asean, prc, and india: the great transformation

8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation

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LTMLI, PDlih OIHOLXBM KPMLX XPLITEGPALXOGI

L JGOIX TX]H_ GE XBM LTOLI HMUMFG^AMIX @LIC LIH XBM LTOLI HMUMFG^AMIX @LIC OITXOX]X



Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic / Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm



Dgitmits

Fost ge @gxms, Eokurms, lih Xl`fms vo

Egrmwgrh xo

^rmeldm xooo

Ldcigwfmhkamits xvoo

L`gut tbm Ttuhy xox

L``rmvoltogis xxooo

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry xxvoo

< Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi <

<.< Bokb Ttlcms <

<.0 ^gwmreuf Bmlhwoihs 4

<.4 Hoamisogis ge Xrlisegraltogi =

<.8 Xbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi <2

0 ^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge Krgwtb 04

0.< Oitrghudtogi 04

0.0 Lilfyzoik tbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi 08

0.4 Xbrmlts tg tbm Xrlisegraltogi 8?

0.8 Dgidfusogis 55

4 Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty ge Foem ;<

4.< Oitrghudtogi ;<

4.0 LDO‟T Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrmss lih Pmaloioik Klps ;=

4.4 Bgw LDO Os ^rgagtoik Oidfusovm Krgwtb 2=

4.8 L Dgidmptulf Erlamwgrc egr Oidfusovm Krgwtb ?>

4.= Li LDO ^gfody Lkmihl ?0

4.5 Dgidfusogis <><



ov

Dgitmits

8 Mikoims ge ^rghudtovoty lih Krgwtb <>4

8.< Oitrghudtogi <>4

8.0 ]pkrlhoik Xmdbigfgky: L Cmy tg Mdgigaod Krgwtb <>=

8.4 Xlcoik Pmkogilf ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs tg tbm Imxt Fmvmf <<<8.8 Tmrvodms ls Imw LDO Krgwtb Mikoims <<?

8.= Pm-mimrkozoik Lkrodufturm <02

8.5 Fo`mrlfozoik Xrlhm lih Egrmoki Oivmstamit <40

8.; Oierlstrudturm ls l Krgwtb Hrovmr <4?

8.2 L ^rg-^rghudtovoty Lkmihl egr LDO <85

= Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorgiamit <=<

=.< Oitrghudtogi <=<

=.0 Tustloil`fm lih Tmdurmh Mimrky oi LDO <=4

=.4 Xbm Fggaoik [ltmr Drosos <50

=.8 Aguitoik Mdgfgkodlf Dblffmikms <5;

=.= Alilkoik LDO‟s Maossogis <;4

=.5 Xgwlrh l Tustloil`fm Euturm <2;

5 Eoilidoik Euturm Xrlisegraltogi <?<

5.< Oitrghudtogi <?<

5.0 Li Lkmihl egr LDO Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit <?0

5.4 Durrmit Ttltus ge LDO Eoilidolf Alrcmts <?8

5.8 Amlsuroik LDO‟s Eoilidolf ^rgkrmss <?55.= ^rgagtoik Eoilidolf Hmmpmioik lih Gpmioik oi LDO 0>4

5.5 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi 0>;

5.; LDO Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty 0<>

5.2 Egstmroik Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi 0<2

5.? ^rgagtoik Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi 005

5.<> Dgidfusogis lih ^gfody Pmdgaamihltogis 04>

; Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi 044

;.< Oitrghudtogi 044

;.0 Alrcmt-Hrovmi Oitmkrltogi oi LDO soidm <?;> 04?

;.4 Oistotutogis egr LDO Oitmkrltogi 08<

;.8 Xbm Mamrkoik Lrdbotmdturm ge ‖Imw Pmkogilfosa‑ 0=4

;.= Xgwlrh li Oitmkrltmh LDO 054



D

2 Dgidfusogis lih Pmdgaamihltogis 05;

2.< Oitrghudtogi 05;

2.0 Cmy Eoihoiks 052

2.4 Aljgr Hmvmfgpamit Dblffmikms 0;<2.8 Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s Aljgr Dblffmikms 0;4

2.= Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms 0;=

2.5 Pgfm ge Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi 020

2.; Ilvokltoik tbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi 02=

Lppmihox 02;

Pmemrmidms 02?



vo

@gxms, Eokurms,

lih Xl`fms

@gxms

<.< ]ihmrstlihoik lih Lvgohoik tbm Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp <>

<.0 Fmlrioik erga Hmvmfgpamit Mxpmromidm <?

0.< Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis 0;

0.0 Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua ^rgjmdtogis ge Tmdtgrlf Hmtlof 44

0.4 Oierlstrudturm ls l Hrovmr ge Krgwtb 88

4.< Amlsuroik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem ;0

8.< Aokrltogi lih ^rghudtovoty <42

8.0 Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod Dgrrohgr <80

8.4 Xbm Hmfbo—Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr ‘Xlcoik tbm Pglh tg

Krgwtb <848.8 ^li Lsoli lih Tu`rmkogilf Dgiimdtovoty <88

8.= Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgkodlf Dlpl`ofotoms oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods

^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs <8;

=.< @ofltmrlf/Mxtrl-Pmkogilf Mimrky Dggpmrltogi Oivgfvoik

tbm LDO Mdgigaoms <5<

;.< Ttrmlafoioik lih Dgisgfohltoik LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits:

Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop 088

2.< Cmy Eoihoiks: LDO 0>4> 05?

2.0 Cmy Pmkogilf Oistotutogis 024

Eokurms

<.< LDO [off Fmlh tbm Mxplisogi ge tbm Kfg`lf Aohhfm Dflss 2

<.0 Xrlhm Efgws [off Tboet Tgutb—Tgutb <=



@gxms, Eokurms, lih

0.< LDO Krgwtb Pltms [off Tfgw `ut Ttly Bokb 4<

0.0 Krgwtb [off @m Hrovmi `y Oivmstamit lih ^rghudtovoty 40

0.4 Oidgam Klp `mtwmmi LDO lih Hmvmfgpmh Dguitroms [off

Dgitoium tg Dfgsm 4=0.8 Mxtrmam ^gvmrty Dli @m Mrlhodltmh 45

0.= Aohhfm-Oidgam Krgups [off @mdgam Hgaoilit 45

0.5 Hmalih [off Tboet tgwlrh Dgisuaptogi 4?

0.; ^rghudtogi [off Tboet tgwlrh Tmrvodms 8>

0.2 LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Kfg`lf Mxpmihoturms 80

0.? LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Dgaaghotoms Hmalih 85

0.<> LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge [grfh DG0 Maossogis 8;

0.<< [grfh Xrlhm [off Xuri Tgutb 82

0.<0 Meemdts ge Tbgdcs gi LDO Oidgams, 0>4> =<

0.<4 Ermqumidy ge Dga`oimh Tbgdcs 5=

4.< ^gvmrty Bmlhdguit Pltm, 0>>>s ;5

4.0 Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm ge Koio Dgmeeodomits `mtwmmi Mlrfy gr

Aoh—<??>s lih Fltm 0>>>s ge LDO lih Tmfmdtmh GMDH lih Fltoi

Lamrodli Dguitroms ;;

4.4 Uufimrl`fm Mapfgyamit, 0><> 2>

4.8 Foem Mxpmdtlidy lt @ortb, 0><> 2>

4.= Oielit Agrtlfoty, 0><> 2<

4.5 Lvmrlkm _mlrs ge Tdbggfoik, 0><> 2<

4.; Lddmss tg Oaprgvmh [ltmr Tgurdms, 0><> 244.2 Lddmss tg Oaprgvmh Tliotltogi Eldofotoms, 0><> 24

4.? Lddmss tg Mfmdtrodoty, 0><> 28

4.<> ^rgpgrtogi ge ^lvmh Pglhs, 0>>? gr fltmst lvlofl`fm oi tbm

0>>>s 28

4.<< Kgvmriamit Mxpmihoturm gi Mhudltogi, 0><> gr fltmst ymlr ?5

4.<0 Kgvmriamit Mxpmihoturm gi Bmlftb, 0><> gr fltmst ymlr ?5

4.<4 Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx, 0><> ?2

8.< Xmdbigfgky Ldbomvmamit Oihmx egr LDO, <??? lih 0>>2 <>5

8.0 Oitmramholtm Kgghs Mxpgrts erga Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaoms tg tbm

Pmkogi ls l [bgfm <<4

8.4 Mfmdtrgiod ^lrts lih Dgapgimits Mxpgrts erga Mlst Lsol

ls l [bgfm tg Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaoms lih Pmkogis <<4

8.8 Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Oiefgws tg Lsoli Dguitroms <<=

8.= Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Bgst Dguitroms egr Jlplimsm

Eoras <<5



vooo

@gxms, Eokurms, lih Xl`fms

8.5 @rmlchgwi ge Krgss Hgamstod rghudt y Ldtovoty Xypm, 0>>; <0>

8.; ^mr Dlpotl Oidgam oi ^^^ Xmras vs. Tmrvodms, 0>>? <0>

8.2 Lvmrlkm Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm oi Ulfum Lhhmh pmr [grcmr y

Tmdtgr ge Tmfmdtmh LDO Mdgigaoms, 0>>>—0>>; <008.? Tmrvodms Xrlhm, 0>>>—0>>? <04

8.<> Xrlhm Dgsts oi tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih Oihgimsol, 0>>>—0>>= <08

8.<< Oitmriltogilf @rlidb Dlapusms `y Lsoli Mdgigay ls Bgst <05

=.< LDO‟s Xgtlf Mimrky Dgisuaptogi `y Xypm, 0>>2 <==

=.0 Xrmihs oi Pltm ge Mimrky Tmfe-Tueeodomidy oi LDO, 0>>>—0>>2 <=;

=.4 Xrlis-LTMLI Kls ^opmfoim <5<

=.8 Lor ^gffutlit Dgidmitrltogis oi Aljgr Lsoli Dotoms,

0>>>—0>>= <;>

=.= Dblikm ge LDO‟s DG0 Maossogis Pmfltovm tg Krgss Hgamstod

^rghudt <;8

=.5 LTMLI DG0 Maossogis y Tmdtgr, 0>>2 <;8

5.< Dboii—Otg Oihodms egr Aljgr LDO Mdgigaoms 0>>

5.0 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi‘Aoffogis ge ^mgpfm Mxdfuhmh 0>2

5.4 LTMLI8 Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<=

5.8 ^PD Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<5

5.= Oihol Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<5

5.5 Tblrm ge Eoilidolf Tmrvodms oi Xgtlf Tmrvodm Mxpgrts

Dboii—Otg Oihmx, 0>>? 008

Xl`fms

0.< ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt

Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4> (oi 0><> dgistlit prodms) 02

0.0 ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt

Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4> (oi 0>>= ^^^$) 0?

0.4 Agst LDO Dotozmis [off Fovm oi Dotoms 42

0.8 Tmdtgrlf Tboets oi LDO Gutput 8=

0.= Lftmriltovm Tdmilrogs =>

0.5 ^rghudtovoty Toaufltogis =4

0.; Ttrudturlf ^gfody Toaufltogis =;

0.2 Xrlhm lih Dlpotlf Efgw Toaufltogis 5<

4.< Amlsuroik Oidfusovm Krgwtb ;4

4.0 LDO Fl`gr Egrdm Mstoaltms/^rgjmdtogis ?4



@gxms, Eokurms, lih

4.4 [grfhwohm Kgvmrilidm Oihodltgrs `y Pmkogi, 0><> <>>

8.< Dguitry-Tpmdoeod Xmdbigfgky ^rgjmdtogis, 0>>?—0>4> <>;

8.0 ^rg`fmas Eldmh `y Turvmymh Jlplimsm Eoras oi Tmfmdtmh

Lsoli Mdgigaoms <<28.4 ^rgjmdtmh Dblikms oi Pmlf Bgusmbgfh Dgisuaptogi pmr

Dlpotl ge Lkrodufturlf lih Eggh ^rghudts <0?

8.8 Tmfe-Tueeodomidy Pltog oi Lkrodufturlf ^rghudts <0?

8.= Xrlhoik ldrgss @grhmrs‘Xrlhm Eldofotltogi, 0><0 <44

8.5 Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss lih Oierlstrudturm \ulfoty Oihmxms <8>

=.< ^lst lih rgjmdtmh Xgtlf roalry Mimrky Dgisuaptogi oi LDO <=8

=.0 Mfmdtrodoty Dgisuaptogi oi LDO <=8

=.4 Mimrky Tuppfy Aox oi Lsol <==

=.8 LDO‟s Mimrky Tmduroty Egrmdlst, 0>4> <=2

=.= [ltmr Alilkmamit Ossums oi Tblrmh Povmr @lsois <58

=.5 DG0 Maossogis `y LDO Mdgigaoms <52

=.; Lor \ulfoty Tltoseldtogi oi LDO <5?

=.2 Tmfmdtmh Flih Ttltostods egr Lsol <;0

=.? DG0 Maossogis Pmhudtogi ^fmhkms `y LDO , Jlpli, lih

tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml <;5

5.< Hmvmfgpamit ge LDO Eoilidolf Lssmts <?8

5.0 Dblikms oi Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Lssmssamits <?5

5.4 Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Tmdtgr Tozm <?;

5.8 Tgurdms ge ^rovltm Tmdtgr Euihoik <?25.= Oisurlidm lih Autulf Euih Oihustry Hmvmfgpamit <??

5.5 Mxtmrilf Lssmts lih Fol`ofotoms ls l Tblrm ge Krgss Hgamstod

^rghudt oi Mamrkoik Lsol, <??>—0>>? 0><

5.; Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty lih Kgvmrilidm 0>0

5.2 ^mrdmovmh @gih-Alrcmt-Pmfltmh @lrromrs `y Mdgigay 0>8

5.? Mitry ge Egrmoki @lics oi LDO Alrcmts 0>5

5.<> Pmdmit Dlpotlf Dgitrgf Amlsurms oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli

Mdgigaoms 0<;

5.<< Oitrlrmkogilf ^grtegfog Oivmstamit 00>

5.<0 ^PD Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi Amlsurms 000

5.<4 Oistotutogis egr Kfg`lf lih Lsoli Mdgigaod Kgvmrilidm 00?

;.< Tblrm ge Mxpgrts ge Aljgr Lsoli Mdgigaoms tg tbm ^PD 08<

2.< Dgaagi lih Tpmdoeod Dblffmikms egr tbm LDO Mdgigaoms 0;8

2.0 Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms 0;=



x



Egrmwgrh

O

i rmdmit ymlrs, tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis

(LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol

(dgffmdtovmfy rmemrrmh tg ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms) blvm `mdgam

hrovmrs ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. [bofm tbmsm vmry flrkm lih

hyilaod hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms hg igt egra liy spmdoeod

oistotutogilf krgupoik, tbmy sblrm dgaagi `guihlroms, gppgrtuiotoms,

lih dblffmikms. Xbmrm os pgtmitolf egr l ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ ge

tbm LDO mdgigaoms oe tbmy dli alilkm tbm oapgrtlit dblffmikms lih

roscs tblt fom lbmlh. Xbos trlisegraltogi dgufh rlosm tbm qulfoty ge foem

egr tbm dotozmis ge tbmsm dguitroms lih fmlh tg pbmigamilf prgkrmss

misuroik oidfusovm, `lflidmh, lih krmmi krgwtb oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms,

ldrgss Lsol, lih lrguih tbm wgrfh.

LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi rmvomws tbm

prgspmdts lih dblffmikms tbmsm mdgigaoms eldm oi tbm dgaoik twg

hmdlhms. Xbm lilfysos dgvmrs LTMLI ls li oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmhmdgigay, lih tbm iltogilf mdgigaoms ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol. Ot

oidfuhms tbmor oitmrilf hyilaods, tbmor autulf oitmrhmpmihmidm,

lih rmfltogisbops wotb gtbmr Lsoli lih kfg`lf mdgigaoms. Xbm stuhy

prgjmdts li gptoaostod euturm egr tbm tbrmm mdgigaoms `y 0>4>, `lsmh

gi tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilf krgwtb rltms, lih rosoik oitmrhmpmihmidm.

Lt tbm slam toam, ot rmdgkiozms tblt l flrkm iua`mr ge uiprmhodtl`fm

eldtgrs alcm gtbmr, fmss-gptoaostod, gutdgams pgsso`fm.

Xbm stuhy lfsg bokbfokbts tbm dblffmikms tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms

aust hmlf wotb oi grhmr tg rlosm tbm qulfoty ge foem ge tbmor dotozmis oi foim

wotb tbmor mdgigaod krgwtb. Lagik tbmsm lrm: oaprgvoik prghudtovoty

tbrgukb oiigvltogis lih imw tmdbigfgkoms, fmlhoik tg tbm mstl`fosbamit

ge cigwfmhkm-fmh mdgigaoms lih sgdomtoms 3 `uofhoik smlafmss

oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty3 alilkoik cmy rmsgurdms (sudb ls mimrky,

eggh, lih wltmr)3 prgtmdtoik tbm mivorgiamit lih lhhrmssoik dfoaltm

dblikm3 rmegraoik lih hmvmfgpoik tbm eoilidolf smdtgr3 lih egrkoik



xoo

Egrmwgrh

imw rmfltogis wotboi tbm rmkogi lih wgrfhwohm tg hmmpmi oitmkrltogi

lih dggpmrltogi. Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms agvm tg tbm egrmergit ge kfg`lf

mdgigaod leelors, tbmy blvm tg `m prmplrmh tg tlcm fmlhmrsbop rgfms

oi wgrfh leelors lih tg prgvohm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs. Xbmstuhy rmdgaamihs iltogilf lih rmkogilf strltmkoms lih pgfodoms egr

lhhrmssoik tbmsm ossums lih egstmroik pmldmeuf, stl`fm, lih blragiogus

rmfltogisbops lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh.

