AP European HistoryApril 16 – 20 2018

Well, we are in the final push towards the AP Exam. We have some more ridiculous testing this week so I am not 100% sure how our schedule will look for the next few weeks????

Because we only just started discussing Hitler and Nazi Germany I carried some materials over from last week

Turn in you All Quiet paper and Mussolini video questions on Tuesday if you are in 2nd Period

Turn in you All Quiet paper on Monday and the Mussolini Questions on Tuesday

MONDAY (Period 1) Textbook suggested Examine the creation of Nazi Germany 1933 – 1938(SP-6,8,13,14,17) (IS-7,10)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and sources Lecture-discussion and source analysis

Introduction

Last week we looked at the development of Fascism andNazism across Europe and looked at key ideas behind theseSystems. Though the map is terrible it does reveal the extent to which fascism had spread.

Secondary we looked at the spread of Nazism in 1920s Germany and how, by the early 1930s Hitler posed a legitimate threat to democracy and Marxism in Germany

The Power of the Party

German P.M. Bruning' made the decision to call elections to obtain a mandate for his Depression-era actions. This proved a grave miscalculation; the fall 1930 elections returned only a handful of new seats for the parties supporting the Chancellor, while the extremist parties gained the most seats: twenty-three additional representatives for the Communists on the left and ninety-five new seats for the Nazis on the right, making the latter the second-largest party in the German Reichstag, or Parliament.

In the election, more than six million Germans voted for the Nazi party. In subsequent elections, Nazi support continued to grow at the expense of moderate parties such as the Social Democrats and the Catholic Center Party. By 1932, the Nazi Party had won more than one-third of the seats in the Reichstag and had become the largest single party within the representative body, with 196 seats compared to 121 seats held by Social Democrats. While Hitler's actual accession to power occurred through a process of manipulation among the leaders and not through direct elections, the growing strength of the Nazi party from 1930 to 1932 illustrates how the effects of the Depression shaped the increasing radicalization of German politics in ways that undermined democratic legitimacy and stability.

The Burning of the Reichstag, Feb 27, 1933

1. This was a pivotal moment because it was just before elections that Hitler called (legal)2. He used the event as propaganda and used to brown shirts to suppress communist opposition3. The Enabling Act (sound familiar)Article 48 was an article in the constitution of the Weimar Republic of

Germany (1919–1933) that allowed the Chancellor to rule by decree without the consent of the Reichstag (parliament) although the president still held veto power. Legislation passed under this article of the constitution was referred to as Notverordnung (emergency decree). Article 48 was used by Adolf Hitler in 1933 to establish a dictatorship, ending the Weimar Republic and ushering in the Third Reich.

Consolidation of Power

1. Hitler realized that true power could be gained by the illusion of being democratic but to accomplish this he would have to remove some of the radicals in his party. So he launched a series of assassinations to purge the party of any opposition. Ernst Roehm for one had long criticized Hitler of selling out on his socialist values was killed. The other key Brown Shirts were also killed or imprisoned. This was called “The Night of the Long Knives” and the alliance with Nationalist Party

2. Finally, Hitler understood that his plans involved two important segments of Germany society so he formed an alliance with the Army and Big Business. These two had a vested interest in each other. As Germany remilitarized it would take industry to make the weaponry and the army would create tremendous profit potential.

Rising Anti-Semitism: the Origins of the Final Solution

1. 1933 No Jews in the government and boycott of Jewish shops2. 1935 The Nuremburg Laws

a. Lost citizenshipb. Marriage laws and defining “Jewishness”c. Economic measures

3. Kristallnact November 9-10 1938

Socialism: Nazi Style

1. Private Property and capitalism was ok2. State control of prices and investments3. Massive public works projects (like the New Deal)4. Employment? Join the army!

Part IINow that we have unfolded the Nazi regime we will examine a few primary sources on Nazi Germany and events in Europe by the mid-1930s. Analyze the primary sources and answer the associated questions. If you complete the class work you can certainly work on the homework

Homework (Due Friday)Chapter 27 Docs 27.1 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.2 Q1-3Chapter 27 Docs 27.3 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.4 Q1-2

TUESDAY (Period 2) Textbook suggested Examine the creation of Nazi Germany 1933 – 1938(SP-6,8,13,14,17) (IS-7,10)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and sources Lecture-discussion and source analysis

Introduction

Last week we looked at the development of Fascism andNazism across Europe and looked at key ideas behind theseSystems. Though the map is terrible it does reveal the extent to which fascism had spread.

