archl reviewer

8/10/2019 Archl Reviewer

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Athletic Bowl & Pine Trees of the World | 1

COMPREHENSIVE ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICScompiled & edited by Arch. Jenaro A. Villamor, uap

Definitions of ACOUSTICS:

1. branch of physics concerned with sound2. deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound

Almost all acoustical situations are described in 3 parts (elements):1. Sound Source ( e.g. human speech, HVAC equipment)2. Transmission Path (e.g. air, earth, building materials)3. Receiver (e.g. humans, animals, sensitive medical equipment)

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS

1. technology of designing spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs2. effect of building design on the control of sound in buildings3 Aspects of Acoustical Design in Buildings1. Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area2. Internal acoustics of rooms3. Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations

Essential Elements of Architectural Acoustics:

1. Room Acousticsthe qualities or characteristics of a room, auditorium, or concert hall thatdetermine the audibility of speech or fidelity of musical sound in it Cubic volume (and coupled spaces) Shape and proportion (length-to-width, height-to-width) Finishes (selection and placement) Audience layout ( floor slope, speaker-to-listener distances) Special treatment ( suspended reflectors, resonant absorbers, quadratic -residue diffusers)2. Sound Isolationthe use of building materials and construction assemblies designed to reduce thetransmission of airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to another or from the exterior tothe interior of a building (Sound Insulation) Site noise characteristics (sound level, character, duration) Outdoor barriers, nearby buildings, vegetation, and earth berms Location of activities within buildings (zoning, buffer spaces)

Background noise criteria (HVAC system, electronic)3. Mechanical system noise and vibrations Equipment noise characteristics Location of mechanical equipment Vibration isolation ( springs, pads) Air duct and pipe treatment ( linings, mufflers, laggings) Background noise from air outlets (coordination with sound isolation)


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4. Electronic sound systems System compatibility with roomacoustics Loudspeaker selection, placement and orientation System components and controls Background masking (loudspeaker layout, sound spectra)

Definitions of SOUND 21. physical wave in an elastic medium, usually air2. the sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted aslongitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium3. a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building materials, and the earth4. physically, sound is a rapid fluctuation of air pressureTypes of Sound1. Wanted Sound (speech, music)heard properlyo considered desirableo heard properly

2. Unwanted Sound (noise)annoyanceo annoyanceo not desired or objectionableCharacteristics of Sound1. Audible2. InaudibleBasic Principles of Sound - understanding the characteristics of sound is essential in designing forgood acoustics)1. Generation

o sound is generated when an object vibrates, causing the adjacent air to move, resulting in a seriesof pressure waves radiating out from the moving objecto Wavea disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in amedium or space without advance by the points themselves, as in the transmission of sound or lighto Sound Wavea longitudinal pressure wave in air or an elastic medium esp. one producing anaudible sensation2. Frequencyo the no. of times the cycle of compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given unit of time (e.g.1000 cycles in the period of 1 second = 1000 cps = 1000 Hertz)o the no. of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillation

o the no. of complete cycles per second (frequency of vibration)o the rate of oscillation of molecules by sound (frequency of vibration) measured in cycles per second(Hertz)o Pitchfrequency of sound vibration; the predominant frequency of a sound as perceived by thehuman earo Vibrationthe back and forth motion of a complete cycleo Cyclefull circuit by a displaced particle


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o Periodthe time required for one complete cycleo 2020,000 Hzapprox. audio frequency range of human hearing;o 60040,000 Hzcritical frequency for speech communicationo Tonecomposed of a fundamental frequency with multiples of the fundamental, called Harmonicso Pure Tonesound composed only of 1 frequencyo Musical sounds are combination of many pure tones

o Frequency bandsused to express division of sounds into sections (Octave bands are the mostcommon)o 9 Octave Bands31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz33. Velocityo varies according to the medium of transmission; approx. 1100 fps in air at normal temperature andpressure4. Wavelengtho Distance between similar points on successive waves; the distance the sound travels in one cycleo Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity: = c/f = wavelength, ft.2c = velocity of sound, fpsf = frequency of sound, Hz (cps)o Low frequency sounds: characterized by long wavelengthso High frequency sounds: characterized by short wavelengthso Sounds with wavelengths ranging from 50 can be heard by humans5. Magnitudeo Sound power (watts)amount of energy produced by a source

o Intensitydescribes the energy level; unit is watts/cm2o Loudness (what is perceived)related to the Intensity Level (IL) or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)o The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is equivalent to the Sound Intensity Level (IL)o Intensity Level is expressed in decibelso Decibeldimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values of a logarithmicscaleComparison of decimal, exponential, and logarithmic statements of various acoustic intensitiesIntensity (watts/cm2) Intensity LevelDecimal Notation Exponential Notation Logarithmic Notation Examples0.001 10-3 130 dB Painful

0.0001 10-4 120 dB0.00001 10-5 110 dB 75-piece orchestra0.000001 10-6 100 dB0.0000001 10-7 90 dB Shouting at 5 ft.0.000000001 10-9 70 dB Speech at 3ft.0.00000000001 10-11 50 dB Average office0.0000000000001 10-13 30 dB Quiet unoccupied office


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0.00000000000001 10-14 20 dB Rural ambient0.000000000000001 10-15 10 dB0.0000000000000001 10-16 0 dB Threshold of hearing

o The fundamental relationship that determines the decibel level is ten times the logarithm to the base10 of the numerical ratio of the two intensities. For example:

IL = 10 log II0IL = intensity levelI = intensity, watts/cm2I0 = reference intensity, 10-16 watts/cm246. Time Characteristics of Soundo Some sounds remain constant with time (e.g. fan may produce a sound with constant frequencyand intensity characteristicsa steady state sound)o Sounds (traffic, voices, musical instruments) vary as a function of time

o Vehicular traffic sounds: maximum levels/levels exceeded for 90% of the timeo Speech sounds: 1% peakso Orchestras sound: long-term average levelsBehavior of Sound in a Free Field Sound intensity is reduced to one-quarter each time the distance doubles:

I1 and I2 are the intensities at distances d1 and d2 from the source The intensity of a sound at a distance from the source is expressed as the power (P) of the sourcedivided by the area over which it has spread (A)

I = P/A If the sound radiates freely in all directions from a source the area is a sphere. The intensity isrepresented as:I = P4 r2P = power in wattsr = distance from source in cmIn English units, the conversion factor is 930 cm2/ft4 r2Using this, the equation for spherical

direction is:I = P/930 x 4 r2

As the intensity is reduced to one-quarter with each doubling of distance, the sound pressure level(IL) is reduced by 6 dB. Quartering the intensity reduced the intensity level by 6 dB Sound attenuation is due to distance, absorption, or barriers Barriers, to be effective must be solid, quite large as compared to the wavelength of sound and ne arto the source or receiver Shrubs, hedges, small groves: visual barriers only; no value acoustically Sound Combining. Sounds from separate sources may combine. Two violins produce a louder


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sound than 1 instrument; 3 violins are louder still. Decibels are not added directly to make theperceived level twice as loud for 2 sources or 3 times as loud for 3. The level for combined sources isdetermined by adding powers, intensities or pressures; and subsequently converting to decibels.Doubling of intensities results in a 3 dB increase (e.g. 50 dB plus 50 dB is 53 dB, not 100 dB)

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ROOM ACOUSTICSSound IndoorsAcoustics of Room Sound in an enclosure radiates out from the source until it hits a surface that reflects or absorbs it If the source is continuous, a state of equilibrium will be reached Levels are constant throughout most spaces except at points very near the source (for a given

source, the built-up or reverberant levels will be highest in a space with a few absorptive surfaces lobby with marble walls/floors; in a space with large areas of sound absorbing materials, the levelswill be lowest1. Sound Absorption Materials varying sound absorption characteristics

