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AR 1

READING PASSAGE 1

You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on questions 1 15, which are

based on Reading Passage 1.

EVOLUTION OF SURREALIST MOVEMENT

A. EM Forster was highly disgusted to observe the decline of human

values during the days of World War I. Being a pacifist he believed that

violence even in self defence is unjust under any conditions. He refused to

fight in the First World War as the war had brought untold miseries to people.

Andre Breton was a French writer and the founder of Surrealism and he

believed that the cultural sensibility of Europe was at crossroads. It was felt

that the most talented people were killed in the War and all discoveries and

innovations made before War proved counterproductive. Andrew Breton was

an established neurologist in Nantes where he came under the influence ofJacques Vache, whose anti social attitude for conventional artistic tradition

inspired Breton. Breton in 1919 founded the Bureau of Surrealist Research in

collaboration with Tristan Tzara. He also published the Surrealist Manifesto

in 1924 and soon a group of artists such as Rene Crevel, Benjamin Peret and

Antonin Artaud started following him. Under his direction, Surrealism soon

became a European movement as he challenged the origin of human

understanding of things and events.B. Surrealists regarded themselves as revolutionaries. All the

manifestoes, reviews, the paintings; writings highlight ideological development

of Surrealism. Andre Breton was categorical in his assertion that Surrealism

was a revolutionary movement. He began a series of articles in La Revolution

Surrealist propagating automatic art tradition. He joined the Dada activists

who believed that excessive rational thought and bourgeois values had

brought the terrifying conflict upon the world. His passionate effort was to

bring about a societal change as the society had fallen in a rut. As Eliot aptly

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said we are an alley where dead men lost their bones. The Surrealists

refused to agree with the Dada philosophy and openly flouted all categories

and labels and advocated intuition and imagination following Hegelian

dialectical perspective. French artists, Louis Aragon, Jean Cocteau and Paul

Eluard produced accounts of dreams with a view to explore the unconscious.

C. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and his psychoanalytical theories

had a great impact on art, literature, philosophy and criticism. He propounded

theories of the unconscious mind, mechanism of repression and value of

dreams to comprehend the mystery of unconscious desires. Freuds research

concentrated on association, dream analysis and the hidden conscious. This

information was vital to the Surrealists in developing techniques to liberate

imagination. Freuds early work with psychoanalysis can be linked to Joseph

Breuer. A young girl of 21 came to Breuer having symptoms of Female

Hysteria. She had symptoms of paralysis of the limbs, split personality and

amnesia. Breuer investigated that her symptoms were associated with her

fathers illness and death. Freud followed Dr. Joseph Breuer and concentrated

on neurophysiology and made a hall mark discovery of cell staining

technique. He did not literally invent the idea of the conscious verses

unconscious mind, but he became an international celebrity for making it

popular. The conscious mind is awareness of a sensation at any particular

moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies; Freud

called it preconscious. The largest part of the unconscious included all those

things that are uneasily available to awareness such as drives or instincts,

memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud, the

source of our motivations is the unconscious whether they are simple desire

for food or sex, neurotic compulsion or the motives of an artist. Freudian

psychological reality starts with the world full of objects, the organism which

acts to survive and reproduce. At birth, the nervous system is motivated by Id,

the primary process. This primary process, Id works in keeping with the

pleasure principle, as the organism grows; The Id assumes the form of ego

which struggles to keep the Id happy.

D. All these Freudian theories greatly influenced the Surrealists. Freud

believed that the value of art lay in its therapeutic use. Through art, both the

artist and the public can disclose hidden conflicts and release tensions.

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Fantasies, and day dreams as they enter into art, are transformed from an

escape from life into ways of meeting it. In the Surrealist movement, the

unconscious is used as a source of material in painting and poetry. The

Surrealists passionately struggled to revolutionize human experience

including its personal, cultural, social and political aspects, by freeing people

from false rationality, restrictive customs, oppressive and dogmatic ideas.

Breton observed thus: the true aim of Surrealism is long live the social

revolution and id alone! The Bureau of Surrealist Research was set up by

Breton in Paris where the writers and artists gathered to meet, discuss and

conduct interviews with the goal of investigating speech under trance. Rene

Magrittes works were the product of disclosures of the mystery of the visible

world. His paintings conceal nothing; they dont mean anything since mystery

means nothing in life. Painting had always seemed vaguely magical to him.

