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Standards AustraliaLICENCE
AS 2156.2—2001
Australian Standard™
Walking tracks
Part 2: Infrastructure design
AS 2156.2
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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee CS-029, Walking TrackSigns. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 16 March2001 and published on 16 March 2001.
The following interests are represented on Committee CS-029:ACT Parks and Conservation ServiceAustralian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation CouncilAustralian Industry GroupConfederation of Bushwalking Clubs NSWDepartment of Conservation and Land Management Western AustraliaDepartment of Natural Resources (Qld)Department of Natural Resources and Environment (Victoria)Environment Protection Agency (Queensland)Federation of Tasmanian Bushwalking ClubsFederation of Victorian Walking ClubsInteragency Working Group, TasmaniaMinistry of Sport and Recreation Western AustraliaNSW National Parks and Wildlife ServiceNSW Police ServiceOffice for Recreation and Sport (SA)Outdoor Recreation Council of AustraliaScouts AustraliaState Forests of New South WalesVictoria PoliceVictorian National Parks AssociationYouth Hostels Association of NSW
Additional interests participating in the preparation of this Standard:University of Newcastle
Keeping Standards up-to-dateStandards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology andsystems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, andnew editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselvesthey are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments whichmay have been published since the Standard was purchased.Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the StandardsAustralia web site at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standardin the on-line catalogue.Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January eachyear, and the monthly magazine, The Australian Standard, has a full listing ofrevisions and amendments published each month.We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especiallyencourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies orambiguities. Contact us via email at [email protected], or write to the ChiefExecutive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney,NSW 2001.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 99196.
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AS 2156.2—2001
Australian Standard™
Walking tracks
Part 2: Infrastructure design
First published as AS 2156.2—2001.
COPYRIGHT© Standards Australia InternationalAll rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of thepublisher.Published by Standards Australia International LtdGPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, AustraliaISBN 0 7337 3810 9
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AS 2156.2—2001 2
PREFACEThis Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CS-029, Walking TrackSigns. It was prepared in conjunction with AS 2156.1, Walking tracks, Part 1: Classificationand signage, and Committee BD-006, General Design Requirements and Loading onStructures was consulted during drafting.
The language used and criteria presented in this Standard is aimed at the designer ofstructures. The design criteria are varied depending on the track class in which the structureis to be constructed and the configuration of the structure.
AS 2156.1 gives a range of track classifications (classes 1 to 6) covering the variousintended uses of tracks in terms of the difficulty and level of skill of intended users. Nodesign criteria are given for track class 6 due to there being no defined track and, therefore,if a structure is provided the track class would be 5 by definition.
Walking track structures are simple structures, including boardwalks, pedestrian bridges,viewing platforms and other similar open, non-habitable structures, provided for the use ofa wide range of visitors.
Together with AS 2156.1, this Standard recognizes that walking tracks are in environmentsvalued by visitors for their natural and cultural qualities. Management considerations forchoice of the type of structure to be used and decisions made during its generalspecification and design will cover the dual objectives of—
(a) control of the impact of visitors, tracks and track infrastructure on the environment;and
(b) provision of access for visitors to the quality of experience they seek, whilerecognizing the visitors’ capabilities for safely accessing the points of interest.
There is a wide range of environments and a wide range of visitor capabilities. ThisStandard provides a framework to best match the wide range of situations with appropriateman-made infrastructure.
Risk assessments will determine the need to establish policies and procedures coveringimplementation of this Standard (see Appendix A).
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of theappendix to which is applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information andguidance.
