april 7-10 • online
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright ©2020 by the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)
All rights reserved. No part of these proceedings may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans-mitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
AACE is not responsible for papers accidentally omitted from the conference proceedings due to late or errant submission by the author or proxy, or technical electronic anomalies during the time of submission.
The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this book.
From AACE, the Conference organizer: All submissions are peer-reviewed by at least two reviewers, and usuallythree reviewers, who are members the conference's international Program Committee of experts in fields specificallymatching the conference topics. Papers are subject to a double-blind review. Reviewers are strongly encouraged toprovide the author with comments intended to improve the content, style, or other issues to improve the quality ofthe article.
If the review results are not clear, at least two members of the conference's Program Committee decide whether apaper can be accepted or not, and in which presentation category. A review of all papers receiving high reviewscores is undertaken by all the members of the Board to nominate outstanding papers. The acceptance rate for SITE conferences is 25-39%
See AACE Review Policy: http://www.aace.org/reviewpolicy.htm
Published byAssociation for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)P.O. Box 719, Waynesville, NC 28786 • aace.org
Published in the USA, ISBN: #978-1-939797-48-3
SITE 2020 PREFACE
SITE marked its 31st anuual conference in a truly unique and unprecedented way: online! Due to concerns and limitations presented by the COVID-19 health crisis in the United States and abroad, the SITE 2020 conference originally planned for New Orleans was shifted to a completely online conference.
We attempted something SITE has never done before – deliver and engage participants in a totally online conference. Personally,I want to thank everyone for being understanding, adaptable, and flexible as we engaged with an online environment whereteacher educators and others interested in technology and teacher education reported their research findings, shared innovativepractices, and still “networked” with colleagues from all over the world. These connections and conversations looked a little dif-ferent this year, but they persevered and we still enjoyed the same warm and welcoming sense of community that has made SITErecognized as the “Friendly Society.” As a part of the conference, you helped us make SITE history! We hope our entire SITEcommunity and their families are safe and healthy during this extraordinary time.
We began each day by engaging with great line up of Keynote Speakers who graciously agreed to transition and deliver their messages in an online format. We also held meetings of our 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), which you can still join! Networkwith colleagues with similar scholarship interests and learn about the many initiatives and good work being done by these impor-tant groups. Your involvement with our SIGs is key to having a successful SITE conference experience.
An astonishing 564 attendees joined together from 6 continents and 15 different times zones! Twenty-eight countries from aroundthe world and 400 unique universities and institutions were represented by our attendees. SITE 2020 showcased 215 live-streamed sessions including Keynotes, Workshops, Innovators Playgrounds, Paper Presentations, SIG Meetings, and the HappyHour Social. Also welcomed were 235 virtual presentations, presented asynchronously by authors who chose to pre-record theirwork and facilitate discussions on the SITE virtual conference platform.
Thank you for being the innovators and visionaries for making SITE 2020 a reality. A “BIG” thank you to our Executive DirectorGary Marks, Conference Director - Sarah Benson, the SITE/AACE staff, the SITE Executive Board, Council Chairs, SIG Chairs,Journal/Book Editors, and volunteers who brought SITE 2020 to life when it seemed an almost impossible task. Everyone’s hardwork and determination will be appreciated and valued by the individuals who took the time to attend our online conference. Wehope you enjoyed SITE 2020 and you’ll keep others who were unable to be with us connected by using #SITEconf!
Mark your calendars for the 2021 SITE conference in San Diego, California, March 28-April 3. We promise to deliver anothersuccessful conference full of excitement, collaboration, networking, and learning!