There is a strange juxtaposition of usual and unusual objects in his paintings.

Max Ernest invented frottage, a technique using pencil rubbings of objects.

E. The Surrealist movement encouraged new techniques and automatic

drawing came into existence. Breton doubted that visual arts could be useful

since they appeared less malleable; the new discoveries such as frottage and

decalcomania were experimented. The Surrealist artists, poets and painters

utilize numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration.

Automatic poetry was experimented by W.B Yeats and his wife; they evolved

other techniques such as collage, coulage cubomania, decalcomania and

dream resume. Aurelien Daughet in 1972 invented echo poem technique. The

most romantic and revolutionary was entopic graph mania technique

invented by Dolfi Trost. In its methods of drawing, dots are made at the sites

of impurities in a blank paper sheet and lines are made between the dots. In

1933 Surrealism entered a phase of world wide expansion. Breton and Dali

were popular from Japan to New York. Dalis painting The enigma of William

Telli was created under Freudian influence, as he achieved a fusion of the

fanciful and the real paranoiac critical method.

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Directions: Reading Passage 1 has 5 paragraphs (A E). Which paragraph

focuses on information below? Write the appropriate letter (A E).

NB. Write only one letter for each answer.

How the Surrealists experimented with new techniques in arts and literature?

1.




World War I proved to be a catalyst in the development of Surrealism.

1.




How the Surrealists followed the Hegelian dialectical perspective?

1.

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Freudian analysis was used by the Surrealists to develop methods for

liberating imagination.

1.




The Surrealist Movement sought to liberate humanity from dogma and

oppressive rationality.

1.

Directions: Choose the appropriate letter A - D.

According to the writer, the Surrealist movement was the product of

1. new ideological development of World War I era

2. the cultural decadence and instability of Europe

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3. the new bourgeois culture of the West

4. the Freudian psychoanalytical theories of neurosis

Directions: Choose the appropriate letter A D.

Freud has been credited with the invention of

1. anti romantic and anti intellectual stance

2. psychoanalytical theories

3. comprehensive view of life and art

4. cell staining technique


According to the writer, Freudian theories

1. led to the growth of mysterious and fantastic art

2. resulted in the liberation of the imagination of the artists

3. led to the evolution of abstract and absurd art

4. greatly inspired the Surrealists.


According to the writer, the surrealism is a style in which

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1. a psycho analytical technique is followed in order to paint reality.

2. visual art is made comprehensible through images and symbols.

3. fantastic visual imagery from the subconscious mind is used.

4. there is a fusion of the imaginative and the neurotic images to convey

reality


According to the author, the Surrealist art deals with

1. anxiety neurosis

2. sex repressions

3. entropy of self

4. innovative techniques

Directions: Answer the following question with appropriate information from

the passage.

Yes if the statement agrees with the information in the passage

No if the statement contradicts the information in the passage

Not Given if the statement states no information in the passage

The aftermath of World War I resulted into the evolution of Surrealism.

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the passage.




The Surrealists sought inspiration from the Dada artists

1.


the passage.




The Surrealists were German painters who wanted to bring societal change

through art.

1.


the passage.



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The experiments of Joseph Breuer inspired Freud.

1.


the passage.




The decline of the Surrealist movement was due to complex techniques of art.

1.

READING PASSAGE 2



THE FIRST HUMAN

A. Anthropologists all over the world are engaged today to find the

missing links between the humans and apes and a mad race to hunt fossils

in order to track down the real existence of the first Adam has started. The

quest for the earliest human ancestors is a challenging scientific pursuit to

know how the first human lived millions of years ago. Modern researchers

are seeking the help of molecular science to establish the veracity of

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evidence taken from the fossils of humans and apes. In 1992, 17 specimens

of Hominid fossils were discovered

from Ethiopia, the Ardipithecus ramidus being the prominent, and a new

interpretation of early fossil history emerged. The discoverers endured the

heat and dust of the Sahara desert in their determination to find the First

Human of this Universe. Tim White and Gen Suwa estimated the age of

ramidus fossil at 4.4 millions years. It has many primitive ape-like features

such as the small brain size, small canine teeth. Tom Gray and Donald

Johnson discovered Lucy fossil that is 3.2 million years old. It is a fossil of a

young female of about 25 years of age. About 40% of her skeleton was found

and her pelvis, femur and tibia show her to have been bipedal. Le Clark

performed a morphological study of her teeth and jaws, since these formed

most of the fossil evidence and came to the conclusion that Lucy fossil was

human like and not ape like.

