†
Halofenozide 22.3FL 1.78 1002.3 a
Methoprene 20EC 0.64 886.8 ab
Fluvalinate 0.2G 0.18 874.5 ab
Halofenozide 1.5G 2.21 800.2 abc
Cyfluthrin 0.75EW 0.14 791.9 abc
Imidacloprid 0.5G 0.34 746.7 abc
Halofenozide 1.5G 1.69 705.3 abc
LSD 359.4† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Table 3. Fall crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (20 Nov. 2001) (cont’d.)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Cyfluthrin 0.1G 0.15 635.2 bc
Acephate (97) 97WG 4.13 618.7 bc
Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.30 610.4 bc
Trichlorfon 6.2G 9.11 606.3 bc
Untreated 594.0 bc
Lambda-cyhalothrin 10WP 0.13 507.3 c
Bifenthrin (Talstar FL) 0.2FL 0.45 82.5 d
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.45 41.2 d
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 8.3 d
LSD 359.4
Table 4. Spring crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Jan. 2004)
Rate Avg. crane flyTreatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Untreated 107.6 a†
Carbaryl (Sevin SL) 43FL 9.0 32.3 b
Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2G 0.45 20.4 b
Bifenthrin (One) 7.9GL 0.22 20.4 b
Bifenthrin (One) 7.9FL 0.11 19.4 b
Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2G 0.22 16.1 b
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4EC 1.12 11.8 b
Bifenthrin (Onyx) 23.3EC 0.11 4.3 b
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.45 4.3 b
Bifenthrin (Onyx) 23.3EC 0.22 4.3 b
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2G 0.22 0.0 b
LSD 33.1† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Table 5. Spring crane fly larval control colonial bentgrass- annual bluegrass-perennial ryegrass (18Feb. 2002)
Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Untreated 268.1 a†
Acephate 97 WG 4.13 226.8 ab
Carbaryl (Sevin SL) 43 SL 4.5 107.3 bc
Carbaryl (Sevin SL) 43 SL 9.0 41.2 c
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 G 0.45 24.8 c
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban DTI) 4 EC 1.12 20.7 c
LSD 120.5
† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Table 6. Spring crane fly larval control colonial bentgrass- annual bluegrass-perennial ryegrass (5 Mar. 2002)
Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m -2
Untreated 173.2 a†
Bifenthrin (Talstar EZ) 0.2 G 0.45 24.8 b
LSD 125.9
† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Table 7. Spring crane fly larval control on Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue (15 Mar. 2001)
Rate Avg. crane fly Treatment Formulation kg ai ha –1 larvae m –2
Untreated 123.7 a†
Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 10 WP 0.13 78.6
Bifenthrin (Talstar PL) 0.2 G 0.45 40.9 b
LSD 51.2
† Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s projected LSD (P = 0.05).
Summary
1. At oviposition, imidacloprid (0.28 and0.37 kg ai ha-1), cyfluthrin and thiamethoxam, significantly reduced larval numbers by 72, 88,84 and 72%, respectively.
2. Late fall applications (Nov.) of imidacloprid (0.44kg at ha-1), trichlorfon, lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and acephate provided significant larval reduction.
3. Early spring applications (Jan.-Feb) of bifenthrin (both granular and liquid forms) and carbaryl (9.0 kg ai ha-1), reduced larvae by 93 to 85%, respectively.
4. Late spring applications of bifenthrin (early March) reduced larval numbers by 86%, while mid-March applications only reduced larval numbers by 67%.
Conclusions
For unthrifty and newly established turfgrass areas, whichare more susceptible to ECF and CCF damage, an applicationof imidacloprid would be effective in reducing larvalpopulations in September at oviposition.
Healthy, established turfgrass can be monitored in late fall or early spring for larval numbers above the threshold of 269 m-2,with an application of bifenthrin or the higher rate of carbarylapplied to reduce larval populations to limit damage to the turfgrass.
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