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AS 2156.2—20013
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL1.1 SCOPE......................................................................................................................... 41.2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 41.3 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 51.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................................... 51.5 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 51.6 NOTATION................................................................................................................. 71.7 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 7
SECTION 2 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES2.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................... 82.2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN.............................................................................................. 82.3 LIVE LOADS.............................................................................................................. 82.4 LATERAL LOADING ................................................................................................ 92.5 SNOW AND ICE EFFECTS ....................................................................................... 92.6 DESIGN OF SUPPORTS ............................................................................................ 92.7 LIVE LOADS ON BARRIERS ................................................................................... 9
SECTION 3 SAFETY FROM FALLING3.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 113.2 PROVISION OF BARRIERS .................................................................................... 113.3 ASSESSMENT OF FALL IMPACT SURFACE ....................................................... 123.4 BARRIER CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................... 13
SECTION 4 STAIRS AND LADDERS4.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 154.2 STAIRS ..................................................................................................................... 154.3 LADDERS................................................................................................................. 154.4 STAIRWAYS AND LANDINGS.............................................................................. 154.5 STILES...................................................................................................................... 16
APPENDICESA BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF THIS
STANDARD.............................................................................................................. 17B INTENDED DESIGN LIFE....................................................................................... 19C DESIGN FOR LIGHT MAINTENANCE VEHICLES .............................................. 21
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian StandardWalking tracks
Part 2: Infrastructure design
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies requirements for the structural design of walking track structures, toprotect natural and cultural assets and for use as aids to recreation in outdoor areas wherethe environment is the focus of recreational activities.
The general design of tracks including their layout, environmental management, aesthetics,and pathway design is not covered by this Standard.
The structural design criteria given in this Standard take into account factors such aslocation, expected use and type of recreational opportunity through reference to the trackclassifications given in AS 2156.1.
The following structures and parts of structures are covered in this Standard:
(a) Boardwalks.
(b) Galleries.
(c) Pedestrian bridges, including wire crossings.
(d) Platforms (for viewing).
(e) Barriers.
(f) Stairways.
(g) Ladders.
(h) Stiles.
This Standard does not cover structures intended to carry livestock (e.g. horses) or vehicles(including bicycles and light maintenance vehicles).
NOTES: 1 This Standard is intended primarily to be applied to new structures; however, existing
structures may be assessed using the criteria given in this Standard. The track class should bespecified before structural design of new structures commences.
2 For structures such as huts, shelters, barbecues, toilets, vehicle bridges, heritage structures,lookout towers, jetties and launch ramps, the approving authority should be referred to.
3 Background information and guidance for the use of this Standard is given in Appendix A.4 Information on durability is given in Appendix B.5 Information on design for light maintenance vehicles is given in Appendix C.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers and builders with design andconstruction requirements for non-habitable outdoor structures intended to protect theenvironment and to be used as recreational facilities.Li
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1.3 APPLICATION
Walking track structures are non-habitable outdoor recreation structures provided for thepurpose of —
(a) protecting;
(b) providing a route or part of a route through; and
(c) enhancing sustainable enjoyment of natural areas.NOTE: Protection of the environment can include control of—(a) erosion;(b) damage to fragile flora, fauna and ecosystems (weed and disease control);(c) damage to places of heritage and cultural importance;(d) visual impact; and(e) social intrusion (e.g. noise, fauna reaction to human presence).
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
AS1170 Minimum design loads on structures (known as SAA Loading Code)1170.1 Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations1170.2 Part 2: Wind loads1170.3 Part 3: Snow loads1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake loads1428 Design for access and mobility1428.1 Part 1: General requirements for access—New building work1428.2 Part 2: Enhanced and additional requirements—Buildings and facilities1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and
installationAS/NZS1892 Portable ladders1892.1 Part 1: Metal1892.2 Part 2: Timber1892.3 Part 3: Reinforced plastic2156 Walking tracks2156.1 Part 1: Classification and signageBCA Building Code of Australia
1.5 DEFINITIONS
1.5.1 Access structure
A structure primarily intended to provide access from one place to another and on which itis not expected that persons will stop and congregate for viewing.
1.5.2 Barrier
Any fence, handrail, balustrade or similar that restricts or guides access by people.
1.5.3 Boardwalk
A structure consisting of an elevated footway.NOTE: Boardwalks are typically of low elevation with spans of 1.5 m to 4 m, and usually over asurface not suitable for construction of a track of high environmental sensitivity.
