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APPOLO STUDY CENTRE

MODEL EXAM PAPER – I GENERAL APTITUDE & MENTAL ABILITY KEYS

UNIT – II [3Marks]

13. A boy read 3

8of a book on one day and

4

5of the book of the remaining on another

day. If there were 30 pages unread, how many pages did the book contain?

xU khztd; xU Gj;jfj;jpd; 3

8I xU ehspy; gbj;J Kbj;jhd;. me;jg; Gj;jfj;jpd;

kPjKs;s gf;fq;fspy; 4

5 I ,d;ndhU ehspy; gbj;J Kbj;jhd;. me;jg; Gj;jfj;jpy;

,d;Dk; gbf;fg;glhky; 30 gf;fq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdntdpy;> me;jg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j gf;fq;fs; vj;jid? Solution: Let, Total pages in the books are x.

5 1

308 5

x

8 5

30 2405 1

x Pages

14. The length of a chain used as the boundary of a semicircular park is 36 m. Find the

area of the park. miu tl;l tbtpyhd g+q;fh xd;wpd; vy;iy Ntypahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s rq;fpypapd; ePsk; 36 kP vdpy; g+q;fhtpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f

15. How many bags of grain can be stored in a cuboid granary 12m×6m×5m, if each bag occupies a space of 0.96 cu. Metre? 12m×6m×5m mstpyhd fdnrt;tf jhdpaf;fplq;fpy; Xu; %l;ilf;F 0.96 fd. kP. msT ,lk; Njitg;gLk; vdpy; vj;jid jhdpa %l;ilfis Nrkpf;fyhk;. Solution

Volumeof thesolid which is meltedNo.of NewSolidsobtained byrecasting =

Volumeof thesolid which is made

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12 6 5375

0.96

bags

16. A merchant commences with a certain capital and gains annually at the rate of 20%

compound interest. At the end of 3 years, he is worth Rs.21,600. What was the original capital? xU tzpfh; xU Fwpg;gpl;l KjyPl;L njhifAld; njhopiy njhlq;fp 20% $l;L tl;bapy; 3 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF kjpg;G nkhj;jkhf &.21>600 Mf khWfpwJ. vdpy; mthpd; KjyPl;Lj; njhif vt;tsT? Solution

320

21600 1100

6 6 621600

5 5 5

.12500

P

P

P Rs

17. A trader gains 15% after selling an item at 10% discount on the printed price. The

ratio of the cost price and printed price of the item is: xU th;j;jfh; xU nghUspd; mr;rplg;gl;l tpiyapypUe;J 10 tpOf;fhL js;Sgbia toq;fpa gpwF mtUf;F 15 tpOf;fhL ,yhgk; fpilf;fpwJ. me;jg; nghUspd; mlf;f tpiy kw;Wk; mr;rplg;gl;l tpiy Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd tpfpjk;: Solution

100 %

100 %

115 23

90 18

MP P

CP D

MP

CP

CP : MP = 18 : 23

18. State the relationship between n

rP and n

rC n

rP kw;Wk; n

rC ,tw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s njhlh;gpid vOJf.

Permutations Combinations

Permutation means arrangement of things in different ways. thpirkhw;wk; vd;gJ nghUl;fisg; gy topfspy; khw;wp mikj;Jf; fhz;gjhFk;.

!

P( )!

r

nn

n r

Out of three things A, B, C taking two at a time, we can arrange them in the following manner. A B BA AC CA BC CB Here we find 6 arrangements. In these arrangements order of arrangement is

A combination is a selection of objects without considering the order of arrangements. xU Nrh;khdk; vd;gJ nghUl;fspd; thpirKiwiaf; fUjhky; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; topahFk;.

!

