apush: god gold glory
TRANSCRIPT
God, Gold, & Glory
An Introduction to European Exploration & Expansion
MotivesThe 3 G’s
Godreligious fervor convert natives
Goldexpand trade - esp. spices & precious
metalsprofit
Gloryadventurepowernational pride
Means
Mid-1400sEuropean monarchs had MORE:
PowerResourcesAdvanced technology
Pair/Share: Based on our last unit, why do you think the above is true?
Portugal
Early leaderSailed eastward
--> India (spice trade)
The PortugueseMotives: Set up trading posts for
purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coast
Extent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498)
Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)
Vasco da Gama
Cape of Good HopeSecured control of
spice tradeTook from Muslims
HUGE $$$
Prince Henry the Navigator
Instrumental Patronage led to
major technological advances
Spain
Sailed westward
Seeking route --> Asia SpainPortugal
The Spanish
Motives: Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (“Indians”) to Catholicism
Extent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)
Christopher Columbus
Earth not so big
Queen Isabella 4 voyages - all
end up in the Caribbean
Ferdinand Magellan
1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe (sort of)
Spain in the Americas
Conquistadors - the Spanish conquerors of the Americas
Gifts from Spain
Encomienda System
Aztec & Inca civilizations destroyedSpanish controlSubjects of Queen
Encomienda - the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers
Protection - required but not followed
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the AmericasEurope --> Americas
Horses, cattle, & wheatAmericas --> Europe
Potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, & tobacco
Transformed economic activity
New Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas gave much of New World to Spain
Intermarried with natives (mestizos)Spanish language & culture blended inSpanish encomienda systemOnly Catholics could settle in coloniesStrict control over colonies (no self-government)Colonial merchants could trade only with Spain
(mercantilism)
European Rivals
DutchFrenchBritish
The Dutch
Motives: Fur trade (Dutch West India Co.)
Extent: New Netherland, Hudson R., New Amsterdam (NYC), Manhattan, Long Island, NJ, New Sweden (DE)
New Holland
Patroonships (land given for transporting 50 people to colony) given
Fairly open to non-Dutch immigrantsLimited population growth
The French
Motives: Fish in Newfoundland; Fur trade with Indians; Convert “Indians” to Catholicism
Extent: Fur-trading posts and settlements (Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)
New France
Few settlers No gold and silver Restricted immigration to CatholicsLittle interest in farming Strict rule from Old France
For Next Time…
Be sure to review Chapter 3Start reading “Serving Time In
Virginia”Focus: English Exploration &
Protestant Reformation Review
England & Exploration
Bell Ringer
Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church (a.k.a. the “Church of England”)?
Religious Reform in Europe
Began with…Martin Luther
(Protestant/Lutherans)Wittenberg, Germany1517 – 95 Theses
John Calvin (Calvinists/Huguenots)Geneva, SwitzerlandThe “elect” & predestination
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
Broke with Pope and Catholic churchBrought Protestant Reformation to England
(Anglican Church)Added to tensions between Catholic Spain
and England (Why?)Edward VI followed (1547-1553) - ProtestantMary (1553-1558) - daughter of Catherine
(devout Catholic, mostly insane – nickname??)
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Encouraged “sea dog” voyages (Sir Francis Drake)
1588 - Spanish Armada (Philip II) defeated“Protestant Wind”English naval strength opens
up trans-Atlantic tradingRising merchant class invest
in joint-stock companies
Early English FailuresSir Walter
RaleighOne time favorite
of Elizabeth INamed Virginia
after ElizabethThe Lost Colony
(1587)Raleigh’s Virginia
settlement on Roanoke Island
Vanished…
The English
With the support of strong monarchs, a growing merchant class, and capital from English investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America
The first successful settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
Reasons for English Success
Strategic/Diplomatic Island nation with large navy
Availability of colonists Large standing army unnecessary “Surplus population” from enclosure
movement Colonies suitable place for “undesirables”
Renaissance Golden Age of English Lit. Curiosity about
unknown
A New King
King James I (Scottish & a Stuart)Nephew of Elizabeth I
(son of Mary Queen of Scots)
Chartered Virginia Companies (London & Plymouth)
Jamestown (1607)
Early difficulties for gold-hungry colonists “the starving time”
Captain John Smith “He who shall not work shall not eat”
Chief Powhatan established “shaky peace” with
colonistsJohn Rolfe
planted tobacco as cash crop James I - “filthy weed”
Early Virginia Society & Gov’t
1. Tobacco Land-intensive crop Strained relations with Natives
2. Settlers 60% arrived indentured Headrights of fifty acres to those who
bought a company share and transported themselves
1635: 1 Female for every 6 males in the colony
Early Virginia (cont.)