Some absorb low frequency energy

Some absorb high frequency energy

Others absorb energy equally over a broad spectrum Mechanism of Absorption: 3 families of devices for sound absorption; all types absorb sound by

changing sound energy to heat energy

Fibrous materials (Porous materials): absorption provided by a specific material depends onthickness, density, porosity, resistance to air flow (e.g. materials must be thick to absorb lowfrequency sounds effectively; suspending an acoustical ceiling tile a foot below the structure results inbetter broad band absorption than cementing the tile directly to the structure; acoustic paints with

sand or walnut shells are useless as sound absorbersPanel resonators: built witha membrane (thin plywood, linoleum in front of a sealed airspace);

panel is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave; sound energy isconverted into heat through internal viscous damping; used where efficient low frequency absorptionis required/ mid and high frequency absorption is unwanted; used in recording studios

Volume resonators Coefficient of Absorption (): Knowing the amount of absorption at different frequencies for each

material in a room is essential in designing the room acoustics

The absorption coefficient is the fraction of incident energy that is absorbed by a surface expressedas = IaIiIi = incident energy, watts/cm2Ia= absorbed energy, watts/cm2 = absorption coefficient (no units)

Total absorption (A) provided by a surface (S) is expressed in sabins


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A = SA = Total absorption, sabinsS = Surface area, sq ft = Coefficient of absorption6Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings

Coefficients for absorption in auditorium is shown for both empty and occupied seating conditions

Many products are prefabricated for sound absorbing treatment (suspended ceilings/wall mountedtreatments 3 kinds of custom-designed treatments that are often used in auditoriums/churches (the deep airspace insures adequate low frequency performance

2. Noise Reduction by Absorption Noise levels ina room are highest for a given source if the rooms surfaces are primarily soundreflecting; lowest if there are large areas of sound absorbing materials (e.g. sound absorbing ceilings

3. Reflections4. Reverberation

Electrical Notes:COULUMB (C)- The SI unit of electric charge equal to the quantity of electricity transferred along the conductor by acurrent of one ampere in one second

WATT (W)- the SI unit equal to one joule per second or to the power represented by a current of one ampere

flowing across a potential difference of one voltW= V x A

WATTAGE- an amount of power especially the power required to operate an electrical device or appliance,expressed in watts

KILOWATT (kW)- a unit of power equal to 1,000 watts

KILOWATT-HOUR (kWh)- a unit of energy transferred or expanded by one kilowatt in one hour a common unit of electricpower consumption

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf)- the energy per unit charge available for conversion from a chemical, mechanical or other form of


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resistance of the circuit and to the square of the current

RESISTIVITY- the resistance per unit length of a substance with a cross sectional area. Also called specificresistance

CONDUCTIVITY- a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct electric current, equal to the reciprocal of theresistivity of the substance. Also called specific conductance

CIRCUIT- the complete path of an electric current including the source of electric energy

SERIES- an arrangement of components in an electric circuit in which the same current flows through eachcomponent in turn without branching

PARALLEL- the arrangement of components in an electric circuit in which all positive terminals are connected toa second conductor, the same voltage being applied to each component

BATTERY- a group of two or more cells connected together to produce electric current

CELL

- a device for converting chemical into electric energy usually consisting of a receptacle withelectrodes in an electrolyte. Also called electric cell

ELECTROLYTE- a non metallic conducting medium in which current is carried by the movement of ions

ELECTRODE- a conductor through which a current enters or leaves a non metallic medium

ANODE

- the negative terminal of a primary cell or storage battery

CATHODE- the positive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery

GENERATOR- a machine that converts mechanical energy into electric energy


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ALTERNATOR - a generator for producing alternating currentELECTRIC MOTOR- a machine that converts electric power into mechanical energy

ARMATURE

-the main current-carrying winding of a motor or generator in which electromotive force is induced

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)- an electric current in one direction only having a magnitude that does not vary or varies only slightly

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)- an electric current that reverses direction at regularly recurring intervals, having a magnitude thatvaries in a sinusoidal manner

VOLT AMPERE (VA)

- a unit of electric measurement equal to the product of one volt and one ampere, equivalent to onewatt for direct current system and a unit of apparent power for alternating current systems

TRANSFORMER- an electric device consisting of two or more winding wound on the same core, which employs theprinciple of mutual induction to convert variations of alternating current in a primary circuit intovariations of voltage and current in a secondary circuit

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

- a transformer having fewer turns in the primary winding than in the secondary, serving to transformlow voltage to high voltage

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER- a transfer having a greater number of turns in the primary winding than in the secondary, serving totransform high voltage to low voltage

LINE VOLTAGE- the voltage supplied by a power line, measured at the point of use

SERVICE CONDUCTOR- any of several conductors extending from a main power line or transformer to the service equipmentof a building

SERVICE- the supply of utilities, as water, gas and electricity, required or demanded by the public


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HIGH VOLATGE- operated on power by or transmitting high voltage

SUBSTATION- an auxiliary power station where electrical current is converted, as from DC to AC or where voltageis stepped up or down

SERVICE DROP- the overhead portion of service conductors extending from the nearest utility pole to a building

SERVICE LATERAL- the underground portion of service conductors extending from a main power line or transformer to abuilding

LINE DROP- the decrease in voltage between two points on a power line, usually caused by resistance or

leakage along the line

SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTOR- the portion of a service conductor extending from a service drop or service lateral to the serviceequipment of a building

WATT- HOUR METER- a meter for measuring and recording the quality of electric power consumed with respect to time

TRANSFORMER VAULT- a fire-rated room housing a transformer and auxiliary equipment for a large building, usually locatedon grade or below ground and ventilated directly to the outside air

SWITCHGEAR ROOM - a room containing the service equipment for a large building

SERVICE EQUIPMENT- the equipment necessary for controlling, metering, and protecting the electric power supply to abuilding, located near the entrance of the service conductors and usually consisting of a maindisconnect switch and secondary switch, fuses and circuit breakers

STANDBY GENERATOR- a generator for providing emergency power during a power outage. Also called emergencygenerator

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY- an emergency system designed to provide power automatically and instantaneously upon failure of


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the normal power supply

SWITCHBOARD- one or a group of panels on which are mounted switches, over current devices, meteringinstruments, and buses for controlling and protecting a number of electric circuits called switchgear

UNIT SUBSTATION- a free standing enclosure housing a disconnect switch, a step-down transformer and switchgear fora number of electric circuit

FEEDER- any of the conductors extending from the service equipment to various distribution points in abuilding

WIRE- a pliable metallic strand or twisted or woven assembly of such strands often insulated with a

dielectric material and used as a conductor of electricity

CONDUCTOR - a substance, body or devise that conducts heat, sound or electricity

INSULATOR- a material that is poor conductor of electricity used in operating or supporting conductors to preventthe undesired flow of current

CABLE - a single insulated conductor or a bound or sheathed combination of conductors insulated

from one another

ARMORED CABLE- electric cable consisting of two or more insulated conductors protected by flexible, helically woundmetal wrapping. Also called BX

MINERAL ISULATED CABLE- electric cable consisting of a tubular copper sheath containing one or more conductors embedded ina highly compressed, insulating refractory mineral

NON- METALLIC SHEATED CABLE- electric cable consisting of two or more insulated conductors enclosed in a non- metallic, moistureresistant, flame retardant sheath. Also called ROMEX

COAXIAL CABLE- a cable for transmitting high frequency telephone, digital or television signals consisting of aninsulated conducting core


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connecting or branching electric circuits

KNOCKOUT - a panel in a casing or box that can readily be removed, as by punching, hammering orcutting to provide an opening into the interior

GROMMET - a rubber or plastic washer inserted in a hole in a metal part to prevent grounding of a

wire passing through the hole

BUSHING - an insulating and protective lining for one or more conductors passing through a hole

UTILITY BOX - for lighting outlet and convenience outlet

PULL BOX - to facilitate pulling

OUTLET BOX - where cable ends

CUT OUT BOX - metal box with hinge & enclosure. House or fuse box

INSULATOR - used as supports and for additional protection for wires

GENERAL WIRING

RHW Moisture and heat resistance rubber Dry and wet locationsT Thermoplastic Dry locationsTW Moisture resistant thermoplastic Dry and wet locations

THHN Heat resistant thermoplastic Dry locationsTHW Moisture & heat resistant thermoplastic Dry and wet locationsTHWN Moisture & heat resistant thermoplastic Dry and wet locationsXHHW Moisture & heat resistant cross linked Dry and wet locationsSA Silicone asbestos Dry locations

AVA Asbestos and varnished cambric Dry locations only

CONDUIT FITTINGS:

1. elbow (long sweep)

2. teea. LB Condulets (angle & bended)b. LR (angle to the right)c. TF (tee front)

CONDUITS:


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1. RIGID CONDUITS- cannot be bendedmetal- RSC/ EMTnon-metal- PVC

2. FLEXIBLEmetal- BX

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541

AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTEA NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541

AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTEA NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

TITLE 1 - ADMINISTRATIVEChapter 1.01 - GENERAL PROVISIONSSECTION 1.01.01: Title

(a) This Act shall be known as the "National Building Code of the Philippines" and shall hereinafter bereferred to as the "Code".