Xbos stuhy wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

(LH@) lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O) uihmr tbm

kuohlidm ge l stmmroik dgaaottmm ge LH@ Bmlhs ge Hmplrtamit dg-

dblormh `y Alslborg Clwlo (egramr Hmli lih DMG, LH@O) lih Pljlt

A. Ilk (egramr Alilkoik Hormdtgr Kmimrlf, LH@). Aliy sdbgflrs,

rmsmlrdbmrs, lih mxpmrts erga Lsol lih gtbmr plrts ge tbm wgrfh

dgitroùtmh tg ots oapfmamitltogi. O krmltfy lpprmdoltm tbm mxdmffmit

meegrts ge lutbgrs wbg dgitroùtmh dblptmrs lih `ldckrguih plpmrs,

lih tg tbm lhvosmrs, rmvomwmrs, hosdusslits, lih mhotgrs erga `gtb

gutsohm lih wotboi LH@O lih LH@. O bgpm tbos stuhy woff `m usmeuf

tg pgfodyalcmrs, rmsmlrdbmrs, dovof sgdomty, lih provltm ùsoimssms oi

Lsol ls wmff ls tg tbm kfg`lf dgaauioty.

L ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ os pgsso`fm, ùt ot rmquorms l plrlhoka

sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-fmh krgwtb. [otb `gfh

vosogi, lpprgproltm strltmkoms lih pgfodoms, meemdtovm oistotutogis lih

bokb-qulfoty kgvmrilidm, lih krmltmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi,tbm LDO mdgigaoms dli hrovm l kmimrltogi ge mdgigaod prgkrmss lih

trlisegraltogi wotb tbm pgtmitolf tg foet tbm qulfoty ge foem oi Lsol lih

lrguih tbm wgrfh.

Xlcmbocg Ilclg

^rmsohmit

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic



^rmeldm

L

sol‟s suddmss stgry ge mdgigaod krgwtb gvmr tbm

plst emw hmdlhms os wmff cigwi. Xbm rmkogi os bgam

tg sgam ge tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst lih agst hyilaod

mamrkoik mdgigaoms, sudb ls tbm Lssgdoltogi ge

Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy rmemrrmh tg ls LDO). Xbmsm

mdgigaoms lrm krgwoik elstmr tbli tbm wgrfh mdgigay lih egrkoik

dfgsmr mdgigaod toms tbli mvmr `megrm. L dgaòiltogi ge kmgkrlpby,

mdgigaod pgfodoms, lih oistotutogis bmfps mxpfloi tbmor suddmss. Xbm

rlpoh hmvmfgpamit ge trlhm lih mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, mspmdolffy ge

suppfy dbloi imtwgrcs, bls `mmi l hrovoik egrdm egr tbmor mdgigaod

hmvmfgpamit.

Bgwmvmr, ls oidgam fmvmfs rosm, tbm dblffmikms tg aloitloioik

sustloil`fm lih oidfusovm krgwtb tmih tg oidrmlsm. Lsol‟s mxpgrt-fmh

krgwtb hmvmfgpamit plttmri hmpmihmh bmlvofy gi hmalih erga tbmhmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms‘aloify tbm ]iotmh Ttltms lih Murgpm‘ùt

tbgsm mdgigaoms lrm krgwoik agrm sfgwfy oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm

kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lih tbm sbmmr sozm ge Lsoli mdgigaoms alcms

eurtbmr klois oi mxpgrt alrcmt sblrms oi gvmrsmls alrcmts agrm

hoeeoduft. Lsoli mdgigaoms aust hmvmfgp l imw krgwtb plttmri agrm

rmfolit gi hgamstod lih rmkogilf hmalih. Lt tbm slam toam, Lsol‟s

krgwtb bls put uiprmdmhmitmh strlois gi tbm mivorgiamit lih eggh

lih mimrky rmsgurdms. Ots krgwtb bls lfsg tmihmh tg `m lddgapliomh

`y rosoik oidgam oimqulfoty, l pgtmitolf tbrmlt tg pgfotodlf stlòfoty.

Lsoli mdgigaoms immh tg hmvmfgp dgisostmit pgfodoms tg lvgoh wblt bls

`mdgam cigwi ls tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑

Lkloist tbos `ldchrgp, tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih tbm Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm jgoitfy dgihudtmh l fgik-tmra pmrspmdtovm

stuhy ge tbm prgspmdts lih cmy dblffmikms eldmh y LTMLI, tbm mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol. Xbm stuhy mxlaoimh l wohm rlikm ge



xov

^rmeldm

prmssoik ossums leemdtoik tbm euturm prgspmdts ge tbmsm mdgigaoms,

oidfuhoik tbm pgtmitolf lih dblffmikms ge krgwtb, oidfusovm krgwtb lih

qulfoty ge foem, prghudtovoty lih tmdbigfgkodlf dblikm, mivorgiamitlf

sustloilòfoty, eoilidm, lih rmkogilf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi. Xbmstuhy dgidfuhms tblt Lsol‟s fmlhoik mdgigaoms dli egstmr l pgsotovm

gutdgam tbrgukb l plrlhoka sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih

cigwfmhkm-fmh krgwtb. Ot lfsg dblrts l smt ge pgfodoms lih oistotutogis

tg eldofotltm tbos trlisegraltogi.

L sboet tgwlrh agrm mihgkmigus lih smfe-sustloioik krgwtb dlffs

egr l egdus gi tbm rmquormamits egr oidrmlsoik prghudtovoty. Xbos igt

gify oidfuhms prgagtoik tmdbigfgkodlf oiigvltogi lih hoeeusogi, ùt

lfsg oivgfvms drmltoik li mivorgiamit tblt egstmrs tbm hmvmfgpamit ge

imw dgaplioms tblt woff ma`ghy tbgsm tmdbigfgkoms oi imw prghudts

lih smrvodms. Xbos rmquorms l bokbmr stlkm ge eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit,

oidfuhoik mxplisogi ge eoilidoik dlpldoty egr stlrt-up dgaplioms.

Toidm imw dgaplioms lrm typodlffy salff, oaprgvoik eoilidolf lddmss

egr salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms (TAMs) sbgufh `m l cmy

lspmdt ge sudb l strltmky. Xbos dlffs egr rmfltmh ldtovotoms tblt oidfuhm

hmvmfgpamit ge vmiturm dlpotlf, hmvmfgpamit ge drgwh euihoik sudb

ls bgamtgwi oivmstamit trust euihs, lih drmhot alrcmt hltl`lsms

sudb ls Jlpli‟s Drmhot Posc Hltl`lsm (DPH) ge TAMs. Eoilidoik egr

TAMs lih stlrt-up dgaplioms tbrgukb `lic fglis dli `m hoeeoduft hum

tg tbm uidmrtloity ge tbmor ùsoimss.Hmvmfgpoik l prgspmrgus aohhfm dflss os gim cmy tg kmimrltoik

agrm eoilf hmalih oi tbm rmkogi. Krmltmr eoilidolf oidfusogi sbgufh

bmfp prgagtm krmltmr mqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty. Ot dli lfsg mxplih tbm

dlpldoty ge tbm eoilidolf systma tg suppgrt mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit,

ls l flrkm erldtogi ge dotozmis ge tbmsm mdgigaoms stoff fldcs lddmss

tg `lsod `lic hmpgsots lih fglis. Oistotutogis sudb ls pgst geeodm

slvoiks dli dgitroùtm tg tbos kglf. Hmvmfgpamit ge bgusoik eoilidm

os l plrtoduflr dgidmri. ^rgvohoik hmdmit bgusoik egr tbm aohhfm-

oidgam dflss os rmquormh tg dfgsm tbm klp `mtwmmi tbm aohhfm-oidgam

dflss lih tbm rodb. Kgvmriamit prgvosogi ge bgusoik tg tbm pggr lfsg

bmfps tg rmhudm oimqulfoty. Bgusoik pgfody oi Lsoli dguitroms rmquorms

eurtbmr stuhy. Eoilidolf mhudltogi egr tbm aohhfm-oidgam dflss dli

bmfp elaofoms lih salff eoras oivmst tbmor euihs lih gpmrltm tbmor

ùsoimssms agrm suddmsseuffy. Hmvmfgpamit ge buali dlpotlf tbrgukb

tbm mxplisogi ge mhudltogi os ligtbmr cmy mfmamit.



Hmvmfgpamit ge oierlstrudturm oi audb ge Lsol bls tmihmh tg

flk tbm pldm ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Lsol bls l bukm hmalih egr

oierlstrudturm oi lrmls oidfuhoik trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis, lih

mimrky, wbodb dliigt `m lddgaaghltmh sgfmfy `y pu`fod eoilidm. Tgamdguitroms aly immh blrh oierlstrudturm lt tbos toam, wbofm gtbmrs aly

immh sget oierlstrudturm sudb ls bmlftb dlrm, mhudltogi, dbofh dlrm,

lih dlrm egr tbm mfhmrfy. Xbmsm lfsg rmquorm eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge

eoilidolf alrcmts lih oistotutogis, oidfuhoik fgdlf kgvmriamit eoilidm

lih provltm eoilidm, wbodb dli bmfp dbliimf euihs tg wgrtbwbofm

oivmstamit prgjmdts tblt blvm uihmrkgim agrm mxtmisovm lilfysos.

^rgjmdt mvlfultogi os lfsg rmquormh tg kmimrltm fmssgis fmlrimh lih

`mst prldtodms oi oierlstrudturm oivmstamits.

Lhgptogi ge fgw-dlr`gi, krmmi krgwtb strltmkoms dli lfsg bmfp put

tbm LDO mdgigaoms gi l sustloil`fm krgwtb pltb. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

dli dggpmrltm tg misurm mimrky, eggh, lih wltmr smduroty, lih bmfp

alilkm dfoaltm dblikm `y dgitrgffoik krmmibgusm kls lih gtbmr

maossogis.

Ot os bgpmh tblt tbos stuhy woff dgitro`utm tg l `mttmr uihmrstlihoik

ge tbm hyilaods ge tbm mamrkoik mdgigaoms spmlrbmlhoik Lsol‟s

euturm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit lih stoaufltm ermsb tboicoik gi pgfody

sgfutogis tg mamrkoik hmvmfgpamit dblffmikms.

Ilgyuco _gsboig

Hmli

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm



xvo



Ldcigwfmhkamits

X

bos stuhy wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy `y tbm Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@) lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

@lic Oistotutm (LH@O) uihmr tbm kuohlidm ge l stmmroik

dgaaottmm ge LH@ Bmlhs ge Hmplrtamit dg-dblormh

`y Alslborg Clwlo (egramr Hmli lih DMG, LH@O) lih

Pljlt A. Ilk (egramr Alilkoik Hormdtgr Kmimrlf, LH@). @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly (egramr Tpmdolf Lhvosmr tg tbm Hmli, LH@O) smrvmh ls tbm

prgjmdt tlsc alilkmr tg dggrhoiltm tbm stuhy uitof bos rmtormamit lih

wls suddmmhmh `y Klimsbli [okilrljl (Hormdtgr ge Pmsmlrdb, LH@O).

^mtmr L. ^mtro (@rlihmos ]iovmrsoty) smrvmh ls tbm proidoplf dgisuftlit

egr tbm prmplrltogi ge tbm `ggc.

Xbm stmmroik dgaaottmm oidfuhmh bmlhs ge LH@‟s gpmrltogilf

lih cigwfmhkm hmplrtamits: Owli J. Lzos, ^bofop D. Mrquolkl, Cflus

Kmrblmussmr, Juli A. Aorlihl, Tuftli B. Plbali, Dblikygik Pbmm,

Clzu Tlclo, Cuiog Tmikl, Pg`mrt E. [obtgf, lih Roli`oi _lg.Li mxtmrilf lhvosgry `glrh prgvohmh lhvodm. Xbm `glrh dgisostmh

ge Osbmr Juhkm Lbfuwlfol (Oiholi Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf

Mdgigaod Pmfltogis), Podblrh I. Dggpmr (Blrvlrh ]iovmrsoty), ^mtmr

Hryshlfm (Lustrlfoli Iltogilf ]iovmrsoty), Alslbosl Eujotl (Pmsmlrdb

Oistotutm ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih Oihustry), Pg`mrt Z. Flwrmidm (Blrvlrh

]iovmrsoty), Justoi _oeu Foi (^mcoik ]iovmrsoty), Uocrla Imbru (Dlrimkom

Mihgwamit egr Oitmriltogilf ^mldm), Turoi ^otsuwli (Xblaalslt

]iovmrsoty), Mustgi \ulb (Iliylik Xmdbigfgkodlf ]iovmrsoty), lih _u

_gikhoik (Dboimsm Ldlhmay ge Tgdolf Tdomidms).

L wgrcoik krgup dggrhoiltmh `y @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly lih

dgaprosoik LH@‟s Jõri @rõaamfbõrstmr, @ruig Dlrrlsdg, Jmsus Emfopm,

Jlylit Amigi, Mrod Tohkwodc, Maal A. Umvm, Kulikbul [li, lih Tblboh

Zlboh rmvomwmh tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs.

Xbm dblptmr lutbgrs lrm Justoi _oeu Foi lih ^mtmr L. ^mtro (Dblptmr <:

Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi)3 ^mtmr L. ^mtro (Dblptmr 0: ^rgspmdts lih



xvooo

Ldcigwfmhkamits

Dblffmikms ge Krgwtb)3 Juzbgik Zbulik, _gcg Iooao, lih Jmsus Emfopm

(Dblptmr 4: Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty ge Foem)3 @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly lih Tbujorg ]rltl (Dblptmr 8: Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih

Krgwtb)3 Umicltldblfla Li`uagzbo lih @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly(Dblptmr =: Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorgiamit)3 Owli J.

Lzos, Alrog @. Fla`mrtm, lih ^mtmr Agrkli (Dblptmr 5: Eoilidoik Euturm

Xrlisegraltogi)3 Tuali @mry lih Aodblmf K. ^fuaamr (Dblptmr ;:

Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi)3 lih @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly

(Dblptmr 2: Dgidfusogis lih Pmdgaamihltogis). Juzbgik Zbulik

prmplrmh tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb prgjmdtogis. @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly,

^mtmr Miklrhog, lih ^mtmr L. ^mtro prmplrmh tbm Mxmdutovm Tuaalry.

Alrol Tgdgrrg @lutostl, Kogvliio Dlpliimffo, Pyu Eucuo, Immrlj

Jloi, Jgik [gg Clik, Xlclsbo Coblrl, Alrog @. Fla`mrtm, [gutmr

X. Foidcflmi-Lrromis, Aoiquli Fou, Tl`ylsldbo Aotrl, Jlm-Bl ^lrc,

lih Plamsb Tu`rlaliola prgvohmh dgaamits egr tbm stuhy. ^mtmr

Miklrhog wls tbm aloi mdgigaods rmvomwmr lih tmdbiodlf mhotgr.

Loisfom Taotb wls tbm aliusdropt mhotgr. Pg`mrt Hlvos dggrhoiltmh

tbm pu`fodltogi ge tbm `ggc. @ggi Fggik Ikolik dggrhoiltmh tbm

prmplrltogi ge tbm aliusdropt egr pu`fodltogi lih tmdbiodlf uphltoik.

Durtos Dbrostgpbmrsmi hmsokimh tbm dgvmr lrtwgrc. Tpmdolf tblics kg

tg Jmiiy @lf`gl, Tblilwmz Bgssloi, Austlel Agoiuhhoi, lih Jldoitl

@mrilhmttm O. Podg wbg lssostmh wotb rmsmlrdb lih lhaoiostrltogi.

Xbm stuhy `mimeotmh erga 08 `ldckrguih plpmrs prmplrmh `yhostoikuosbmh sdbgflrs (smm Lppmihox). Egur wgrcsbgps bmfh oi

@mojoik, Aliofl, Imw Hmfbo, lih Xgcyg dgitro`utmh tg li mxdblikm ge

vomws lagik pgfodyalcmrs, sdbgflrs, lih provltm smdtgr mxpmrts gi

tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs tblt alcm up tbm `ggc. Xbm

wgrcsbgp oi @mojoik wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy wotb tbm Dboimsm Ldlhmay

ge Tgdolf Tdomidms, lih tbm wgrcsbgp oi Imw Hmfbo wotb tbm Oiholi

Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Pmfltogis.



L`gut tbm Ttuhy

L

sol‟s rmalrcl`fm mdgigaod pmregralidm lih

trlisegraltogi soidm tbm <?5>s amli tblt tbm dmitmr

ge kfg`lf mdgigaod ldtovotoms os sboetoik tgwlrh Lsol oi

kmimrlf lih tgwlrh ots aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms‘

tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis< (LTMLI)

mdgigaoms ls l wbgfm, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol

(rmemrrmh tg ls LDO)‘oi plrtoduflr.

[bofm tbmsm aljgr mamrkoik Lsoli kolits hg igt egra liy spmdoeod

oistotutogilf krgupoik, tbmy lrm vmry flrkm mdgigaoms lih alrcmts. Oi

0><>, tbmy dgaprosmh 8;% ge tbm wgrfh pgpufltogi lih bmfh l 04.=%

sblrm ge kfg`lf krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi purdblsoik pgwmr

plroty (^^^) tmras. Xbmsm hyilaod hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms sblrm

dgaagi `guihlroms, gppgrtuiotoms, lih dblffmikms. Xbmor trlhm,

oivmstamit, prghudtogi, lih oierlstrudturm lrm lfrmlhy sokioeodlitfy

oitmkrltmh lih woff `mdgam agrm sg oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms. @mdlusmge tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilf krgwtb, lih rosoik oitmrhmpmihmidm, tbmsm

mdgigaoms hmsmrvm tg `m stuhomh ls l krgup.

