aquatic biomes marine communities - san francisco …online.sfsu.edu/bholzman/_private/316/6-aquatic...
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Aquatic Biomes
Marine Biomeoceans cover 70% of earth's surface
Freshwater Biomelakes, ponds, rivers, streams cover only a small fraction
Ocean: essentially continuous and fairly stable
Most important features:*light and substrate
ALSO: salinity, tides, pressure((Salinity :Oceans: 35 parts per thousand
Freshwater: < 0.5 parts per thousand)
Marine Communities
Vertical Zonation based on light:
Photic Zone (Euphotic zone):sunlight , penetration increases from coastal waters (~30 meters) b/c of organisms and suspended particles to open ocean (~100+ meters)
** Zone where photosynthesis occurs **
Vertical Zonation based on light:
Aphotic Zone: below photic zone, organisms obtain energy by consuming organic material produced in the photic zone
Ocean ZonesOcean ZonesHigh tide
Low tideCoastal zone
EstuarineZone Continental
shelf
Open SeaSea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal ZoneSlope
Continental
Depth inmeters
0
50
100
200 Phot
osyn
thes
is
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Dar
knes
s
Fig. 7.5, p. 156
Aphotic zone
Photic zone
Classification based on bathymetry•Intertidal (Littoral) Zone: where sea meets land, really an ecotone between land and ocean
•Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone: beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep
•Bathyal Zone: edges of continental shelf
•Abyssal Zone: most of the ocean, deep waters (2000-6000m in depth)
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU
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Intertidal (Littoral) Intertidal (Littoral) where sea meets land, really an ecotone between land and ocean.
Intertidal: Littoral ZoneIntertidal: Littoral Zone
Neritic (Sublittoral) Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone Zone : beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep
Neritic (Sublittoral) ZoneNeritic (Sublittoral) Zone
Neritic ZoneNeritic Zone beyond intertidal zone, few meters to ~200m deep Bathyal Zone: edges of
continental shelf
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU
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Abyssal Zone: Abyssal Zone: most of the ocean, deep waters (2000-6000m in depth)
Organisms are also classified:
Benthic or Pelagic (oceanic): Association with substrate or water column
Benthic:hard substrates: kelp forests, coral reefs
vs.
soft muddy substrate: burrowing organisms beneath surface
Pelagic (Oceanic):
Plankton: microscopic organisms that float in water column –simple plants: phytoplanktontiny animals: zooplankton
Nekton: comprises the actively swimming animals, i.e. fish, whales, large invertebrates (higher trophic levels)
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
PLANKTON
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU
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Hogfish
Cobia
Pacific sailfish
Yellow jack
Batfish
MorayRed snapper
Striped drum Angelfish
Orange roughyChinook salmon
DevilfishGreat barracuda Porcupine
fish
Grouper
Chilean sea bass
Sockeye salmon
Nekton
Nekton or Plankton ? Coral ReefsCoral ReefsGray reef shark
Green seaturtle
Sea nettle
Fairy basslet
Bluetangs
Brittle starBanded coral
shrimp
Sergeant major
Parrot fish
Hard corals
Algae
Phytoplankton
Symbioticalgae
Zooplankton
Sponges
Bacteria
Morayeel
Black basslet
Coney
ProducerProducerto primaryto primaryconsumerconsumer
PrimaryPrimaryto secondaryto secondaryconsumerconsumer
Secondary to Secondary to higherhigher--levellevelconsumerconsumer
All consumer and All consumer and producers toproducers todecomposersdecomposers
Fig. 7.13, p. 163
Estuaries,salt marshes, swamps
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU
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Freshwater BiomesFreshwater Biomes
Standing water (Lentic)
Flowing water (Lotic)
Sunlight
PaintedturtleGreen
frog
Pondsnail
Blue-wingedteal
Muskrat
Plankton
Northernpike
BloodwormsYellowperch
Divingbeetle
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
Lotic: Running water Rapids zone Pool zones
Lentic: Littoral zone: shallow water where light penetrates to the bottom (vegetation)
Lakes Eutrophic: lakes are
shallow-highly productive b/c light penetrates almost to the bottom, good vertical circulation
Oligotrophic: lakes usually so deep that little to no vertical circulation occurs, limited nutrients and limited sunlight restricts primary productivity
Types of Lakes: EutrophicTypes of Lakes: Eutrophic
Sunlight
Much shorevegetationMuch shorevegetation
High concentrationof nutrition and plankton
Widelittoralzone
Limnetic zone Dense fish population
Gently slopingshorelinesSalt, sand,
clay bottomEutrophic Lake
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU
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Types of Lakes: OligotrophicTypes of Lakes: Oligotrophic
Sunlight
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Sand, gravel,rock bottom
Oligotrophic Lake
Sparce fish population
Low concentration ofnutrition and plankton
Narrowlittoralzone
Steeplyslopingshorelines
Little shorevegetation
Lake Tahoe
Other aquatic communitiesHypersaline lakes Caves
Geysers/Hot springsGeysers/Hot springs Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
•• Coral Reef Coral Reef DestructionDestruction
•• Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity•• PollutionPollution•• DumpingDumping
SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
For the exclusive use of students enrolled in GEOG 316 Fall 2006 SFSU