1.5.4 Cableway
A suspended cable, on which runs a cage or harness, for transportation of goods or people.Lice
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1.5.5 Deck
The walking surface of a boardwalk, platform, ramp, pedestrian bridge or similar.
1.5.6 Effective fall height
The effective height from deck level to ground taking into account the surface conditions.(see Section 3).
1.5.7 Foundation
The sub-structure, which transmits the load to the ground and the natural or built-upformation of rock, soil or subsoil, upon which the structure is supported.
1.5.8 Ladder
A structure with treads or rungs, and with or without handrails or stiles (vertical supports).
1.5.9 Landing
An intermediate level in a system of stairways, ramps or ladders.
1.5.10 Live load (imposed action)
The load resulting from the intended use or occupancy of the structure, includingdistributed, concentrated, impact and inertial effects, but excluding wind, snow, ice andearthquake loads.
1.5.11 Pedestrian bridge
A bridge providing access for pedestrians.
1.5.12 Platform
A structure built primarily to allow persons to stop and congregate.
1.5.13 Ramp
A sloping artificial structure, having no risers, to permit access.
1.5.14 Dead load (permanent action)
The load resulting from the effect of gravity acting on permanent components of thestructure.
1.5.15 Stile
A means for pedestrians to cross a fence or similar obstacle.NOTE: Usually used to avoid the use of a gate.
1.5.16 Stairway
A structure with a series of steps, with or without landings, that provides pedestrian accessfrom one level to another.
1.5.17 Structure
Organized combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of resistanceand rigidity against various loads.
1.5.18 Structure deck height
The measurement from deck level to the ground, at the position being assessed.
1.5.19 Suspension bridge
Pedestrian bridge supported by ropes or cables with at least a rudimentary deck.
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1.5.20 Track
A pedestrian access way on natural ground or fill, with or without an overlaid surface.NOTE: A track may be formed as a result of the regular passage of people.
1.5.21 Track Class
The class of a walking track as defined in AS 2156.1.
1.5.22 Walking track structures
Temporary or permanent discrete structures not intended for human habitation on walkingtracks in natural areas, including —
(a) boardwalks;
(b) galleries;
(c) pedestrian bridges, including wire crossings;
(d) platforms (for viewing);
(e) stairways;
(f) ladders; and
(g) stiles.NOTE: Accommodation and any ancillary buildings such as toilets are excluded from thisdefinition.
1.5.23 Wire crossing
A pedestrian bridge having cables only for foothold and handhold.
1.6 NOTATION
The following notation is used in this Standard:
heff = effective fall height, as calculated in Clause 3.2
hf = maximum actual fall height within a distance of 2 m from the barrier position
hI = the impact surface value, as given in Clause 3.3
R = floor live load reduction, as given in AS 1170.1
Ψc = live load combination factor, as given in AS 1170.1
Ψs = short-term live load factor, as given in AS 1170.1
1.7 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Walking track structures shall provide access, with the appropriate degree of reliability, forhuman visitors to natural areas in such a way as to minimize the impact on the environmentand preserve the experience being provided for visitors.
Walking track structures designed in accordance with Sections 2, 3 and 4 of this Standardshall be deemed to comply with the performance requirements of this Clause.
NOTE: This Clause provides for the use of materials or methods of design or construction notspecifically referred to in this Standard, provided that it can be shown that the resulting structureis capable of the same or better performance.
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S E C T I O N 2 D E S I G N O F S T R U C T U R E S
2.1 GENERAL
Structures shall be designed in accordance with the applicable Australian Standards.
Design loads shall be as given in the appropriate parts of AS 1170, unless otherwise statedin this Section.
NOTES: 1 As far as possible, structures should be of durable materials and configured so that they are
easily maintained. The specification should state the target design life for a structure.Information on design life is given in Appendix B.