( )! !r

nnC

n r r

For example, out of three things A,B,C we have to select two things at a time. This can be selected in three different ways as follows: A B A C B C

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considered. The arrangement AB and the other arrangement BA are different. The number of arrangements of the above is given as the number of permutations of 3 things taken 2 at a time which gives the value 6. This is written symbolically, 3P2 = 6

Here the selection of the object A B and B A are one and the same. Hence the order of arrangement is not considered in combination. Here the number of combinations from 3 different things taken 2 at a time is 3. This is written symbolically 3C2 = 3

19. What are the essential requisite of a good diagram?

xU rpwe;j tpsf;fglk; tiua Kf;fpa Njitfs; ahit? [Any Four Points] 1. A diagram should be neatly drawn and attractive. 2. The measurements of geometrical figures used in diagram should be accurate and proportional. 3. The size of the diagrams should match the size of the paper. 4. Every diagram must have a suitable but short heading. 5. The scale should be mentioned in the diagram. 6. Diagrams should be neatly as well as accurately drawn with the help of drawing instruments. 7. Index must be given for identification so that the reader can easily make out the meaning of the diagram. 8. Footnote must be given at the bottom of the diagram.

9. Economy in cost and energy should be exercised in drawing diagram.

20. “A false base line of a graph is a wrong base line.” – Comment. xU tiuglj;jpd; ngha;ahd mbf;NfhL vd;gJ jtwhd mbf;NfhL – fUj;J $Wf.

One of the fundamental rules while constructing graphs is that the scale on the X-axis should begin from zero. Where the lowest value to be plotted on the y scale is relatively high and a detailed scale is required to bring out the variations in all the data, starting the Y scale with zero introduces difficulties.

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The solution is to break the Y scale. If the zero origin is shown then the scale is broken by drawing a horizontal wavy line (also called kinked or zigzag line) or a vertical wavy line between zero and the first unit on the Y scale. These lines are drawn to make the reader aware of the fact that false base has been used. Three important objects of false base line are:

1. Variations in the data are clearly shown. 2. A large part of the graph is not wasted or space is saved by using false base.

3. The graph provides a better visual communication. tiuglq;fis tiuAk;NghJ ehk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mbg;gil tpjpfspy; xd;W> X-mr;rpy;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; mstPlhdJ g+[;[aj;jpy; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. mq;Nf Y mr;rpy; gjpag;gl Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r kjpg;G xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. vy;yh juTfspYk; cs;s NtWghLfis ntspf; nfhzh;tjw;F tphpthd mstPL ekf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; epiyapy;> Y mstPl;il g+[;[paj;jpy; njhlq;FtJ ,ila+Wfisf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,jw;fhd jPh;T Y mr;ir cilg;gjpy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. njhlf;fg; Gs;sp g+[;[pakhff;

fhl;lg;gl;lhy;> Y mr;rpy; g+[;[paj;jpw;Fk; Kjy; myfpw;Fk; ,ilNa xU fpilkl;l miyf; Nfhl;il (KWf;Ff; NfhL my;yJ Vw;w ,wf;ff; NfhL vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ) my;yJ nrq;Fj;J miyf; Nfhl;il tiutjd; thapyhf me;j mr;rhdJ cilf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngha;ahd mbf; NfhL gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij gbg;gth; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf ,e;jf; NfhLfs; tiuag;gLfpd;wd. ngha;ahd mbf; Nfhl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. juTfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; njspthff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. 2. ngha;ahd mbf; Nfhl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; thapyhf tiuglj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp

tPzhf;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ ,lk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. me;j tiuglk; rpwe;j fhl;rpj; njhlh;ig toq;FfpwJ.

21. Explain the terms „source code‟ and „object code‟

%yf; FwpaPL kw;Wk; njhFg;G FwpaPL tiuaW. The translator which does this is known as an assembler (see Figure). The input to an assembler is the assembly language program and is known as the source program. Its output is the equivalent machine language program and is known as the object program. The assembler is a system program which is supplied by the computer manufacturer.