SECTION 1.01.02:Declaration of Policy

(a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to safeguard life, health, property, and publicwelfare, consistent with the principles of environmental management and control; and to this end,make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structured, a framework of minimumstandards and requirements by guiding, regulating, and controlling their location, siting, design,quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance, including their environment,


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or socalos are used, such shall not be more than 1.00 meter (3 feet, 3 inches) from the ground:Provided, however, That such traditional indigenous family dwelling will not constitute a danger to lifeor limb of its occupants or of the public; will not be fire hazard or an eyesore to the community; anddoes not contravene any fire zoning regulation of the city or municipality in which it is located.

(e) Notwithstanding paragraph (d) of this Section, this Code shall apply to Group A dwellings

produced on a commercial scale and intended for use by the general public.

SECTION 1.01.05Building Use Affecting Public Health and Safety

(a) Any building or structure, or any ancillary or accessory facility thereto, and any alteration oraddition to any building or structure already existing, shall conform in all respects to the principles ofsafe construction, shall be suited to the purpose for which the building is designed, and shall, in nocase contribute to making the community in which it is located at eyesore, a slum, or a blighted area.

(b) Adequate environmental safeguards shall be observed in the design, construction, and use of any

building or structure for the manufacture and production of any kind of article or product whichconstitutes a hazard or nuisance affecting public health and safety, such as explosives, gas, noxiouschemicals, inflammable compounds, or the like.

SECTION 1.01.06: Maintenance

(a) All buildings or structures, both existing and new, and all parts thereof shall be maintained in asafe and sanitary condition. All devices or safeguards, which are required by this Code in a buildingor structure when constructed, altered, or repaired, shall be maintained on good working order.

SECTION 1.01.07: Insanitary, Unsafe, Hazardous, or Dangerous Sites

(a) The land or site upon which will be constructed any building or structure, or any ancillary orauxillary facility thereto, shall be sanitary , hygienic or safe. Where the land or site is polluted,insanitary, unhygienic, unsafe, or hazardous, conditions contributing to or causing its being polluted,insanitary, unhygienic, unsafe, or hazardous shall be reasonably improved or corrected, or properremedial measures shall be prescribed or incorporated in the design or construction of the building orstructure in accordance with the provisions of this Code.

(b) The land or site upon which be constructed a building of structure or any ancillary or accessoryfacility thereto, for use of human habitation or abode, shall be at a safe distance from streamers orbodies of water and/source of air considered to be polluted, volcano or volcanic site, and building orstructure considered to be a potential source of fire or explosion, such as ammunitions factory ordump and storage place for highly inflammable material.

SECTION 1.01.08:Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures


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(a) General. - The provisions of this Code shall apply to all dangerous buildings, as herein defined,which are now in existence or which may hereafter be constructed, as well as to ruinous buildings asdefined in Article 482 of the Civil Code of the Philippines.

(b) Dangerous Buildings Defined. - Dangerous buildings are those which are structurally unsafe or not

provided with safe egrees, or which constitute a fire hazard, or are otherwise dangerous to humanlife, or which in relation to existing use constitute a hazard to safety or health or public welfare, byreason of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation, obsolescence, fire hazard, or abandonment; orwhich otherwise contribute to the pollution of the site or the community to an intolerable degree. Anybuilding or structure which has any or all of the conditions or defects hereinafter described, orconditions or defects similar thereto, shall be deemed to be dangerous building: Provided, That suchconditions or defect exists to the extent that the life, health, property, or safety of the public or itsoccupant are endangered:

(1) Whenever any door, aisle, passageway, stairway, or other means of exist is not of sufficient width

or size, or is not so arranged as to provide safe and adequate means of exit in case of fire or panic;

(2) Whenever the stress in any materials member or portion thereof, due to all dead and live loads ismore than one and one-half times the working stresses or stresses allowed in this Code for newbuilding of similar structure, purpose, or location: Provided, That in determining working stress, theworking stress method of analysis shall be used, and in the case of engineering "overstress", theultimate strength method;

(3) Whenever any portion thereof has been damaged by fire, earthquake, wind, flood, or by any other

cause, to such an extent that the structural strength or the stability thereof is materially less than itwas before such catastrophe and is less than the minimum requirements of this Code for newbuildings of similar structures, purpose, or location;

(4) Whenever any portion or member or appurtenance thereof is likely to fall, or to become detachedor dislodged, or to collapse and thereby injure persons or damage property;

(5) Whenever any portion or member or any appurtenance or ornamentation of the exterior thereof isnot of such sufficient strength or stability, or is not so anchored, attached, or fastened - place so as tobe capable of resisting a wind pressure of one-half of that specified in this Code for new buildings of

similar structure; purpose, or location without exceeding the working stresses permitted for suchbuildings;

(6) Whenever any portion thereon has wracked, warped, buckled, or settled to such an extent thatwalls or other structural portions have materially less resistance to winds or earthquake than isrequired in the case similar new construction;


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(7) Whenever the building or structure, or any portion thereof, because of: (i) dilapidation,deterioration, or delay; (ii) faulty construction; (iii) the removal, movement, or instability of any portionof the ground necessary for the purpose of supporting such building; (iv) the deterioration, decay, orinadequacy of its foundation; or (v) any other cause, is likely to partially or completely collapse;

(8) Whenever, for any reason, the building or structure, or any portion thereof, is manifestly unsafe for

the purpose for which it is being used;

(9) Whenever the exterior walls or other vertica structural members list, lean, or buckle to such anextent that the structure falls within the condition described in the preceding subparagraph (2), above,or whenever any portion thereof suffers a material reduction of the fire and weather resistancequalities of characteristics required by this Code for newly constructed buildings of like area, height,and occupancy in the same location;

(10) Whenever a building or structure, used or intended to be used for dwelling purposes, because ofinadequate maintenance, dilapidation, decay, damage, faulty construction or arrangement,

inadequate light, air, or sanitation facilities, or otherwise, is found to be unsanitary, unfit for humanhabitation, or in such a condition that is likely to cause sickness or disease;

(11) Whenever any building or structure, because of obsolescence, dilapidated, condition,deterioration, damage, inadequate exists, lack of sufficient fire-resistive construction, or other cause,is found to be a fire hazard;

(12) Whenever any portion of a building or structure remains on a site after demolition or destructionof the building or structure is abandoned for a period in excess of six months, so as to constitute a

nuisance or hazard to the public;

(13) Whenever any building or structure is in such a condition as to constitute a public nuisancedefined in Article 694 and 695 of the Civil Code of the Philippines.

(c) Abatement of Dangerous Buildings. In all cases of dangerous buildings, except those covered byArticle 482 and 694 to 707 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the Building Official shall order theirrepair, vacation, or demolition in accordance with the following procedure:

(1) Where the dangerous building can reasonably be repaired such that it will no longer be

dangerous, it shall be ordered repaired;

(2) Where the dangerous building is such that to repair it would cost more than 50 per cent of thecurrent to replacement cost of the building, it shall be repaired or demolished at the opinion of theowner;

(3) Where the dangerous building poses an immediate threat to life, limb, or property, it shall be


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municipal council or board from adopting this Code immediately upon its approval.