2 It may be necessary to consider the effects of vegetation on the structure, such as tree roots orfalling limbs. The difficulty of access for materials and construction equipment to the site andthe consequent limitations on the standard of workmanship should be taken into account.
2.2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
2.2.1 Serviceability limit state
The structure as a whole and all its members shall satisfy the serviceability limit staterequirements of the appropriate parts of AS 1170.
For track classes 4 and 5, serviceability limits may be appropriately set to ensure thatdeflections will not prove uncomfortable and the structure can absorb the deflectionswithout causing damage.
Where provided for in the combinations of loads given in AS 1170.1, the short-term loadfactor (Ψs) for the serviceability limit state shall be 1.0.
2.2.2 Strength and stability limit states
The structure as a whole and all its members shall be designed to support the combinationsof factored loads and forces given in AS 1170.1 for strength and stability limit states.
Where provided for in the combinations of loads given in AS 1170.1, the live loadcombination factor, for the strength and stability limit states (Ψc) shall be as follows:
(a) 0.0 for combination with wind for all track classes where no shelter from wind isprovided by the structure.
(b) 0.3 for combination with earthquake for track classes 1 and 2.
(c) 0.0 for combination with earthquake for track classes 3, 4 and 5.
2.3 LIVE LOADS
Live loads shall be as follows:
(a) As given in AS 1170.1 for areas for public assembly for track classes 1 and 2.
(b) A 1.4 kN concentrated load taken over an area of 75 mm by 75 mm, placed at itsknown position or, where its position is not known, at the position giving the mostadverse effect, or the following distributed load, whichever gives the most adverseeffect:
(i) 4 kPa for viewing platforms and 3 kPa for access ways for track classes 3 and 4.
(ii) 3 kPa for viewing platforms and 2 kPa for access ways for track class 5.
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When calculating floor loads using AS 1170.1, the floor live load reduction (R) shall betaken as 0.
NOTE: The values for floor loads given in this Standard already take into account the likelihoodof crowd loading.
For wire crossings, the live load shall be a line load of 1.1 kN/m on each wire.
The design distributed, uniform line and concentrated live loads shall be consideredseparately and the design carried out for whichever gives the more adverse effect.
NOTE: Where construction equipment is using the track and the structures along it, the designloads should take account of the likely live loading.
2.4 LATERAL LOADING
Lateral loads shall take into account the effects of wind (see AS 1170.2), earthquake(see AS 1170.4) and the movement of people. These may all be considered separately. Forthe movement of people the lateral load shall be taken as 250 N per m2 of plan area(0.25 kPa).
NOTE: The specification should state whether flood affects should be taken into account.
2.5 SNOW AND ICE EFFECTS
Snow and ice loads shall be in accordance with AS 1170.3 for the areas given in thatStandard.
Allowances shall be made for the containment of snow trapped between handrails, barriersand other built impediments. The effect of snow and ice build-up on wind loads shall alsobe considered.
2.6 DESIGN OF SUPPORTS
Where the design of the foundation is based on a limit states approach, the loadcombinations for the serviceability, strength and stability limit states given in AS 1170.1shall be used. The short-term load multiplier (Ψs) shall be taken as 1.0.
Where the design is based on nominal loads, the nominal loads shall be as specified inClauses 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. These may be considered separately.
NOTE: The natural conditions of rock and soil are part of the design of foundations and supports.Professional advice (such as a geo-technical investigation) may be necessary for assessingfoundation conditions.
2.7 LIVE LOADS ON BARRIERS
2.7.1 Basic live load
The live load acting on barriers shall be as given in AS 1170.1 for track classifications 1and 2 and as given in Table 1 for other track classifications.
When designing barriers with infill material, the loads for the top rail and any infill may beapplied separately.
2.7.2 Load combinations for barriers
Barriers shall be designed to support the combinations of factored loads and forces given inAS 1170.1 except that wind loads, earthquake loads and loads specified in Clause 2.7.1 maybe assumed to act separately and the design is based on the load giving the most adverseeffect.