,e;jg; gzpiar; nra;Ak; nkhop ngah;g;gp 'mnrk;gpsh;" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ (glj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;). xU mnrk;gpspf;F toq;fg;gLk; cs;sPL mnrk;gpsp nkhopj; jpl;lk; MFk;. mJ %yj; jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ntspaPlhdJ> mjw;Fr; rkkhd ve;jpu nkhopj; jpl;lk; MFk;. mJ njhFg;Gj; jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mnrk;gpsh; vd;gJ xU fzpdpj; jpl;lk; MFk;. mJ fzpdp cw;gj;jpahsuhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

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22. What is ISCII?

ISCII vd;why; vd;d? In addition to ASCII, another code known as ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) has been standardized by the Indian Standards Organization. The full description of this code is available in the document IS: 13194:1991 published by the Indian Standards Organization. It is an 8-bit code which allows English and Indian script alphabets to be used simultaneously. It retains the standard ASCII code for English. ( ; Indian Script Code for Information Interchange,

ISCII) , ,

.

. . -

.

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UNIT II [8 Marks]

42. Answer the following questions gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. A square of side 3 cm is cut off from each corner of rectangular sheet of length

24 cm and breath 18 cm and the remaining sheet is folded to form an open rectangular box. Find the surface area of the box? xU nrt;tfj; jhspd; ePsk; kw;Wk; mfyk; KiwNa 24nr.kP kw;Wk; 18 nr.kP. ,jd; ehd;F %iyfspy; ,Ue;J 3 nr.kP msTs;s rJutbtj;jpy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;L> kPjKs;s jhspid jpwe;j nrt;tfg; ngl;bahf kbf;fg;gLfpwJ> vdpy; mg;ngl;bapd; Nkw;gug;G fhz;f?. Solution Area of rectangular sheet = 24 x 18 = 432 cm2

Area of one square cut off = 32 = 9 cm2

Required area = 432 – 4 x 9 = 432 – 36 = 396 cm2

OR

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b. The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 24 cm. Find the area of circle 24 nrkP gf;fk; cs;s xU rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; cs;Ns tiuag;gl;l xU tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT fhz;f Solution:

21 3

2 4

1 324 24 24

2 4

12 3

b h a

h

h cm

Height of triangle = 3 12 3h r cm

12 3

3r cm

Area of circle = 22 12 3 12 3

7 3 3

21056 6150

7 7cm

43. Answer the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. From a pack of cards find the probability of drawing a spade card or a diamond card. xU rPl;Lf;fl;bypUe;J xU rPl;L vLf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ ];Ngl; my;yJ ilkd;l; Mf ,Uf;f epfo;jfitf; fhz;f.

SOLUTION: Total = 52 cards Spade = 13 cards Diamond = 13 cards

Probability = 13 13 26 1

52 52 2

b. Find the probability that a non-leap year selected at random will contain either

53 Sundays or 53 Mondays. yPg; tUlk; my;yhj rhjhuz Mz;by; 53 QhapWf;fpoikfs; my;yJ 53 jpq;fl; fpoikfs; tUtjw;fhd epfo;jfitf; fhz;f. SOLUTION: Number of days in a non-leap lear = 365 days

i.e. 52 weeks and 1 day. Here S = {sun, mon, tue, wed, thur, fri, sat} n(s) = 7

Probability of 53 Sundays or 53 Mondays = 1 1 2

7 7 7

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c. A bag contains 7 red balls and 5 white balls. Four balls are drawn at random.