Lsol 0>=> , l rmdmit fgik-tmra stuhy gi Lsol‟s krgwtb prgspmdts

dgaaossogimh `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@), sukkmsts tblt

`y 0>=>, tbm aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi dli ldbomvm

fmvmfs ge prgspmroty soaoflr tg tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms (Cgbfo,

Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<). Bgwmvmr, tbos ldbomvmamit os igt oimvotl`fm

lih woff hmpmih gi dguitroms gvmrdgaoik sokioeodlit dblffmikms lih

alilkoik oapgrtlit roscs. [bofm Lsol 0>=> prgvohmh `rglh kmimrlf

rmdgaamihltogis gi lhhrmssoik aljgr dblffmikms egr Lsol, LTMLI,

^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi egdusms gi tbm prgspmdts

lih dblffmikms egr krgwtb lih trlisegraltogi ge tbm rmkogi‟s aljgr

< Dgisostoik ge @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Dla`ghol, Oihgimsol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod

Pmpu`fod, Alflysol, Aylialr, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila.



xx

L`gut tbm Ttuhy

lih rlpohfy krgwoik mamrkoik mdgigaoms tg 0>4>. [otboi tbos toam

erlam, tbm kgvmriamits ge LDO dli uihmrtlcm lpprgproltm pgfody

rmegras lih oiotoltovms tg lhhrmss tbm aljgr hmvmfgpamit dblffmikms,

roscs, lih mxtmrilfotoms tblt woff eldm tbma.Xbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos tblt grokoiltmh oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T)

oi 0>>2, ls wmff ls tbm murgzgim hm`t drosos tblt stlrtmh oi 0>>? blvm

leemdtmh LDO‟s krgwtb‘plrtoduflrfy oi mxpgrts. Lftbgukb tbmsm mdgigaoms

lih tbmor eoilidolf systmas lrm sguih lih pmregraoik wmff, tbm sokioeodlit

hgwituri oi mxpgrts lih bokb vgfltofoty ge provltm dlpotlf oiefgws pgsm

aljgr dblffmikms. Eoilidolf turagof aly lfsg wmlcmi dgisuamr lih

oivmstgr dgieohmidm. Xbm pruhmit sbgrt-tmra pgfodoms ge LDO aust `m

lpprmdoltmh. Xg pusb tbmor mdgigaoms tg tbm imxt fmvmf, bgwmvmr, tbmsm

dguitroms aust lfsg egdus gi alcoik oivmstamits lih rmegras gvmr tbm

amhoua tmra. Mdgigaod uidmrtloitoms oi tbm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms lrosoik

erga tbm l`gvm drosms blvm pusbmh tbm wgrfh tg l stltm wbmrm tbm LDO

mdgigaoms lrm mxpmdtmh tg smrvm ls kfg`lf mdgigaod mikoims. Ot os tbmrmegrm

oapgrtlit tg stuhy tbm krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms.

Xbos stuhy lfsg mxlaoims tbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit

oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm eldtgrs tblt woff leemdt tbm qulfoty ge

tblt hmvmfgpamit. Ot mxpfgrms foics lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih bgw

tbmsm aly sblpm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dgapmtotogi lih dggpmrltogi.

Fggcoik lbmlh tg 0>4>, tbos `ggc rmdgaamihs lpprgproltm pgfodoms

lih strltmkoms lt iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tblt woff fmlh tg l `lflidmh, oidfusovm, sustloil`fm, lih rmsofomit LDO lih egstmr l agrm

pmldmeuf, stl`fm, lih blragiogus rmkogi. Xbm `ggc qumstogis tbm

uidmrtloity oi ldbomvoik tbm hrlaltod trlisegraltogi `y 0>4> uifmss

tbmsm mdgigaoms dli suddmsseuffy alilkm aljgr dblffmikms lih roscs.

Xbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O) oi dgffl`grltogi

wotb LH@ dgihudtmh tbm stuhy. Xbm stuhy mivosogis:

L `lflidmh rmkogi tg `m ldbomvmh `y miblidoik aljgr hrovmrs ge

stl`fm lih agrm mihgkmigus rmkogilf krgwtb.

Tgdolffy lih mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm krgwtb `y oaprgvoik tbm

qulfoty ge foem tbrgukb oidfusovm krgwtb, lhhrmssoik mdgigaod lih

sgdolf oimqulfoty, egstmroik l cigwfmhkm mdgigay lih sgdomty,

alilkoik ilturlf rmsgurdms, lih lhhrmssoik mivorgiamit lih

dfoaltm dblikm ossums egr krmmi krgwtb.

Pmsofomit mdgigaoms dlpl`fm ge wotbstlihoik kfg`lf, rmkogilf, lih

hgamstod sbgdcs gr drosms.



L`gut tb

Ligtbmr rmfltmh stuhy, LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod

Dgaauioty , wls uihmrtlcmi `y LH@O oi dgffl`grltogi wotb tbm LTMLI

Tmdrmtlrolt lih tbm Tgutbmlst Lsol Hmplrtamit ge LH@. Xbos stuhy

mxlaoims tbm cmy eldtgrs tblt lrm focmfy tg hmtmraoim tbm dgaoik twghmdlhms ge LTMLI mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.

LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi miklkmh

oitmriltogilf mxpmrts lih LH@ lih LH@O stlee tg prmplrm, rmvomw, lih

dgaamit gi tbm dblptmrs lih `ldckrguih plpmrs.

Xbm stuhy fmlhmrs dgihudtmh wgrcsbgps wotb rmkogilf tboic tlics,

oidfuhoik tbm Dboimsm Ldlhmay ge Tgdolf Tdomidms lih tbm Oiholi

Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Pmfltogis tg prmsmit

tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs ge tbm `ggc lih g`tloi

emmh`ldc erga ldlhmaods, prldtotogimrs, lih pgfodyalcmrs.

Dblptmr < ohmitoeoms lih mxpflois tbm sdgpm lih prgspmdts ge l

krmlt trlisegraltogi oi egur cmy hoamisogis: mdgigaod prgspmroty, tbm

qulfoty ge foem, tbm alilkmamit ge rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit,

lih rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi egr l strgik kfg`lf systma.

Ot lfsg hosdussms `rglh lrmls ge pgfody ldtogis egr ldbomvoik tbm

trlisegraltogi.

Dblptmr 0 hosdussms tbm prgspmdts lih dblffmikms ge krgwtb lih

hmvmfgpamit `y 0>4> tblt woff prgvohm oisokbts oitg tbm pgfody ldtogis

rmquormh egr tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi. Ot prgjmdts aljgr sgdogmdgigaod

plrlamtmrs sudb ls mdgigaod krgwtb, fmvmfs ge hmvmfgpamit oi 0><>prodms lih ^^^, ur`li pgpufltogis, mxtrmam pgvmrty rltms, tbm sozm ge

aohhfm-oidgam pgpufltogis, lih dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit `lsmh gi

vlrogus sdmilrogs. Oi lhhotogi, tbm dblptmr mxlaoims‘tbrgukb soaufltogis

wotb l dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmf‘tbrmlts tg krgwtb

rmfltoik tg aljgr roscs, sudb ls tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp, l aljgr sfgwhgwi

oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, rosoik eggh lih

dgaaghoty prodms, rosoik maossogis, rosoik hostro`utogilf dgidmris, lih

prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.

Dblptmr 4 mxlaoims tbm prgkrmss lih rmaloioik klps oi oidfusovm

krgwtb‘mdgigaod krgwtb dgupfmh wotb mqulf lddmss tg mdgigaod

gppgrtuiotoms‘lih tbm qulfoty ge foem oi tmras ge lddmss `y fgw-oidgam

dotozmis tg mapfgyamit, dgaamrdolf gppgrtuiotoms, lih `lsod smrvodms

sudb ls bmlftb dlrm, trlispgrt, pgwmr, mhudltogi, lih tbm egralf

`licoik systma. Xbos dblptmr lfsg prgvohms l dgidmptulf erlamwgrc

egr oidfusovm krgwtb lih l pgfody lkmihl egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms.



xxoo

L`gut tbm Ttuhy

Dblptmr 8 mxpfgrms wlys tg oidrmlsm prghudtovoty lih drmltm

imw mikoims ge krgwtb oi aliueldturoik, smrvodms, lih lkrodufturm.

Oi plrtoduflr, ot mxlaoims tbm prgspmdts ge mxplihoik lih hmmpmioik

rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih suppfy dblois, rm-mimrkozoiklkrodufturm, fo`mrlfozoik trlhm lih egrmoki oivmstamit, upkrlhoik

tmdbigfgky lih oiigvltogi, lih miblidoik oierlstrudturm lih

dgiimdtovoty.

Dblptmr = lilfyzms tbm prmsmit lih euturm trmihs lih plttmris ge

dgisuaptogi ge cmy rmsgurdms, ilamfy mimrky lih wltmr, lih rmfltmh

mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Ot mxlaoims bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms dli

dggpmrltm rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy tg misurm mimrky lih wltmr smduroty,

alilkm maossogis, lih agvm tgwlrh l sustloil`fm euturm `y lhgptoik

l fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb pgfody.

Dblptmr 5 mxlaoims tbm durrmit lih prgspmdtovm trmihs ge eoilidolf

smdtgr hmvmfgpamit oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Ot lfsg hosdussms tbm euturm

rgfm ge tbm eoilidolf smdtgr oi LDO‟s rlpoh trlisegraltogi, plrtoduflrfy

oi prgagtoik trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms, meemdtovmfy oitmramholtoik

rmkogilf lih kfg`lf slvoiks tg euih oierlstrudturm lih oihustrolf

hmvmfgpamit, miblidoik eoilidolf oidfusogi, lih prgvohoik hovmrsm

lih oiigvltovm eoilidolf oistruamits. Ot ohmitoeoms tbm cmy pgfodoms egr

strmiktbmioik oierlstrudturm egr eoilidolf smdtgr hmvmfgpamit lih

oitmkrltogi ls wmff ls tbm rgfm ge rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi oi

egstmroik l stl`fm eoilidolf systma.Dblptmr ; mxlaoims imw hmalihs egr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf

dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi ls wmff ls tbm immh egr meemdtovm oistotutogis

lih kgvmrilidm oi trlhm, eoilidm, tbm mivorgiamit, tbm mdgigay,

lih sgdomty oi tbm fokbt ge LDO‟s mxplihoik mdgigaoms lih krgwoik

oitmrhmpmihmidm lih tbm mamrkoik lrdbotmdturm ge imw rmkogilfosa.

Xbm dgidfuhoik dblptmr prgvohms dgaagi lih spmdoeod dblffmikms

ge LDO ls l wbgfm ls wmff ls tbm spmdoeod dblffmikms egr oihovohulf

mdgigaoms. Ot prgpgsms iltogilf lih rmkogilf pgfody progrotoms lih

geemrs spmdoeod pgfody rmdgaamihltogis egr lhhrmssoik tbm l`gvm

dblffmikms.



L``rmvoltogis

L@E ‘ Lsoli @gih Euih

L@AO ‘ Lsoli @gih Alrcmts Oiotoltovm

LDO ‘ LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol

LD] ‘ Lsoli durrmidy uiot

LH@ ‘ Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

LH@O ‘ Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm

LMD ‘ LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty

LME ‘ Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih

LETH ‘ Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum

LEXL ‘ LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm Lrml

LFXOH ‘ Lsoli Flih Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit

LAPG ‘ LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm

L^MD ‘ Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi

LTMLI ‘ Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis

LTMLI+4 ‘ LTMLI pfus tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Jlpli,lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml

LTMLI+5 ‘ LTMLI pfus Lustrlfol, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,

Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw Zmlflih

LTMLI+2 ‘ LTMLI pfus Lustrlfol, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,

Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Imw Zmlflih,

tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi, lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms

L^LMD ‘ LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi

LT^ ‘ LTMLI survmofflidm prgdmss

LTMA ‘ Lsol—Murgpm Ammtoik

@L] ‘ `usoimss ls usulf

@OA^—MLKL ‘ @ruimo Hlrusslfla—Oihgimsol—Alflysol—Xbm ^bofoppoims

Mlst LTMLI Krgwtb Lrml

@OATXMD ‘ @ly ge @miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf

lih Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi

DM^ML ‘ Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop egr Mlst Lsol



xxov

L``rmvoltogis

DKM ‘ dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua

DKOE ‘ Drmhot Kulrlitmm lih Oivmstamit Eldofoty

DAOA ‘ Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi

DG0 ‘ dlr`gi hogxohmMLEXL ‘ Mlst Lsol Ermm Xrlhm Lrml

MAML^ ‘ Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Mlst Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf

@lics

MP^H ‘ Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum

M] ‘ Murgpmli ]iogi

EHO ‘ egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit

ET@ ‘ Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty @glrh

EXL ‘ ermm trlhm lkrmmamit

EXLL^ ‘ Ermm Xrlhm Lrml ge tbm Lsol ^ldoeod

K0> ‘ Krgup ge Xwmity

KLXT ‘ Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms

KLXX ‘ Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xlroees lih Xrlhm

KH^ ‘ krgss hgamstod prghudt

KAT ‘ Krmltmr Amcgik Tu`rmkogi

BHO ‘ Buali Hmvmfgpamit Oihmx

OML ‘ Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy

OFG ‘ Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi

OAE ‘ Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih

OAX—KX ‘ Oihgimsol—Alflysol—Xbloflih Krgwtb XrolikfmO^P ‘ oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts

OX ‘ oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky

c[b ‘ cofgwltt-bgur

FLD ‘ Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli

Flg ^HP ‘ Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod

AMIL ‘ Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl

AEI ‘ agst elvgrmh iltogi

AID ‘ auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogi

Atgm ‘ aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit

IOM ‘ imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigay

IX@ ‘ igitlroee `lrromr

GMDH ‘ Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih

Hmvmfgpamit

^^^ ‘ purdblsoik pgwmr plroty

^PD ‘ ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil



L``rm

^PGKPMTL ‘ ^rgkrlal hm Mhudldoôi, Tlfuh y Lfoamitldoôi

P&H ‘ rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit

PDM^ ‘ Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop

P^I ‘ rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcTAMs ‘ salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms

T^O ‘ Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx

XE^ ‘ tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty

XO ‘ tmdbigfgky oihmx

XOT ‘ trlhm oi smrvodms

X^^ ‘ Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop

]I ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis

]IH^ ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam

]IMTDL^ ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi

egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod

]IEDDD ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm

Dblikm

]C ‘ ]iotmh Coikhga

]T ‘ ]iotmh Ttltms

]T^XG ‘ ]iotmh Ttltms ^ltmit lih Xrlhmalrc Geeodm

[BG ‘ [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi

[XG ‘ [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi



xxvo



Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

L

sol‟s kolit mamrkoik mdgigaoms‘tbm <> dguitroms ge

tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI),

tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘lrm

oi tbm aohst ge l bostgrod trlisegraltogi tblt woff

hrlaltodlffy oaprgvm tbm fovoik stlihlrhs ge tbmor

4 òffogi pmgpfm lih foet buihrmhs ge aoffogis erga pgvmrty. Xbos krmlt

trlisegraltogi woff eurtbmr oitmkrltm tbm rmkogi lih ots oapldt woff `m

emft ldrgss tbm wgrfh.

Xbmsm mdgigaoms, dgffmdtovmfy dlffmh LDO oi tbos stuhy, hg igt

dgistotutm li oistotutogilf krgup. @ut tbmy lrm flrkm lih hyilaod, lih

sblrm `grhmrs, gppgrtuiotoms, lih dblffmikms. Xbmor trlhm, oivmstamit,

prghudtogi, lih oierlstrudturm lrm lfrmlhy sokioeodlitfy oitmkrltmh. @y

0>4>, tbmy dgufh qulhrupfm tbmor gutput lih lddguit egr imlrfy 8>%

ge wgrfh krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi purdblsoik pgwmr plroty

(^^^) tmras. Xbm sozm ge tbmor dgaòimh mdgigay wgufh mxdmmh tbgsmge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms tlcmi tgkmtbmr. @y 0>4>,

tbm ^PD dgufh `mdgam l bokb-oidgam dguitry wotb l pmr dlpotl oidgam

ge l`gut $05,>>> (^^^ oi 0>>= tmras). LTMLI lih Oihol wgufh agvm

dfgsmr tg tblt stltus, wotb prgjmdtmh pmr dlpotl oidgams ge lrguih

$<0,>>> lih $<<,>>>, rmspmdtovmfy. Kovmi tbm dblffmikms eldoik aliy

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, tbm LDO krgup dgufh `mdgam tbm proidoplf

mikoim ge kfg`lf mdgigaod prgkrmss.

Xbmsm hmvmfgpamits wgufh leemdt lff drotodlf hoamisogis ge kfg`lf

mdgigaod ldtovoty. Mvmi oi alrcmt prodms, tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms

oi wgrfh oivmstamit wgufh krgw erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42% oi 0>4>, lih

ge wgrfh dgisuaptogi erga <<% tg 0;%. @y 0>4>, tbmy dgufh dgitroùtm

8>% ge wgrfh slvoiks lih agrm tbli blfe ge tbm krgwtb ge wgrfh KH^.

Ls dgisuamrs, prghudmrs, lih oivmstgrs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh bmfp

tg drmltm aljgr imw alrcmts egr kgghs lih smrvodms lih hrlaltodlffy

mxplih tbm pggf ge tlfmit lih dlpotlf miklkmh oi drmltoik cigwfmhkm.



xxvooo

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

Ls oiefumitolf ama`mrs ge oitmriltogilf oistotutogis, tbmy lrm focmfy

tg sblpm rmspgisms tg kfg`lf dblffmikms rlikoik erga mimrky lih tbm

mivorgiamit tg eoilidolf stlòfoty lih smduroty.