Chapter 1.02 - ENFORCEMENT

SECTION 1.02.01: Joint Building and Environmental Planning Research and Standards Commission

(a) Membership. There is hereby created a Joint Building and Environmental Planning Research andStandards Commission composed of two Senators, two Congressmen, and five other members to beappointed by the President of the Philippines. The members shall elect a Chairman from amongthemselves.

(1) The President of the Senate shall designate the chairman of the Committee on Housing, UrbanDevelopment and Resettlement and one Senator from the minority party as members of theCommission.

(2) The Speaker of the House of Representatives shall designate the Chairman of the Committee on

Housing and one Congressman from the minority party as members of the Commission.

(3) The President of the Philippines shall appoint two architects, two engineers, and one buildingcontractor chosen from those officially recommended by their respective national professionalorganizations, to serve for four years or until their successors shall have been duly appointed andqualified.

(4) The members thereof shall serve without compensation: except, That the members from theprofessional organizations may receive a per diem of one hundred pesos (P100.00) each per meeting

actually attended: Provided, That the total per diem the members may receive shall not exceed sixhundred pesos (P600.00) per month. A monthly transportation allowance of two hundred fifty pesos(P250.00) shall be granted each of the members from the professional organizations.

(b) Duties and Responsibilities.The Commission shall have the following duties andresponsibilities:

(1) Conduct or cause to be conducted continuing research and studies on building, housing, andenvironmental planning standards and requirements to safeguard life or limb, health, property, andpublic welfare;

(2) Prepare a draft of a uniform code of criteria, standards, and detailed specifications coveringdesign, construction, and other related matters suited to local needs and indigenous conditions foradoption by local governments to supplement the minimum standards provided in this Code;

(3) Pre pare drafts of environmental planning, management and control codes, subdivision policiesand standards, zoning regulations and other codes for legislative enactment; and recommend, from


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time to time, changes in this Building Code for submission to Congress; and

(4) Transmit appropriate recommendation to the Secretary of Public Works and Communications as abasis for the promulgation by the Secretary of the necessary rules and regulations to carry out theprovisions of this Code.

(c) Technical Staff.The Commission shall be assisted by a Technical Staff which shall be headed byan Executive Director and an Assistant Executive Director. All personnel shall be appointed by theChairman subject to civil service laws, rules, and regulations.

(d) Appropriations. The amount of two hundred and fifty thousand pesos (P250,000) or such amountthereof as may be necessary for the operation of the Commission is hereby authorized to beappropriated out of any funds not otherwise appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973.Such sums may be necessary for the operating expenses of the Commission in succeeding fiscalyears shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.

SECTION 1.02.02: Secretary of Public Works and Communications and Building Officials

(a) The Secretary of Public Works and Communications, hereinafter referred to as the "Secretary",shall promulgate such rules and regulations necessary to enable the Building Official to enforce theprovisions of this Code.

(b) In municipalities, the Municipal Engineer shall be the Building Official; Provided, That when thereis no such Municipal Engineer, or a duly licensed engineer performing the duties of a MunicipalEngineer, or a Land and Building Official, the Provincial Engineer, or in the absence thereof, the

Public Works Engineer within whose jurisdiction the municipality falls shall be the Building Official. Incase of cities, the City Public Works Supervisor shall be the Building Official: Provided, That whenthere is no such City Public Works Supervisor, the City Engineer shall be the Building Official. For thepurpose of the enforcement of the provisions of this Code, the Building Official shall be under thesupervision of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, any provision of law to thecontrary notwithstanding.

(c) Subject to the approval of the Municipal Mayor, City Mayor, or Provincial Governor in the propercase, and other civil service laws and rules, the Building Official may appoint such number of officers,inspectors, assistants, or other employees possessing the necessary qualifications and competency

as may be authorized by the Municipal Council, City Council, or Provincial Board, as the case maybe. He may deputize such technically qualified employees as may be necessary to carry out theprovisions of this Code. For purposes of this Subsection, the terms "necessary qualifications andcompetency" and "technically qualified" shall mean that the person to be deputized shall have passedthe highest grade of examination called for in the applicable law regulating the practice of the branchof engineering or architecture related to or associated with the duties and powers which the person tobe deputized shall assume.


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SECTION 1.02.03: Building permits

(a) Any person, firm, or corporation, including any department, office, bureau, agency ofinstrumentality of the government intending to construct, alter, repair, move, convert or demolish anybuilding or structure, or cause the same to be done, shall obtain a building permit from the BuildingOfficial for whichever of such work is proposed to be undertaken for the building or structure, beforeany such work is started.

(b) Appropriate rules and regulations shall be set by the Secretary concerning:

(1) Forms for application for building permits;(2) Procedures to be observed in securing such permits;(3) Procedures to be observed in the issuance, suspension, and revocation of such building permits;and

(4) Type, nature, and scope of plans and specifications, and other requisite documents, which shallbe prepared and designed by a licensed architect or engineer.

(c) When authorized by the Building Official in accordance with the provisions of this Code, plans andspecifications need not be submitted for the following:

(1) Group A traditional indigenous type of dwelling construction costing not more than three thousandpesos (P3,000.00); and(2) Group J Division 1 Occupancy of Type 1 conventional wood frame construction or of thetraditional indigenous type of construction costing not more than three thousand pesos (P3,000.00).

(d) The applicant for a building permit for private buildings or structures after having complied with allthe requirements prescribed therefor in accordance with the provisions of this Code, shall be issued abuilding permit within fifteen (15) days from the date of payment of the permit fee for Groups A and JOccupancies and within thirty (30) days from the date of payment of the permit fee for other GroupOccupancies, unless the Building Official or his Deputy authorized to issue the permit shall inform theapplicant in writing why the permit should not be issued, and shall indicate thereon the particularprovisions of the Code violated by the applicant or the particular requirements not complied with.Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt by the applicant of advice from the Building Official or

his Deputy authorized to issue the permit why the building permit should not be issued, or why thebuilding permit is suspended or revoked, the applicant may appeal the non-issuance, suspension, orrevocation thereof, to the Mayor of the chartered city or municipality, or the Governor of the provincewhere the building or structure for which the permit is being applied for is located. Said appeal shallbe decided within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof, otherwise, the applicant may bring the matterto the proper Court of Justice for final disposition.


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(e) All public buildings shall conform to the provisions of this Code and the Building Official of the cityor province where the public building is located shall issue the building permit therefor, stating inwriting that such public building conforms to the requirements of the Code. For national publicbuildings, the Secretary of Public Works and Communications shall issue a certification that such abuilding conforms to the Code. Public buildings shall be exempt from payment of building permit,inspection, another fees.

SECTION 1.02.04: Fees

(a) Regulations on building permit, inspection and other fees, and for compliance with the same shallbe covered by city and municipal ordinances: Provided, That Traditional indigenous family dwellingsunder Section 1.01.04 (d) shall be exempt from payment of building permit fees.

SECTION 1.02.05: Inspection ad Certificates of Occupancy

(a) Inspection. The duly licensed architect or engineer engaged by the owner to undertake inspection

and detailed supervision of the construction shall periodically certify that the construction conforms tothe plans and specifications submitted in the application for a building permit. Upon submission ofsuch periodic certifications during the progress of construction, the Building Official shall periodicallyissue the required authority to continue with the subsequent phases of construction, without prejudiceto his right to conduct on his own initiative any inspection of the said construction. Upon completion ofthe construction, the said duly licensed architect or engineer shall submit to the Building Official thefinal certification that the building conforms to the provisions of the Code and with the detailed plansand specifications submitted.

(b) Certificates of Occupancy. The proper Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued to the applicantwithin seven (7) days from completion of the requirements for inspection and occupancy and paymentof any and all fees therefor, unless the building Official or his Deputy issuing the Certificate shall showcause in writing why the Certificate should not be issued and shall indicate thereon the particularprovisions of the Code violated or the particular requirements not complied with. Within fifteen (15)days from receipt by the applicant of the advice from Building Official or his Deputy authorized toissue the certificate why the certificate should not be issued, or why the certificate is suspended orrevoked, the applicant may appeal the non-issuance, suspension, or revocation thereof, to the Mayorof the chartered city or municipality, or the Governor of the province where the building for which thecertificate is being applied for is located. Said appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) days from

receipts thereof, otherwise, the applicant may bring the matter to the proper Court of Justice for finaldisposition. The building may be occupied only upon issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy.