What is the probability that (i) all of them are red (ii) two of them are red and two white? xU igapy; 7 rptg;G kw;Wk; 5 nts;is epw ge;Jfs; cs;sd. ,jpypUe;J VNjDk; 4 ge;ij Njh;T nra;Ak;nghOJ

i. vy;yh ge;JfSk; rptg;G epwkhf ,Uf;f ii. mjpy; ,uz;L ge;Jfs; rptg;ghfTk; ,uz;L ge;Jfs; nts;isahfTk; ,Uf;f

epfo;jfT fhz;f Total = 12 balls

i. All of them are red probability =

7

4

12

4

7 6 5 4

1 2 3 412 11 10 9

1 2 3 4

7

99

C

C

ii. 7 5

2 2

12

4

7 6 5 421 10 141 2 1 2

12 11 10 9 11 5 9 33

1 2 3 4

C C

C

44. If the difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest on a certain sum

of money for 3yrs at 5% p.a. is Rs 122, find the sum. %d;W Mz;LfSf;F 5% tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; jdptl;b> $l;L tl;b ,itfspd; tpj;jpahrk; &. 122 vdpy;> mry; njhif vt;tsT? Solution: Given N = 3, R = 5% Difference = 122 Let P = 100

S.I = 100

P N R

= 100 3 5

15100

To find C.I.

3

1 .100

RP P C I

C.I = 105 105 105

100 100100 100 100

C.I = 21 21 21

100 10020 20 20

= 9261

10080

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C.I. = 115.7625 – 100 = 15.7625 P = 100 Difference (S.I., C.I) =15.7625 – 15 = .7625 P = ? Given difference = 122

P = 122 100

16,000.7625

Verify your answer:

3

2

(100)

(300 )

122 100 100 10016,000

25 305

DifferenceP

R R

45. What is a parallel computer? How is a parallel computer different from a distributed computer? ,izf; fzpdp vd;why; vd;d? ,izf; fzpdp tputy; fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? A set of computers connected together by a high speed communication network and programmed in such a way that they cooperate to solve a single large problem is called a Parallel computer. There are two major types of parallel computers. One of them is called the shared memory parallel computer. The other type of parallel computer is called distributed memory computer.

Distributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the same goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between them. The same system may be characterized both as "parallel" and "distributed"; the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. Parallel computing may be seen as a particular tightly coupled form of distributed computing, and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely coupled form of parallel computing. Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as "parallel" or "distributed" using the following criteria:

In parallel computing, all processors may have access to a shared memory to exchange information between processors.

In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory (distributed

memory). Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.

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The figure on the right illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. Figure (a) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system; the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail: each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. Figure (c) shows a parallel system in which each processor has a direct access to a shared memory.

(a), (b): a distributed system.

(c): a parallel system.

" ", " " " "

.[

" " " "

. -

- .

" " " " :

, .

.

. .

. (a)

. .

( ) ( ) . (b) :

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. (c) .

.

.

- -

.

46. Distinguish between discrete series and continuous series. Explain with examples njhlh;r;rpaw;w njhFjpf;Fk; njhlh;e;j njhFjpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff

Basis for comparison Discrete data Continuous data

Meaning Discrete data is one that has clear spaces between values

Continuous data is one that falls on a continuous sequence

Nature Countable Measurable

Values It can take only distinct or separate values

It can take any value in some interval

Graphical Representation Bar graph Histogram

Tabulation is known as Ungrouped frequency distribution

Grouped frequency distribution

Classification Mutually inclusive Mutually exclusive

Function graph Shows isolated points Shows connected points

Example Days of the week Market price of a product

xg;gPl;Lf;fhd mbg;gil njhlh;r;rpaw;w juT njhlh;r;rpahd juT

nghUs; njhlh;r;rpaw;w juT vd;gJ kjpg;GfSf;F ,ilNa njspthd ,ilntspiaf; nfhz;bf;Fk;.

njhlh;r;rpahd juT vd;gJ njhlh;r;rpahd thpirapy; ,Ug;gjhFk;.