Secondary we looked at the spread of Nazism in 1920s Germany and how, by the early 1930s Hitler posed a legitimate threat to democracy and Marxism in Germany

The Power of the Party

German P.M. Bruning' made the decision to call elections to obtain a mandate for his Depression-era actions. This proved a grave miscalculation; the fall 1930 elections returned only a handful of new seats for the parties supporting the Chancellor, while the extremist parties gained the most seats: twenty-three additional representatives for the Communists on the left and ninety-five new seats for the Nazis on the right, making the latter the second-largest party in the German Reichstag, or Parliament.

In the election, more than six million Germans voted for the Nazi party. In subsequent elections, Nazi support continued to grow at the expense of moderate parties such as the Social Democrats and the Catholic Center Party. By 1932, the Nazi Party had won more than one-third of the seats in the Reichstag and had become the largest single party within the representative body, with 196 seats compared to 121 seats held by Social Democrats. While Hitler's actual accession to power occurred through a process of manipulation among the leaders and not through direct elections, the growing strength of the Nazi party from 1930 to

1932 illustrates how the effects of the Depression shaped the increasing radicalization of German politics in ways that undermined democratic legitimacy and stability.

The Burning of the Reichstag, Feb 27, 1933

4. This was a pivotal moment because it was just before elections that Hitler called (legal)5. He used the event as propaganda and used to brown shirts to suppress communist opposition6. The Enabling Act (sound familiar)Article 48 was an article in the constitution of the Weimar Republic of

Germany (1919–1933) that allowed the Chancellor to rule by decree without the consent of the Reichstag (parliament) although the president still held veto power. Legislation passed under this article of the constitution was referred to as Notverordnung (emergency decree). Article 48 was used by Adolf Hitler in 1933 to establish a dictatorship, ending the Weimar Republic and ushering in the Third Reich.

Consolidation of Power

3. Hitler realized that true power could be gained by the illusion of being democratic but to accomplish this he would have to remove some of the radicals in his party. So he launched a series of assassinations to purge the party of any opposition. Ernst Roehm for one had long criticized Hitler of selling out on his socialist values was killed. The other key Brown Shirts were also killed or imprisoned. This was called “The Night of the Long Knives” and the alliance with Nationalist Party

4. Finally, Hitler understood that his plans involved two important segments of Germany society so he formed an alliance with the Army and Big Business. These two had a vested interest in each other. As Germany remilitarized it would take industry to make the weaponry and the army would create tremendous profit potential.

Rising Anti-Semitism: the Origins of the Final Solution

4. 1933 No Jews in the government and boycott of Jewish shops5. 1935 The Nuremburg Laws

a. Lost citizenshipb. Marriage laws and defining “Jewishness”c. Economic measures

6. Kristallnact November 9-10 1938

Socialism: Nazi Style

5. Private Property and capitalism was ok6. State control of prices and investments7. Massive public works projects (like the New Deal)8. Employment? Join the army!

Part IINow that we have unfolded the Nazi regime we will examine a few primary sources on Nazi Germany and events in Europe by the mid-1930s. Analyze the text primary sources and answer the associated questions. Since you have one less day to complete this assignment, I will give you time in class to complete the homework section

Homework (Due Thursday)Chapter 27 Docs 27.1 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.2 Q1-3Chapter 27 Docs 27.3 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.4 Q1-2

WEDNEDAY (Period 1)

Examine the causes and effects of the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 (SP-6,8,13,14,17) (IS-7,10)

Materials Strategy/Formatppt and video? Lecture-discussion

Introduction

Today we will round out our discussion of Fascism Nazism and Stalinism in the 1930s by examining a pivotal and little known event in our modern times: The Spanish Civil War. While the Civil War nowadays is little known, in the mid 1930s it was a major event with huge media coverage. In a sense this was the opening salvo of WWII in Europe.

The backdrop of the event was the political discontent in Spain, a nation not considered a major power since the 16th century. However, its strategic location made it a focal point of all major powers in the 20th century because of its positon controlling the entry into the Mediterranean Sea.

Historical Context

As we have seen, socialism and communism were becoming the leading political factions in many countries. Some of this of course was because of the Great Depression and political instability that lingered from the First World War.