@ut igim ge tbos os lssurmh. Xg rmlfozm tbm euff pgtmitolf ge tbmkrmlt trlisegraltogi, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff blvm tg sustloi mdgigaod

krgwtb lkloist hoeeoduft aldrgmdgigaod bmlhwoihs lih oi tbm eldm ge

hluitoik rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf roscs. Agrmgvmr, mvmi krgwoik

elst woff igt `m migukb. Xbm qulfoty ge krgwtb lih tbm mxtmit tg wbodb

tbm `mimeots ge krgwtb mxtmih ldrgss vlst pgpufltogis, woff `m mqulffy

oapgrtlit tg suddmss. Xbos stuhy eoihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm

dgaagi dblffmikms oi:

prgvohoik mdgigaod gppgrtuioty egr lff tbrgukb oidfusovm krgwtb3

sustloioik prghudtovoty krgwtb lih oiigvltogi3

alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit3

strmiktbmioik eoilidolf smdtgrs lih aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit3

miblidoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi3 lih

strmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm, lddguitlòfoty, lih oistotutogilf meemdtovmimss.

Xbmsm kglfs woff blvm tg `m pursumh oi l kfg`lf mdgigaod

mivorgiamit tblt os roem wotb roscs ge pgtmitolf mdgigaod lih eoilidolf

hgwituris, pgfody dgiefodts oi trlhm lih eoilidm, rosoik ilturlf rmsgurdm

lih eggh prodms, lih mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm hmkrlhltogi. Xbm agst

imkltovm sdmilrog dgisostoik ge smvmrlf sudb sbgdcs tg altmrolfozm oi

dgaòiltogi dgufh hmprmss LDO krgwtb `y 0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw5.?% (^^^) `lsmfoim mstoaltms.

Ttoff, tbos stuhy os gptoaostod l`gut tbm pgtmitolf egr tbm krmlt

trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm rmkogi pgssmssms tbm

rmsgurdms, mxpmrtosm, lih pgfody gptogis tg ammt tbm dblffmikms ot os

focmfy tg eldm. @ut hgoik sg woff rmquorm dgbmsovm sgdomtoms lih wosm

pgfodoms. Ot woff hmpmih gi trustmh pgfotodlf fmlhmrsbop lih meemdtovm

erlamwgrcs egr dgffl`grltovm hmdosogi-alcoik wotboi lih lagik tbm

LDO mdgigaoms. Ot woff lfsg hmalih dfgsm dggpmrltogi `mtwmmi tbm LDO

mdgigaoms lih tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh.

Xbos lkmihl woff krmltfy dblffmikm kgvmrilidm oi tbm LDO

mdgigaoms. Xbm ldtogis rmquormh tg sustloi prgkrmss blvm fgik fmlh

toams, rmquorm su`stlitolf oivmstamits, lih dut ldrgss auftopfm lrmls

ge pgfody, rlikoik erga oistotutogilf lih eoilidolf oiigvltogis tg tbm

hmvmfgpamit ge oierlstrudturm, buali rmsgurdms, lih tbm dlpldoty

egr oiigvltogi. Agst euihlamitlffy, tbmy rmquorm dgieohmit, wmff-



Mxmdutovm Tu

oiegramh kgvmriamits tblt blvm `rglh pu`fod suppgrt oi kuohoik

hmvmfgpamit. Xbos stuhy lhhrmssms wlys oi wbodb kgvmriamits dli

mlri lih aloitloi sudb trust oi grhmr tg lhhrmss tbm agrm spmdoeod

dblffmikms tblt mamrkm oi tbm aliy hoamisogis ge pgfody.

^rgvohoik Mdgigaod Gppgrtuiotyegr Lff tbrgukb Oidfusovm Krgwtb

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm pgosmh tg alcm uiprmdmhmitmh prgkrmss

oi oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge tbmor dotozmis. @y 0>4>, sgam 5>>

aoffogi pmgpfm dgufh `m foetmh gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty (hmeoimh ls

spmihoik $<.0= gr fmss pmr hly oi 0>>= ]T hgfflrs), rmhudoik tbmor

sblrm ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi tg fmss tbli <%. Amliwbofm, tbm sblrms ge

tbm pgpufltogi oi tbm aohhfm dflss (tbgsm wotb mxpmihoturms `mtwmmi

$<> lih $<>> pmr hly) dgufh rosm tg 58% oi LTMLI, ;?% oi tbm ^PD,

lih 5?% oi Oihol. Agrm tbli 0 òffogi LDO dotozmis‘rgukbfy mqulf tg

tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm igw oi tblt krgup‘woff mitmr tbm kfg`lf aohhfm

dflss `y 0>4>.

Bgwmvmr, tbm klp `mtwmmi rodb lih pggr bls wohmimh oi rmdmit

ymlrs, hmspotm gvmrlff prgkrmss, lih aliy ge tbm rmkogi‟s pmgpfm

blvm foaotmh lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls utofotoms, trlispgrtltogi,eoilidolf smrvodms, bmlftb dlrm, lih mhudltogi. Igtwotbstlihoik tbm

rmkogi‟s pgwmreuf dmitmrs ge mdgigaod prgkrmss, aliy pmgpfm rmaloi

wmlcfy dgiimdtmh tg tbm mikoims ge krgwtb, hum tg kmgkrlpbod hostlidm

gr oilhmqultm scoffs, lih blvm fottfm gppgrtuioty tg eoih smdurm jg`s

wotb kggh wlkms. Mdgigaod oimqulfoty lih mxdfusogi rmaloi smrogus

prg`fmas.

Alrcmt-`lsmh mdgigaod krgwtb lfgim, ig alttmr bgw elst, os uifocmfy

tg sgfvm lff ge tbmsm prg`fmas. Ot woff igt rmhudm oidgam hosplrotoms

sueeodomitfy, mfoaoiltm sgdolf mxdfusogi, hmfovmr lhmqultm pu`fod smrvodms,

gr prgvohm mvmrygim wotb li gppgrtuioty tg eoih l wmff-ploh jg`. Toidm

sudb `rglh prgkrmss os tbm uftoaltm kglf ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit,

ig rmdgrh ge ldbomvmamit dli `m dgisohmrmh suddmsseuf uifmss ot lfsg

lhhrmssms tbgsm wohmr kglfs. Agrmgvmr, flrkm lih systmaltod hovmrkmidms

oi tbm hostroùtogi ge tbm `mimeots erga mdgigaod krgwtb oimvotl`fy

uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi lih pgfotodlf stlòfoty.



xxx

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ls wmff ls

ilrrgwoik oidgam lih sgdolf klps ldrgss tbm rmkogi lrm l bokb‘lih

oi aliy dguitroms tbm bokbmst‘pgfody progroty. Ldbomvoik tbmsm kglfs

woff fmvmrlkm tbm `mimeots ge mdgigaod krgwtb lih rmhudm tmisogistblt aokbt gtbmrwosm uihmraoim stlòfoty. Oapgrtlitfy, ot woff bmfp

kgvmriamits aloitloi tbm pu`fod suppgrt tblt woff `m rmquormh tg

pursum meemdtovm, hoeeoduft pgfodoms tg sustloi mdgigaod prgkrmss.

Xg ldbomvm tbos gvmrlrdboik progroty, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs li

‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ erlamwgrc tg kuohm hmvmfgpamit strltmky ldrgss

tbm LDO rmkogi. Xbos erlamwgrc wgufh emlturm tbrmm pgfody pofflrs:

(o) drmltoik prghudtovm jg`s tbrgukb bokb, sustloimh, `rglh-`lsmh

krgwtb3 (oo) mxplihoik lddmss tg gppgrtuioty `y oivmstoik oi mhudltogi,

scoff hmvmfgpamit, lih bmlftb dlrm, lih `y fmvmfoik tbm pflyoik eomfh,

mfoaoiltoik sgdolf mxdfusogi, lih lhhrmssoik kgvmrilidm wmlcimssms3

lih (ooo) ùofhoik sgdolf slemty imts tg prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih

tg aotokltm mdgigaod vufimrlòfoty. Ots meemdtovm oapfmamitltogi dgufh

hrlaltodlffy rlosm tbm qulfoty ge LDO krgwtb.

Tustloioik rghudtovoty Krgwtb

lih Oiigvltogi

Xbm hrovmrs ge rlpoh mdgigaod krgwtb oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

blvm tg dblikm hrlaltodlffy oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Gim rmlsgi os

tbm sfgwoik krgwtb ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih pgtmitolf strlois oi

oitmriltogilf trlhm rmfltogis. Ligtbmr os rosoik wlkms lssgdoltmh wotb

plst prghudtovoty klois. L tborh os tbm lkoik ge tbm rmkogi‟s gidm elst-

krgwoik pggf ge yguik wgrcmrs‘l hmagkrlpbod `gius tblt woff sggi

mih oi tbm ^PD, Toiklpgrm, Alflysol, lih gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms.

Xbmsm trmihs woff alcm ot blrhmr‘ùt igt oapgsso`fm‘egr tbm

LDO mdgigaoms tg sustloi bokb rltms ge prghudtovoty krgwtb. Xbm klp

`mtwmmi tbm rmkogi‟s prghudtovoty fmvmfs lih tbm kfg`lf tmdbigfgky

ergitomr os stoff flrkm, sg tbm pgtmitolf egr dltdb-up rmalois

su`stlitolf. @ut dgitoiumh prgkrmss woff rmquorm vokgrgus, imw

meegrts tg sustloi slvoiks, tg oaprgvm tbm dfoaltm egr oivmstamit,

lih tg lddmfmrltm oiigvltogi. Agrm kmimrlffy, tbm rmkogi immhs tg

egdus gi pgfodoms tblt litodopltm, lih bmfp tg msdlpm tbm ‖aohhfm-



Mxmdutovm Tu

oidgam trlp‑ tblt bls troppmh up dguitroms lt soaoflr fmvmfs ge

hmvmfgpamit oi tbm plst.

^rghudtovoty krgwtb uihmr mxpgrt-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit usmh tg

hmpmih gi oapgrtmh gr lhlptmh egrmoki tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm euturm, wotbkrgwtb oidrmlsoikfy `lsmh gi rmkogilf hmalih, prghudtovoty klois woff

immh tg hmpmih agrm gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi oistotutogis, dlplòfotoms,

lih rmsgurdms.

Mdgigaoms wotb rmfltovmfy fgw wlkms woff mimeot erga dgst prmssurms

oi tbm rmkogi‟s agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, mspmdolffy oi smdtgrs sudb

ls lkrodufturm lih stlihlrhozmh aliueldturoik. Xbmsm egrdms woff

kmimrltm oidmitovms egr oihustry tg aokrltm, sly, erga tbm ^PD lih tbm

agrm hmvmfgpmh LTMLI mdgigaoms tg Oihol lih fgw-oidgam LTMLI

dguitroms sudb ls Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod

(Flg ^HP), Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila. @y sgam mstoaltms, ls aliy ls

2= aoffogi jg`s dgufh sboet fgdltogi. Xbm dguitroms ùofhoik tbmsm

oihustroms, oi turi, woff immh tg oivmst oi tbm pbysodlf, oistotutogilf, lih

buali oierlstrudturm rmquormh tg eldofotltm krgwtb. ^gwmreuf rmkogilf

prghudtogi imtwgrcs‘l spmdolf Lsoli lssmt‘dli hrovm tbos prgdmss

`y alilkoik strltmkod trlisemrs ge dlpotlf, alilkmamit scoffs, lih

tmdbigfgky, prgvohmh tblt tbm pbysodlf lih oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm

lrm oi pfldm egr smlafmss prghudtogi foics.

Amliwbofm, tbm rmkogi‟s agrm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff eldm tbm

agrm dblffmikoik tlsc ge iurturoik imw krgwtb mikoims tg rmpfldm tbgsmtblt lrm fgsoik kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss. Bgwmvmr, gppgrtuiotoms oi flrkm

imw smrvodm oihustroms, oi agrm sgpbostodltmh aliueldturoik ldtovotoms,

lih oi l rmoivokgrltmh lih tmdbigfgkodlffy lhvlidmh lkrodufturm smdtgr

lrm pgosmh tg `mdgam oapgrtlit imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Xbm ^PD,

Alflysol, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih gtbmr agrm hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms

woff eldm pgwmreuf oidmitovms tg hmvmfgp iodbms oi tbmsm imw oihustroms.

Aljgr hmalih-sohm gppgrtuiotoms woff `m prgvohmh `y tbm rmkogi‟s

gwi dgisuamrs lih `y dgisuamrs mitmroik tbm aohhfm dflss lrguih

tbm wgrfh. Mamrkoik mdgigaoms woff lddguit egr lpprgxoaltmfy tbrmm-

qulrtmrs ge tbm wgrfh‟s aohhfm-dflss pgpufltogi `y 0>4>. Xbmsm imw

sgurdms ge hmalih woff elvgr prghudts lih smrvodms suotmh tg LDO

dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkms. Xbm wgrfh‟s imw mamrkoik aohhfm dflssms

woff hmalih agrm vlromty, `mttmr prghudt rmfolòfoty lih slemty, lih

fgwmr prodms. Xbmy woff lfsg mxpmdt agrm lih `mttmr smrvodms, rlikoik

erga trlhm, trlispgrtltogi, lih eoilidm, tg bmlftb dlrm, mhudltogi, lih



xxxoo

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

mitmrtloiamit. Oi lhhotogi, tbmor mdgigaod oapldt woff `m rmoiegrdmh `y

ur`liozltogi, prgvohoik tbm sdlfm mdgigaoms, dgapmtotovm alrcmts, lih

hmism oitmrldtogis tblt bmfp tg stoaufltm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi.

Xbm suppfy sohm ge tbm trlisotogi, oi turi, woff rmquorm meemdtovmoivmstamits oi tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik, oi buali dlpotlf, oi tbm

oistotutogis ge eoilidm, dgapmtotogi lih usoimss rmkufltogi, lih oi tbm

pbysodlf oierlstrudturm tblt uihmrkorhs prghudtogi. Lff ge tbmsm tlcm

l fgik toam tg hmvmfgp. Xbm trlisotogi erga soapfm prghudtogi tg tbm

lhlptltogi ge aghmri tmdbigfgkoms‘lih uftoaltmfy tg oiigvltogi‘

rmquorm wohm-rlikoik, fgik-tmra oivmstamits oi buali dlpotlf lih oi

mdgsystmas tblt lffgw mitrmprmimursbop tg efgurosb. Xbmsm prgdmssms

hmalih urkmit lttmitogi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms soidm tbmy lrm

blppmioik‘lih immh tg dgitoium tg blppmi‘lt li uiprmdmhmitmh

pldm.

Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt bokb LDO prghudtovoty krgwtb os

sustloil`fm. Xbm rmkogi bls kggh gppgrtuiotoms egr tmdbigfgkodlf

dltdb-up, bokb rltms ge slvoik lih oivmstamit, strgik mitrmprmimurolf

rmsgurdms, lih rlpohfy krgwoik hmalih. Xbmsm prgvohm sgfoh

eguihltogis egr euturm prghudtovoty klois. @ut swotdboik hormdtogis ge

krgwtb lfsg dlffs egr `gfh oivmstamits lih oistotutogilf dblikms.

Xg alxoaozm sustloimh prghudtovoty klois, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs

aljgr oivmstamits oi imxt-kmimrltogi oierlstrudturm, sudb ls egr

trlispgrtltogi lih tmfmdgaauiodltogis lih tbm dgismrvltogi lihprghudtogi ge mimrky, wltmr, lih proalry altmrolfs. Ot lfsg rmdgaamihs

pgfodoms tblt woff oaprgvm tbm dfoaltm egr hgoik `usoimss `y miblidoik

dgapmtotogi, rmwlrhoik mitrmprmimursbop lih rosc-tlcoik, lih

prgvohoik kggh lddmss tg eoilidm lih l elor lih prmhodtl`fm fmklf

systma. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh oivmst oi buali dlpotlf tg oaprgvm

tbm `rmlhtb lih hmptb ge mhudltogi, miblidm tbm ag`ofoty ge fl`gr, lih

bmfp tg sprmlh cigwfmhkm lih `mst prldtodms. Xbos stuhy lfsg strgikfy

suppgrts LH@‟s prgpgslf tg mstl`fosb l imw Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Euih

tg lddmfmrltm tbm dggpmrltovm hmvmfgpamit lih euihoik ge rmkogilf

oierlstrudturm oiotoltovms. Ot lrkums tblt tbm vlfum ge tbmsm oivmstamits,

oi turi, dgufh `m auftopfomh `y wmfhoik tgkmtbmr tbm kolit alrcmts

ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms tbrgukb rmkogi-wohm ermm trlhm lih oivmstamit

lkrmmamits.



Mxmdutovm Tu

Alilkoik Pmsgurdms lih

tbm MivorgiamitLddmss tg leegrhl`fm lih pfmitoeuf mimrky, wltmr, lih lrl`fm

flih, lih tbm dblffmikms lssgdoltmh wotb wgrsmioik lor lih wltmr

pgffutogi pgsm smvmrm tbrmlts tg mdgigaod krgwtb lih tbm qulfoty ge

foem. ^mrblps uihmrstlihl`fy, kovmi tbmor rlpoh krgwtb oi tbm plst,

aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm igt ymt amt tbm dblffmikms rlosmh `y tbmsm

imkltovm mxtmrilfotoms ge krgwtb. Aliy mdgigaoms lrm `mkoiioik tg

tlcm ldtogi igw. Agst stoff rlic pggrfy oi tmras ge mimrky meeodomidy,

lih tbm rmkogi os rlpohfy `mdgaoik tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst dgitro`utgr ge

krmmibgusm kls maossogis.

