approaches in fire fighting

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Fire Science and Technology Ofce x

PRESENTSPRESENTS

““Approaches In Fire Fighting”Approaches In Fire Fighting”

ENGR. NELSON S. SE, SR.Chief, Fire Science & Technology Office

During theDuring the““Industrial Fire Saety Training CourseIndustrial Fire Saety Training Course

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTEROCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER

OSHC Complex, North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City

@ March 2002

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1. INTRODUCTION

2. FIRE SCIENCE AND FUNDAMENTALS

3. GENERAL CAUSES OF FIRE

4. ELEMENTS OF FIRE CONTROL

5. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FIRE SCIENCE AND FUNDAMENTALS

3. GENERAL CAUSES OF FIRE

4. ELEMENTS OF FIRE CONTROL

5. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS



Fire is considered as one of the most ruthless agent of destruction that

natural and man-made environment faced.

And fighting it as a foe, one of the best weapons one can have is

knowledge and understanding of the enemy.



“An average losses of SEVENTEEN MILLION PESOS a day”

OZONE DISCO FIREOZONE DISCO FIRE ::

162 DEATHS162 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES

LUNG CENTER FIRELUNG CENTER FIRE ::

25 DEATHS25 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES

DAMASDAMAS d ISLAS dd ISLAS d FILIPNASFILIPNAS

FIREFIRE : 2! DEATHS: 2! DEATHS plusplus

INJURIESINJURIES"C MANOR HOTEL FIRE"C MANOR HOTEL FIRE ::

#5 DEATHS#5 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES



he

CHALLENGE:



1. Terminologies2. Fire Tringle ! Te"r#e$ron3. C#emis"r% n$ &#%si's o( Fire

4. Com)*s"ion n$ Co+('"ors5. Fire De,elo-men" n$e#,ior

/. Fire E0"ing*is#men" T#eor%



TERMINOLOGIES



…is a specialize field of science that requires

the understanding of fire from inception to

flaming combustion and beyond, and is

essential if man is to control the destructivenature of fire



.. is a fundamental approach to the understanding of fire

science and serves as a foundation of all fire testing and fire

protection technology development.

t has evolved from basic to applied studies of thermal

columns, flame, the mechanism of flame spread, composition of

smoke and other product of combustion, the mechanism ofheat transfer, the effect of ventilation and!or pressure on fire

severity, and predicting flashover, etc.

"hrough research, fire test methods are developed to further

enhance one#s knowledge of a product or material.



… is a regime of technical process utilizing the application of the

results of fire research, e$perience, and engineering fundamentals

that developed approaches and tools by which the risk and hazardof fire can be managed and minimized, if not completely prevented

or eliminated, and together with attributed problems, can be

assessed and solution found.

%orrespondingly, the fire protection practitioner uses theseapproaches and tool to make total assessment, design the solution,

and plan the method by which the solution will be implemented.

n some cases this technology is referred as Fire %ontrol

"echnology or Fire &rotection "echnology



…are measures direced o!ard avoiding "e ince#ion of fire$

T#is 'n )e '#ie,e )% '#nging or'on"rolling

a. the source of heat that leas toignition!

". the source of fuel that #rst ignite!

or



… is a form of assessment or evaluation carried out

by recognized approved fire laboratories in terms of

the test specimen#s performance under fire condition,

in a simple or various ranges of method based on

approved standards, in order to ensure that a materialor element of the construction can be safely used in a

building or any type of structure or utilization without

adding to the severity of a fire and its effects.



T#is generll% em)r'es llmes*res rel"ing "o s(eg*r$ingo( #*mn li(e n$ -reser,"ion o(

-ro-er"% in "#e -re,en"ion$e"e'"ion n$ e0"ing*is#men"s ors*--ression o( res.



FIRE TRIANGLE

AN' TETRA(E'RON



%&'NIN() also called *OM%&STION) a sim#le c"emical reacion .

