Many of the earlier archaeologists were little more than treasure hunters – the methods they used were not scientific and often proved destructive.

Through time the purpose, excavations and recording techniques have changed.

A large range of scientific disciplines (including physics, geology, computing, biology, etc) are now used.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS

Pre-historians study human existence from the earliest time until the beginning of written history. Societies without writing are no longer considered “prehistoric”. E.g. Australian Aboriginals recorded through oral and pictorial traditions.

Egyptologists study the culture of Ancient Egypt.

 Classical archeologists study the written and archaeological remains of Greece and Rome.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS

Historical archaeologists study more recent sites with the aid of written records.

Industrial Archaeologists study buildings and machines used in industry, especially since the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Marine archaeologists study submerged buildings and structures, shipwrecks, sea and lake beds.

Mary Rose Vasa

Main concern in excavating a site is to understand its history.

Ways of locating sites:Accidental-Ploughing, land reclamation, building, quarrying, dredging, constructing infrastructure (highways, railways, etc) and war.

Written Sources-Literary clues, folklore, maps, legends and place names.

The gradual build of debris from human occupation may led to the creation of mounds or “tells”

Tells

What do you see? What does an archaeologist see?

Ancient sites can be discovered from the air in several ways.

CROP MARKS Crops grow irregularly and slower when

planted over the remains of walls, buildings roads.

Crops growing over ancient pits and trenches grow faster and taller.

From the air outline ancient remains are clear. Infrared photography makes this clearer.

AERIAL SURVEY

Soil Marks tothe right.

SOIL/SCORCHED MARKS After a field has been freshly ploughed areas

where the soil is darker may indicate a pit, ditch or mound is located below the surface.

SHADOW MARKS Visible from air where low earthworks or

mounds existed and cast shadows when the Sun is low in the sky (early morning, sunset and winter).

Soil or crop marks depending on the season

SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY Used to find lost city of Ubar in the

Persian Gulf (5,000 years old). SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

Simple observation - field walking where physical features are noted and finds recorded.

Location of finds are plotted on a site map.

Concentration of finds would indicate a good place to start excavation.

Produces a visual plan of the features below the surface of the site.

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

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GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)

Electromagnetic pulses (radar signals) are transmitted into the ground. The signal patterns indicate buried objects, location and depth al so any changes in soil.

An electric current is passed through two metal probes in the ground.

Buried structures have a high resistance reading.

Pits and trenches have a low resistance reading.

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RESISTIVITY SURVEY

This method determines the magnetic properties of the soil’s subsurface.

High readings indicate the presence of iron, bricks and/or burnt soil.

Low readings suggest the ground has been disturbed and/or decayed organic materials.

MAGNETIC SURVEYING

Select three of the following sites and explain what they are and the clues/methods used to locate them.

Sutton Hoo Staffordshire Hoard The Dead Sea Scroll The Maiden Hall treasure Palace of Knossos Machu Picchu Catul Huyuk

Exercise