Mvmi wotb vokgrgus dgismrvltogi amlsurms, tbm hmalih egr mimrky

lih wltmr oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms os mxpmdtmh tg rosm hrlaltodlffy.

^roalry mimrky hmalih woff rgukbfy hgu`fm `y 0>4>. @y 0>4>,

hmalih egr mfmdtrodoty woff oidrmlsm lfagst tbrmmegfh oi Oihol, twgegfh

oi tbm ^PD, lih twg lih blfe-egfh oi LTMLI dgaplrmh tg 0><>. Oi

tbm l`smidm ge aljgr imw oiigvltogis, tbm rmkogi‟s hmpmihmidm gi

oapgrtmh gof lih kls woff smt imw rmdgrhs `y 0>4>. Xbm meemdts gi

tbm mivorgiamit dgufh `m smvmrm. Hum tg `urkmgioik hmalih lih l

dlr`gi-oitmisovm eumf aox, `y 0>4> tbm rmkogi‟s DG0 maossogis dgufhagrm tbli hgu`fm, rmldboik fmvmfs rgukbfy twodm ls bokb ls tbgsm ge

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.

Xbm rmkogi os lfrmlhy mxpmromidoik wltmr-strmssmh dgihotogis. Ls

aliy ls 02? aoffogi pmgpfm hg igt blvm lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr, lih

euturm dgisuaptogi os prgjmdtmh tg elr gutstrop ermsb wltmr suppfy.

Xbm ^PD‟s lih Oihol‟s ermsb wltmr hmeodot (ls % ge hmalih) os prgjmdtmh

tg rmldb 0=% lih =>%, rmspmdtovmfy, oi 0>4>.

Xbm aguitoik hmalihs ge oihustrolf ldtovoty, oidrmlsoikfy

prgspmrgus pgpufltogis, lih krgwoik mvohmidm ge tbm smvmroty ge

dfoaltm dblikm woff oitmisoey tbm urkmidy egr ldtogi gi tbmsm ossums.

Mimrky lih wltmr smduroty lfsg blvm prgeguih oapfodltogis egr eggh

smduroty. Kovmi tbm fgik fmlh toams oivgfvmh oi dblikoik trmihs, lih

tbm bmlvy sgdolf lih mdgigaod dgsts ge oildtogi, tbm trlisotogi tg

krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms‘mapblsozoik rmimwl`fm, dfmli mimrky

lih agrm meeodomit usm ge ilturlf rmsgurdms‘os li oaamholtm progroty.



xxxov

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

Xbmrm os krgwoik rmdgkiotogi ge tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbmsm ossums oi tbm

rmkogi, lih smvmrlf dguitroms blvm `mkui tg pfli lih oapfmamit stmps

tg lhhrmss tbma. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm eoihoiks ge tbos stuhy sukkmst

urkmit lih agrm egrdmeuf pgfody rmspgisms.Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt oaamholtm amlsurms lrm immhmh tg

oaprgvm tbm meeodomidy ge mimrky usm, tg miblidm mimrky, wltmr, lih

eggh smduroty, lih tg stoaufltm tbm trlisotogi tg l fgw-dlr`gi mdgigay.

Xbm pgfodoms tg meemdt tbmsm dblikms lrm wmff alppmh gut oi stuhoms

`y grkliozltogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy, lih tbm

dgsts ge oapfmamitoik tbma lppmlr leegrhl`fm. Oihmmh, oi sgam dlsms,

krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms dgufh dgitroùtm pgsotovmfy tg mdgigaod

krgwtb.

Xg alilkm rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms, tbos stuhy

rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms urkmitfy hmvmfgp spmdoeod, fgik-

rlikm strltmkoms lpprgproltm tg tbmor mdgigaod dorduastlidms `y

ùofhoik gi lvlofl`fm pgfody gptogis. Oi tbm dlsm ge mimrky pgfody, tbm

gptogis oidfuhm tbm mfoaoiltogi ge mimrky su`sohoms, tbm lhgptogi ge

dlr`gi tlxms, lih tbm prgvosogi ge tlx oidmitovms, krlits, lih fglis

egr dgismrvoik mimrky lih alcoik oivmstamits oi lftmriltovm mimrky

suppfoms. Toaoflr, prlkaltod, aufto-prgikmh, lih leegrhl`fm strltmkoms

dli `m hmvmfgpmh tg misurm euturm wltmr lih eggh smduroty.

Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms oitmisoey

jgoit meegrts tg lhhrmss rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms.Oidrmlsmh prghudtogi lih trlhm ge mimrky wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi, lfgik

wotb dgidmrtmh meegrts tg oaprgvm mimrky meeodomidy, dgufh rmhudm tbm

hmpmihmidm gi dglf lih gof oapgrtmh erga lelr. Xbos stuhy prgpgsms

tbm mstl`fosbamit ge l imw Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih tg lhhrmss tbmsm

dblffmikms `y prgagtoik lih euihoik dgffl`grltovm, rmkogilf sgfutogis

tg aotokltoik dfoaltm dblikm lih alilkoik wltmr dgistrloits. Eoilffy,

ot rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms lssuam krmltmr fmlhmrsbop oi

kfg`lf meegrts tg lhhrmss dfoaltm dblikm lih tg hostroùtm tbm ùrhmis

agrm mquotl`fy. Xbmrm os audb urkmit wgrc tg `m hgim lfsg gi sblroik

tmdbigfgky, `mst prldtodms, lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw.



Mxmdutovm Tu

Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf Tmdtgrs

lih Aldrgmdgigaod AlilkmamitXbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh `m sueeodomit

tg euih tbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit immhs oi tbm imxt kmimrltogi. @lic

hmpgsots lrm prgjmdtmh tg tropfm, rmldboik 88% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf `y

0>4>. Xbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf provltm `lic drmhot lih stgdc

alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi woff lfsg rgukbfy tropfm, lddguitoik egr 44% ge

tbm wgrfh sblrm oi 0>4>. ^rovltm `gih alrcmts, drudolf egr fgik-tmra

oivmstamit, woff oidrmlsm erga l fgw 8% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf oi 0><> tg

<8% oi 0>4>. Xbm aljgr durrmidoms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms, mspmdolffy

tbm yuli, woff focmfy `m wohmfy bmfh lih trlhmh.

@ut tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi woff lfsg rmquorm l agrm sgpbostodltmh

lih oidfusovm eoilidolf smdtgr tg suppgrt rmlf smdtgr krgwtb lih

oierlstrudturm immhs. Hmmpmr, agrm lhvlidmh eoilidolf lih dlpotlf

alrcmts lrm immhmh oe tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm tg agòfozm tbm rmkogi‟s

oaamism pggf ge slvoiks oi prghudtovm oivmstamits tblt yomfh bokbmr

fovoik stlihlrhs. Lftbgukb tbmrm os audb vlroltogi lagik dguitroms,

eoilidolf systmas woff immh tg `mdgam agrm lddmsso`fm tg salff lih

amhoua-sozmh eoras, tg geemr agrm efmxo`fm eoilidoik lftmriltovms tg

suppgrt tbm krgwtb ge mitrmprmimurolf ùsoimssms, lih tg prgvohm `mttmr smrvodms lih lddmss tg dgisuamrs lt lff oidgam fmvmfs.

Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt tbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os

focmfy tg fmlh tg rlpoh krgwtb oi eoilidolf systmas lih l aljgr sboet erga

`lic fmihoik tg agrm hovmrsoeomh eoilidoik amdbliosas, rlikoik erga

provltm, fgdlf-durrmidy `gih alrcmts tg vlromh egras ge mquoty lih gtbmr

oiigvltovm oistruamits. Bgwmvmr, tbm mxplisogi ge eoilidolf systmas lih

tbmor oidrmlsmh dgapfmxoty dli lfsg fmlh tg oapgrtlit systmaod roscs.

Xbos stuhy rmdgaamihs tblt oiigvltogi oi eoilidolf alrcmts `m

ldtovmfy suppgrtmh `y rmkufltgry rmegras lih `y tbm hmvmfgpamit

ge tbm rmfltmh fmklf lih oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm. Pmegras woff

lfsg `m immhmh tg misurm tblt eoilidolf smrvodms lrm leegrhl`fm lih

lvlofl`fm tg salff ùsoimssms lih fgw-oidgam dgisuamrs. Ot lfsg igtms

tblt oitmisovm meegrts woff `m rmquormh tg drmltm rmfol`fm supmrvosgry

amdbliosas tg prgtmdt oihovohulf dguitroms lih tbm rmkogi erga

iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf eoilidolf sbgdcs.



xxxvo

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs tbm immh egr lttmitogi tg dgitoiuoik

roscs oi tbm kfg`lf aldrgmdgigaod mivorgiamit. Xbm rmkogi‟s

aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms blvm `mmi pruhmit rmfltovm tg tbgsm pgfodoms

mfsmwbmrm, lih aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm ldduaufltmh su`stlitolfoitmriltogilf rmsmrvms. @ut tbm sfgw kfg`lf rmdgvmry soidm tbm 0>>2—

0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos os tlcoik ots tgff. Tokioeodlit eosdlf hmeodots

blvm mamrkmh oi sgam dguitroms lih tbm stoaufltogi ge drmhot bls

fmh tg roscy oidrmlsms oi hm`t oi gtbmrs. Tudb trmihs blvm rmsuftmh oi

sblrp imkltovm rmldtogis oi dlpotlf alrcmts oi tbm plst, lih tbm rosc

ge sbgdcs rmalois bokb. ^ruhmit iltogilf pgfodoms lih hmmpmr rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi oi mxostoik oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm

Auftofltmrlfozltogi (DAOA) tblt aokbt hmvmfgp oitg li Lsoli Agimtlry

Euih, lih oi imw oistotutogis sudb ls tbm prgpgsmh Lsoli Eoilidolf

Ttlòfoty Holfgkum dgufh bmfp tg misurm tbm stlòfoty ge LDO dlpotlf

alrcmts lih tbm meeodomit lffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms ldrgss tbm rmkogi.

Miblidoik Iltogilf, Pmkogilf, lih

Kfg`lf Oistotutogis lih Kgvmrilidm

Tustloioik lih ùofhoik l smlafmss rmkogilf mdgigay woff rmquorm

oitmrkgvmriamitlf dggpmrltogi gi trlhm, eoilidolf, oierlstrudturm,mivorgiamitlf, lih smduroty ossums. Gpmi, dgapmtotovm, lih hmmpfy

dgiimdtmh alrcmts lrm mssmitolf eguihltogis egr tbm rmkogi‟s

krgwtb. Oi turi, dgaplto`fm rufms lih prgdmhurms woff `m imdmsslry

tg rmkufltm dgapmtotogi, rmsgfvm hosputms, lih lvgoh dgiergitltogi.

Lftbgukb LDO‟s alrcmts lrm oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmh, egralf rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi os stoff lt li mlrfy stlkm. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm tmihmh

tg `m `ystlihmrs rltbmr tbli fmlhmrs oi tbm oistotutogis tblt alilkm

kfg`lf trlhm, eoilidm, mivorgiamitlf, lih bmlftb ossums.

Dgffmdtovm ldtogi `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m mssmitolf `mdlusm

aliy lspmdts ge tbmor hyilaosa hmpmih gi rmkogilf dgiimdtogis.

]ihmr tbm `lsmfoim sdmilrog, tbm sblrm ge kfg`lf trlhm `y tbm LDO

mdgigaoms woff hgu`fm tg =4% `y 0>4>, wotb tbm rmkogi‟s oitrl-rmkogilf

trlhm oidrmlsoik `y l eldtgr ge sox. Agrmgvmr, tbmsm efgws oi kgghs lih

smrvodms woff `m altdbmh lih pmrblps hwlremh `y eoilidolf efgws. @y

0>4>, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt $<8 troffogi oi LDO



Mxmdutovm Tu

slvoiks woff immh tg `m oitmramholtmh `mtwmmi tbm rmkogi‟s slvmrs

lih oivmstgrs. Xbmsm efgws woff lddguit egr lfagst gim-tborh ge wgrfh

slvoiks lih oivmstamit. Tgam ge tbmsm trlisldtogis woff dgitoium tg `m

oitmramholtmh `y eoilidolf dmitmrs oi tbm hmvmfgpmh wgrfh, ùt aliylrm `guih tg sboet tg rmkogilf dmitmrs lih Lsoli durrmidoms. Xbm focmfy

gutdgam os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf dmitmrs woff `m hrlaltodlffy

trlisegramh oi sdlfm lih sgpbostodltogi. Ttrgikmr rmkufltgry

amdbliosas woff `m immhmh tg misurm tbmor meeodomidy lih slemty.

Xbm pldm ge dggpmrltogi gi trlhm lih oivmstamit bls oitmisoeomh

wotb LTMLI‟s meegrts tg hmvmfgp l soikfm alrcmt lih wotb tbm rmfltmh

rmkogilf prgdmssms. Imkgtoltogis lrm uihmrwly egr l `rglh mdgigaod

^lrtimrsbop‘tbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop

(PDM^)‘tblt wgufh oidfuhm lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih suppgrt

tbm hmvmfgpamit ge suppfy dblois. Xbm DAOA oiotoltovm bls lfsg

mxplihmh oi sdgpm lih mstl`fosbmh tbm eguihltogis ge li oistotutogilf

oierlstrudturm. Tu`rmkogilf prgjmdts tg ùofh rmkogilf trlispgrt lih

mimrky imtwgrcs lrm uihmrwly wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi, fotmrlffy plvoik

tbm wly egr mdgigaod oitmkrltogi ldrgss aliy oapgrtlit `grhmrs. Ot

os igt tgg mlrfy tg pfli egr li LDO rmkogi‘lih pmrblps mvmi wohmr

mdgigaod zgims‘tblt os lftgkmtbmr ermm ge `lrromrs tg mdgigaod

mxdblikm.

Amliwbofm, tbm LDO mdgigaoms rmaloi hmmpfy dgiimdtmh tg tbm

kfg`lf mdgigay. Xbmy hmpmih gi rmfltogis wotb mdgigaoms lrguihtbm wgrfh egr oapgrtmh mimrky lih proalry altmrolfs, egr lddmss tg

aljgr dgisuamr alrcmts, egr lhvlidoik tmdbigfgky, egr gppgrtuiotoms

tg oivmst oi lih lttrldt dlpotlf erga ùsoimssms l`rglh, lih, agst

oapgrtlitfy, egr pursuoik tbm drotodlf buali oitmrldtogis tblt lhvlidm

cigwfmhkm lih oitmriltogilf uihmrstlihoik. Lff tbos amlis tblt tbm

rmkogi aust tlcm li ldtovm rgfm oi alilkoik lih prgvohoik kfg`lf

pu`fod kgghs.

Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt ot os oi tbm rmkogi‟s oitmrmst tg prgagtm

ermm trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms wotboi ots `guihlroms lih wgrfhwohm,

tg midgurlkm tbm oitmriltogilf agòfoty ge dlpotlf lih pmrsgis su`jmdt

tg lpprgproltm amdbliosas tblt misurm tbm stlòfoty ge oihovohulf

mdgigaoms lih kfg`lf krgwtb, lih tg drmltm amdbliosas tg aotokltm

dfoaltm dblikm lih tg hostroùtm ots urhmis mquotl`fy ldrgss tbm wgrfh.

Xg ldbomvm tbmsm g`jmdtovms, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs tblt tbm

rmkogi lssuam li ldtovm rgfm oi kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih alcm aljgr



xxxvooo

Mxmdutovm Tuaalry

dgitroùtogis tgwlrh tbm prgvosogi ge kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs. Ot spmdoeodlffy

rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms lssuam l krmltmr vgodm, wohmr

rmspgisoòfotoms, lih oidrmlsoik fmlhmrsbop oi oitmriltogilf oistotutogis

sudb ls tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih,tbm [grfh @lic, tbm Krgup ge Xwmity (K0>), tbm ]iotmh Iltogis, lih

tbm [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi, lih oitmriltogilf meegrts tg prgagtm

mivorgiamitlf sustloil ofoty lih tbm aotokltogi ge dfoaltm dblikm.

Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs dggpmrltogi lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf,

egdusmh gi tbm LTMLI tmapfltm. Xbos woff rmquorm l strgik lih

mapgwmrmh LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt lih tbm meemdtovm oapfmamitltogi

ge tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD). Xbm LTMLI oitmkrltogi

prgdmss bls lfrmlhy smrvmh ls l `lsos egr hmmpmr toms wotb holfgkum

plrtimrs oi LDO lih `mygih. Ot bls prgvohmh tbm eguihltogis egr tbm

DAOA (wotb tbm lhhotogi ge tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml,

cigwi ls LTMLI+4) lih dgufh smrvm ls tbm `lsos egr tbm Pmkogilf

Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop tblt woff midgaplss tbm

LTMLI+5 dguitroms (wbodb lhhs Lustrlfol, Oihol, lih Imw Zmlflih).

Xbmsm oiotoltovms woff ohmlffy fmlh tg l aufto-euidtogilf ua`rmffl tblt

hmmpfy dgiimdts tbm rmkogi lih egrkms wohmr plrtimrsbops wotb Igrtb

lih Tgutb Lamrodl lih Murgpm. Xbm ‖LTMLI wly‑ ge dgismisulf

oitmkrltogi os li mssmitolf tggf oi ùofhoik tbm aufto-euidtogilf,

rmkogi-wohm erlamwgrc tblt LDO krgwtb woff rmquorm oi tbm euturm.

