AP European HistoryWorld War I, The Bolshevik Revolution, and the 1920s

Questions 1- 3 Relate to the Image Below

1. The political cartoon is a reference to which event of World War One?

a. The resistance of Belgium against the German offensive of 1914. b. The decision of Belgium to remain neutral in the war. c. The decision of Belgium to join the Triple Alliance d. The Taxi Cab army that saved Paris

2. The situation described in the image resulted in a. The advent of Trench Warfare on the western front b. The defeat of Russian forces at Tannenberg Forest c. The signing of the Treaty of Best-Litovsk d. The Entry of the U.S. into the war

3. Which of the following statements best describes the point of view of the cartoon:

a. France ignored treaty obligations and refused to support Belgium b. Britain ignored treaty obligations and refused to support Belgium c. Though small and possessed of an inferior military Belgium resisted

surrender. d. Germany had won a glorious victory against Belgian forces.

Questions 4-5 Relate to the Poem BelowBent double, like old beggars under sacks,

Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,Till on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge.

Men marched asleep. Many had lost their bootsBut limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;

Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!—An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;

But someone still was yelling out and stumblingAnd flound’ring like a man in fire or lime...

Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,

He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,

And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin;If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood

Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud

Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—My friend, you would not tell with such high zest

To children ardent for some desperate glory,The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est

Pro patria mori.

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Dulce et Decorum EstWilfred Owen, 1893 - 1918

4. Wilfred Owen's poem most directly criticized which of the following ideas?a. Imperialism b. Nationalism c. Militarism d. Racism

5. The poem recounts the results of which of the following weapons?a. Mustard gas b. Machine guns c. artillery attacks d. Cavalry charges

Questions 6 - 10 relate to the passage below"The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one's love of it…From merely learning the names of rivers and mountains one will never see from Serbian lands, not even from the heroic and unfortunate fields of Kosovo[where the Turks defeated the Serbs in 1389].They do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands, from the marry mountains and rivers that we cannot see. Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly destroy and, if there were no Serbia….

Reports of the Teachers Association, 1911-1912

6. This report best reflects which of the following goals of public education in the period before WWIa. Heightening awareness of the dangers of international conflictb. Greater appreciation of the Ottoman legacy in the Balkansc. Training bureaucrats for imperial postsd. Instilling feelings of nationalism

7. The conditions referred to in the report were most directly a result of the following developments?a. The transition of the Habsburg monarchy into the Dual Monarchyb. The emergence of new Balkan states as the Ottoman empire declinedc. The growth of international tensions following Bismarck's dismissald. The increase of economic competition between imperial powers for resources

8. In the post WWI years educators in which of the following countries would most likely have had a similar view on the importance and purpose of teaching geography?

a. Germany b. France c. Britain d. The Soviet Union

9. In the prewar World War One period which of the following would have been seen as the greatest threat to Serbian nationalism?

a. Germany b. The Ottomansc. Austria-Hungary d. Russia

10. World War One erupted in August of 1914 following:a. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.b. The assassination of Czar Nicholas IIc. The German violation of Belgian neutrality.d. The sinking of the cruise liner Lusitania

Questions 11-14 Relate to the excerpt below"The majority of the people are with us…The majority of the soviets of the capitals is the result of the people's progress to our side. The vacillation of the socialist-revolutionaries and Mensheviks…is proof of the same thing…To wait for the Constituent Assembly would be wrong. Only our party having assumed power can secure the convocation of the Assembly and having assumed power could blame the other parties for delaying and could substantiate its accusations. It would be naïve to wait for a majority on the side of the Bolsheviks, no revolution ever waits for this. History will not forgive us if we do not assume power now."

V.I. Lenin, The Bolsheviks must Seize Power, 1917.

11. In the passage Lenin cites the Mensheviks. Who was their leader?a. Joseph Stalin b. Alexander Kerensky c. Leon Trotsky d. Lavr Kornilov

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12. What were the soviets that Lenin mentioned in the passage?a. workers unions b. trade guilds in Petrogradc. Regiments of the Army guarding the capitals d. rebellious elements in the Navy

13. Following the seize of power how did the Bolsheviks systematically reduce oppositiona. The Cheka or secret police was organized.b. The Bolsheviks returned land to the kulak class.c. Sought aid from the western powersd. Had the czar murdered before he could return to St. Petersburg

14. The Bolshevik Revolution most resembles which of the following historical precedents?a. The French Revolution following the creation of the Convention by Jacobeansb. The overthrow and execution of Charles I by the roundheadsc. The realpolitik policies of Bismarckd. The suppression of the Paris Commune during the 1848 Revolution