SECTION 1.02.06:Violations of This Code Covering Designs, Materials, Methods of Construction,and Workmanship

(a) In all cases of violation of this Code covering design, materials, methods of construction, and


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workmanship, the Building Official shall observe the following procedure in ordering the alteration toconform to this Code or demolition of the building or portion thereof:

(1) Where the building is in the process of construction, the construction of the portion or portions inviolation of this Code shall be stopped until the same shall have been altered to conform to this Code,unless such partial violation will impair the stability and safety of the whole or part of the structure, in

which case, the whole construction shall be stopped.

(2) Where a building or portion thereof has been constructed, the following procedure shall beobserved:(2.1) In case it can be reasonably altered to conform to the requirements of this Code, it shall bealtered accordingly;

(2.2) In case the lateration will cost more than 50 per cent of the current construction cost of thebuilding, it shall be altered to conform to this Code or demolished at the option of the owner;

(2.3) In case the building or portion thereof poses an immediate danger to life, limb, or property, thesame shall be vacated immediately, then altered to conform to the requirements of this Code ordemolished in accordance with subparagraphs (1) and (2) herein.(3) If the owner, after receipts of the order of alteration or demolition fails to comply with such orderwithin a period of one year, said construction shall be declared a nuisance and be abated inaccordance with the provisions of Article 699 of the Civil Code of the Philippines.

(b) This Code shall not be construed to deprive any person the right to avail himself of any and alljudicial proceedings or remedies available under existing laws.

(c) Nothing in this Chapter is intended to diminish the powers vested in the different Boards ofExaminers of the various architectural and engineering professions as provided for in existence lawsregulating the practice of architecture and engineering, nor to restrict the designing engineering orarchitect in the exercise of his professional discretion within the basic minimum standards andrequirements embodied in Section 1.01.02 of this Code.

TITLE 2 - FIRE AND FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS

Chapter 2.01 - REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ZONES

SECTION 2.01.01: General

(a) Fire Zones Defined. Fire zones are areas within which only certain types of building are permittedto be constructed based on their use, occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire.

(b) Building Located in More Than One Fire Zone. If a building or structure is located in more thanone fire zone and more than one-third of its total floor area is in a more restricted fire zone, then the


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entire building shall conform to the requirements for the more restricted area.

(c) Moved Building. Any building or structure moved within or into any fire zone shall be made tocomply with all the requirements for buildings of that fire zone.

(d) Temporary Buildings. Temporary buildings or structures conforming to the requirements of this

Code, used for the protection of the public around and in conjunction with construction work may beerected in any of the fire zones: Provided, that such work is allowed by special permit from theBuilding Official and such is used only for a limited period of time.

(e) Center Lines of Streets. For the purpose of this Chapter, the center line of an adjoining street oralley may be considered an adjacent property line. Distance shall be measured at right angles to thestreet or alley.

SECTION 2.01.02. Designation of Fire Zones

(a) The Secretary shall classify each type of fire zone in accordance to use, occupancy, type ofconstruction, and resistance to fire subject to the provisions of this Code.

(b) Based on the classification of fire zones, City Counsels or Municipal Boards, by resolution, shalldivide cities and municipalities into fire zones. Such division shall be in accordance with the localphysical and spatial framework plans or the recommendation of the local city or municipaldevelopment body.

Chapter 2.02 - FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS FOR FIRE PROTECTION

SECTION 2.02.01: Fire-Resistive Requirements

(a) Exterior bearing and nonbearing walls of Types II and III constructions shall have one-hour fire-resistive rating; while those of types IV and V shall have four-hour fire-resistive rating.

(b) Interior bearing walls, permanent partitions, floors, and roofs of Types II to IV constructions shallhave one-hour fire-resistive rating; while those of Type V shall have three-hour fire-resistive rating forwalls, one-hour fire-resistive rating for partitions, and two-hour fire-resistive rating for verticalopenings, floors, and roofs.

(c) Structural frames of Types II and III constructions shall have one-hour fire-resistive rating; those ofType IV shall have two-hour fire-resistive rating; and those of Type V shall have three-hour fire-resistive rating.

(d) Exterior doors and windows shall have three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating for all types ofconstruction.


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SECTION 2.02.02: Fire-Resistive Standards

(a) General. Materials and systems of fire-resistive purposes shall be classified according to their fire-

resistive ratings as determined by internationally accepted testing methods, subject to the provisionsof this Section.

(b) One-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following walls and partitions shall have a one-hour fire-resistive rating: Solid masonry, 10centimeters (4 inches) thick; hollow unit masonry, 15 centimeters (6 inches) thick; solid concrete, 10centimeters (4 inches) thick; stud walls covered on each side with 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) lath andplaster, 1.6 centimeters (5/8 inch) of vermiculite gypsum board, or 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) of gypsumboard; and 5 centimeters (2 inches) nominal thickness tongue and groove wood, or two layers of 1.9

centimeters (3/4 inch) tongue and groove wood separated by sheet metal or asbestos paper andtreated on each side with a fire-retardant coating having a flame-spread rating of 50 or less. Square-edged boards may be used is the layers are laid at right angles with each other.

(2) The following floors shall have a one-hour fire-resistive rating: masonry or concrete, 10centimeters (4 inches) thick; wood joists having two layers of flooring above and a plaster or gypsumboard ceiling, 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) in thickness - the two layers of flooring shall be separated bysheet metal or asbestos building paper; 6.3 centimeters (2-1/2 inches) net thickness tongue andgrooved wood floors covered with 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) wood flooring laid at right angles thereto.

The supporting beams for such floors shall be not less than 15 centimeters (6 inches) in minimumdimension.

(3) The following protections for metal structural members shall have one-hour fire-resistive rating:2.5 centimeters (1 inch) of concrete; 3.8 centimeters (1-1/2 inches) of masonry; and metal lath and2.5 centimeters (1 inch) of plaster.

(4) The following shall also have a one-hour fire-resistive rating; wood colums, 20 centimeters (8inches) or more in least dimension; and wood beams, 15 centimeters (6 inches) or more in leastdimension.

(c) Two-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a two-hour fire-resistive rating: solid masonry,15 centimeters (6 inches) thick; hollow unit masonry, 20 centimeters (8 inches) thick; and solidconcrete, 127 centimeters (5 inches) thick.


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(2) The following protections for metal structural members shall have a two-hour fire-resistive rating.3.8 centimeters (1-1/2 inches) of concrete; 5 centimeters (2 inches) of masonry; and two layers ofmetal lath and plaster with 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) air space between and having a total thicknessof 6.3 centimeters (2-1/2 inches).

(d) Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a three-hour fire-resistive rating: solidmasonry, 17.8 centimeters (7 inches) thick; hollow unit masonry, 25.4 centimeters (10 inches) thick;and solid concrete, 15 centimeters (6 inches) thick.

(2) The following protection for metal structural members shall have a three-hour fire resistive rating:centimeters (2 inches) of concrete; 7.6 centimeters (3 inches) of masonry.

(e) Four-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a four-hour fire resistive rating: solic masonrywalls, 20 centimeters (8 inches) thick; hollow unit masonry, 30 centimeters (12 inches) thick; and solidconcrete, 17.8 centimeters (7 inches) thick.

(f) Steel Joists. Steel joist floors shall have from one to four-hour fire-resistive rating based oninternationally accepted standards of engineering.

(g) Flame-Proof Materials. Materials required to be flame-proofed shall be treated with a flame-retardant having flame-spread rating of 50 less as determined by the "Tunnel Test".

SECTION 2.02.03: Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish

(a) General. Finishes for interior walls and ceilings of any building shall be classified according to theirflame-spread characteristics using the internationally accepted "Tunnel Test" or other equivalent testfor fire protection. The class of materials according to flame-spread characteristics shall bedetermined for each occupancy group. The smoke density shall not be greater than that obtain fromthe burning of untreated wood under similar conditions when tested in accordance with the "Tunnel

Test" in the way intended for use. The products of combustion shall be no more toxic than the burningof untreated wood under similar conditions.