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TABLE 1
LIVE LOADS FOR BARRIERS ON UNRESTRICTED LOAD STRUCTURES
Top rail Infill
Type of structure Track class HorizontalkN/m
VerticalkN/m
HorizontalkPa
Any directionkN
Platforms 3, 4 and 5 0.75 0.75 1.0 0.5
Access structures 3, 4 and 5 0.36 0.36 0.75 0.25
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S E C T I O N 3 S A F E T Y F R O M F A L L I N G
3.1 GENERAL
This Section provides criteria for the provision of barriers, to reduce the risk of falling fromwalking track structures.
NOTE: This Standard only covers the provision of barriers on walking track structures. It doesnot cover the provision for barriers for steps other than stairways (e.g. scattered steps in longstretches of pathway). In such cases a risk assessment is recommended.
3.2 PROVISION OF BARRIERS
Barriers of the types given shall be provided on walking track structures where the effectivefall height (heff) exceeds the appropriate value given in Table 2.
NOTES: 1 Kick rails and kerbs may be provided where appropriate.2 Barriers should be provided where an opening in a deck creates a fall hazard.3 The provision of barriers as set out in Table 2 is a minimum requirement only. Barriers in
excess of these requirements may be provided on the basis of a risk assessment.
TABLE 2
ALLOWABLE BARRIER TYPE FOR EFFECTIVE FALL HEIGHT
Track classheff
1 2 3 4 5
1 B C D* NONE NONE
1.5 A B C* D* NONE
3 A A C C* E†
* Barriers may be provided on one side only in these cases.
† Type E handhold may be placed on the opposite side of the structure to the fallhazard and may not be continuous.
Effective fall height (heff) shall be calculated from the following:
heff = hf + hi
where
hf = maximum actual fall height within a distance of 2 m from the barrier position(see Figure 3.1)
hi = the impact surface value, as given in Clause 3.3
Barrier types shall be as given in Clause 3.4.
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FIGURE 3.1 ILLUSTRATION OF ACTUAL FALL HEIGHT
3.3 ASSESSMENT OF FALL IMPACT SURFACE
The surface at which the height of fall (hf) is measured shall be assessed for the likelihoodof serious harm being caused by the impact (type of surface materials) by taking the valueof hi as given in Table 3.
TABLE 3
FALL SURFACE ASSESSMENT (hi)
Category DescriptionhI,m
Examples
Deep moss
Soft vegetation
Shallow still water deep enough to cushion a fall(see Note)
Benign A surface presenting featuresthat will tend to reduce theeffect of impact.
−0.5
Swamp
Loose gravel
Sand
Deep water with reasonable means of exit
Favourable A surface presenting featuresthat neither reduce or amplifythe effect of impact
0
Grass
Jagged stones
Deep water without reasonable means of exit
Unfavourable A surface presenting featuresthat will tend to amplify theeffect of impact.
+0.5
Sharp vegetation
Swiftly flowing water without means of exit
Boiling mud or water
Hazardous A surface presenting featuresthat will result in serious harmregardless of the effect of fall tothe initial impact point.
+3.0
Extended falls arising from rolling or sliding,following initial impact, on terrain whose slopeexceeds 35 degrees. Mitigating factors such asvegetation likely to arrest rolling shall be takeninto account when assessing extended falls.
NOTE: The height of the fall should be taken into consideration when assessing the risk from falling intoshallow water.Li
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3.4 BARRIER CONSTRUCTION
The barrier types given in Table 2 shall be constructed as follows (see also Figure 3.2):
(a) A Type A barrier shall be a minimum of 1.0 m high and shall have the following:
(i) No openings anywhere below the top rail which will permit the passage of asphere 125 mm in diameter.
(ii) No components providing a toehold between the heights of 150 mm and760 mm above deck (or stair nosing) level. Horizontal rails on a barrier areacceptable if the barrier geometry is such as will prevent children under sixclimbing over the top.