Denise Schmidt-CrawfordPresident
Society for Information Technology and Teacher EducationIowa State University
Ricardo Acosta-Diaz
Douglas Agyei
Ahmed Alanazi
Jennifer Albert
Marsha Alibrandi
Adel Althubyani
Cindy Anderson
Kevin Anderson
Leonard Annetta
Brian Arnold
Giovanna Avellis
Orit Avidov-Ungar
Cengiz Hakan Aydin
Evrim Baran
Stephanie Barbee
Michael Barbour
Debra Bauder
Sally Beisser
Muhammad Betz
Kaushal Kumar Bhagat
Madhumita Bhattacharya
Marius Boboc
Matthew Boggan
Raj Boora
Lorraine Boyle
San Juanita Briones
Glen Bull
Qijie Cai
Cory Callahan
Alex Camacho-Martinez
Roger Carlsen
Glendia Cartwright
Lisa Castaneda
Terence Cavanaugh
Kan Kan Chan
Yu-Hui Chang
Karen Chassereau
Amelia Cheney
Stephanie Cheney
Donna Cherveny
Rebecca Coda
Clara Coutinho
Hugh Crumley
Chris Dann
Trina Davis
Nathan Dolenc
Anthony Dove
Karee Dunn
Linda Easley-Tidwell
Kellah Edens
Alison Egan
Judith Enriquez
Mikhail Epshtein
Larry Ferguson
Petra Fisser
Timothy Forde
Teresa Foulger
Ray Francis
Karen French
Paula Furr
Amy Gaimaro
Penny Garcia
Humeyra Genc
SITE 2020 PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS
SITE 2020 EXECUTIVE BOARD
Council ChairsKevin Graziano - Consultative Council Chair
Nevada State College, USA
Mark Hofer - Consultative Council Associate ChairCollege of William and Mary, USA
Rhonda Christensen- Consultative Council AssistantChairUniversity of North Texas, USA
Jonathan Cohen - Teacher Education Council ChairGeorgia State University, USA
Lee Langub, Teacher Education Council Associate ChairKennesaw State University, USA
Jason Trumble - Consultative Council Assistant ChairUniversity of Central Arkansas, USA
Leanna Archambault - Information Technology Council ChairArizona State University, USA
Jered Borup- Information Technology Council AssociateChairGeorge Mason University, USA
Richard Hartshorne- Information Technology Council Assistant ChairUniversity of Central Florida, USA
Local Program ChairsImmediate Past Program Chairs, SITE 2019
Kevin Graziano, Nevada State College, USA
EditorsRick Ferdig – Journal of Technology & Teacher Education
Kent State University, USA
Chrystalla Mouza – Contemporary Issues in Technology & Teacher Education
University of Delaware, USA
David Gibson & Marilyn Ochoa –Research Highlights in Technology & Teacher Education
Curtin University, Australia & Middlesex County College, USA
Past Presidents, Emeriti, & LiaisonsPeter Albion - Council Chair Emeritus, Univ. of Southern Queensland, Australia
Glen Bull - Past President, University of Virginia, USANiki Davis - Past President, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Ian Gibson - Past President, Liverpool Hope University, United KingdomAllen Glenn - Past President, University of Washington, USA
Gerald Knezek - Past President, University of North Texas, USAMike Searson - Past President, Kean University, USA
David Slykhuis - Past President, University of Northern Colorado, USAAnn Thompson - Past President, Iowa State University, USA
DeeAnna Willis - Founder, Northwestern State University, retired, USAJerry Willis - Founder, Past President, Louisiana State University
Denise Schmidt-CrawfordPresident
Iowa State University, USA
Gary Marks - Executive DirectorSITE, USA
Elizabeth Langran - SITE President-ElectMarymount University, USA
SITE 2020 PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERSDavid GibsonPerry GillespieMichelle GonzalezJonathon GoodLisa GrableKevin GrazianoKalynn Hall PistorioRandall HansenYungwei HaoJudi HarrisHavaughnia Hayes-WhiteLinda HaynesDanah HenriksenSteve HortonIffat JabeenAlex Jean-CharlesJennifer JilksYi JinNatalie A. Johnson-LeslieChristopher JohnstonMadeline JusticeDavid KanterKathryn KennedyAaron KesslePankaj khazanchiJennifer KiddKioh KimSelma KocKevin KrahenbuhDerya Kulavuz-OnalArnab KunduLee LangubKevin LawantoJohn LeeLida LeeLesia LennexDalit LevyLan LiJung LimJayme LintonLeping LiuCarolyn LoweMaria MadiopeDavid MarcovitzConstantino MartinsShannan McNairSara McNeil
Sarah McPhersonHagit Meishar TalMichael MillsPunya MishraAmanda MohnDaniel MourlamChrystalla MouzaHassan MustafaAzra NaseemMichael NelsonTrang NguyenMarilyn OchoaMatthew OhlsonProfessor OkoloJohn OngitoRobert OwensG. Andrew PageLisa PalmieriBecky Sue PartonSonia PascuaJoshua Patterson,Lori PettyTeresa PettyMichael PhillipsKeryn PrattRobert PrickettDavina Pruitt-MentleJim PtaszynskiGerard RamballyQuasir RazzaqXinyue RenPaul RestaJeremy RielKevin RocapMark A. RodriguezStephen RodriguezDina RosenStephen RubinAnne RudnickiRebecca RutherfoordShilpa SahayHasu SardarRachel SchieraDenise Schmidt-CrawfordTalha SharadgahGregory ShepherdMark Simpson
Kelli Slaten
Jessica Slotwinski
Scott Slough
David Slykhuis
Robin Davidson Smith
Shaunna Smith
AEH Smits
Nusrat Sohail
Stacy Southerland
Jennifer Sparrow
Michael Spaulding
Harriette L. Spiegel
Debra Sprague
Maria Stetter
Sue Stoddart
Shu-Ju Diana Tai
Daniel Tillman
Merryellen Towey Schulz
Kathryn Traxler
Jason Trumble
Janeth Velasquez
Francisco Jose de Caldas
Rohith Venkataraman
Christine Voelker
Joke Voogt
Lawrence Walker
Jade Wallace
Amber Warren
Carrol Warren
Rebecca Watts
Roberta K Weber
Jon Welling
Santoso Wibowo
Sandra Williamson-Leadley
Dee Anna Willis
Jana Willis
Nancy Wood
Harrison Yang
Nursel Yilmaz
Carl Young,
Yining Zhang
Sara Zimmerman
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