(b) Interior Finish Materials. Interior walls and ceiling finish shall mean interior wainscoting, paneling,or other finish applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation or similarpurposes. Requirements for finishes shall not apply to trim, doors, and windows or their frames, nor tomaterials which are less than one millimeter (0.039 inch) in thickness cemented to an incombustible


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backing. Interior finish materials applied to walls and ceilings shall be tested as specified herein andregulated for purposes of limiting flame-spread.

SECTION 2.02.04: Promulgation of Fire-Resistive Regulations

(a) The Secretary shall promulgate appropriate standards and regulations on the testing of materials

for flame-spread characteristics; application of controlled interior finish; finishes based on occupancy;materials and tests on fire dampers, fire tests of building construction and materials, fire tests of doorassemblies, tin-clad fire doors, fire test of window assemblies, installation of fire door and firewindows, and smoke and fire detectors for fire protective signaling systems; fire-resistive protection ofstructural members; fire-resistive walls and partitions; fire-resistive floor-ceilings or roof-ceilings; fire-resistive assemblies for protection of openings; and fire-retardant roof coverings.

TITLE 3 - REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

Chapter 3.01 - CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY

USE OR OCCUPANCY AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

FOR ALL OCCUPANCIES

SECTION 3.01.01: Occupancy Classified

(a) Building proposed, for construction shall be identified according to its use or the character of itsoccupancy and shall be classified as follows:

(1) Group A - Residential: Dwellings. Group A Occupancies shall include dwellings.

(2) Group B - Residential: Hotels and Apartments. - Group B Occupancies shall include boarding orlodging houses, hotels, apartment houses, convents, and monasteries (each accomodating more

than 10 persons).

(3) Group C - Education and Recreation. Group C Occupancies shall be any building used for schoolor day care purposes more than eight hours per week, involving assemblage for instruction,education, or recreation, and not classed in Group I or in Divisions 1 and 2 of Group H Occupancies.

(4) Group D - Institutional. Group D Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Mental hospitals, mental


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sanitariums, jails, prisons, reformatories, and buildings where personal liberties of inmates aresimilarly restrained; Division 2 - Nurseries for full-time care of children under kindergarten age,hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with non-ambulatory patients, and similar buildings (eachaccommodating more than five persons); Division 3 - Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homesfor children of kindergarten age or over (each accommodating more than five persons); Provided,That Group D Occupancies shall not include buildings used only for private residential purposes or for

a family group.

(5) Group E - Business and Mercantile. Group E Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Gasolinefilling and service stations; storage garage and boat storage structures where no work is done exceptexchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly flammableliquids; Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining establishmentshaving an occupant load test than 100, printing plants, municipal police and fire stations, factories andworkshops using materials not highly flammable or combustible, storage and sales room forcombustible goods, and paint stores without bulk handling, and Division 3 -Aircraft hangars where norepair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or

the use of highly flammable liquids; open parking garages and heliports.

(6) Group F - Industrial. Group F Occupancies shall include: Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants,cold storage, and creameries; factories and workshops using incombustible and non-explosivematerials; and storage and sales rooms of incombustible and non-explosive materials.

(7) Group G - Storage and Hazardous. Group G Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Storage andhandling of hazardous and highly flammable or explosive materials other than flammable liquids;Division 2 - Storage and handling of flammable liquids; dry cleaning plants using flammable liquids;

paint stores with bulk handling; paint shops and spray painting rooms, and shops; Division 3 - Woodworking establishments, planning mills and box factories, shops factories where loose, combustiblefibers or dust are manufactured, processed or generated; warehouses where highly combustiblematerial is stored; Division 4 - Repair garages; and Division 5 - Aircraft repair hangars.

(8) Group H - Assembly Other Than Group I. Group H Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Anyassembly building with a stage and an occupant load of less than 100 in the building; Division 2 - Anyassembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of 300 or more in the building;Division 3 - Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of less than 300 inthe building, including such buildings used for school purposes less than eight hours per week; and

Division 4 - Stadiums, reviewing stands, amusement park structures not included within Group I orDivisions 1, 2, and 3, Group H Occupancies.

(9) Group I - Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More. Group I Occupancies shall be any assemblybuilding with a stage and an occupant load of 1000 or more in the building.

(10) Group J - Accessory. Group J Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Private garages, carports,


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sheds, and agricultural buildings; Division 2 - Fences over 1.80 meters (6 feet) high, tanks, andtowers.

(b) Other subgroupings or divisions within Groups A to J may be determined by the Secretary. Anyother occupancy not mentioned specifically in this Section, or about which there is any question, shallbe included in the Group which its use most nearly resembles based on the existing or proposed life

and fire hazard.

(c) The Building Officials shall identify and indicate in the Certificate of Occupancy the appropriateclassification to which a building or structure to be constructed belongs.

SECTION 3.01.02: Change in Use

(a) No change shall be made in the character of occupancies or use of any building which wouldplace the building in a different division of the same group of occupancy or in a different group ofoccupancies, unless such buildings is made to comply with the requirements for such division or

group of occupancy: Except, That the character of occupancy of existing buildings may be changedsubject to the approval of the Building Official and the building may be occupied for purposes set forthin other Groups without conforming to all the requirements for those Groups, provided the new orproposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing use.

SECTION 3.01.03: Mixed Occupancy

(a) General. When a building is used for more than one occupancy purposes, each part of thebuilding comprising a distinct "Occupancy" shall be separated from any other occupancy. When a

building is used for more than one occupancy purpose, it shall be subject to the most restrictiverequirements for the occupancies concerned: Except, - (1) When a one-story building houses morethan one occupancy, each portion of the building shall conform to the requirements for the occupancyhoused therein, and the area of the building shall be such that the sum of the actual areas divided bythe allowable area for each separate occupancy shall not exceed one; and (2) Where minoraccessory uses do not occupy more than 10 per cent of the area of any floor of a building, nor morethan 10 per cent of the basis are permitted in the occupancy requirements. The major use of thebuilding shall determine the occupancy classification provided the uses are separated in accordancewith requirements for occupancy separation.

(b) Forms of Occupancy Separation. Occupancy separations shall be vertical or horizontal or both, orwhen necessary, of such other form as may be required to afford a complete separation between thevarious occupancy divisions in the building.

(c) Types of Occupancy Separation. Occupancy separations shall be classed as "One-Hour Fire-Resistive" "Two-Hour Fire-Resistive", "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive", and "Four-Hour Fire-Resistive".


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is first required due to location on property, whichever is the least restrictive. Distance shall bemeasured at right angles from the property line. When openings in exterior walls are required to beprotected due to distance from property line, the sum of the area of such openings shall not exceed50 per cent of the total area of the wall in each story.

(c) Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing Courts. For the purpose of determining the

required wall and opening protection, buildings on the same property and court walls shall beassumed to have a property line between them. When a new building is to be erected on the sameproperty with an existing building, the assumed property line from the existing building shall be thedistance to the property line for each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary: Provided, That two ormore buildings on the same property may be considered as portions of one building of the aggregatearea of such buildings is within the limits of allowable floor areas for a single building; and that whenthe buildings so considered house different occupancies or are of different types of construction, thearea shall be that allowed for the most restricted occupancy or construction.

SECTION 3.01.05: Allowable Floor Areas

(a) Areas of One-Story Buildings and Building Over One Story. Allowable floor areas for one-storybuildings and buildings over one story shall not exceed the limits determined in accordance withoccupancy groups and types of construction.

(b) Area Separation Walls. Each portion of a building separated by one or more area separation wallsmay be considered a separate building provided the area separation wall meet the requirements ofthis Code.

SECTION 3.01.06: Allowable Area Increases

(a) The floor area hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and underappropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets, or yards extending along theadjoining two or more sides of the building or structure.