(iii) For steps, the triangular opening formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail atthe open side of a stairway shall be such a size that a 125 mm diameter spherecannot pass through it.
(b) A Type B barrier shall be a minimum of 1.0 m high and shall have the following:
(i) Openings with maximum dimensions of either 125 mm horizontally (betweenvertical balusters) or 125 mm vertically (between intermediate rails).
(ii) No openings greater than 125 mm between the deck and first horizontal rail.
(iii) For steps, the triangular opening formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail atthe open side of the step shall be such a size that a 125 mm diameter spherecannot pass through it.
(c) A Type C barrier shall have a minimum height of 900 mm, openings with a maximumclear dimension of 500 mm vertically (between intermediate rails) and 300 mm at thebottom with no maximum dimension between vertical sections. These barriers mayhave infill material if appropriate.
(d) A Type D barrier shall have a handrail at a minimum height of 900 mm. The handrailmay be solid, or may consist of rope, chain or wire.
(e) A Type E handhold shall consist of rope, chain, wire or separate handholds.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 3.2 (in part) TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF BARRIER TYPESLice
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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 3.2 (in part) TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF BARRIER TYPES
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S E C T I O N 4 S T A I R S A N D L A D D E R S
4.1 GENERAL
The use of stairs and ladders should be avoided wherever possible. The minimumconstruction requirement for stairways and ladders shall be as follows:(a) For track classes 1 and 2, stairways shall be in accordance with the BCA.(b) Track classes 1 and 2 shall not have ladders.(c) Track class 1 shall be generally in accordance with AS 1428.1 and AS 1428.2.(d) For track class 3, stairs and ladders shall be as shown in Figure 4.1.(e) For track classes 4 and 5, stairs shall be as shown in Figure 4.1 and may only be used
to control potential environmental damage such as erosion, flora damage, etc.Stairs shall be as given in Clause 4.2 and ladders as given in Clause 4.3, depending on thelimits of slope given in Figure 4.1.
NOTES: 1 Access and mobility should be considered for any track class and a structure for a track that
suits a particular type of access (e.g. wheel chairs) should be designed so as not to create anunnecessary barrier.
2 Guidance on appropriate widths, arrangements and clearances of stairs and ladders can befound by reference to AS 1657 and the three parts of AS 1892. AS 1657 covers ladders thatare caged but does not allow for clearances for users wearing backpacks. Where ladders arecaged, visitors may need to be advised on appropriate procedures for raising or loweringbackpacks.
3 In order to satisfy aesthetic considerations, steps may need to be constructed using the naturalmaterials on the site and may not always be laid out with a regular pitch.
4.2 STAIRSTreads and their supporting structure shall be designed using the live loads given inAS 1170.1.
4.3 LADDERSEach ladder and its fixings shall be designed for a concentrated live load of not less than1.4 kN or a number of 1.4 kN concentrated live loads, the number of loads and their spacingbeing dependent on the expected usage. Ladder stiles shall be spaced between 380 mm and525 mm apart and rungs shall be spaced not less than 250 mm and not more than 300 mmapart.
4.4 STAIRWAYS AND LANDINGSFor stairways, the maximum number of steps between landings shall be as given in Table 4.Landings shall be a minimum of 900 mm long.
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TABLE 4
NUMBER OF STEPS
Track classMax. number of steps
between landings
2 18 risers
3 36 risers
4 54 risers
5 no restriction
NOTE: 18 risers is the limit given in the BCA.
FIGURE 4.1 LIMITS OF SLOPE
4.5 STILES
Stiles for crossing fences or similar obstacles may be provided only in track classes 3, 4and 5. Rungs, treads or boards and their supporting structure shall be designed to supportthe loads given in Clause 4.2 or 4.3, as appropriate. A vertical hand hold or gripping postshall be provided to help maintain balance. Stiles shall not exceed 1.2 m in height.
NOTE: Spacings of rungs, treads or boards should be similar to those used for stepladders.