In Germany, the Spartacists battle the Weimar republic and the right-wing Freikorps for control. By 1932 The National Socialist had gained a plurality of seats in the Reichstag and by 1933 became the only legal party. Soon, political camps were being created that housed hundreds of political prisoners. In France, the Popular Front had gained control of many seats in the National Assembly. Right wing groups like Action Française and Le Croix de Feu challenged the Popular Front quickly becoming pro-fascists

In Italy, there was still a monarchy but radical socialists and communists were attempting to overthrow the monarchy there. Mussolini’s Fascists finally took over by exploiting Italians fears

In Russia, now the Soviet Union, Bolshevism had created the first Communist state and was beginning to “export the revolution” to other countries.

In most other European nations, socialism and communism had been growing as well. Even in the Depression-era U.S. an American Nazi Party developed.

The Spanish Civil War Develops Economically, Spain had been deeply hit by the Great Depression partly because it was already quite poor.

Partly due to this turmoil, in 1929 the military dictatorship that had ruled Spain since 1923 collapsed. In 1931 the King abdicated after the Republicans came to power in a national election.

By the 1930s, Spain was a deeply divided country that was politically torn between right-wing Nationalist and left-wing Republican parties (this was a blanket term for socialist, communists, and some liberals). The Nationalist party was made up of monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. A major shift had occurred among many peasants. Traditionally peasants had been very conservative but by the 1930s, communism had made gains in this class like never before. Still, as staunch Catholics many peasants were closer to the Nationalists.

The Rise of Francisco Franco

The future dictator of Spain (until 1975) gained fame in 1926, Franco’s role in suppressing the Moroccan rebellion earned him an appointment as general, which, at age 33, made him the youngest man in Europe to hold that post. Two years later he was also named director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza, a position he would hold until three years later, when political changes in Spain would temporarily halt Franco’s steady rise.

When elections held in February 1936 led to a shift in power to the left, Spain slipped further into chaos. For his part, Franco was once again marginalized, with a new posting to the Canary Islands. Though Franco accepted what amounted to banishment with the professionalism for which he was known, other high-ranking members of the military began to discuss a coup.

Anticipating a swift victory, on October 1, 1936, the Nationalist forces declared Franco head of the government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. However, when their initial assault on Madrid was repelled, the military coup evolved into the protracted conflict known as the Spanish Civil War.

International Implications

The western European powers (Britain and France particularly) If Spain fell to the Nationalists, France would be surrounded by Fascist powers (Germany and Italy). If France was invaded by Fascist nations, the alliances between other anti-Fascist nations would be weakened. In effect, there would be one less nation to resist Fascist plans to expand their borders - one less army to stand up to them. Yet, capitalist democracies were also conflicted about the ascendency of another communist state.

As Fascist allies, it was in both Germany's and Italy's interest to fight the spread of Communism. They did not want Spain, a near neighbor to both nations, to become a Soviet-backed stronghold. Indeed, the opposite was true. If Spain came under right-wing control it could be an important ally to the two countries in any future conflict.

The USSR sent weapons and supplies to aid the Republicans in their struggle against the forces of Fascism, but it was never as committed to the conflict as either Germany or Italy. The Russian leader, Stalin, sold only enough supplies to the Republicans to keep them fighting. Stalin was content that Germany was being kept busy with Spain rather than concentrating its efforts in eastern Europe.

A series of international brigades began to form to fight fascism in Spain. Americans named their units the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, the George Washington Battalion, and the John Brown Battery. Together with the British, Irish, Canadian, and other nationals they formed the Fifteenth International Brigade. ("Lincoln Brigade" is a misnomer originating with an American support organization, Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.) One hundred twenty-five American men and women also served with the American Medical Bureau as nurses, doctors, technicians, and ambulance drivers. In 1936-37 Congress even passed a Neutrality Act making U.S. it illegal for Americans to enter the fray.

The most infamous German action during the war was the bombing of Guernica. A small town in northern Spain, near the French border, Guernica sat in territory controlled by the Basque Army, a left-wing group fighting with the Republicans. In April 1937, German Condor Legion aircraft were ordered to support a Nationalist advance into the area by carrying out bombing runs on important roads, bridges and installations. On April 26th – a market day in Guernica – around 20 Luftwaffe bombers attacked the town in waves, pounding it for around 20 minutes. There is much debate about the death toll – Spanish, British and Soviet observers suggested the raid killed at least 800 people, the majority of them civilians. There seems little doubt that the attack was a planned event designed to test Luftwaffe (the German air force) combat tactics.