Question 15- 17 Relate to the Image Below

15. The recruiting poster most likely related to what event during the war?

a. The bombing of Sheffield Englandb. The "rape" of Belgiumc. The sinking of the Lusitaniad. The mustard gas attack on Rotterdam

16. One wishing to research the history of art work about war atrocities could compare

a. The Death of Murat by Jacques Louis Davidb. The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya c. The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques Louis Davidd. Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix

17. Which of the following would have most likely had the highest number of civilian deaths related to World War One?

a. Britain b. Russiac. France d. Austria-Hungary

Questions 18- 20 relate to the passage below"We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no feeling towards them but one of sympathy and friendship. It was not upon their impulse that their government acted in entering this war. It was not with their previous knowledge or approval. It was a war determined upon as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked and waged in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow men as pawns and tools. Self-governed nations do not fill their neighbor states with spies or set the course of intrigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an opportunity to strike and make conquest. Such designs can be successfully worked out only under cover and where no one has the right to ask questions. Cunningly contrived plans of deception or aggression, carried, it may be, from generation to generation, can be worked out and kept from the light only within the privacy of courts or behind the carefully guarded confidences of a narrow and privileged class. They are happily impossible where public opinion commands and insists upon full information concerning all the nation's affairs…."

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President Wilson's War Message to Congress, April 2, 1917

18. In Wilson's speech he most clearly blames what institution for bring the U.S. to declare war?a. The aggressive of the German people b. The capitalistic economic systemc. The dynastic monarchies d. The failure of diplomacy

19. One wanting to point out Wilson's naiveté in foreign affairs would likely cite what line from the passage?a. Self-governed nations do not fill their neighbor states with spies or set the course of intrigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs..b. We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no feeling towards them but one of sympathy and friendship.c. when peoples were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked and waged in the interest of dynasties or of little groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow men as pawns and tools.d. It was a war determined upon as wars used to be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked and waged in the interest of dynasties.

20. The line, " Self-governed nations do not fill their neighbor states with spies or set the course of intrigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an opportunity to strike and make conquest." could be a reference to which of the following?

a. The De Lôme Letter b. The Zimmerman Telegramc. The Communist Manifesto d. The Fourteen Points

Questions 21 - 23 Relate to the Excerpt Below"The Constitution of the Ujedinjenje ili Smrt - Unification or Death

I. Purpose and Name

Article 1. For the purpose of realising the national ideals - theUnification of Serbdom - an organization is hereby created, whosemembers may be any Serbian irrespective of sex, religion, place orbirth, as well as anybody else who will sincerely serve this idea.

Article 2. The organisation gives priority to the revolutionary strugglerather than relies on cultural striving, therefore its institution is anabsolutely secret one for wider circles.

Article 3. The organization bears the name: "Ujedinjenje ili Smrt".

Article 4. In order to carry into effect its task the organization willdo the following things:

(1) Following the character of its raison d etre it will exercise itsinfluence over all the official factors in Serbia - which is the Piemontof Serbdom - as also over all the strata of the State and over theentire social life in it:

(2) It will carry out a revolutionary organisation in all theterritories where Serbians are living:

(3) Beyond the frontiers, it will fight with all means against allenemies of this idea:

(4) It will maintain friendly relations with all the States, nations,

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organisations, and individual persons who sympathise with Serbiaand the Serbian race:

(5) It will give every assistance to those nations and organisationswho are fighting for their own national liberation and unification.

The Constitution of the Black Hand

21. Which major power stands in the way of Serbia realizing its dream of unification according the Black Hand Organization?

a. Austria-Hungary b. France c. Germany d. The Ottoman Empire

22. What major power would most support Serbia's overall aim of unification?a. Austria-Hungary b. Italy c. Russia d. Germany

23. What action by members of the Black Hand would soon lead to the eruption of the war?a. The invasion of Bosnia-Herzegovinian by Serbian forcesb. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungaryc. The proven support of Serbian rebels fighting in Kosovod. The revelation that Serbia was receiving illegal arms shipments from the Ottoman Empire

Question 24 -25 Relate to the Map Below

24. The result of the Schlieffen War plan was based upon the assumption thata. Russian mobilization would take very long to accomplish.b. That Britain would stay neutral in the conflict.c. That Italy would invade France from the south splitting her army.d. That the German advance would achieve complete surprise.

25. Which statement best explains the historical context of the plan above?a. That Germany would be forced to fight a two-front war.b. That several European powers so feared Germany that they would stay neutral.c. That France would be over-confident based upon their performance in the Franco-Prussian War.d. That the United States would never enter the war in Europe.