B. In November 2000, Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut of France made

a remarkable discovery and unearthed Orrorin fossil from the Tugen hills of

Kenya. Martin and Brigitte had been studying fossils for the last 30 years; they

claimed that the bones were of a hominid - an early ancestor of humankind.

The bones were not of apelike creatures; Orrorin was a bipedal creature, and

CT scans of the femur bone reveal a pattern of bone intensity that could be

the result of an upright walking posture. This important fossil was 6 million

year old. Tutavel Hunter fossil was discovered by a team of French

discoverers. The fossil consists of a fairly complete face, with 5 molar teeth

and a part of the braincase. The skull contains a mixture of features from

archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. Tutavel Hunter was a prehistoric

hunter 450000 years ago. This First Adam lived in caves; survived on hunting,

selected rocks to make his tools. This Paleolithic hunter used sandstone slabs

for choppers, scrappers and the materials were available in his habitat.

C. Ann Gibbons introduces the various maverick fossil hunters such as

Brunet and Leakey who endured extreme heat, blowing sand and other

hazards of fieldwork in Africa. The million dollar question is why did Raymond

Dart and Robert Boom go to Africa in search of early hominid fossils? Why did

they not go to Australia, Siberia or other parts of the world? It is an

established fact that humans are most closely related to the great apes that

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are indigenous to Africa, as confirmed by DNA investigations of fossils.

Perhaps they evolved from a closer species that no longer exists. Charles

Darwin had stated this long before any hominid fossils were discovered.

Darwin observed thus:

It is probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied

to the gorilla and chimpanzee and these two species are now mans nearest

allies; it is somewhat more probable that our early progenitors lived on the

African Continent than elsewhere. Most scientists agree that modern humans

first evolved in Africa and later colonized the globe. Some anthropologists

believe that a wave of migration from Africa started about 50,000 years ago

with modern humans moving from North Africa into the Middle East, then

moving in to Asia and Europe and Australia. They crossed the Red Sea,

journeyed along the Arabian Peninsula to India, Malaysia and Australia. The

mitochondrial DNA investigations have proved that Nicobarese, Onge,

Anamneses, African tribes reveal the same genetic ancestry and it is

concluded that these tribes descend from the early migrants out of Africa.

D. Vincent Macaulay of the University of Glasgow in Scotland conducted

his research on the basis of ecological and archaeological evidence and

contended that modern humans left Africa via a southern migration route.

They had to master ocean travel; life was pretty hard for them, but crossing

the Red Sea would not have been impossible and they had successfully

crossed the sea on a raft. They used boats to cover a distance of 12000 km to

reach Australia.

The archaeologists observe that the prehistoric hunters from Spain and

France sailed to North America as the glaciers started receding around 17000

years ago. These migrants were hunting marine animals such as seals,

walrus and tuna and they miraculously crossed the Atlantic on boats after

years of perseverance, hardships, and trials and tribulations. Radioactive

carbon dating and microscopic analysis of ancient hair prove that humans

crossed a land bridge from Asia to the Americas and these settlers were

called the Clovis people.

E. The earliest tools found in Asia are attributed to Homo erectus, a

species of African origin. Its body, hard and sturdy, had long limbs, a brain

that was capable of hunting and suited to life in prehistoric Asian terrain. Early

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humans lived in China about 1.66 million years ago; they used stone tools or

bones of deer to butcher them for food. Neanderthal human utilized language

and tools, played musical instruments, danced and sang, walked, ran and

jumped; he had the potential to play music. The first evidence is a piece of

small bone from a deer with holes looking like a flute discovered in the

Neander valley of Germany in 1856. Even Darwin had observed our

ancestors endeavoured to charm each other with musical notes and rhythm.