,ay;G vz;zf; $baJ mstplf; $baJ kjpg;Gfs; ,J jdpj;jd;ikahd

my;yJ jdpg;gl;l kjpg;Gfis kl;LNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,J rpy ,ilntspapy; ve;j kjpg;ig Ntz;LkhdhYk; vLf;ff; $baJ.

tiugl tpsf;fk; ghh; tiuglk; nrt;tf tiuglk; ml;ltizaply; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ

tifg;gLj;jg;glhj mjph;ntz; gfph;T

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjph;ntz; gfph;T

tifg;ghL xd;iw xd;W cs;slf;fpaJ

xd;iw xd;W cs;slf;fhjJ

nray; tiuglk; jdpj;jdpahd Gs;spfisf; fhl;LfpwJ

,izf;fg;gl;l Gs;spfisf; fhl;lfpwJ

cjhuzk; thuj;jpd; ehl;fs; xU cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; re;ij tpiy

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Example for discrete series(njhlh;r;rpaw;w njhFjp) In a survey of 40 families in a village, the number of children per family was recorded and the

following data obtained.

Represent the data in the form of a discrete frequency distribution.

Example for Continuous frequency distribution(njhlh;e;j njhFjp)

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UNIT II [15 marks]

57. Answer the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. 3 men and 4 boys can earn Rs. 756 in 7 days. 11 men and 13 boys can earn Rs. 3008 in 8 days. In what time will 7 men with 9 boys earn Rs 2480? (10 Marks) 3 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 4 rpWth;fs; Nrh;e;J 7 ehl;fspy; &.756 <l;Lth;. 11 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 13 rpWth;fs; Nrh;e;J 8 ehl;fspy; &.3008 <l;Lth; vdpy; 7 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 9 rpWth;fs; &.2480-I <l;l vj;jid ehl;fs; MFk;? Solution

(3m + 4b) in 1 day earn Rs.756

.1087

Rs …(1)

(11m + 13b) in 1 day earn 3008

. .3768

Rs Rs …. (2)

Formulae: 1 1 2 2

1 2

M ×D M ×D=

W W

3M+4B 11M+13B=

108 376

1128B+1504B = 1188M+1404B

60M = 100B

3M = 5B

51M = B

3

Equation (1) 3M + 4B = 5B + 4B =9B in 1 day earn Rs. 108 Required:

5 627M + 9B = 7 B+9B= B earn Rs.2480 in ?days

3 3

1 1 2 2

1 2

M ×D M ×D=

W W

2629 1

108 3 2480

D

2D =10days

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b. A cylindrical shaped well of depth 30 m and diameter 28 m is dug. the dug soil is evenly spread to form a cuboid – platform with base dimension 30 m × 28 m. Find the height of the plat form (5 Marks) 28kP tpl;lKk; kw;Wk; 30 kP MoKk; cs;s xU fpzW cUis tbtpy; ntl;lg;gLfpwJ. mt;thW ntl;Lk; NghJ Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;l kz; rPuhf gug;gg;gl;L 30kP × 28kP msTfspy; mbg;gf;fkhff; nfhz;l xU fdnrt;tf Nkilahf mikf;fg;gl;lhy;> mk;Nkilapd; cauk; ahJ?

Solution: Cylindrical well Height, h = 30 m Diametre, 2 r= 28 m r = 14m Cuboid Platform Length, l = 30 m Breath, b = 28 m To find height, h1 Volume of the cuboid platform = Volume of the cylindrical well

2

1

1

1

πr h

2230×28×h = ×14 14 30

7

22

l b h

h m

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58. Answer the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. Give an account on Boolean Algebra. G+ypad; fzpjj;ij tpthp

Boolean algebra is a mathematical discipline that is used for designing digital circuits in a digital computer. It describes the relation between inputs and outputs of a digital circuit. The name Boolean algebra has been given in honor of an English mathematician George Boole who proposed the basic principles of this algebra. As with any algebra Boolean algebra makes use of variables and operations (functions). A Boolean variable is a variable having only two possible values such as true or false or as 1 or 0. The basic logical operations are AND, OR and NOT which are symbolically represented by dot plus sign and by overbar/single apostrophe. Example: A AND B = A.B A OR B = A+B NOT A = A‟ (or A) A Boolean expression is a combination of Boolean variables and the logical operators. All possible operations in Boolean algebra can be created from basic logical operators. There are no negative or fractional numbers in Boolean algebra. The operation AND yields true (binary value 1) if and only if both of its operands are true. The operation OR yields true if either or both of its operands are true. The unary operation NOT inverts the value of its operand. The basic logical operations can be defined in a form known as Truth Table which is a list of all possible input values and the output response for each input combination.