SECTION 3.01.07: Maximum Height of Buildings and Increases

(a) The maximum height and number of stories of every building shall be dependent upon thecharacter of the occupancy and the type of construction, and shall not exceed the limits determined

by population density, building bulk, widths of streets, and car parking requirements. The height shallbe measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided that the heightmeasured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more than3.00 meters (10 feet): Except, That towers, spires, and steeples, erected as a part of a building andnot used for habitation or storage, are limited as to height only by structural design if completely ofincombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters (19 feet, 8 inches) above theheight limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.


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SECTION 3.01.08: Maximum Requirements for Group A Dwellings: One Two Stories

(a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy. The dwelling shall occupy not more than 90 per cent of acorner lot and 80 per cent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on easements of light andview of the Civil Code of the Philippines, shall be at least 2.00 meters (6 feet, inches) from the

property line.

(b) Light and Ventilation. Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide adequatelight and ventilation.

(1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility rooms shall have a height of not less than2.40 meters (8 feet), measured from floor to ceiling.

(2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square meters (65 square feet) with a least horizontaldimension of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) for rooms of human habitations; 3.00 square meters (32

feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters (5 feet) for kitchens; and 1.20 square meters(13 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 90 centimeters (3 feet) for bathrooms.

(3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the room.

(c) Sanitation. Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate washingand drainage facilities.

(d) Foundation. Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load and dwelling and

shall be at least 30 centimeters (1 foot) thick and 60 centimeters (2 feet) below the surface of theground. Each post shall be anchored to such footings by straps and bolts of adequate size.

(e) Post or Suportales. The dimensions of wooden post or suportales shall be those found in Table3.01 - A Dimension of Wooden Posts or Suportales (Annex B).

(f) Floor. The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter (40 poundsper square foot) and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds persquare foot).

(g) Roof. The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds persquare foot).

(h) Stairs. Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters (8 inches) anda run of 23 centimeters (9 inches).

(i) Entrance and Exit. There shall be one entrance and one exit.


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(j) Electrical Outlets. There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 meters (20 feet) of wallmeasured along the floor and one light outlet for every room.

(k) Mechanical Requirements. Family dwellings not more than two stories shall be exempt from therequirements of the Mechanical Code.

SECTION 3.01.09: Requirements for Group Occupancies

(a) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations for eachoccupancy group covering: allowable construction, height, and area; location on property, exitfacilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosure of vertical openings; fire-extinguishing system;and special hazards.


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THEORY OF DESIGN

Research of Architecture- Research contributes to Design Theory

Nature of Design Theory- Design Theory states facts- Design Theory aids design Scope of Architecture Theory- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods- Includes miscellaneous and unscientific elements Why Design Theory?- To aid the work of the architect and improve its product- Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently

- Skill without knowledge is nothing(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD) Understanding Design Theory- Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design- PARADISM : every new or established theory applied: STYLE

THEMATIC THEORIES CLASSICAL- Marcus Vitruvius Pollio MIDDLE AGES- Medieval (read: Dark Age) anonymous tradition of trade guilds RENAISSANCE- Alberti, Vignola, Palladio, etc. STRUCTURALIST- Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke, etc. ART NOUVEAU (Personal Style)


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- Eugene Emmanuelle Violett-le-Due, Le Corbusier, etc. FUNCTIONALISM- Walter Gropius, Louis Sullivan, etc.- modern architecture POSTMODERNISM- Robert Venturi

SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE

CLASSICAL THEORIES Marcus Vitruvius Pollio- Author of the oldest research on architecture- Wrote an extensive summary of all the theory on construction- Had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings Ten Books on Architecture- De architectura libri decem

- Consists mostly of normative theory of design (based on practice)- A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a synthesis- Presents a classification of requirements set for buildings:: DURABILTIY (firmitas): PRACTICALITY or convenience

(utilitas): PLEASANTNESS (venustas) Vitruvian Rules of Aesthetic Form- Based on Greek traditions of architecture

- Teachings of Pythagoras : applying proportions of numbers- Observations of tuned string of instruments- Proportions of human body- PLEASANTNESS : in accordance of good taste: parts follow proportions: symmetry of measures

THEORIES in the MIDDLE AGES- no documents- no person can be attributed for theories

Monastery Institutions- Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages- However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings- Described only as according to the traditional model- Theres no accounting for tastes was the rule of thumb Development of BuildingStyle


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- With hardly or no literary research present- Villard de Hannecourts sketchbook in 1235- Rotzers Booklet on the right way of making pinnacles- Only through guidance of old masters- Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders

RENNAISANCE THEORIES

1948 a copy of Virtue manuscript found at St. Gallen Monastery Leon Bautista Alberti (1404-72)- Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope- On Building : De re aedifficatoria: one of the greatest works of the theory ofarchitecture: completed in 1452, published in 1485: more emphasis on decoration of building

exteriors Sebastino Serlio- Regole generall di architectura Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola- Regola delle cinque ordini- Concise, facts and easily applicable rules of the five column systems- Based his design instructions on four things:: idea of Pythagoras: proportions of small number

: properties and other instruments: good taste Andrea Palladio (1508-80)- I Quattro libri dellarchitectura- The father of modern picture books of architecture Philibert de Lorme- One of French theorist who are critical of italians- Prove that Pantheons Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions- Rejected the doctrine of absolute beauty of measures

CONSTRUCTION THEORY

Building Material Architectural FormAmorphic material:Soft stone; snow Spherical vaulted constructionSheets of skin or textile Cone-shaped tent constructionLogs of wood Box-shaped construction


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Before Written Construction Theory- Architecture created without the help of architects or theory- Builders used a model instead of mathematical algorithms now used in modern construction- Inverted catenary model Semi-Circular Vault : Theory by Virtue

When there are arches the outermost piers must be made broader than the others so that theymay have the strength to resist when the wedges under the pressure of the load of the walls, beginsto thrust to the abutments. During Middle Ages- No written documents survived about theories or models to describe the magnificent vaults ofmedieval cathedrals During Renaissance- From Alberti onwards, architects began specializing- Mathematical models by Francis Bacon and Galileo Galilei: considers load and scientific studies

contributed to constructions- 1675 : Marquis de Vauban founded a building depatment in the French army called Corps desIngenieurs- 1747 : Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, special school founded in Paris where new professionspecializing in construction was organized.--- first engineering school- Other figures of mathematical construction theory: Robert Hooke: Jakob Bernoulli

: Leonard Euier

PERSONAL STYLE

Copying from Antiquity- Architecture form antiquity came to a print of perfection- Eugene Viollet-le-Duc (1863): the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent ofantiquity

What we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation.Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained.: the foundation of modernarchitecture: did not create a timeless architectural style himself, he showed others the philosophical foundationand method that they could use to develop even radically new form language- Owen Jones : used forms inspired from nature, especially plants


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ART NOUVEAU

- The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the Gothic style- The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful architects of the 20th centuryto create their private form language

THEORETICAL TREATISES

- Five points of Architecture (1926, Le Corbusier)a. pilotisb. free planc. free faaded. the long horizontal sliding windowe. the roof garden

- Architecture as Space (Bruno Zeri)The crux of architecture is not the sculptural pattern, but instead the building interiors. These can be

seen as negative solids, as voids which the artist divides, combines, repeats and emphasizes in the

same way as the sculptor treats his positive lumps of substance.- The personal style of architects are not necessarily based on laws of nature or on logicalreasoning. More important is that they exhibit a coherent application of an idea which also must beclear that the public can find it out. An advantage is also if the style includes symbolical undertones.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE Industrial Revolution (1768)- Arts and Crafts Movementa. conservativeb. William Morrisc. John Rustrin- Electicisma. architecture of borrowing Fruits of Industrial RevolutionJoseph PaxtonCrystal Palace, 1851

Elisha Graves OtisElevator, 1857Manufacturing of Rolled Steel

1870s The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871- downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new buildings- place where first tallest building was constructed


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William Le Baron Jenney- made the first skyscraper Daniel Burnham- make no little plans, they have no magic to stir mans blood Louis Sullivan- form follows function

1880s- Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development- introduce Chicago Window

1890s The World Columbian Exposition- built in 1863- chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted

1900s- European architecture was notified- Person to notify:a. Otto Wagnerb. Adolf Loops ornament is a crimec. H.P. Berlaged. Frank Llyod Wright1910s

- Office of Peter Behrensa. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe less in moreb. Walter Gropiusc. Le Corbusier- 2 Art movements that influenced1. Futurismsimultaneity of movement2. Cubisminterpretation of space1920s The Bauhaus- Art and Technology, the new unity

Established architectsa. Frank Llyod Wright organic architectureb. Le Corbusierc. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius1930s International Style


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1950s The period of Reassessment- Universalism- Personalism

POSTMODERNISM

The center of Postmodernism:Robert Venturi less is bore Philip Johnson- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function Introduce the element of Discovery

SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE- Building as a message

1. Mathematical Analogy2. Biological Analogy- use of plants and ornaments3. Romantic Architecture- uses exotic language of form- vastness; trying to surprise; huge4. Linguistic Analogies- grammar; uses words with proper grammar5. Mechanical Analogies- Buckminter Fuller

6. Ad Hoc Analogy- any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood in forest7. Stage Analogy

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

COURSE OUTILE:A. Administering the regular services of architecture1. Definition of the architects role in the building industry2. Liabilities and responsibilities3. Methods of selecting the architect4. The architectural projects5. The professional fees6. Inter-professional relationships

B. The spectrum of the architects services


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1. The pre-design services2. The regular design services3. Specialized allied services4. Construction services5. Post-construction services6. Comprehensive architectural services

7. Design-build services

C. Building Laws1. The laws regulating the practice of architecture2. The laws affecting housing, real estate, design, general construction, etc.3. The general conditions of a contract

ARCHITECT- legally and technically qualified to practice architecture.

Legally1. 21 years old2. Pass the board exam with an average of 70% and with no day falling below 50%Day 1 30% history of architectureprofessional practicebuilding tech.Day 2 30% utilitiesstructuralDay 3 40% architectural design

3. Registereda. PRCrenewable every 3 years during your birth monthb. BIR RC residence certificate PTR professional tax receipt OR official receiptc. SECsecurity exchange committeed. LGUlocal government unite. DTIdepartment of trade and industry4. Filipino

Technically1. Graduate of BS Architecture2. 2 years diversified training experience

architect1. Concept 5Ms


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2. Document Resources in-reports; pictures; Constructiongraphics; draw 1. materials3. Implement 2. money4. Post Implementation 3. manpower4. machines

5. minutesCODES OF ETHICS1. General objectives2. Ideals3. Success4. Remuneration5. Interest of the clients6. Professional prerogatives7. Business venture8. Behavior

9. Criticism10. Creative endeavor

METHODS OF SELECTION OF ARCHITECT1. Direct Selection2. Indirect Selectiona. Referral from another architectb. Recommendation from a satisfied clientc. Comparative Selection

3. Design Competition

CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS1. NBCuse and occupancy(National Building Code)2. FCPrisk of the occurrence of fire(Fire Code of the Philippines)3. UAPdegree of difficulty in design(United Architects of the Philippines)

LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS1. Simple projects2. Moderate structures3. Exceptional structures4. Residential5. Monumental structures6. Repetitive construction


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7. Housing projects8. Extensive detailing9. Alterations and renovations10. Consultations and arbitration

Group 1. Simple Projects

- requires no interior partitionsa. Armoriesb. Bakeryc. Hangar

Minimum basic fee: 6% of the cost50M or less: 6%=A50M to 100M: A+5%=B100M to 200M: B+4%

example:55M project50M3M5M0.25M55M3.25M

Group 2. Moderate Structures- have interior partitionsa. Art galleries

b. City hallsc. Librariesd. Supermarketse. Banks

Minimum basic fee: 7% of the cost

Group 3. Exceptional Structures- with consultantsa. Atomic facilities (physicist)

b. Aquarium (marine biologist)c. Mortuaryd. Medical facilities / hospital(electrical engineer)

Minimum basic fee: 8%Group 4. Residential


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Minimum basic fee: 10%

Notes:** Condominium- Considered as high-rise residential building.- According to FCP:

a. considered as exceptionalb. 15m above is considered a high-rise building that requires consultants for:- elevator- sprinklers- structural engineer

Dominant Use- Basis for classification of groupings- Example is Mix-Use building

Group 5. Monumental Structures- it requires concepta. expositionsb. mausoleumsc. museumsd. gatewaysMinimum basic fee: 12%

Group 6. Repetitive Construction

- using one and the same plan without any minute difference- used several times- includes group 1,2,3,&51st unit : MBF of Grp. 1,2,3 or 52nd unit : 80% of MBF3rd unit : 60% of MBF4th to infinity : 40% of MBF

Group 7. Housing Projects- includes only houses

1st unit : MBF2nd10th unit : (60% of MBF x N) = B11thinfinity : B+(30% of MBF x N)

where: N = no. of units

Group 8. Extensive Detailing


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- includes detailing of furniture, cabinets, landscapes and interior

Minimum basic fee: 15%

Group 9. Alterations and Renovations- includes groups 1.2.3.4&5

Minimum basic fee: MBF + 50% of MBF

Group 10. Consultation and Arbitration- architect is entitled to receive payment on clients when giving an opinion regarding architecturalterms- as of 1979: P200.00 per hour rate

METHODS OF COMPENSATION

1. Percentage of construction cost- based on minimum basic fee2. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense (MDPE)- none creative no-construction projects.- ex. feasibility studies

Architect: NRTMfConsultants: NRTMfStaff: NRTMfProfessional Fee: Direct Cost + MP + RE

where:T : time spend on the projectN : number of personR : rateMf: multiplying factor (2.0-2.5)RE: reimbursable expensesMP: margin of profit-not more than or equal to 30%

- reimbursable expensesa. mutual agreementb. pertinent to the projectc. occur outside of the 100Km radius from the base of operation or office

3. Lump Sum + Fixed Fee


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- convert the cost to the nearest whole number4. Professional Fee + Costs5. Combination Method- combination of 1,2,3&46. Per Diem7. Turn Key

- payments received after all the works has been done

Note:** 15 daysreceive payment after all the working drawings have been submitted.

SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT

Contractor1. downpayment: 20% - 50%

2. progressive payment: based on partial complition3. guaranteed bond:punch listinginspect the building upon completionSpecialized Allied Services1. proposal phase: 5%2. submission and acceptanceof preliminary drawings: 25%3. submission and acceptanceof final drawings: 50%

4. retention fee: 20%total 100%

Architect1. proposal phase 5%2. schematic design phase 15%3. submittance of designdevelopment phase 15%4. contract document phase 50%5. construction phase or

retention fee 15%total 100%

Notes:** To get the proposal phase of the architect


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from the lot area, determine the buildable areabuildable area = lot areaopen spaces

** rule of thumb: 30% open areaex. buildable area: 100sqm30sqm: 70sqm

: P20,000 x 70: P1,400,000.00

AE (architectural/engineering fee): 10%: 140,000.00

proposal phase of 5% = P7,000.00

THE SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECTS SERVICES

UAP Doc. 201

The pre-Design Services- non-creative projects (MDPE)

Economic feasibility studiesPhysical planning services

Architectural programming servicesSite selection and analysisSite utilization and land-use

Space managementPromotional services

UAP Doc. 202

Regular Design Services- sequential process

Schematic design phase-integrated regular engineering servicesDesign development phase

Contract document phaseGeneral conditions

AgreementSpecificationsSpecial ProvisionsDrawingsConstruction phase


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Milestones of Construction1. Establishment of Referencesa. horizontal references- lot plan, benchmarkb. vertical references- positioning of elevations

staking planpositioning of wood as marks for the start of digging and excavation.

2. Excavation- supervised by the architect and the structural engineer3. Reinforcements- check size of bars, spacing, splicing and number of bars.

Support bars for installation of slab reinforcement: sapatos or spacer

4. Concreting

5. Finishing

UAP Doc. 203

Specialized Allied Services- requires consultants, having specified licenses

Physical planning servicesInterior designLandscape architecture

Acoustics, communications and electronics

Comprehensive planning services

archl reviewer

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