Scientists observe that it was music that helped hominids to find a mate,

soothe a child and cheer a companion in inhospitable habitat. Thus, the fossil

investigations reveal that the immediate ancestors of early humans were living

in East Africa and they have been identified as Homo rudolfensis, a Homo

erectus. It is believed that the early humans had about 35% larger brains than

those of the great apes. People, but not apes, have a gene that stops the

production of N-glycolylneuramine acid. Modern day scientists of the

University of California have used Molecular Clock Analysis to determine the

evolutionary process of the growth of genetic mutation of human beings that

led to their growth and modernism.


According to the author, early humans of Asia

1. were ape-like, living in forests of Africa.

2. were seal hunters of prehistoric times.

3. lived in caves in the Stone Age

4. went to Americas by land


The first modern humans were

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1. gorillas and Chimpanzees of Australia

2. Africans who crossed the Red Sea

3. seal hunters of Europe who crossed the Atlantic

4. Clovis people who lived in primitive caves.


Orrorin fossil proved that the Orrorin was

1. ape like

2. Homo erectus

3. a bipedal creature

4. a Paleolithic hunter


Neanderthal humans

1. loved hunting and caved life

2. used stone tools for hunting

3. adapted to inhospitable environment

4. played music, walked and jumped

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Directions: Complete the summary below from Reading Passage 2. Choose

your answers from the given Word List below.

NB: There are many words than spaces, so you will not be able to use them

all. You may use any word or phrase more than once.

Anthropologists, throughout the world, are engaged in __(20)__ the missing

links between humans and apes in a race of fossil hunting to know the

earliest time when the first Adam __(21)__. 'Ardipithecus ramidus' is the most

prominent among the 17 specimens of Hominid fossils __(22)__in 1992. The

CT scan of Orrorin femur bones reveal that the pattern of their bones was

quite __(23)__ ; possibly their walking posture was __(24)__. The DNAinvestigations of fossils __(25)__ that humans are quite __(26)__ to apes that

are the indigenous inhabitants of Africa. Chimpanzee and gorillas, perhaps

the former inhabited apes of Africa have become __(27)__ .

1.

Directions: Complete the sentences below. Use No More Than Three

Words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28 30 on your answer sheet.

The earliest tools found in Asia were built by________.

1.

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Words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28

30 on your answer sheet.

The fossils found in Asia had the characteristics _______the Asian terrain.

1.


Words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28

30 on your answer sheet.

The Neanderthal humans had the _________ to play music.

1.

READING PASSAGE 3



ROUSSEAU AND FRENCH REVOLUTION

A. The French revolution of 1789 was a prominent event in Western

civilization and its pervasive impact in the growth of culture, philosophy,

individualism and nationalism was unprecedented. Ironically all the ideals of

liberty, equality and fraternity propagated by Rousseau tumbled down with the

outbreak of Reign of Terror. Rousseau was a prolific theorist of the

Enlightenment, his works inspired the young people of his age as he declared

that man is born free but he is still in chains. This fired the imagination of

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William Wordsworth who wholeheartedly supported the French Revolution.

The ideals of French Revolution encouraged the Romantics to dethrone

Classicism of Dryden, Pope, and Dr. Johnson, who had insisted on order,

elegance, and harmony. In 1755, Rousseau published, Discourse on the

Origin of Inequality. He claimed that original man, while solitary was happy,

good and free. The Social Contract of 1762 suggested how man might

recover his freedom in future. Rousseau hated urbanization and civilization

and gave the slogan Back to Nature which Wordsworth followed and wrote

nature poetry articulating his mysticism. The publication of Rousseaus

works caused uproar among French Catholics. They were deeply offended

and publicly burnt the books and ordered the arrest of Rousseau. He became

paranoid and insecure, lived in exile in Prussia and England, came in contact

with David Hume, and grew into an undisciplined and unconventional thinker.

B. Few thinkers of the world have equalled Rousseaus influence in

politics, literature and philosophy. Darwins theory of natural selection

metamorphosed the 19th century thoughts and philosophy. Similarly

Rousseaus ideas proved to be powerful weapons. He was a moralist rather

than a metaphysician, a political theorist, an innovator and an original thinker.