The Expansion of the War

Initially Hitler sent 20 planes and pilots to the Nationalists to assist them with flying in 3,000 troops stationed in Morocco. Most of the German military personnel who traveled to Spain for these missions were volunteers. They later became known as the Condor Legion. Over the coming months German aircraft and personnel continued to assist the Nationalists: moving men and supplies, providing air cover for Nationalist ships in the Mediterranean, and carrying out bombing and strafing runs to support Franco’s ground troops. Germany also provided training for Nationalist officers, thousands of rifles and small arms,

even a radio transmitter for broadcasting propaganda. In October, Hitler authorized the deployment of German submarines to assist Franco’s men. By the end of 1936 there were around 7,000 German troops and airmen fighting in Spain. Additionally, Italy sent about 35,000 troops to aid Franco.

The End of the Conflict in Spain

By the summer of 1938 the Nationalists drove to the Mediterranean Sea and cut Republican territory in two. Later in the year, Franco mounted a major offensive against Catalonia. In January 1939, its capital, Barcelona, was captured, and soon after the rest of Catalonia fell. With the Republican cause all but lost, its leaders attempted to negotiate a peace, but Franco refused. On March 28, 1939, the victorious Nationalists entered Madrid in triumph, and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. Up to a million lives were lost in the conflict, the most devastating in Spanish history. Franco had agreed to enter war (if it came) on the side of Hitler and Mussolini but this never came to pass.

Homework (due Friday)Chapter 27 Docs 27.1 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.2 Q1-3Chapter 27 Docs 27.3 Q1-2Chapter 27 Docs 27.4 Q1-2

THURSDAY (Period 2) (Turn in doc questions)

Examine the causes and effects of the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 (SP-6,8,13,14,17) (IS-7,10)

Materials Strategy/Formatppt and video? Lecture-discussion

Introduction

Today we will round out our discussion of Fascism Nazism and Stalinism in the 1930s by examining a pivotal and little known event in our modern times: The Spanish Civil War. While the Civil War nowadays is little known, in the mid 1930s it was a major event with huge media coverage. In a sense this was the opening salvo of WWII in Europe.

The backdrop of the event was the political discontent in Spain, a nation not considered a major power since the 16th century. However, its strategic location made it a focal point of all major powers in the 20th century because of its positon controlling the entry into the Mediterranean Sea.

Historical Context

As we have seen, socialism and communism were becoming the leading political factions in many countries. Some of this of course was because of the Great Depression and political instability that lingered from the First World War.

In Germany, the Spartacists battle the Weimar republic and the right-wing Freikorps for control. By 1932 The National Socialist had gained a plurality of seats in the Reichstag and by 1933 became the only legal party. Soon, political camps were being created that housed hundreds of political prisoners. In France, the Popular Front had gained control of many seats in the National Assembly. Right wing groups like Action Française and Le Croix de Feu challenged the Popular Front quickly becoming pro-fascists

In Italy, there was still a monarchy but radical socialists and communists were attempting to overthrow the monarchy there. Mussolini’s Fascists finally took over by exploiting Italians fears

In Russia, now the Soviet Union, Bolshevism had created the first Communist state and was beginning to “export the revolution” to other countries.

In most other European nations, socialism and communism had been growing as well. Even in the Depression-era U.S. an American Nazi Party developed.

The Spanish Civil War Develops Economically, Spain had been deeply hit by the Great Depression partly because it was already quite poor.

Partly due to this turmoil, in 1929 the military dictatorship that had ruled Spain since 1923 collapsed. In 1931 the King abdicated after the Republicans came to power in a national election.

By the 1930s, Spain was a deeply divided country that was politically torn between right-wing Nationalist and left-wing Republican parties (this was a blanket term for socialist, communists, and some liberals). The Nationalist party was made up of monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. A major shift had occurred among many peasants. Traditionally peasants had been very conservative but by the 1930s, communism had made gains in this class like never before. Still, as staunch Catholics many peasants were closer to the Nationalists.

The Rise of Francisco Franco

The future dictator of Spain (until 1975) gained fame in 1926, Franco’s role in suppressing the Moroccan rebellion earned him an appointment as general, which, at age 33, made him the youngest man in Europe to hold that post. Two years later he was also named director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza, a position he would hold until three years later, when political changes in Spain would temporarily halt Franco’s steady rise.

