arch 1250 applied environmental studies lecture four geology

9/20/2012

1

ARCH 1250

APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

John Seitz, RA, LEED APAssistant Adjunct Professor

Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARAAssistant Professor

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

Geology

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

Geology is the scientific study of the structure and composition of the earth’s surface

Kaaterskill Falls, Catskill Park, NY,

image credit John Seitz © 2011

9/20/2012

2

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

Geology

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Monastery in Bhutan

Building design requires a basic knowledge of geology to understand the characteristics of the site, to design adequate foundations, support plant communities, guide water flows and ensure resiliency.

We consult civil engineers for drainage, and structural engineers for building foundations.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

SELECTION & BOUNDARIES

ANALYSIS and MAPPING

PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN

CLIMATE

PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY

MAINTENANCE

INTRO TO TERM PROJECT

NEXT CLASS

Natural plant communities are determined by and determine climate and soil.

Plant Communities and Soil

SavannahRain Forest Temperate Forest

9/20/2012

3

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

SELECTION & BOUNDARIES

ANALYSIS and MAPPING

PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN

CLIMATE

PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY

MAINTENANCE

INTRO TO TERM PROJECT

NEXT CLASS

Extensive green roof

Intensive green roofGreen roofs are a microcosm of the larger environment and for diverse plantings a variety of soil depths and types are often

required.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


There are three types of rocks:

Sedimentary

Igneous

Metamorphic

Rocks

9/20/2012

4

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks formed by the deposition of transported sediments. This type of rock is formed by particles which have been transported by streams, ocean currents, ice or wind.

The particles could be sand, dirt, rocks or even skeletons, shells and parts of living creatures. The rock is laid down in layers and the most beautiful is often considered to be limestone.

Rocks - Sedimentary

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks - Sedimentary

Lithification is the process by which deposited sediments are converted to firm rock. This type of rock covers most of the earths surface.

Examples are

sandstone

shale

limestone

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LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks - Sedimentary

Sandstone

composed of sand-sized mineral particles

Shale

most common - made from mud, clay and silt-sized mineral particles

Limestone

composed primarily of calcium carbonate minerals of marine origin

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks - Igneous

Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock material cools and solidifies on or beneath the earth’s surface. It is hard, dense and strong with very high bearing capacity.

Granite

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6

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rock formed from igneous or sedimentary rock as a result of heat, pressure, and chemical action.

Metamorphism is the process by which igneous or sedimentary rock is converted to metamorphic rock. It occurs mainly in mountainous areas.

Rocks - Metamorphic

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks - Metamorphic

Foliated – arrangement of minerals in parallel layers along which the rock easily splits into thin flakes or slabs.

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

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LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Fordham Gneiss beneath Belvedere Castle,

Central Park, image credit Stig Nygaard © 2005

Manhattan Schist, Edgecombe Avenue, image

credit John Seitz © 2010

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Rocks - Metamorphic

Unfoliated metamophic rocks include:

Quartzite

Marble

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LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

Inwood Marble outcrop, Isham Park, image

courtesy of http://www.newyorknature.net/Geology.html

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil

Soil is a living matrix and an essential part of the ecosystem. It is also a building medium, mineral

in content and formed over thousands of years.

It varies greatly in character based on

parent rocks, climate,

topography, age and the actions of plants, winds,

and water.

Soil section from

Derek Elsom’s, Earth,

The Making, Shaping

and Workings of a

Planet, 1992

9/20/2012

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LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil Horizons

Soil is divided into horizontal layers called horizons.

The three main soil horizon layers are the A, B and C layers.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil - A Horizon

The layer called topsoil; Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer.

It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.

9/20/2012

10

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil - B Horizon

Also called the subsoil

It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil - R Horizon

The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.

9/20/2012

11

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil Classification

There are many different ways of classifying soil based on its uses.

From a building perspective we are most interested in systems based on particle size since that largely determines 3 important soil qualities:

Drainage

Bearing Capacity

Erodibility

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Soil Classification

USDA Classifications

• Sand

• Silt

• Clay

We also look at

• Gravel

• Organic Soils

9/20/2012

12

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Sand

Sand is a coarse grained soil whose particles are .002 to .25 inches in diameter

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Silt

Silt is a fine grained soil whose particles are .002 to .00008 inches in diameter

9/20/2012

13

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Clay

Clay is a fine-grained soil whole particles are smaller than .00008 inches in diameter

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Gravel

Gravel is a coarse grained soil whose particles are larger than .25 inches in diameter.

It has good to excellent drainage characteristics and bearing capacity.

9/20/2012

14

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Organic soils

Organic soils are much more important to supporting life than buildings. They generally retain water and have very low bearing capacity.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL


Unified Soil Classification System

9/20/2012

15

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Investigations

A Test pit is an excavation made to expose the subsurface soils for an in-place examination

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Investigations

Test boring is a hole drilled into the ground, from which samples or undisturbed subsurface soils are obtained for laboratory inspection and testing

9/20/2012

16

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Investigations

A soil boring log is a graphic representation of the soils encountered in a test boring.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Investigations

Bearing Capacity is the ability of a soil to support a structural load.

9/20/2012

17

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

From Wild New York, Mittlebach and Crewdson, 1997

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Surficial Geologic map (soils)NYS Geological Survey 1989

Geologic map (bedrock)NYS Geological Survey 1970

9/20/2012

18

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Surficial Geologic map (soils)

NYS Geological Survey 1989

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Geologic map (bedrock)NYS Geological Survey 1970

9/20/2012

19

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Foundation problems may be caused by …..

• Subsidence

• Previous building foundations

• Changes due to moisture

• Seasonal changes

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Subsidence

Subsidence isthe sinking of the landwhich may occur because of poor compaction, decomposition of organic fill, or the removal of subgrade materials through mining (oil, gas, minerals, water).

9/20/2012

20

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Previous building foundations

Foundations must rest on undisturbed soil.

If a building was previously on the site, the new

foundation must go below the level of the old foundations.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Changes due to moisture

Expansive soil Refers to clay which swells when wet and shrinks when dry.

9/20/2012

21

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Seasonal Changes

In the winter, soil freezes and expands. In the summer, the soil contracts.

Frost line is the deepest penetration of frost below grade. Foundations must be below this level.

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

Methods for overcoming poor bearing capacity

Compaction is the reduction of soil volume by pressure from grading machinery.

Piles rely on the support of friction.

The foundation may go down to bedrock.

9/20/2012

22

LECTURE FOUR

GEOLOGY

ARCH 1250

APPLIED

ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

NYC COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW

ROCK

SOIL

BUILDING

REQUIREMENTS

For next week

The team PowerPoint presentations for both classes will be posted on the openlab website for everyone to review.

Each student is required to make at least two comments on the work of two other teams – (that is two comments one for each team)

You must make comments on a team that is focused on a different category than your own and you can comment on the work of either class.

As the semester continues you must continue two comments per week until the end of the semester.

In addition each team – must respond to any comments left by other students. The purpose of this is to create dialogue and for everyone to be familiar with the efforts and work of other teams. Remember this is a class project – with a final class presentation.

http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/maplocator/(xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&layout=6_1_61_48&uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea=%24ROOT)/.do

9/20/2012

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http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/maplocator/(xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&layout=6_1_61_48&uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea=%24ROOT)/.do

arch 1250 applied environmental studies lecture four geology

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