He assumed that man is by nature good but the society in which he lives has

corrupted his sensibility. The fall of humanity was a social occurrence. His

quest is for freedom, not an unlicensed freedom but perfect submission of the

individual to the General Will. Rousseau gave a new definition of freedom in

the 19th century. Freedom is obedience to a self imposed law of reason. The

main purpose of civil law and government is to bring about the rule and

supremacy of the General Will. He argued that sovereignty should be in the

hands of people but he was bitterly opposed to the idea that the people

should exercise sovereignty via a representative assembly. He was the first

thinker who attacked private property and is considered a precursor of

modern socialism and communism of Engels and Marx.

C. Historical thinkers aver that the French Revolution of 1789 was a

failed revolution as all the basic ideals for which the people fought were

flouted, the revolution spun out of control and began to murder itself. First the

Royalists were beheaded, next the Girondists. The era of violence and

bloodshed started. It is horrifying to observe that in just 47 days, a large

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number of people were guillotined. Madam Jeanne Rolands last words before

her death on the guillotine were, O liberty! How they have played with you.

From Lafayette to Robespierre, no one could control the death dance and

the people of France had to witness barbarity. Every man was against

everyman in a restless desire for power that ceased only in death. King Louis

XVI was beheaded and paraded in the streets of Paris by the Revolutionary

Tribunal. Wordsworth was shocked to see the domestic carnage and

excesses of the Reign of Terror and wrote thus;

Friends, enemies of all parties, ages ranks/heads after head and never

heads enough/for those that bade them fall

D. If the French revolution resulted into the end of monarchy and

aristocratic privilege, it also led to the evolution of modern totalitarianism and

Nazism. Rousseaus faith in the Sovereign to force men to be free in the

interests of the General Will led to dictatorships as he distrusted democratic

institutions. No wonder, his legacy was Robespierre and the radicals who

fathered the Reign of Terror in France. He supported the supremacy of the

Sovereign to have full control over individuals to protect and grant liberty. In

the centuries that followed, the Sovereign became a dictator and men such as

Hitler and Mussolini justified the despotic powers of the Sovereign. When we

read the social contract theory of Rousseau, we do not find the cool breeze of

democracy of Athens bellowing in his pages. The rule of the General Will was

the rule of the autocratic collectivist society and the concept of modern

totalitarianism emanated from Rousseaus concept of the General Will. So

Rousseau was not a champion of liberty but a precursor of nightmarish

totalitarianism, Nazism and Fascism. Napoleons rise to power was

charismatic and he observed thus; If there had been no Rousseau, there

would have been no Revolution and without the Revolution I should have

been impossible. Stalin and Hitler and Mussolini could also say the same in

expressing their debt to the concept of the Sovereign of Rousseau and its

metaphysical identification with the people.

E. Indeed the French revolution was the source of all dictatorships.

Robespierre cannot be the guiding source of inspiration to the posterities. He

considered the presence of the king as a threat to the growth of revolution.

His forceful ideas led to the assassination of Louis XIV and Robespierre

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became the dominant force on the committee of Public Safety. It was his

belief that the terror was necessary, laudable and inevitable. His sin was to be

absolutely honest to the revolution; he was an idealist, a true believer and an

honest politician, but the modern historians condemn the idealistic philosophy

of Robespierre who was responsible for the reign of blood shed. The true

descendants of Robespierre believed in wholesale violence, the chopping of

peoples heads, for freedom was indeed anachronistic.

Directions: Complete the sentence by choosing a phrase (A K) from the

given list.

NB: There are more phrases (A K) than sentences, so you will not need to

use them all. You may use each phrase once only.

The French revolution of 1789 was a prominent political event in Western

Europe which brought about

1.

Wordsworth supported the ideas of the French revolution and wrote

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1.

Rousseau met David Hume in England and turned into a

1.

Rousseau reinterpreted freedom as obedience

1.

Rousseau attacked private property and became a

1.

Rousseau was not a believer of liberty

1.


the passage.



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NG if the statement states no information in the passage

The greatest precursor of the French Revolution was Rousseaus meeting

with David Hume in England.

1.


the passage.




William Wordsworth was disgusted with the reign of bloodshed in France.

1.


the passage.




Rousseau's General Will led to modern individualism.

1.

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the passage.




French Revolution led to the evolution of democratic societies.

1.

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