When elections held in February 1936 led to a shift in power to the left, Spain slipped further into chaos. For his part, Franco was once again marginalized, with a new posting to the Canary Islands. Though Franco accepted what amounted to banishment with the professionalism for which he was known, other high-ranking members of the military began to discuss a coup.

Anticipating a swift victory, on October 1, 1936, the Nationalist forces declared Franco head of the government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. However, when their initial assault on Madrid was repelled, the military coup evolved into the protracted conflict known as the Spanish Civil War.

International Implications

The western European powers (Britain and France particularly) If Spain fell to the Nationalists, France would be surrounded by Fascist powers (Germany and Italy). If France was invaded by Fascist nations, the alliances between other anti-Fascist nations would be weakened. In effect, there would be one less nation to resist Fascist plans to expand their borders - one less army to stand up to them. Yet, capitalist democracies were also conflicted about the ascendency of another communist state.

As Fascist allies, it was in both Germany's and Italy's interest to fight the spread of Communism. They did not want Spain, a near neighbor to both nations, to become a Soviet-backed stronghold. Indeed, the opposite was true. If Spain came under right-wing control it could be an important ally to the two countries in any future conflict.

The USSR sent weapons and supplies to aid the Republicans in their struggle against the forces of Fascism, but it was never as committed to the conflict as either Germany or Italy. The Russian leader, Stalin, sold only enough supplies to the Republicans to keep them fighting. Stalin was content that Germany was being kept busy with Spain rather than concentrating its efforts in eastern Europe.

A series of international brigades began to form to fight fascism in Spain. Americans named their units the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, the George Washington Battalion, and the John Brown Battery. Together with the British, Irish, Canadian, and other nationals they formed the Fifteenth International Brigade. ("Lincoln Brigade" is a misnomer originating with an American support organization, Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.) One hundred twenty-five American men and women also served with the American Medical Bureau as nurses, doctors, technicians, and ambulance drivers. In 1936-37 Congress even passed a Neutrality Act making U.S. it illegal for Americans to enter the fray.

The most infamous German action during the war was the bombing of Guernica. A small town in northern Spain, near the French border, Guernica sat in territory controlled by the Basque Army, a left-wing group fighting with the Republicans. In April 1937, German Condor Legion aircraft were ordered to support a Nationalist advance into the area by carrying out bombing runs on important roads, bridges and installations. On April 26th – a market day in Guernica – around 20 Luftwaffe bombers attacked the town in waves, pounding it for around 20 minutes. There is much debate about the death toll – Spanish, British and Soviet observers suggested the raid killed at least 800 people, the majority of them civilians. There seems little doubt that the attack was a planned event designed to test Luftwaffe (the German air force) combat tactics.

The Expansion of the War

Initially Hitler sent 20 planes and pilots to the Nationalists to assist them with flying in 3,000 troops stationed in Morocco. Most of the German military personnel who traveled to Spain for these missions were volunteers. They later became known as the Condor Legion. Over the coming months German aircraft and personnel continued to assist the Nationalists: moving men and supplies, providing air cover for Nationalist ships in the Mediterranean, and carrying out bombing and strafing runs to support Franco’s ground troops. Germany also provided training for Nationalist officers, thousands of rifles and small arms, even a radio transmitter for broadcasting propaganda. In October, Hitler authorized the deployment of German submarines to assist Franco’s men. By the end of 1936 there were around 7,000 German troops and airmen fighting in Spain. Additionally, Italy sent about 35,000 troops to aid Franco.

The End of the Conflict in Spain

By the summer of 1938 the Nationalists drove to the Mediterranean Sea and cut Republican territory in two. Later in the year, Franco mounted a major offensive against Catalonia. In January 1939, its capital, Barcelona, was captured, and soon after the rest of Catalonia fell. With the Republican cause all but lost, its leaders attempted to negotiate a peace, but Franco refused. On March 28, 1939, the victorious Nationalists entered Madrid in triumph, and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. Up to a million lives were lost in the conflict, the most devastating in Spanish history. Franco had agreed to enter war (if it came) on the side of Hitler and Mussolini but this never came to pass.