[hh;[; G+y; vd;Dk; Mq;fpNyauhy; Njhw;W tpf;fg;gl;l fzpjk; ,J. fzpg;nghwpapy; ,Uepiy Kiwpay; fzpg;Gfisr; nra;aj; Njitahd Rw;Wfis tbtikg;gjpd; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk; ,e;j G+ypad; fzpjk; jhd;. ,J xU Rw;wpd; cs;sPl;bw;Fk;> ntspaPl;bw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;gpidf; $w cjTfpwJ.

,e;jf; fzpjj;jpy; khwp (Variable), khwpyp(constant), rhh;G(function) kw;Wk;

,af;fpfs; (operators) cz;L. ,q;F 0> 1 my;yJ nka;> ngha; vd ,uz;L khwpypfs; kl;LNk cs;sd.

khwp kw;Wk; khwpypfis ,izf;Fk; %d;W ,af;fpfs; cs;sd. mit. AND, OR

kw;Wk; NOT, ,it KiwNa ‘mJTk; ,JTk;;> ‘my;yJ’ kw;Wk; ‘,y;iy’ vd;w

nghUs;gLk; nray;fisr; nra;Ak;. ,tw;iw KiwNa Gs;sp> $l;ly; Fwp> mgh];l;u/gp Fwp my;yJ Nky; NfhL vd;gtw;why; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

A AND B = A.B

B OR B = A + B

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NOT A = A‟ (or A )

G+ypad; khwpfs;> khwpypfs; kw;Wk; ,af;fpfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk; njhlh;. G+ypad; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

AND kw;Wk; OR ,af;fpfSf;F ,U tpid Vw;gpfs; Njit. ,uz;Lk; 1 vd;w kjpg;G

nfhz;bUe;jhy; kl;LNk. AND vd;w ,af;fp 1 vd;w tpiliaf; nfhLf;Fk;. kw;w

rkaq;fspy; 0 vd;w tpiliaf; nfhLf;Fk;.

VjhtJ xd;wpd; kjpg;G 1 vd;whNyNa OR ,af;fp 1 vd;w tpil nfhLf;Fk;. ,uz;LNk 0 vd;why; tpilAk; 0.

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b. What is Blue-ray Disc? How is it different from DVD? ePyf;fjph; tl;L vd;why; vd;d? ,J btpb-apy; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?

Blue-ray disc is a new standard which is expected to supersede DVDs. It is a technology developed by a consortium of companies and the trademark is Blu-ray disc (the consortium is particular about the spelling!). These disks also use a laser beam for recording. The wavelength of the beam is 405 nm, which is smaller compared to 650 nm used by DVDs. As the wavelength is smaller, the density of recording is higher. A Blu-ray Disc (abbreviated BD) can store 25 GB per layer. Double, triple and up to 20-layer BDs are marketed with capacities of 50, 100 and 500 GB, respectively. The recording data rate is given as nx, where x is 36 MB/s. Currently, the maximum value of n is 12. BD-ROM (read only), BD-R (Writable once), and BD-RE (Recordable and Erasable) are also now available. Some players are backward compatible with CDs and DVDs. This allows existing CDs and DVDs to be read using these players. Currently, BDs and BD players are more expensive compared to DVD players and DVDs. BDs. however, can be used for recording high definition TV broadcasts which have excellent video quality. It is conjectured that DVDs and BDs will coexist for several years.

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