! De"cri#e$ a" %a rapi$, per"i"tent chemical chan&e that relea"e" heat an$

li&ht an$ i" accompanie$ #y 'lame, e"pecially the exothermic oxi$ation o' a

com#u"ti#le "u#"tance()

2! *t i" al"o re'erre$ to a" a proce"" o' rapi$ oxi$ation +ith the $evelopment o'heat an$ li&ht()

! A" %a reaction that i" a continuou" com#ination o' a 'uel (reducing agent)

+ith certain element", prominent amon& +hich i" oxy&en in either a 'ree or

com#ine$ 'orm -oxi$izin& a&ent.(!

ITS OCCURRENCE AND E$OLUTION IS DEFINED %Y:

T"e +ire Triangle T"eory

T"e Tera"edron T"eory



FIRE THEORY :



NO CHAIN REACTION

O&YGEN IS AT INTERFACE

OF GLO'ING FUEL

FUEL IS IN THE FORM OF

INCANDESCENT SOLID

'urface (glow) type of combustion



TEMPERATURE

FUELUNINHI%ITED CHAIN

REACTION OF

COM%USTION PROCESS

O&YGEN

DIFFUSION & CONTINUOUS REIGNITION

AUTOMATICALLY OBTAINED AT FLAME

TEMPERATURE LEVELS

FUEL IS IN FORM OF $APOR

AND(OR GAS

Flaming type of combustion



*,EMIST'- . P,-SI*S

O+ +I'E



• *nowing units of measurements (+nglish or etric 'ystem) is

+''+"A in firefighting, especially in understanding the

%/+'"01 and &/1'%' 2F F0+.

•Firefighters use terms for heat, electricity, volume, length,

energy output, concentrations, weight, and etc. hence it is

important to know the forms of measurement that describe these

elements and understand the limits of each as it relates to safety

of the firefighter and the team.

• A firefighter should know that a fire that is generating many

thousands of 3ritish thermal units (3tus) will need a fire flow

out put of hundreds of gallon per minute to e$tinguish the fire.

is an important part of firefighting.



• 3A'' F20 "/+ +4'"+%+ 2F "/+ 56+0'+.

• A' A""+0 "+0A%"', substances are formed, changed,and destroyed.

• A""+0 72+' 2" 7'A&&+A0, " +0+1

%/A8+' F20.

• F20' 20 '"A"+'9 '27 , :57 and 8A'+25'.

) *s d+*,d -s .s/0*,3 - /44up*s sp-4

-,d 4-, p4*7d 8 /, / 0/ s,ss9



STATES O+ MATTE'



S-0pl /+ s/l*d 0-:



•*om#ound is

composed of

molecules.

•Molecules aremade up of atoms

of two or more

elements in

chemical

combination..•Aoms are made

up of still smaller

particles called

electrons, neutrons,

and protons.

•Nucleus is made

up of protons and

neutrons, orbited

by electrons



• O'(ANI* *OMPO&N/ – substance that is or was once living. Generallycontain the elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in their makeup.

/xample" hair, &a"oline, +oo$, an$ pla"tic"!

! Somethin& can #e or&anic althou&h it ha" never #een alive it"el',

#ut ma$e up o' chemical" that +ere once alive! /xample a pla"tic "u#"tance,

althou&h never actually alive, i" ma$e 'rom oil more commonly re'erre$ to a"hydrocarbons (a compound that is made up of at least two elements, hydrogen

and carbon).

• INO'(ANI* *OMPO&N/ – substances that were never alive. /xample"

iron, "ul'ur,&ranite, 1uartz, an$ "ilica, etc! "hey are generally termed as

#$%&'* and for most part do not contribute to combustion process.

Differences between organic and inorganic substances

becomes important when discussing the chemistry of fire.

s a '+& of "+#-, only organic materials will burn

(with some exceptions)



• he num#er o' car#on atom" in

com#ination +ith the num#er o'

hy$ro&en atom" +ill $etermine the

propertie" o' the "u#"tance an$, more

importantly, ho+ it +ill react un$er

varyin& con$ition.