Weekend HomeworkComplete the following by next week (Monday)The 1930s and the Rise of Dictatorshiphttp://www.quia.com/quiz/5298129.html

FRIDAY Examine key events leading to the start of WWII in Europe and the Far East (SP-6,8,13,14,17) (IS-7,10)

Materials Strategy/Formatppt and notes Lecture-discussion L.CCR.1

Introduction

It is hard to imagine nowadays how a Second World War could have erupted only 20 years after the first one. It would seem that the hope of the 1920s to fashion collective security arrangements was doomed to fail as the Great Depression erupted in the 1930s.

The rising tide of fascism as we have seen was not an isolated event. In review some of the key causes were

a. The forced war guilt clause and severe punishments on Germany and the former central power of Austriab. A growth of communism throughout Europe that frightened moderates and conservatives forcing some

to adopt extreme measures.c. A general decline in the economies of the west creating mass unemployment and demands against

democratic governments.d. A new rising tide of anti-Semitism that existed in several nations as the concept of race and nationalism

was again being redefined by many countries .e. Finally, a retune of ultra-nationalist feelings in several countries

Today we will begin our examination of the eruption of the Second World War. Unfortunately for me and others who like military history, we will spend only about 2 class periods on the battles themselves (the College Board seems to think none are important). Strangely enough the military aggression that leads to WWII was first launched in the Far East, so will briefly start our discussion there and transition to events in Europe. Additionally, we will take a snap shot glimpse of the U.S. reaction to these events

Japanese Tensions in the Far East

So, why do we care about events in the Far East in a discussion of European history? Well, Japan was a signatory to many of the collective security agreements during the 1920s such as the League of Nations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. They also signed the 9 power Pact a.k.a. the Washington Naval Agreement limiting the offense firepower of the world's navies.

By the late 1920s however political tensions were developing in Japan that were similar to those in Europe. Japan was divided between a democratic movement that hoped to continue to be a member of the collective security arrangements and militarists who looked to expand Japanese powers. The young Emperor Hirohito was really caught in the middle. The militarists and even some of the more democratic leaning moderates both hoped to expand the Japanese economy, a mission impossible without resources! For some time the militarists had had dreamed of the empire that they had been denied. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere could never develop with western powers (Britain and the U.S.) standing in the way.

The Invasion of Manchuria and the Sino-Japanese War

A key turning point in history was the death of the Japanese Prime Minister Prince Konoye and his replacement with a general, Hidaki Tojo. This signaled a more aggressive Japan. In 1931 playing upon a trumped up charge of Chinese aggression against Japanese commercial interests, invaded Manchuria. When was the last time that Japan had tried to take this? The Treaty of Portsmouth had been arbitrated by the U.S. denying Japan its coveted prize.

China, a nation divided in many ways, was really unable to resist the attack. The Japanese Government professed a desire to continue friendly relations with China and denied that it had territorial designs in Manchuria. However, Japanese military operations continued. By the end of 1931 Japan had destroyed the last remaining administrative authority of the Government of the Chinese Republic in South Manchuria, as it existed prior to September 18 of that year. Japan declared Manchuria (Manchukuo) to be independent but in reality it was a Japanese puppet state. The League of Nations condemned the aggression, Japan simply withdrew from the League.

By 1933 the war moved beyond Manchuria into China proper. In the spring of 1933, in connection with proposed legislation to authorize the President under certain conditions to apply embargoes on the export of arms from the United States, consideration was given to the possibility of an arms embargo against Japan. In the U.S. Secretary of State Hull reported to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, May 17, 1933, it was emphasized that the United States Government concurred "in general in the findings of the Lytton Commission which place the major responsibility upon Japan for the international conflict now proceeding in China". In this statement concerning the proposed legislation, Secretary Hull said that it was not the intention of this Government to use the authority as a means of restoring peace between China and Japan. He aid that an arms embargo would not be an effective means of restoring peace in this instance; that Japan was an important producer of arms with industries sufficiently developed to supply its own needs; that China was dependent upon her importation of these commodities; that an arms embargo applied to both China and Japan would, therefore, militate against China and in favor of Japan; that an embargo directed against Japan alone would probably

result in the seizure by the Japanese of arms intended for China, thus ultimately decreasing China's supply of arms and increasing Japan's supply. The Secretary stated that this Government would not be disposed to take any action which would favor the military operations of the Japanese. Further, he said that we would not under any circumstances agree to participate in an international embargo of this kind unless we had secured substantial guaranties from the Governments of all the great powers which would insure against the effects of any retaliatory measures which the Japanese might undertake. The proposed arms-embargo legislation was not enacted. However, as events unfolded the U.S. would later enact on unilaterally. On December 12, 1937 the Japanese attacked a U.S. vessel, the Panay was attacked by Japanese forces. On board the ship 3 were killed (including an Italian journalist) and about 10 seriously injured. Although a settlement was reached after Japan claimed that the attack was an accident, it seems clear that the failure of a stronger reaction may have emboldened Japan.