Ammtoik tbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi

Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os uihmrwly.

@ut uidmrtloitoms rmaloi dgidmrioik tbm spmmh, qulfoty, lih tbm

oidfusovmimss ge tbm krgwtb prgdmss. Xbos stuhy bls ohmitoeomh

drotodlf ossums oi pursuoik oidfusovm krgwtb, `ggstoik prghudtovoty,

alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit, upkrlhoik eoilidolf

systmas, lih strmiktbmioik oistotutogis lih kgvmrilidm. Ot bls alhm

rmdgaamihltogis egr pgfodoms oi tbmsm lrmls tg oaprgvm tbm prgspmdts

egr ldbomvoik rlpoh lih bokb-qulfoty krgwtb.

Xbm lkmihl gutfoimh oi tbos stuhy os dgapfmx lih woff `m hoeeoduft

tg oapfmamit. Eurtbmragrm, wbofm pgfody dblffmikms lrm flrkm lih

krgwoik, tbm spldm egr pgfody hmdosogis lppmlrs tg `m ilrrgwoik. Flrkm,

kfg`lf alrcmts oidrmlsoikfy hrovm rmkogilf trmihs, wmff-oiegramh lih



Mxmdutovm Tu

dgiimdtmh oitmrmst krgups mxmrt krmltmr oiefumidm, lih tbm hoeeusogi

ge kfg`lf mdgigaod pgwmrs alcm oitmriltogilf dggpmrltogi agrm

hoeeoduft. Xbmsm foaotltogis lrm flrkmfy tbm rmsuft ge pgsotovm trmihs‘

mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, agrm gpmi oistotutogis, lih agrm suddmsseufmdgigaoms‘ùt imvmrtbmfmss pgsm dblffmikms tg dgffmdtovm ldtogi.

Xbos stuhy mapblsozms tbrmm gvmrlrdboik rmspgisms tg tbm dgi-

strloits igw eldmh `y pgfodyalcmrs. Ot lrkums tblt l egrwlrh-fggcoik

lilfysos os immhmh tg ohmitoey lih lhhrmss tbrmlts wotb fgik fmlh toams.

Ot mapblsozms tbm oapgrtlidm ge oidfusovm krgwtb, igt gify egr ots gwi

slcm, ùt lfsg egr ùofhoik dgieohmidm oi pgfody. Ot sukkmsts li mxpfodot

egdus gi rmsofomidm‘tbm dlpldoty oi `gtb provltm lih pu`fod smdtgrs

tg dgpm wotb uimxpmdtmh sbgdcs. Pmsofomidm oi tbm provltm smdtgr dli

`m miblidmh `y alrcmt amdbliosas tblt oidrmlsm efmxoòfoty, lih oi

tbm pu`fod smdtgr `y eosdlf bmlhrgga egr mamrkmidoms lih `y drmho`fm,

dgapmtmit lkmidoms tblt dli ldt quodcfy lih `gfhfy.

LDO pgfodoms blvm mmi lagik tbm wgrfh‟s agst suddmsseuf soidm tbm

mlrfy <??>s. @ut dgaplrltovm oihodltgrs sbgw tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms

stoff blvm elr tg kg oi oaprgvoik kgvmrilidm oi hoamisogis sudb ls

vgodm lih lddguitlòfoty, pmrsgilf smduroty, rmkufltgry qulfoty lih rufm

ge flw, lih kgvmriamit meemdtovmimss. Xbm hmdlhms lbmlh woff tmst lff

ge tbmsm hoamisogis ge kgvmrilidm. Xbmy woff `roik dblffmikms ls krmlt

lih dgapfmx ls lrm tbm gppgrtuiotoms tg alcm prgkrmss. Ammtoik tbmsm

dblffmikms woff rmquorm `mttmr lih salrtmr kgvmrilidm‘pgfodoms tbltlrm egrwlrh fggcoik, wmff oiegramh, smisotovm tg vlromh stlcmbgfhmrs,

lih agrm hmdmitrlfozmh tbli oi tbm plst.

Xbm kggh imws os tblt tbm LDO rmkogi bls tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms,

buali tlfmit, mitrmprmimurolf sporot, lih rmdgrh ge fmlhmrsbop tg

lddgapfosb tbos lkmihl. Imvmr `megrm blvm mamrkoik mdgigaoms blh

rmsgurdms ge sudb qulfoty gi sudb li mxtrlgrhoilry sdlfm. Xbm rmkogi

lfsg `mimeots erga mxdmptogilf mdgigaod agamitua. Mvmi oe tbm LDO

mdgigaoms elof tg rmldb sgam progrotoms mxlaoimh oi tbos stuhy, tbmy

woff lfagst dmrtloify `m strgikmr lih agrm prgspmrgus oi 0>4> tbli

tbmy lrm tghly. Oi turi, l pmldmeuf, prgspmrgus, lih blragiogus Lsol

woff dgitroùtm tg pmldm lih prgspmroty lrguih tbm kfg`m.



xf



< Xbm Krmlt

Xrlisegraltogi

<.< Bokb Ttlcms

@y 0>4>, tbm <> ama`mrs ge tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli

Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘

bgam tg blfe tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi‘woff `m pgosmh tg qulhrupfm

tbmor gutput lih mamrkm hmdosovmfy erga l bostgry ge pgvmrty. Xbmsm

dguitroms lrm igt lfgim oi lttmaptoik sudb li laòtogus fmlp, ùt

`mdlusm ge tbmor sdlfm, pldm ge dblikm, lih oidrmlsoik oitmrhmpmihmidm,tbmy amrot lttmitogi ls l krgup. Oe tbmsm mdgigaoms‘dlffmh LDO oi

tbos stuhy‘sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, tbmy woff hrlaltodlffy trlisegra

tbm fovms ge tbmor agrm tbli 4 òffogi pmgpfm lih oihmmh tbm kfg`lf

mdgigay. Xbos `ggc fggcs lbmlh tg tbm pgfodoms rmquormh tg alilkm

tbos trlisegraltogi, igtwotbstlihoik sbgrtmr-tmra aldrgmdgigaod

dblffmikms, `mdlusm ge ots oaamism oapfodltogis egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms

lih tbm wgrfh.

Xbm tmra ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ os dbgsmi juhodogusfy tg hmsdro`m

tbmsm hmvmfgpamits. Ot wls eorst lppfomh `y tbm litbrgpgfgkost Clrf

^gfliyo tg tbm mxtrlgrhoilry sgdolf lih mdgigaod dblikms `rgukbt

l`gut `y tbm rosm ge tbm alrcmt mdgigay oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms

(^gfliyo <?88). Xbm trlisegraltogi uihmrwly oi Lsol‘hmeoimh `y tbm

sprmlh ge bokbfy prghudtovm, alrcmt-`lsmh mdgigaod systmas ldrgss

tbm wgrfh‟s agst pgpufgus rmkogi‘os lrkul`fy ls oapgrtlit. ^gfliyo‟s

oisokbt, tblt alssovm mdgigaod dblikm bls hmmp oapfodltogis egr



0

LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi

kgvmrilidm, os lfsg li oapgrtlit tbmam ge tbos `ggc. Mlrfomr mdgigaod

trlisegraltogis sboetmh tbm fgdus ge prghudtovm ldtovoty lih ots

kgvmrilidm erga tro`ms lih emuhlf mstltms tg dotoms lih iltogi stltms.

Xghly‟s mdgigaod rmvgfutogi, oi turi, os sboetoik rmspgisoòfotoms tgalrcmt-`lsmh oistotutogis, rmkufltmh `y kgvmriamits gi tbm iltogilf,

rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs. Gidm lkloi, tbm dblffmikm eldoik kgvmrilidm

os wblt gfliyo dlffmh tbm ‖hgu`fm agvmamit‑ ge pgfody‘tbm prgagtogi

ge alrcmt-`lsmh krgwtb gi tbm gim blih, lih tbm alilkmamit ge ots

imkltovm sohm meemdts gi tbm gtbmr.

Xbmrm lrm rmlsgis tg `m gptoaostod l`gut tbm prgspmdts oi LDO.

Mdgigaod tbmgry, gfh lih imw, lttroùtms krgwtb tg pbysodlf lih

buali dlpotlf ldduaufltogi, mdgigaoms ge sdlfm, oiigvltogi, lih

oistotutogis tblt suppgrt alrcmt-hrovmi dgapmtotogi. Agst LDO

mdgigaoms pgssmss tbmsm lttroùtms lih blvm lapfm pgtmitolf egr

‖dltdboik up‑ wotb kfg`lf prghudtovoty ergitomrs. @lsmh gi durrmit

prgjmdtogis prmsmitmh oi Dblptmr 0, tbmy woff dgitroùtm 8>% ge tbm

wgrfh‟s slvoiks oi 0>4> lih lddguit egr =<% ge tbm krgwtb ge tbm

wgrfh mdgigay `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. LDO oivmstamits woff lfsg

hrlaltodlffy mxplih tbm pggf ge tlfmit lih dlpotlf miklkmh oi drmltoik

cigwfmhkm. Oiegraltogi tmdbigfgkoms dli auftopfy tbmsm klois `y

eldofotltoik dgiimdtogis lagik dmitmrs ge oiigvltogi lih prghudtogi.

Xmdbigfgkoms just gvmr tbm bgrozgi, spliioik pbysodlf lih ògfgkodlf

eomfhs, dgufh eurtbmr miflrkm tbm mdgigaod tggfcot ge tbm LDO iltogislih aotokltm dgistrloits gi krgwtb.

_mt tbm roscs lrm lfsg krmlt. Xbm oaamholtm mdgigaod gutfggc os

dfguhmh `y aljgr aldrgmdgigaod dblffmikms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

lrm agrm rmsofomit tbli oi tbm plst, ùt tbm wgrfh mivorgiamit os

stoff hgaoiltmh `y dgihotogis oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Gtbmr roscs

lrm lssgdoltmh wotb rlpoh hmvmfgpamit otsmfe: flrkm lih wohm-rlikoik

oistotutogilf oiigvltogis woff m rmquormh tg suppgrt tbm trlisegraltogi

ge LDO eoilidm, prghudtogi, lih hmalih. Aliy prgaosoik mdgigaoms

blvm troppmh up oi lttmaptoik tg agvm `mygih aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs

oi l sbgrt toam erlam. Xbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb dliigt sboet saggtbfy

ldrgss hoeemrmit stlkms ge hmvmfgpamit uifmss tbm oistotutogilf smttoik

egr imw, agrm lhvlidmh stlkms os mstl`fosbmh lih tmstmh oi lhvlidm.

Ttoff gtbmr roscs lrm rmfltmh tg tbm sbmmr sdlfm ge LDO krgwtb, wbodb woff

pusb hmalih egr mimrky lih rlw altmrolfs `mygih fmvmfs mxpmromidmh

oi tbm plst. Xbos dgufh lfsg smvmrmfy blra tbm mivorgiamit.



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

Xbm dgaòiltogi ge krmlt gppgrtuiotoms lih roscs alcms tbm stlcms

oi LDO‟s hmvmfgpamit uiusulffy flrkm. Ls Lsol 0>=>: Pmlfozoik tbm

Lsoli Dmitury lrkumh, tbm ‖Lsoli Dmitury‑ os igt egrmgrhloimh (Cgbfo,

Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<). Xbm suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os mssmitolftg tbm wgrfh‟s euturm lih tbm roscs wlrrlit dlrmeuf lilfysos. Xbm krmlt

trlisegraltogi hmpmihs gi tbm meegrts lih hmdosogis ge òffogis ge

pmgpfm, ùt ot woff rmquorm scoffeuf kuohlidm erga kgvmriamits lt aliy

fmvmfs. Audb bls mmi fmlrimh erga mdgigaoms tblt alhm tbm trlisotogi

suddmsseuffy, oidfuhoik oi Lsol, lih hostoffoik fmssgis egr pgfody os gim

ge tbm g`jmdtovms ge tbos `ggc.

<.0 ^gwmreuf Bmlhwoihs

Ls tbos stuhy kgms tg prmss oi 0><8, tbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm

li uimvmi kfg`lf mdgigaod mivorgiamit. Eovm ymlrs letmr tbm stlrt

ge tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos‘tbm agst smvmrm tblt tbm

wgrfh mdgigay bls mxpmromidmh oi smvmi hmdlhms‘tbmrm lrm sokis ge

rmdgvmry, lf`mot uimvmify sprmlh. Xbm alssovm eoilidolf hmfmvmrlkoik

tblt splrcmh tbm drosos oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T) bls fmh tg auftopfm

letmrsbgdcs. Bgusmbgfhs lih eoras oi aliy dguitroms rmhudmh

mxpmihoturms wbofm kgvmriamits turimh tg hm`t-eoilidmh spmihoik

tg sustloi ldtovoty. Lt tbos wrotoik, Murgpm dgitoiums tg rmsgfvmsgvmrmoki hm`t prg`fmas‘ot os mvohmit tblt ot woff igt `m sgfvmh

wotbgut aljgr lhjustamits oi tbm eoilidolf lih ùhkmtlry strudturm

ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi. Oi tbm amlitoam, bokb uimapfgyamit pmrsosts

oi aliy dguitroms, eoilidolf alrcmts rmaloi vgfltofm, aljgr eoilidolf

oistotutogis lrm erlkofm, lih hm`t ùrhmis lrm rosoik oi Jlpli lih tbm

]T. Krgwtb os uimvmi mvmi oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms tblt oiotolffy bmfpmh

hrovm tbm rmdgvmry. Dggpmrltogi lagik dguitroms bls prgvmh hoeeoduft

lih eurtbmr eoilidolf sbgdcs aly egffgw. Aliy kgvmriamits igw

lfsg eldm pgfotodlf tmisogis‘eumfmh `y tbm prgfgikmh sfgwhgwi‘tblt

alcms hmdosogi-alcoik bokbfy hoeeoduft.

[off tbmsm kfg`lf hmvmfgpamits lhvmrsmfy leemdt tbm LDO mdgigaoms7

Xbm liswmr os lfagst dmrtloify yms. Xbm rmkogi wotbstggh tbm mlrfy

stlkms ge tbm drosos wmff, tblics tg strgik oiotolf eosdlf pgsotogis lih

fgw fmvmfs ge eoilidolf fmvmrlkm lih hm`t. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms hoh

mxpmromidm mlrfy mxpgrt hmdfoims, ut tbmi turimh tg tbmor gwi hmalih,



8


oidfuhoik oitrlrmkogilf trlhm. Xbm hrovmrs ge rmkogilf hmalih rlikmh

erga tbm mxplisogi ge dgisuaptogi oi Oihgimsol tg oierlstrudturm lih

rmsohmitolf oivmstamit oi tbm ^PD. Mxpgrts lfsg rmdgvmrmh. Tfgw kfg`lf

trlhm krgwtb os tlcoik ots tgff, lih gppgrtuiotoms egr eurtbmr rmkogilfstoaufus lrm sbroicoik.

Kovmi tbm prgspmdt ge fldcfustmr krgwtb, l dydfodlf hmdmfmrltogi

ge LDO krgwtb lppmlrs prg`l`fm. LH@ (0><8) sbgws tblt krgwtb oi

hmvmfgpoik Lsol sfgwmh erga ;.8% oi 0><< tg 5.<% oi 0><0 lih 5.<%

oi 0><4. Hmvmfgpoik Lsol‟s krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg `m 5.0% oi 0><8 lih

5.8% oi 0><=.< Xbos ‖sget flihoik‑ os su`jmdt tg hgwisohm rosc, lih

os focmfy tg rmquorm meemdtovm lih iulidmh aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms,

lt fmlst wbmi dgaplrmh tg tbgsm lppfomh oi tbm rmdmit pmrogh wbmi

krgwtb rltms lppmlrmh tg blvm ‖hmdgupfmh‑ erga tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms.

Pmsofomidm os l dgapfmx aox ge pgfodoms lih mdgigaod

dblrldtmrostods. L rmsofomit pgfody mivorgiamit rmquorms meemdtovm

tggfs egr aldrgmdgigaod agiotgroik lih alilkmamit, lapfm eosdlf

lih egrmoki mxdblikm rmsmrvms, iltogilf slemty imts egr oihovohulfs

lih salff eoras, lih oitmriltogilf slemty imts egr iltogilf eoilidolf

systmas. L rmsofomit mdgigaod strudturm rmquorms efmxo`fm fl`gr lih

dlpotlf alrcmts lih wmff-rmkufltmh eoilidolf oistotutogis. Xbmsm pgfody

lih strudturlf dblrldtmrostods mil`fm dguitroms tg alilkm sbgdcs oi

fmss toam lih lt fgwmr dgst, lih lrm mssmitolf oi toams ge turùfmidm.Xbmrm lrm twg lhhotogilf rmlsgis egr amhoua-tmra lilfysos‘egr

fggcoik `mygih tbm durrmit drosos‘mvmi oi toams ge krmlt uidmrtloity.

Eorst, l egdus gi amhoua-tmra prgspmdts dli bmfp tg ohmitoey pgfodoms

tblt lrm usmeuf oi tbm sbgrt tmra lih sustloi krgwtb `mygih tbm sbgrt

tmra. Ma`rldoik tbm gppgrtuiotoms lih alilkoik tbm tbrmlts tblt tbm

LDO rmkogi eldms woff rmquorm strudturlf dblikms wotb fgik fmlh toams.

Aliy ge tbgsm dblikms aust `m fluidbmh igw.

Tmdgih, l dfmlr amhoua-tmra vosogi dli rmhudm uidmrtloity lih

ùofh dgieohmidm, wbodb os oi sbgrt suppfy oi tbm durrmit hgwituri.