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APPENDIX A
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OFTHIS STANDARD
(Informative)
A1 GENERAL
This Standard represents a world first for outdoor recreational facilities, in that specificdesign criteria are provided related to the expected use. The provision of 6 track classes inAS 2156.1 makes the design process easier by providing a predictable and consistent meansof classifying both new and existing tracks.
Compliance with Standards is not obligatory unless the Standard is called up in legislationor in a contract. This Standard is intended for application to the design of new structures;however, existing structures may be assessed using the given criteria.
There will be a considerable number of existing structures that may not comply with thisdocument and strategies should be set for use (i.e. choice of appropriate track classificationor closure of a structure) and priorities established for replacement or strengthening of suchstructures that do not comply.
At present, access is not covered by this Standard, except to say that in track class 1 the useof stairways should take access issues into account (see AS 1428.1 and AS 1428.2). Moredetail may be considered in future revisions of the Standard.
A2 SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
A2.1 Risk and policy considerations
Risk analysis will govern the need to establish policies and procedures coveringimplementation of this Standard.
Given the remoteness of many sites and the range of skills and equipment available tobuilding staff, consideration should be given to the following devices to ensure or facilitatecompliance:
(a) Field manuals.
(b) Design certification.
(c) Certification of construction.
A2.2 Field manuals
This Standard could be used as a basis for the development of typical structure designs (e.g.field manuals or span tables for boardwalks) for easy use in the field by building staff.
Field manuals provide a range of standard designs with span tables, joint details, footings,etc. They are generally customized for locally available and preferred materials and coversimple often repeated structures. They can be produced by an expert so as to provide arange of complying solutions and given to building staff who, consequently, are notrequired to interpret the Standard. Detailed instructions on the use of the manual wouldneed to be included and staff trained in its use.
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A2.3 Certification considerations
Certification is provided by qualified professionals and establishes the conformance of thedesign (design certificate) or the construction (construction certificate). Certifiers may needprofessional indemnity insurance. The use of field manuals does not substitute for the needfor certification.
Design certification may be appropriate for some or all structures and should be consideredwhere a structure has one or more of the following attributes:
(a) An effective fall height of 3 m or more.
(b) A high level of use.
(c) Difficult foundation conditions.
(d) A structural form with little or no structural redundancy, e.g. a cantilever.
Construction certification may be in addition to, or instead of, design certification. In theformer case it is required to certify that construction complies with the designer’srequirements. In the latter case, it should certify that the completed structure conforms withthe requirements of the code and may, therefore, include appropriate structural calculations.
A2.4 Choice of track class and structures
When laying out or planning new work on a track, the choice of track class and the actualstructures to be installed should take into account the expected number and class of visitorsand the recreational opportunities to be provided (see AS 2156.1).
In deciding what structures to use it should be remembered that once a structure is in place,it may be difficult to remove without damage to the environment (e.g. a cultural site).
The design of elements, choice of materials and colours of structures should cause minimaladverse visual impact on natural areas or culturally significant sites.
Some factors to consider before structural design may include —
(a) track classification;
(b) environment (soils, visual impact, loads, fall height);
(c) choice of designer and manufacturer;
(d) asset register details — location (region, park, site);
(e) expected level of maintenance; and
(f) details of structure—type of structure, construction details not in drawings, modelnumbers, components, grades/sizes of materials, colours, manufacturers.
A2.5 Records
Besides keeping original design information such as drawings, an inspection should becarried out at completion of the work, building staff consulted and a record kept of anydetails that have changed since the design stage.
For the ongoing maintenance of the structure, records such as life control documentation orlog books should be kept for each structure including details of any maintenance workdone, changes made and the results of inspections carried out.
A2.6 Other considerations
Surfaces of decks, ramps and treads should be chosen to minimize slipping. Specificmeasures may be necessary to allow for conditions such as the effects of mud, moss, ice orsnow.