As the war versus the Chinese developed through the 1930s atrocities were developing quickly. If you are interested to learn more, here is a good website.https://www.csee.umbc.edu/~kunliu1/Nanjing_Massacre.html

The U.S. Reaction…Finally By the time that war had erupted in Europe, Japan used the weakness of the democracies to invade

and take colonial European possessions in the region. FDR swung froze all Japanese assets in America. Britain and the Dutch East Indies followed suit. The result: Japan lost access to three-fourths of its overseas trade and 88 percent of its imported oil. Japan’s oil reserves were only sufficient to last three years, and only half that time if it went to war and consumed fuel at a more frenzied pace. Japan’s immediate response was to occupy Saigon, with Vichy France’s acquiescence. If Japan could gain control of Southeast Asia, including Malaya, it could also control the region’s rubber and tin production—a serious blow to the West, which imported such materials from the East. Japan was now faced with a dilemma: back off of its occupation of Southeast Asia and hope the oil embargo would be eased—or seize the oil and further antagonize the West, even into war. The further embargo of aviation fuel and scrap metals may have been the final push toward the planning of the Pearl Harbor attack.

Meanwhile in Europe…..

In 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia

As you saw from the video on Mussolini, this invasion was mostly about national prestige and Italia Irredentia. Before Mussolini's rise Italy had actually tried to invade Ethiopia before but in 1896 had been defeated (battle of Adowa). This may have also been a motivator. However, this would also threaten British use of the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. While the invasion was a success the Italians use of poison gas was a shock. Again, the League of Nations only condemned and Italy simply dropped out as Japan had done.

German Aggression Begins Under Hitler In 1935 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League partly because of his plans to rebuild the German

military. By 1936 Hitler planned his first move to regain lost territory. The Rhineland, located between France and Germany, was demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles, but in March 1936 the German army moved in, to the evident delight of the inhabitants as seen above. Following the First World War of the early 20th century, the western part of Rhineland was occupied by Allied forces, then demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces remilitarized the territory in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the Second World War. The remilitarization of the Rhineland was favored by some of the local population, because of a resurgence of German nationalism and harbored bitterness over the Allied occupation of the Rhineland until 1930 (Saarland until 1935). Much to the German commander’s surprise the Army marched in unopposed by French forces in the region.

The invasion violated the Locarno Pact and Versailles Treaty. This was origins of the appeasement policy that ultimately emboldened Hitler.

The Rome-Berlin Pact The Spanish civil war provided the opportunity. In July 1936, Fascist rebels led by General Franco took up

arms against the Spanish government, and Mussolini intervened in support of the rebels with troops, airplanes and arms. As a demonstration of solidarity with Fascist Italy, Hitler also intervened in the Spanish civil war on the side of the Fascist rebels. Germany supplied the rebels with airplanes, tanks, technicians, the troops of the Condor Legion, and an air force unit which earned infamy by obliterating the Spanish town of Guernica and its civilian inhabitants. With the assistance of Germany and Italy, General Franco was able to establish a fascist dictatorship in Spain.

Hitler followed up his intervention in the Spanish civil war with a warm invitation to the Italian foreign minister to come to Berlin, where on 21 October 1936, Germany and Italy signed a formal alliance which came to be known as the Rome-Berlin Axis. This alliance contained a protocol committing Germany and Italy to follow a common foreign policy. Thereafter, Germany and her partners in military aggression would be known as the Axis powers.

The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, followed in 1936 by the Rome-Berlin Axis declaration and the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact. The connection was strengthened by the formal Pact of Steel (1939) between Germany and Italy and by the Tripartite Pact signed by all three powers in 1940. Several other countries, including Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Slovakia, later allied themselves with the original Axis Powers.