3. SlaveryDeveloped later in the colony
4. Government1619: First General Assembly of VA met in
Jamestown1624: Became a royal colony (charter revoked)
5. VA Company CharterGave settlers the same rights of Englishmen at
home
More Reformation in England?
PuritansAnglican church too similar to
CatholicismFelt that the Anglican church needed
to be “purified” of all Catholic practices
SeparatistsWished to break away from Anglican
church altogether
Problems
Puritan/Separatist ideals = direct threat to James I
Why?As a result, Puritans were
persecuted
Seeking Tolerance
1608: Separatists sought religious tolerance in Holland
1620:Chartered by Virginia Company, Mayflower landed at Cape Codout of VA Co. limits No legal right to land or to establish a gov’t
(squatters)Less than 1/2 were SeparatistsEstablished Mayflower Compact
First winter - disease and death killed over 1/2 the population
Signing the Mayflower Compact
Puritans at Plymouth
Fall 1621Squanto (Pokanoket
In.):Advisor/interpreter for Pilgrims and Indians
Wm. Bradford:Governor of
Plymouth ColonyWrote Of Plymouth
Plantation
Puritans at Plymouth (cont.)
Political DecisionsTown meetingselected assemblies (later)
1691: Merged with Mass. Bay colony
Activity
Three GroupsIt is the 17th C. You have moved
with a small group of men, women, and children to a region thousands of miles from your original home. You have little with you, only rudimentary tools…
Agriculture
Throughout the colonial period, over 90% of the economy was agriculture
Most early settlers engaged in subsistence farming and the pattern extended to the frontier
New England1. Farming difficult
Harsh climate, rocky soil
2. Land usually granted to a group (congregation)Towns subdivided it
among families
New England (cont.)
3. Profitable fishing industryWhaling (oil for lighting)
4. Shipbuilding/Commerce5. Small-scale manufacturing
Discouraged by Britain
Middle Colonies
1. Blended economies of the other 2 regions
2. Colonial “bread basket” Climate and soil produced
grain surplus
3. River systems and ports (Phila./NYC)
Access to back country and overseas commerce
4. Merchants and artisans abound
Southern Colonies
1. Favorable climate and abundant land
Plantation system develops
2. Staple crops often grown on large estates
VA - tobacco SC - rice
Southern (cont.)
3. 50-acre “headrights” to settlers pay passage of a laborer - receive 50
acres4. Farms scattered / Less urban
development
Fron
tier
The Frontier: 1. Opportunities for venturesome individuals
2. Conditions harsh on isolated farms3. Beyond reach of govt. authority
In Review…
1. The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to
A. Religious spirit of the settlers.B. Management of the Virginia
Company.C. Development of a tobacco
industry.D. Location of the settlement.E. Nobles’ diligent search for gold.
2. Unlike Separatists, Puritans
A. Advocated strict separation of church and state.
B. Practiced passive resistance to oppression.
C. Remained members of the Church of England.
D. Held Calvinistic beliefs.E. Believed in the pre-destination of
the “elect”.
3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to
A. Establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America.
B. Create a refuge for Catholics.C. Assist the Protestants in the British
colonies.D. Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to
various noblemen from England.E. Provide a safe haven for debtors and
indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.
4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) Maryland
A. A, C, B, DB. B, D, C, AC. C, D, B, AD. D, C, B, AE. C, B, D, A
5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation?
A. The problem of defending against Indian attacks.
B. Conflicts over colonial boundaries.C. Concern about runaway servants.D. Neglect by the English government.E. A desire to suppress religious dissent.
For Next Time…
Read “Serving Time in Virginia” and answer questions on accompanying page