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APPENDIX B
INTENDED DESIGN LIFE
(Informative)
B1 GENERAL
The intended design life of a structure is related to the level of loading expected during thedesign life, the natural durability of the materials, and the detailing which may effect ratesof attack by actions such as corrosion, rot or ice.
B2 LOWER DESIGN LIFE
It may be appropriate to design for a lower intended life of the structure or componentsunder certain circumstances such as —
(a) likelihood of structure being inundated by natural events such as flooding, avalancheor riverbed movement;
(b) falling materials such as branches or rocks;
(c) aggressive corrosive environment such as marine, coastal or volcanic; and
(d) future likely change of use.
B3 HIGHER DESIGN LIFE
It may be appropriate to design for a higher design life of the structure or components undercertain circumstances such as —
(a) importance of the structure or component for life safety, to the community (e.g. firefighting access) or for access to other structures; and
(b) benign corrosive environment.
When considering design life, account should be taken of various factors including location,environment, the possibility of natural catastrophes, and the appropriateness of materials,construction systems, methods of maintenance and replacement.
Design of structures should take into account the need for —
(i) access for inspection of components; and
(ii) the ability to remove elements for inspection and/or replacement without majordismantling.
Examples of design to allow for inspection include —
(A) the use of two bolts in a joint allowing one to be withdrawn at a time for replacementor inspection; and
(B) bolted handrail connections allowing for easy replacement following damage.
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B4 RECOMMENDED EXPECTED LIFE
Parts of structures should be designed with the following minimum expected life:
Access level DurabilityDifficult ≥ 25 yearsModerate 15 years
Ready 8–10 years
B5 TIMBER DURABILITY
Standards include ratings for natural durability of timber species. These ratings are ageneral guide based on in-ground data, and may not give a definable life for the materialdue to differences in fungal and insect species in different areas. The deterioration of aspecific piece of timber will depend on its—
(a) exposure to moisture;
(b) contact with the ground;
(c) the effect of shading from the sun;
(d) the prevailing weather conditions;
(e) the size and position of features such as knots and fissures that encourage moistureingress; and
(f) the type of fungal and insect (e.g. termite) species in the area.
Maintenance schedules should be organized to ensure regular inspection by experiencedtimber maintenance staff for structures with exposed and ground contact timber. Specialattention should be given to critical parts of the structure, such as foundations, posts,beams, floors and barriers.
Guidance on timber species selection may be found by researching what species are usedfor parts of local bridges. This should indicate the species known to be durable in thevarious uses (e.g. deck, handrail, pile) for the area concerned. Information may also beobtained from State timber organizations and from CSIRO.
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APPENDIX C
DESIGN FOR LIGHT MAINTENANCE VEHICLES
(Informative)
Where structures may be subject to loads from light maintenance vehicles this Appendixgives guidance on the types of loads that may be experienced.
Typical light maintenance vehicles are covered by the following description:
(a) A vehicle or combination of vehicles having a gross vehicle weight not exceeding7.2 kN consisting of 3 axle loads of 2.4 kN each, spaced 1500 mm apart.
(b) Each axle load consists of two wheel loads of 1.2 kN each spaced at 500 mm centre tocentre.
(c) Each wheel load is applied over a square not greater than 150 mm × 150 mm.
A typical example includes a power carrier or a 4 wheel motor cycle towing a trailer.
Consideration should be taken of increased wheel loads where uneven surfaces may resultin redistribution of loads.
Live loads should be based on the actual vehicle loads expected, including an allowance forimpact. Where the structure is accessible to and wide enough for general road vehicles,bridge loading and design methods should be used.
Live loads resulting from possible jacking up of vehicles should be taken into account withan appropriate footprint for punching and shearing of decking being considered.
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Standards AustraliaStandards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishesmost of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards aredeveloped through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties areinvited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak national standards body.
Australian StandardsAustralian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumersand other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards area consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received fromother sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are keptunder continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changingtechnology.
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www.standards.com.au
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