• /xample the 'i&ure "ho+ the

hy$rocar#on element" are 3oine$ to

'rom the compoun$ methane! *n it"

#on$" #et+een the atom", the "u#"tance

methane hol$" 'orce" that, +hen "plit

apart, +ill emit heat an$ li&ht

/0'12'-1% – hy$ro (hydrogen)

and car#on (carbon)

A Figure of the a methane (CH4) molecule



F* L/-d

The mount of material which is able to burn and release

heat and smoke is normally referred to as fire load. n a

compartment! limitation of fuel will help to reduce thedangers of heat and smoke.

The measurement of fire load (calorific "alue) is

e#pressed in $% kg &'. #amples of "alues for common

materials are



0$ *"emical

1$ Mec"anical

2$ Elecrical

3$ Nuclear



*,EMI*AL 'EA*TION

• 3ond – 3atomic glue4 that holds

molecules together. $t is in this bond

that 5$'& (or combustion) has itsorigins.

• +ndothermic reaction – when

molecules and atoms are 6oined, certain

amount of heat is absorbed into the

bond as part of the mechanism that

keeps the element together. 3eat is

absorbed when bond is created4.

• +$othermic reaction 4 when the bond

is broken, this reaction causes the

release of heat. "he energy released

comes in the form of heat and light. $fthe release is rapid enough to sustain a

continuous reaction, we see it as 5$'&

and feel the release of the heat. 7hen

this occurs, 21#-+*"$1% has taken

place.



Mo"t chemical" that are "ta#le +ill maintain their

'rom unle"" "omethin& pre"ent" it"el' to chan&e it!

acts as a 2"/*" in the breakdown of such otherwise stable molecule.

possesses a 2&#$2 8'18&'"/ that can pull apart a molecule and break

apart the -1%0 that previously existed.

3"he emission of light and, more importantly, heat then causes the chemical to

break apart other compounds, letting loose more light and heat, which causes

other bonds to break apart, and so on. $f the process is able to continue a self

sustaining chemical reaction, 21#-+*"$1% results.4

one example of oxidi9er is 1:/G&%.

Chlorine Cl Chlorine by itself (Cl) -ine

*odium Chloride +a Cl Chlorine with sodium (+a) -ide

*odium Chlorite +a Cl ,- Chlorine with sodium - o#ygens (,) -ite

*odium Chlorate +a Cl ,/ Chlorine with sodium / o#ygens (,) -ate

SU%STANCE CHEMICALS DESCRIPTION SUFFI&

O5idi6ing *"emicals and T"eir Names



A F*3u /+ :



COMUSTIONS CO+FACTORS. O0%gen n$ i"s ee'" on'om)*s"ion6). 7-or &ress*re n$ 7-or Densi"%6

'. Igni"ion Mel"ing n$ oiling &oin"6n$

Com)*s"ion ,i8++,i8 Fire ) The i*erence is on +he$icalReaction Le,el.

Fire is a sel sustaining "rocess that e#its light and heat as !y$

"roduct o that reaction% In co#!ustion& the released heatenergy is rein'ested in the "rocess& causing the continuedreaction to occur re"eatedly and i unchec(ed& )ith in'ol'e#ento greater access to uel& oxygen& and heat& the gro)th )ill

accelerate%



O83, -4s -s - 4--l8s / 4/0us*/, p/4ss; '*

-u,d-,4 /+ /83,< 40*4-l -4*/, *s -44l-d -,d

4-, 4-us s/0 0-*-ls / *3,* sp/,-,/usl8 / p0*

0-*-ls / u, - =/uld ,/ u, u,d /=*s ,/0-l

/83, 4/,4,-*/,; '*l =* d*0*,*sd -0/u,<

4/0us*/, p/4ss *s sl/=d



• Va#or Pressure 4 is the

measurable amount of

pressure being e$erted by

liquid substance as itconverts to a gas and

e$ert pressure against a

confined container



• Va#or /ensiy – the weight of a gas as

compared to normal air and is identifiedas a number,

• %LEVE – -oiling i;uid &xpanding

<apor &xplosion occurs when the vessel

holding the li;uid ruptures as a result of

pressure being exerted on its sides when

the li;uid it holds boils and the resulting

pressure exceeds the container=s ability

to hold it.