The Anchluss with Austria Union with Germany had been a dream of Austrian Social Democrats since 1919. The rise of Adolf Hitler

and his authoritarian rule made such a proposition less attractive, though, which was an ironic twist, since a union between the two nations was also a dream of Hitler's, a native Austrian. Despite the fact that Hitler did not have the full approval of Austrian Social Democrats, the rise of a pro-Nazi right-wing party within Austria in the mid-1930s paved the way for Hitler to make his move. In 1938, Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, bullied by Hitler during a meeting at Hitler's retreat home in Berchtesgaden, agreed to a greater Nazi presence within Austria. He appointed a Nazi minister of police and announced an amnesty for all Nazi prisoners. Schuschnigg hoped that agreeing to Hitler's demands would prevent a German invasion. But Hitler insisted on greater German influence on the internal affairs of Austria-even placing German army troops within Austria--and Schuschnigg repudiated the agreement signed at Berchtesgaden, demanding a plebiscite on the question.

Through the machinations of Hitler and his devotees within Austria, the plebiscite was canceled, and Schuschnigg resigned. Austria now became part of greater Germany which was also against the Versailles Treaty. Interestingly the move briefly concerned Mussolini and he mobilized his forces and sent them to the Brenner Pass, the common border with Austria.

The Munich Conference

By 1938 Hitler was now ready for another major move. He threatened an invasion of the Sudetenland, that part of land seized at the Versailles Conference to create Czechoslovakia. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Eduard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain sign the Munich Pact, which seals the fate of Czechoslovakia, virtually handing it over to Germany in the name of peace. Upon return to Britain, Chamberlain would declare that the meeting had achieved "peace in our time."

Although the agreement was to give into Hitler's hands only the Sudetenland, that part of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, it also handed over to the Nazi war machine 66 percent of Czechoslovakia's coal, 70 percent of its iron and steel, and 70 percent of its electrical power. It also left the Czech nation open to complete domination by Germany. In short, the Munich Pact sacrificed the autonomy of Czechoslovakia on the altar of short-term peace-very short term. The terrorized Czech government was eventually forced to surrender the western provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (which became a protectorate of Germany) and finally Slovakia and the Carpathian Ukraine. In each of these partitioned regions, Germany set up puppet, pro-Nazi regimes that served the military and political ends of Adolf Hitler. By the time of the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the nation called "Czechoslovakia" no longer existed. This had been especially upsetting to many as Czechoslovakia had been the most successful democracy in Eastern Europe.

It was Neville Chamberlain who would be best remembered as the champion of the Munich Pact, having met privately with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, the dictator's mountaintop retreat, before the Munich conference. Chamberlain, convinced that Hitler's territorial demands were not unreasonable (and that Hitler was a "gentleman"), persuaded the French to join him in pressuring Czechoslovakia to submit to the Fuhrer's demands. Upon Hitler's invasion of Poland a year later, Chamberlain was put in the embarrassing situation of announcing that a "state of war" existed between Germany and Britain. By the time Hitler occupied Norway and Denmark, Chamberlain was finished as a credible leader. "Depart, I say, and let us have done with you!" one member of Parliament said to him, quoting Oliver Cromwell. Winston Churchill would succeed him as prime minister soon afterwards.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement The world was shocked by Hitler’s next move. On August 23, 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed a non-

aggression pact, called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty. Secret protocols of the treaty defined the territorial spheres of influence Germany and Russia would have after a successful invasion of Poland. Hitler had been creating justifications and laying plans for such an invasion since April. According to the agreement, Russia would have control over Latvia, Estonia, and Finland, while Germany would gain control over Lithuania and Danzig. Poland would be partitioned into three major areas. The Warthland area, bordering Germany would be annexed outright to the German Reich, and all non-German inhabitants expelled to the east. More than 77,000 square miles of eastern Polish lands, with a population of over thirteen million would become Russian territory. The central area would become a German protectorate, named the General Government, governed by a German civil authority

Conclusion

Now Hitler made one final demand, access to the Baltic through the Danzig Corridor. Poland’s sovereignty was guaranteed by Britain and France and the Polish President even threatened to attack Germany. The U.S. consulted secretly with their former allies and FDR assured them that he could get an alteration to the Neutrality Acts through Congress allowing for weapons sales. On September 1, 1939 The Nazis invaded and Poles were surprised by the Soviet joint invasion. Initially the Polish army did not attack the Soviets believing that they were coming to their aid. By the end of the month there was no Poland…..again.

Weekend HomeworkComplete the following by next week (Monday)The 1930s and the Rise of Dictatorshiphttp://www.quia.com/quiz/5298129.html