Questions 47 - 50 Relate to that statistical information below (2 sources)

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26. Based upon the statistics above would factor would account for the shocking death toll of the First World War?a. Disease outbreaks resulted in more casualties than battlefield casualties.b. The fact that the industrial revolution had created greater weapons of mass destruction.c. The fact that aerial bombings were now so advanced to rain death on civilian centers.d. The fact that the United States entered the war with a million-man army.

27. What probably accounts for the high casualty rate among the French during this conflict?a. Most of the war on the Western Front was fought in France itself.b. Millions of French civilians died of starvation and other war privationsc. France had a technologically inferior army and no real airpower.d. The fact that France was poorly led on the field of combat.

28. While the United States casualties were low compared to other powers in the war, why is this still a staggering casualty rate?

a. The U.S. military was thought to be more prepared than the other powers at the start of the war.b. The U.S. military losses were mostly at sea while land losses were marginalc. The U.S. had a reputation for superior weaponry.d. The U.S. military was only actively in combat for a few months.

29. The death toll representing the Balkans Region would have included figures for all of the following countries EXCEPT:

a. Montenegro b. Serbia Belgium d. Romania

Questions 30- 33 Relate to the Political cartoon below

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30. The Locarno Agreement of 1925a. Restructured German debt paymentsb. Regulated the size of Europe's armies and naviesc. Sought to make clear post-war boundaries related to Germanyd. Returned the Ruhr Valley to Germany

31. Which post-war boundary agreement resulting from the "spirit of Locarno" would be most problematic by the late 1930s

a. The Baltic Republics b. Sudetenland c. The port of Trieste d. Alsace-Lorraine

32. A historian researching the optimism of the 1920s-international order could point to all of the following EXCEPT

a. Germany's admittance into the League of Nations b. The Kellogg-Briand Pactc. The Lateran Accords d. The Dawes Plan

33. While the Nine-Power Pact was an attempt at arms limitations in the 1920s-which signatory was less than pleased with the outcome?

a. Japan b. The United States c. Britain d. France

Questions 34- 36 Relate to the Passage Below"Do we hear anything of yet of the grave diggers who are burying God? Do we smell anything yet of the of the rot of God's decomposition? God's decompose too! God is dead! God will stay dead! And we have killed him! How do we console ourselves, the murderers of all murders? The holiest and mightiest the world has ever known has bled to death against our knives… What sort of rituals of atonement will have to come to us now? Don't we have to become gods ourselves and simply appear worthy of it? There has never been a greater deed and whoever will be born after us will belong to a history greater than any history up to now."

Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, 1882 34. Which of the following would have most inspired Nietzsche to pen this passage?

a. Bismarck's kuturkampf movement in Germanyb. The growth of positivism and the New Physicsc. The horrors of World War Oned. Pope Pius IX and his pronouncement of Papal Infallibility

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The Locarno Agreement of 1925

35. The passage above would have most represented which philosophical movement?a. Dadaism b. Structuralism c. Existentialism d. Conservatism

36. While all of the thinkers below would subscribe to the above philosophy, which would have least agreed with the passage itself?

a. Søren Kierkegaard b. Jean Paul Sartre c. Martin Heidegger d. Albert Camus

Questions 37- 40 Relate to the image below

37. The work of art above could best be described asa. Dada b. Impressionism c. Realism d. Baroque

38. Which of the following artists would most be characterized as Dadaa. Francisco Goya b. George Grosz c. Albert Camus d. Pablo Picasso

39. Which of the following statements would have been inconsistent with the arts in the 1920s and 1930sa. Art reflected the disillusionment of the post war survivors.b. Art reflected realism and painters attempted to such detail that some looked photographicc. Art often reflected sexual themes that were rejections of Victorian morality and mores.d. The Violence and savagery of the war was reflected in the arts

40. As music often reflected the rejection of classical patterns which of the following would most reflect compositions in the 1920s and 1930s.

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a. Mozart and his sweeping symphonic compositionsb. Duke Ellington and Jellyroll Morton improvisational jazzc. Pyotr Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overtured. Bill Haley and the Comet's "Rock around the Clock

SHORT ANSWER SECTION

Question 41 is based upon the image below

41. A. List and explain THREE military punishments were placed upon Germany at the Versailles Conference.

B. Explain why the loss of Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia and Danzig to Poland would one day give rise to the Nazi Party.

C. Why did the Big Four create Yugoslavia and why will this lead to bloodshed in 1997?

Question 42 Relates to the Map Below

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The St. Louis Dispatch, Missouri, USA 1930

42. A. Explain why the Mandate system ended like “imperialism in another form.

B. What was the Balfour Declaration and, why would this lead to serious tensions in the Middle East on into the 21st Century

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