A %LE$E



• $gnition 8oint – is that point where the need for outside heat application

ceases and the ability for the material to sustain combustion come from the

heat generated of the material itself.



$t has been determined that gases can only ignite when certainconcentrations of that substance are present in air. $f enough combustible

gas is not present, it is said that the mixture is to lean to burn. $f there is

too much gas, it is said to be too rich to burn. 7hen the concentration of a

gas falls into the range where it can ignite, it is said to be within its

flammable or e$plosive limits.

Acetone 2.6 12.8

Butane 1.9 8.5

erosene !." 5

#atura$ gas 6.5 1"

SU%STANCE LO'ER UPPER

+lamma7le Limis of Some Maerials

92 octane gaso$ine 1.5 ".6

%arbon mono&ide 12.' "'



+I'E ('O8T, and SP'EA/



+

I'

E

SP

'

E

A

/



•"he way to stop a fire is to remove one of its essential

ingredients.

• ;e have seen that for the self-sustaining chemical reaction wecall combustion to occur, four elements are needed9 heat, fuel,

o$ygen, and a continuing chemical reaction. 0+26+ one of

them, and the fire will %2A&'+.

• ;e can e$tinguished the fire by application of 9

a. temperature diminution<

b. fuel elimination<

c. o$ygen elimination< or

d. chemical flame repression.



9

0$ Elecrical

1$ +ricion

2$ +oreign su7sance3$ O#en flames

:$ Smo;ing . Mac"es

<$ S#onaneous com7usion

=$ ,o surfaces>$ *om7usion s#ar;s

?$ Over"ead maerials

0@$ Saic elecriciy

00$ Miscellaneous

M(A NA(9AAPO- NA /A,ILANB



0$ *onrol +uel1$ *onrol ,ea

2$ *onrol O5ygen

3$ *onrol 'eacion

ELIMINATION OF FIRE +A-SE



0$ &sing %asic +acor of +ire1$ &sing Me"ods of +ire *onrol

2$ &sing /ecision TreeCTacical A##roac"

FIRE +ONTROL SSTEM



P&TTIN( OPE'ATION PLAN INTO A*TION

TA+TI+AL +ONSI'ERATIONS



ST'&*T&'AL +I'E

*OMPONENTS .

*ONSI/E'ATIONS

&sually *lass A +ire

'emoval of ,ea or O5ygen or

7o"$

*o9+acorsD

0$ Leng" of ime "e fire "as 7een

7urning

1$ %uilding consrucion Maerials

2$ Occu#ancy y#e ands conens

3$ 'esources availa7le amoun of

!aer) saffing) eui#men) ec$B

('O&N/ *OVE' +I'E *OMPONENTS . *ONSI/E'ATIONS



('O&N/ *OVE' +I'E *OMPONENTS . *ONSI/E'ATIONS



. &re,en"ion o( -ersonl in9*ries (romre or -ni'6

). Fire -ro"e'"ion engineering6 '. Reg*lr n$ -erio$i' ins-e'"ion6 $. Erl% or imme$i"e $e"e'"ion n$

e0"ing*is#men"s o( re6 e. Dmge 'on"rol or limi"ing "#e$mge res*l"ing (rom re n$ res*--ression '"i,i"ies

Fire Science and Technology Ofce x



““Approaches In Fire Fighting”Approaches In Fire Fighting”

ENGR. NELSON S. SE, SR.Chief, Fire Science & Technology Office

"/A* 125=

!y!y

approaches in fire fighting

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