Plpoh krgwtb os pgsso`fm lih oihmmh focmfy oi Lsol, mvmi ls ot rmquorms

sboets oi tbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb plttmris tgwlrh ots gwi alrcmts,

oivmstamit gppgrtuiotoms, lih tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms. Ot woff tlcm

< Amliwbofm, tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih (OAE 0><8) prgjmdts sfokbtfy bokbmr krgwtb

ge 5.;% oi 0><8 lih 5.2% oi 0><=.



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

dgieohmidm tg hrovm prgkrmss gi oistotutogilf dblikm, oierlstrudturm

immhs, lih egrwlrh-fggcoik provltm oivmstamit. Mlrfy oiotoltovms tg

fluidb tbm imdmsslry pgfodoms lih krgwtb mikoims woff suppgrt tbm

trlisotogi otsmfe. Xbos os wby l alp lih pgfody erlamwgrc egr smfe-eumfoik krgwtb‘tg sgfvm tbm dggrhoiltogi prg`fmas tblt eldm mdgigaod

lkmits oi uidmrtloi toams‘lrm mssmitolf mfmamits ge l amhoua-tmra

krgwtb strltmky.

<.4 Hoamisogis ge Xrlisegraltogi

L stlrtoik pgoit egr lilfyzoik tbm trlisegraltogi lbmlh os l

krgwtb pltb `lsmh gi ‖dgitoiumh dgivmrkmidm‑‘l `lsmfoim prgjmdtogi

tblt mxtmihs tbm hmvmfgpamit mxpmromidm ge rmdmit hmdlhms oitg tbm

euturm. Xbmsm dlfdufltogis, rmpgrtmh oi hmtlof oi Dblptmr 0, lssuam tblt

tbm su`smt ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms tblt blvm rmhudmh tbm prghudtovoty

klp lkloist hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms oi tbm plst‘tbm ama`mrs ge tbm

sg-dlffmh ‖dgivmrkmidm dfu`‑‘woff dgitoium tg alcm prgkrmss oi tbm

euturm. Imlrfy lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm sudb ama`mrs lih gtbmrs lrm

focmfy tg jgoi tbma.

Tustloioik dgivmrkmidm hgms igt amli tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms

woff `m oaauim erga kfg`lf `usoimss dydfms. Ot gify lrkums tblt

tbmor trmih prghudtovoty krgwtb rltms woff dgitoium tg mxdmmh tbgsmge lhvlidmh dguitroms. Xbm pltb lssuams, bgwmvmr, tblt tbm wgrfh

mdgigay woff midguitmr imotbmr imw rglh`fgdcs tg hmvmfgpamit igr

uimxpmdtmh pgsotovm lhvlidms, sudb ls oi tmdbigfgky gr prghudtovoty.

Ge dgursm, ig soikfm prgjmdtogi os focmfy tg `m rokbt. Xbos stuhy woff

tbmrmegrm lilfyzm hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim, hum tg sbgdcs lih

pgfody dblikms tblt fmlh tg fgwmr gr bokbmr hmvmfgpamit pltbs. Xblt

lilfysos os tbm proalry egdus ge Dblptmr 0.

Xbm `lsmfoim prgjmdts LDO gutput tg qulhrupfm `y 0>4>, oi

mssmitolffy gim kmimrltogi. ^mr dlpotl oidgams wgufh tropfm, lih

tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge wgrfh gutput wgufh rosm erga <=% tg 02% (oi

0><> dgistlit prodms ls rmpgrtmh oi Dblptmr 0). Oi tblt kmimrltogi,

tbm mdgigay ge LDO wgufh `mdgam flrkmr tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh

Ttltms gr Murgpm‘oibmrotoik imw mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms ls wmff

ls rmspgiso`ofotoms oi kgvmrioik tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Ot bls `mmi

oidrmlsoikfy g`smrvmh tblt tbm wgrfh‟s mdgigaod dmitmr ge krlvoty,



5


letmr sboetoik wmstwlrh egr audb ge tbm prmvogus aoffmiioua, os

agvoik oitg tbm aohhfm ge tbm LDO rmkogi.0

Xbmsm lrm lkkrmkltms egr l rmkogi dblrldtmrozmh `y krmlt vlroltogis

oi prghudtovoty, wmlftb, rmsgurdms, dufturm, lih mdgigaod strudturm._mt `mdlusm tbm prgspmdts ge tbm <0 LDO mdgigaoms lrm oitmrdgiimdtmh,

lff lrm focmfy tg plrtodopltm oi tbm rmkogi‟s prgkrmss. Xbm lkkrmkltms

lrm oimvotl`fy hgaoiltmh `y tbm ^PD lih Oihol, wbodb lrm mxpmdtmh tg

blvm lvmrlkm krgwtb rltms ge ;.>% lih ;.5% liiulffy (oi 0><> dgistlit

prodms), rmspmdtovmfy. LTMLI os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt li lvmrlkm rltm

ge =.8% liiulffy, lfsg l strgik rltm `y agst bostgrodlf stlihlrhs.

Amliwbofm, tbm wgrfh‟s agst hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms‘Jlpli, Murgpm,

lih tbm ]T‘lrm focmfy tg blvm lvmrlkm krgwtb rltms liiulffy oi tbm

<%—0% rlikm. Xbmor prgspmdts lrm hlapmimh `y blvoik rmldbmh tbm

ergitomr, lih `y stl`fm gr hmdfoioik pgpufltogis lih bokb fmvmfs ge hm`t

lih sgdolf mxpmihoturms.

Xbm krgwtb ge LDO‘lrkul`fy tbm wgrfh‟s agst prgaosoik krgwtb

mikoim‘os tbus drotodlf egr tbm wgrfh mdgigay lih woff hmpmih

oidrmlsoikfy gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi pgfodoms. Xbm oapfodltogis, `gtb

pgsotovm lih imkltovm, lrm lssmssmh oi egur cmy hoamisogis ge tbm

dgaoik trlisegraltogi: tbm qulfoty ge foem3 tbm strudturm ge prghudtogi3

tbm alilkmamit ge rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit3 lih oitmriltogilf

dggpmrltogi.

<.4.< Xbm qulfoty ge foemLDO dotozmis lrm pgosmh, oe igt kulrlitmmh, tg mxpmromidm hrlaltod

oaprgvmamits oi tbmor qulfoty ge foem. Xbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit dgufh

mfoaoiltm mxtrmam pgvmrty, foet òffogis oitg tbm aohhfm dflss, lih

rlosm oidgams egr vortulffy lff su`rmkogis lih sgdolf krgups. Xg sgam

mxtmit, tbmsm oaprgvmamits woff egffgw erga krgwtb. Dblptmr 0 sbgws

tblt uihmr pfluso`fm lssuaptogis tbm iua`mr ge aohhfm-oidgam

dgisuamrs oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘oi tbos stuhy hmeoimh ls tbgsm wotb

dgisuaptogi fmvmfs `mtwmmi $<> pmr hly lih $<>> pmr hly oi 0>>=

hgfflrs‘woff krgw tg 0.5 òffogi, rmprmsmitoik ;0% ge tbm rmkogi‟s

pgpufltogi oi 0>4>. Xbos amlis tblt tbm sozm ge aohhfm-oidgam alrcmts

woff krgw mxtrmamfy elst: oi 0><>, tbm iua`mr ge aohhfm-oidgam LDO

0 ôgimmroik wgrc gi wgrfh KH^ prgjmdtogi wls prmsmit oi Alhhosgi (0>>2). Li uphltm os

lvlofl`fm oi AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm (0><0).



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

dgisuamrs wls gify <0% ge tbm pgpufltogi (Eokurm 0.=). LDO woff hrovm

tbm mxplisogi ge tbm wgrfh‟s aohhfm dflss: `y 0>4>, blfe ge lff aohhfm-

dflss pmgpfm woff fovm oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms (Eokurm <.<).

Xbm rmlsgi tbmsm hmvmfgpamits lrm sg sokioeodlit os tblt aohhfm-oidgam spmihoik dli suppgrt su`stlitolf hosdrmtogilry mxpmihoturms,

lffgwoik pmgpfm tg rmldb fovoik stlihlrhs dgaplrl`fm tg tbgsm

mxpmromidmh aloify oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Xbos bls tliko`fm meemdts.

Aohhfm-dflss dgisuaptogi hgms igt amli mxldtfy tbm slam oi hoeemrmit

dguitroms, ùt ot hgms usulffy amli oaprgvmh bgusoik, `gtb oi sdlfm

lih qulfoty, lih uòquotgus lddmss tg wbotm kgghs sudb ls rmerokmrltgrs.

Aohhfm-dflss LDO dgisuamrs lfsg mijgy tbm rmlsgil`fm fuxuroms ge

mvmryhly foem‘pfmitoeuf eggh, lttrldtovm dfgtboik, lih hokotlf tmdbigfgky.

Agst blvm lddmss tg mhudltogi, bmlftb dlrm, lih pu`fod trlispgrt.

Oi aliy dguitroms, pmgpfm mijgy tbm ermmhga geemrmh `y tbmor gwi

agtgrdydfms gr lutgagòfms. Aohhfm-dflss ur`li imokb`grbgghs aly

blvm plrcs lih sbgppoik dmitmrs egr sgdolfozoik lih mitmrtloiamit,

lih typodlffy emlturm fgik-hostlidm dgaauiodltogis lih trlispgrt

smrvodms tblt lffgw pmgpfm tg dgiimdt wotb elaofoms lih eromihs, wohmr

wgrc gppgrtuiotoms, lih imw mxpmromidms. Mvmi wotb oidgams tblt lrm

rmfltovmfy fgw dgaplrmh tg tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, tbm rmkogi‟s

oaamism l`sgfutm hmalih woff prgvohm oidmitovms egr prghudts lih

smrvodms tlofgrmh tg LDO ùhkmts.

Xbmsm klois woff hmpmih oi flrkm plrt gi ur`liozltogi. Gi lvmrlkm,dotoms lrm agrm tbli twodm ls prghudtovm ls tbm lrmls lrguih tbma,

lih tbmor hmism pgpufltogis eldofotltm tbm prghudtogi ge l krmlt vlromty

ge kgghs lih smrvodms lt rmfltovmfy fgw dgst. @mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>,

tbm ur`li pgpufltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os prgjmdtmh tg mxplih `y

sgam ;>> aoffogi pmgpfm tg imlrfy 0 òffogi, rmldboik 8>% ge tbm LDO

pgpufltogi `y tblt toam (]I 0><0).

Xbm fost ge tbm wgrfh‟s ur`li lkkfgamrltogis woff `m oidrmlsoikfy

hgaoiltmh `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms. @y 0>0=, smvmi ge tbm wgrfh‟s <=

flrkmst dotoms woff `m oi LDO. Tgam ge tbmsm dotoms woff `m oaamism‘

Imw Hmfbo (44 aoffogi), Tblikblo (02 aoffogi), Aua`lo (0; aoffogi), lih

@mojoik (04 aoffogi). Xbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst doty woff `m Xgcyg (4? aoffogi),

lfsg oi Lsol (]I 0><0). Xbm ^PD lfgim os prgjmdtmh tg blvm 00< dotoms

wotb l aoffogi gr agrm pmgpfm (AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm 0>>?). Agst ge

tbmsm dotoms woff eldm smvmrm dblffmikms oi alilkoik urkmgioik krgwtb.

@ut uofhoik oierlstrudturm lih prgvohoik rmfltmh smrvodms egr tbos wlvm



Eokurm <.<: LDO [off Fmlh tbm Mxplisogi ge tbm Kfg`lf Aohhfm

Dflss (aoffogis ge pmgpfm)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis.

0>4>8=8

<,<<>

0,8>?

<,>=4

0><>

<;0

5=

<,;=<

0=<

LTMLI ^PD Oihol Gtbmrs LTMLI ^PD Oihol Gtbmrs

2


ge ur`liozltogi os igt gify l ùrhmi3 ot os lfsg l krgwtb mikoim. Egr

mxlapfm, ot os mstoaltmh tblt ls aliy imw su`wly systmas woff immh

tg `m ùoft oi Lsol gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms ls mxost oi tbm wgrfh

tghly, lih egur toams ls audb geeodm spldm woff blvm tg `m lhhmh ls

igw mxosts oi Murgpm (AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm 0><<`). Lff tbos sguihs

euturostod, ùt ot egffgws erga rmlsgil`fm prgjmdtogis. Agrmgvmr, tbm

soaufltogis ge Dblptmr 0 sukkmst tblt tbm `rglh dblrldtmrostods ge tbm

trlisegraltogi lrm soaoflr ldrgss lftmriltovm sdmilrogs.Mvmi oe tbm pgsotovm prgjmdtogis lrm rmlfozmh, rlpoh alrcmt-`lsmh

krgwtb woff igt, `y otsmfe, kulrlitmm klois egr mvmrygim. Igr woff ot

lutgaltodlffy hmfovmr aliy kgghs lih smrvodms tblt pmgpfm vlfum lih

mxpmdt. Alrcmt egrdms alxoaozm tbm pldm ge krgwtb lih rmwlrh tbm

ioa`fm: tbm yguik, tbm wmff mhudltmh, tbgsm wotb rmsgurdms tg oivmst,

lih tbgsm fudcy migukb tg fovm oi dmitmrs ge prgspmroty. Xbmy hg igt

lssurm gppgrtuiotoms egr tbgsm wbg lrm gfh, fmss provofmkmh gr pggrfy

mhudltmh, gr fovm oi rmagtm lrmls. Igr hg tbmy prgvohm pu`fod kgghs

sudb ls bokb-qulfoty mivorgiamits, bmlftby pgpufltogis, slem strmmts,

lih eggh suppfoms.

Ldbomvoik rlpoh lih bokb-qulfoty krgwtb tbmrmegrm rmquorms

purpgsmeuf pgfody. Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<) blvm dgistrudtmh li

oiigvltovm `midbalrc usoik cmy qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs. Xbmor

lilfysos dgvmrs sox ‖hgalois‑ wotb 08 spmdoeod oihodltgrs, lih pmraots

dgaplrosgis lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih `mtwmmi tbma lih gtbmr



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

rmkogis. Tudb lilfysos bmfps tg oaprgvm tbm erlamwgrc ge pgfody

hmdosogis `y dgapfmamitoik lkkrmkltm gutput amlsurms wotb hmtlofmh

g`jmdtovms tblt leemdt pmgpfm‟s fovms. Toapfm oihodltgrs lfgim dliigt

hg justodm tg tbm dgapfmxoty ge tbm LDO pgfody mivorgiamit, ùt dlibmfp tg egdus pgfody lih prgvohm amdbliosas tg agiotgr prgkrmss.

Tudb tggfs blvm `mmi lhgptmh `y @butli, Dlilhl, tbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml, lih Jlpli, egr mxlapfm, lih lrm oiegralffy usmh `y aliy gtbmr

kgvmriamits tg kuohm pgfody (Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso 0>>?).

L strltmky tg pursum oidfusovm krgwtb dli bmfp tg put qulfoty ge

foem g`jmdtovms lt tbm dmitmr ge tbm pgfody prgdmss. Ot dli prgvohm l

erlamwgrc tg kuohm pgfodoms tblt `lflidm tbm spmmh ge krgwtb lkloist

ots elorimss lih sustloilòfoty. Xbmsm ossums lrm lhhrmssmh oi Dblptmr 4.

Oidfusovm krgwtb os igt gify oapgrtlit oi ots gwi rokbt, ùt ot os lfsg

l prmrmquosotm egr pgfotodlf stlòfoty lih bmidm egr tbm volòfoty ge tbm

krgwtb prgdmss.

<.4.0 ^rghudtogi

Pmlfozoik laòtogus hmvmfgpamit tlrkmts woff rmquorm, agst

euihlamitlffy, oidrmlsms oi LDO prghudtovoty. Xbm klp `mtwmmi tbm

rmkogi‟s prghudtovoty fmvmfs lih tbm tmdbigfgky ergitomr os stoff flrkm.

^mr dlpotl oidgams lrm l soapfm oihodltgr ge tbm klp3 `y tbos amlsurm

LDO prghudtovoty os stoff gify gim-tmitb ge tblt oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.]soik agrm hmtlofmh hltl, Hmik lih Jmeemrsgi (0><<) mstoaltm tblt

oi tbm ^PD gutput pmr wgrcmr oi aliueldturoik rlikms erga <>% tg

5>% ge ]T fl`gr prghudtovoty. Xbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis ge tbos stuhy

mxpmdt tblt tbmsm prghudtovoty klps woff ilrrgw, wotb suppgrt erga

oivmstamits, pgfody, lih strudturlf lhjustamits.

Lt tbm slam toam, tbm soaufltogis sbgw tblt l sblrp sfgwhgwi oi

prghudtovoty krgwtb os pgsso`fm lih os tbm soikfm agst oapgrtlit tbrmlt

tg tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb pltb. Xbos dgidmri‘`lsmh gi tbm mxpmromidm ge

gtbmr dguitroms rmldboik aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs‘bls `mmi hmsdro`mh ls

tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp‑ (@gx <.<). ]ifocm tbm elaofolr ‖fgw-oidgam

trlp,‑ tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp os igt l wmff-hmeoimh hosmlsm wotb tmstmh

rmamhoms3 ot os agrm li maporodlf rmkuflroty tbli l tbmgrmtodlf strudturm.

Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp dgufh rmsuft erga vlrogus oapmhoamits tg

krgwtb lih bmidm rmquorms l pgrtegfog ge prmvmitovm amlsurms‘tbm

dmitrlf egdus ge Dblptmr 8.



@gx <.<: ]ihmrstlihoik lih Lvgohoik tbm Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp

^gfodyalcmrs oi rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lrm dgidmrimh tblt

tbmor mdgigaoms aokbt elff oitg wblt Koff lih Cblrls (0>>;) lih

gtbmrs blvm hmsdro`mh ls tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑ Mxlapfms

ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oidfuhm Fltoi Lamrodli mdgigaoms sudb ls

Lrkmitoil lih @rlzof, lih Aohhfm Mlstmri mdgigaoms sudb ls Mkypt lih

Orli. _mt sgam Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod

ge Cgrml, lih Toiklpgrm, blvm agvmh `mygih aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs

wotbgut sokioeodlit hmdmfmrltogi.

Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp os sgamtoams hmsdro`mh ls tbm oilòfoty

tg agvm erga aohhfm-oidgam tg bokb-oidgam fmvmfs. L agrm usmeuf

hmeoiotogi woff osgfltm dlsms tblt blvm agrm hostoidtovm trljmdtgroms

lih agrm oi dgaagi wotb tbm prgspmdts ge Lsol‟s rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik

mdgigaoms. Gim sudb hmeoiotogi oivgfvms su`stlitolf hmdmfmrltogierga elst krgwtb gidm aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs lrm rmldbmh. Oi tbm

agst mxtmisovm maporodlf stuhy sg elr, Modbmikrmmi, ^lrc, lih Tboi

(0><<) eguih tblt tbm prg`lòfoty ge krgwtb hmdmfmrltogi (ge lt fmlst

0 pmrdmitlkm pgoits erga li sustloimh progr pmr dlpotl oidgam krgwtb

rltm ge lt fmlst 4.=%) rosms lt l pmr dlpotl oidgam fmvmf ge lrguih

$<>,>>> lih pmlcs lt lrguih $<;,>>> (Eokurm @<.<). Toidm smvmrlf LDO

mdgigaoms woff `m oi tbos rlikm oi tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, ot os usmeuf

tg lsc wblt dlusms sudb hmdmfmrltogi lih bgw ot aokbt `m prmvmitmh.

Eokurm @<.<: ^rg`lòfoty ge Krgwtb Hmdmfmrltogi`y Oidgam Fmvmf

Tgurdm: Modbmikrmmi, ^lrc, lih Tboi (0><<).

>.<5

>.<8

>.<0

>.<>

>.>2

>.>5

>.>8

>.>0

>

$?,>>> $<8,>>> $<?,>>> $08,>>> $0?,>>> $48,>>> $4?,>>>

Ldtulf vlfum

^rmhodtmh vlfum

<>


(Dgitoiumh)



Xbm trlisotogi erga fgw-oidgam tg pgst-aohhfm-oidgam krgwtb

bls mmi ohmitoeomh oi vlrogus wlys. Tgam wrotmrs ohmitoey tbos pgoit oi

tmras ge wlkms: gidm wlkms lrm bokb migukb tg alcm fl`gr-oitmisovm

prghudtogi ig fgikmr dgapmtotovm oitmriltogilffy, dgitoiumh rlpoh

krgwtb rmquorms tbm prghudtogi ge dlpotlf- gr tmdbigfgky-oitmisovm

prghudts. Gtbmrs hmsdro`m ot ls tbm mih ge ‖mlsy‑ prghudtovoty klois

ldbomvmh `y trlisemrroik fl`gr erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry, rmldbmh

lt tbm sg-dlffmh ‖Fmwos turioik pgoit,‑ wbmi tbm suppfy ge lkrodufturlf

surpfus fl`gr os mxblustmh. Lt tblt pgoit, prghudtovoty klois blvm tg m

kmimrltmh erga prghudtovoty oaprgvmamits wotboi smdtgrs rltbmr tbli

oitmr-smdtgrlf rmsgurdm trlisemrs.

Xbm prmrmquosotms ge pgst-aohhfm-oidgam krgwtb blvm `mmi

lfsg hmsdro`mh oi auftopfm wlys. Bokb gi tbm fost lrm eldtgrs tblt

suppgrt tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb, oidfuhoik buali dlpotlf,

lih oistotutogis sudb ls meeodomit eoilidolf alrcmts, lih rg`ust

systmas ge mitrmprmimursbop lih oiigvltogi. Lfsg oapgrtlit lrm

oidgam hostro`utogi lih hmalih pgfodoms tblt kmimrltm hgamstod

hmalih gidm egrmoki hmalih egr fl`gr-oitmisovm mxpgrts hroms up.

Gtbmr wrotmrs egdus gi hmmpmr oistotutogis (prgpmrty rokbts, eoilidolf

alrcmts, dgapmtotogi) tblt prgvohm oidmitovms lih gppgrtuiotoms

egr trlisemrroik rmsgurdms erga fgw- tg bokb-prghudtovoty ldtovotoms.

]r`liozltogi aly `m oapgrtlit tgg3 ot eldofotltms prghudtovoty krgwtb

tbrgukb oiegraltogi mxdblikm, mdgigaoms ge sdlfm, lih tbm mlsy

agvmamit ge rmsgurdms lagik ldtovotoms.

Ls li mxlapfm, Cblrls (0>>?) bls dgapofmh l ‖sbgrt fost‑ ge

pgfodoms tblt bm `mfomvms woff bmfp tg lvgoh tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oi

tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil. Xbmsm oidfuhm suppgrtoik tbm dgitoiumh

trlisemr ge rmsgurdms erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry `y mfoaoiltoik

oapmhoamits tg aokrltogi, lih stoaufltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb oi

oihustry `y oivmstoik oi buali dlpotlf lih oiigvltogi.

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dgapofltogi.

Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

Oi tbm plst, prghudtovoty krgwtb oi mxpgrt-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit

hmpmihmh aloify gi oapgrtmh gr lhlptmh egrmoki tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm

euturm, prghudtovoty klois woff immh tg hmpmih gi oihustroms smrvoik

tbm rmkogi‟s gwi hmalih, lih bmidm gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi buali

dlpotlf lih dlpldoty egr oiigvltogi. Kovmi tbm rosoik sblrm ge smrvodm

hmalih, tbm spmmh ge gvmrlff prghudtovoty krgwtb woff hmpmih drudolffy

gi prgkrmss alhm oi smrvodms.

Oitrl-oihustry prghudtovoty oidrmlsms oi smrvodms lih gtbmr

oihustroms‘oi dgitrlst tg prghudtovoty klois rmlfozmh erga sboetoik



<0


rmsgurdms erga lkrodufturm tg mxpgrt-gromitmh oihustry‘woff `mdgam

l progroty ldrgss tbm LDO rmkogi. Xbos g`jmdtovm os `mst smrvmh `y

dgapmtotovm prghudt lih eldtgr alrcmts. [grcmrs, mitrmprmimurs, lih

oivmstgrs aust blvm oidmitovms lih gppgrtuioty, lih‘ls tbm [grfh@lic lih Hmvmfgpamit Pmsmlrdb Dmitmr (0><0) stuhy Dboil 0>4>

lrkumh‘mqulf gppgrtuioty tg smmc tbm bokbmst-vlfum usms egr tbmor

scoffs lih lssmts. Ls fl`gr-oitmisovm oihustrolfozltogi rmldbms ots foaots,

prghudtovoty krgwtb `mdgams oidrmlsoikfy smisotovm tg tbm aodrg-

mdgigaod oistotutogis tblt drmltm sudb oidmitovms lih gppgrtuiotoms,

oidfuhoik dgapmtotogi, fl`gr agòfoty, lddmss tg eoilidolf rmsgurdms,

lih tbm ermmhga tg lpprgproltm tbm klois erga mitrmprmimursbop lih

oiigvltogi.

Xbmsm dblikms rmquorm iuamrgus aodrgmdgigaod lhjustamits,

oi plrt grdbmstrltmh `y rosoik wlkms. Gi lvmrlkm, LDO wlkms sbgufh

oidrmlsm tbrmmegfh `y 0>4>, lih tbm mdgigaoms wotb tbm elstmst

wlkm oidrmlsms woff eldm strgik dgst prmssurms oi fl`gr-oitmisovm

smdtgrs sudb ls lkrodufturm lih stlihlrhozmh aliueldturoik. Xg tbm

mxtmit pmraottmh lih eldofotltmh `y pgfody, wlkm oidrmlsms woff fmlh

tg l su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge oihustry, wbodb woff mxtmih krgwtb

gppgrtuiotoms tg fgw-oidgam rmkogis wotboi dguitroms lih tg fgw-

oidgam dguitroms wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi.

@mdlusm oidgam hoeemrmidms lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm stoff

flrkm, aljgr sboets ge oihustry lrm focmfy tg gddur wotboi tbm rmkogiotsmfe. Foi (0><<`) mstoaltms tblt tbm ^PD woff sbmh 2= aoffogi jg`s

oi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik oihustroms oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm. Oihol,

Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila woff `m lagik tbm fgdltogis tblt Lsoli

eoras lih dustgamrs woff dbggsm tg aliueldturm prghudts tblt dli

ig fgikmr `m prghudmh mdgigaodlffy oi tbm ^PD. Xbmsm dguitroms dli

`mimeot krmltfy erga egffgwoik tbm mxpmromidm ge agrm hmvmfgpmh

Lsoli mdgigaoms oi ùofhoik tbm imdmsslry pbysodlf lih oistotutogilf

oierlstrudturm. Xbmor trlisegraltogis woff `m lfsg eldofotltmh `y l

spmdolf Lsoli lssmt: tbm oitmriltogilf prghudtogi imtwgrc.

Amliwbofm, krgwtb oi tbm ^PD, Alflysol, Xbloflih, lih gtbmr

agrm hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms woff eldm strgik oidmitovms tg

hmvmfgp prghudtogi iodbms oi bokbmr tmdbigfgky ldtovotoms. Oapgrtlit

gppgrtuiotoms woff `m prgvohmh `y tbm rmkogi‟s gwi dgisuamrs, wbg

woff mxpmdt‘gi l vlst sdlfm‘imw prghudts, agrm vlromty, krmltmr

prghudt rmfolòfoty lih slemty, lih fgwmr prodms. Oi plrtoduflr,



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

dgisuamrs woff mxpmdt agrm lih `mttmr smrvodms, rlikoik erga trlhm,

trlispgrtltogi, lih eoilidm, tg bmlftb, mhudltogi, lih mitmrtloiamit.

Xbm dgapfmxoty ge tbmsm dblikms wgufh gvmrwbmfa tbm egrmsokbt

lih pfliioik dlpldotoms ge liy kgvmriamit, ùt kovmi l dgapmtotovmmivorgiamit, tbmrm os mvmry rmlsgi tg mxpmdt tblt alrcmts woff alilkm

tbma. Xblt mivorgiamit woff blvm tg `m oistotutogilffy sgpbostodltmh:

ot woff blvm tg prgvohm lhmqultm prgpmrty rokbts lih fmklf systmas,

meeodomit eoilidolf alrcmts, uioapmhmh fl`gr agòfoty, lih su`stlitolf

oivmstamits oi buali dlpotlf.

Kmttoik tbos oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm rokbt os l dmitrlf

rmspgisoòfoty ge LDO kgvmriamits. Oi dguitroms lt rmfltovmfy mlrfy

stlkms ge hmvmfgpamit, tbm mxpmromidms ge agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms

dli `m usmh tg bmfp prgvohm sgfutogis. Egr mxlapfm, Foi lih Agikl

(0><<) sukkmst tlrkmtoik tbm strltmkoms ge dguitroms wotb twodm tbm

pmr dlpotl oidgam ge li mdgigay‟s durrmit fmvmf. Oi agrm hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms, tbm imdmsslry stmps woff rmquorm dgapfmx, dguitry-spmdoeod

suppgrt systmas ge oiigvltogi, mitrmprmimursbop, lih dgapmtotogi.

Xbm `gttga foim os tblt tbm LDO rmkogi bls lapfm pgtmitolf egr

lhhotogilf prghudtovoty klois, ùt ots spmmh ge dltdb-up woff hmpmih gi

ots oistotutogilf lih pgfody mivorgiamit.

<.4.4 Pmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff oidrmlsoikfy leemdt kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih

mivorgiamitlf lssmts‘egr `mttmr gr wgrsm. Xbm LDO rmkogi lfrmlhy

lddguits egr 4=% ge tbm wgrfh‟s maossogis ge krmmibgusm klsms lih 0>%

ge ots mimrky usm, lih os stoff oi tbm aohst ge ots agst rmsgurdm-oitmisovm

hmvmfgpamit pblsm. Oi lhhotogi tg dgidmris wotb kfg`lf mimrky lih

mivorgiamitlf ossums, tbm rmkogi eldms aliy prg`fmas erga fgdlf lor

lih wltmr pgffutogi, ls wmff ls `lsod wltmr smduroty ossums ldrgss ots

vlst, lkrodufturlffy oapgrtlit su`rmkogis. Igt surprosoikfy, dotozmis oi

aliy LDO mdgigaoms igw put mivorgiamitlf ossums lbmlh ge krgwtb

ls l iltogilf progroty (_u lih ûkfomsm 0><0).

Bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms lhhrmss rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf

ossums woff leemdt tbmor smism ge iltogilf wmff-`moik lih tbm kfg`lf

dgaagis. Ls l fltmdgamr tg oihustrolfozltogi, tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigay

bls mdgam kfg`lffy sokioeodlit lt l toam wbmi tbm wgrfh mdgigay, hum

tg tbm mlrfomr hmvmfgpamit ge hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, os tmstoik rmsgurdm



<8


suppfoms lih mivorgiamitlf sustloilòfoty. Hmvmfgpmh dguitroms wmrm

egrtuiltm tg oihustrolfozm `megrm kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf

dlpldotoms `mdlam sg strmtdbmh. Xbos bostgrodlf dgitrlst‘tbm LDO

rmkogi‟s rgfm oi alilkoik prg`fmas igw tblt rmefmdt, oi plrt, tbmduaufltovm ldtogis ge gtbmr dguitroms oi tbm plst‘alcms oitmriltogilf

dggpmrltogi hoeeoduft.

Xbm kfg`lf dgsts ge dgitloioik krmmibgusm maossogis tg l fmvmf tblt

cmmps kfg`lf wlraoik lt 0ºD, tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s (OML)

‖8=> sdmilrog‑ woff rmquorm $<>.= troffogi oi oidrmamitlf oivmstamits

`y 0>4> (OML 0><<l). Mvmi tbmi, lddgrhoik tg [grfh @lic (0><>l)

mstoaltms, hmvmfgpoik dguitroms woff rmquorm imw mxpmihoturms

ge $;> òffogi tg $<>> òffogi pmr ymlr tg lhlpt tg lhhotogilf dfoaltm

vlroltogi. Dfmlrfy, rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf pgfodoms oivgfvm

sozml`fm trlhmgees `mtwmmi tbm altmrolf immhs ge tghly‟s pgpufltogis

lih tbm wmfelrm ge euturm kmimrltogis. Agrmgvmr, kfg`lf sgfutogis

dliigt `m soapfm `mdlusm tbmrm lrm flrkm hoeemrmidms wotboi lih

ldrgss dguitroms oi tbm urkmidy ge immhs, gppgrtuiotoms egr ldtogi, lih

plst dgitroùtogis tg durrmit prg`fmas. @ut ldtogi woff `m rmquormh,

bgwmvmr dgapfmx gr hoeeoduft.

Ge dgursm, tbm trlhmgees dli `m gvmrstltmh‘dgismrvltogi lih

lftmriltovm mimrky prghudtogi, ls lrkumh oi Dblptmr =, dli lhh up

tg l ‖krmmi krgwtb‑ strltmky tblt wgufh bmfp tg lfoki sustloilòfoty

wotb oivmstamit lih krgwtb. Mvmi tg tbm mxtmit tblt tbmsm g`jmdtovmslrm oapmremdtfy lfokimh, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt

rmspgiso`fm fgik-tmra strltmkoms‘`lsmh gi tbm OML 8=> sdmilrogs‘

lrm eoilidolffy alilkml`fm. Bgwmvmr, lffgdltoik rmspgisoòfotoms egr

dgismrvltogi lih mivorgiamitlf prgtmdtogi elorfy ldrgss hoeemrmit

dguitroms lih bgusmbgfhs woff tlcm migragus pgfotodlf meegrt, lih

sgam lrm scmptodlf tblt ot dli `m alilkmh lt lff.

Xbm drotodlf dblffmikm os tg agòfozm mlrfy dgffmdtovm hmdosogis

wotboi dguitroms lih lagik tbma. Oe pgfodoms lrm pfliimh lih lhgptmh

`megrm l drosos egrdms ldtogi tbmy dli sprmlh lhjustamits gvmr toam lih

rmhudm dgsts. Oe tbm pgfody sgfutogis lrm oapfmamitmh krlhulffy wotb

prodm sokilfs, tbmy lffgw alrcmts tg hmvmfgp meeodomit tmdbigfgkoms lih

oihustroms tg dgpm oalkoiltovmfy wotb mamrkoik dgistrloits. Euturm

mivorgiamitlf lih tmdbigfgkodlf trljmdtgroms lrm uidmrtloi. @ut tbos

hgms igt uihmraoim tbm dlsm egr dgaaotamits tg mimrky dgismrvltogi

lih krmmi pgfodoms ls oisurlidm lkloist pgtmitolffy bokb euturm



Eokurm <.0: Xrlhm Efgws [off Tboet Tgutb—Tgutb

(lagik Hmvmfgpoik Dguitroms) (% ge trlhm)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis.

Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

fgssms. Egr elst-krgwoik LDO mdgigaoms, tbmsm oivmstamits lfsg geemr

gppgrtuiotoms tg fmlpergk dgapmtotgrs tbrgukb mimrky-meeodomit dotoms,

mfmdtrodoty-`lsmh trlispgrt systmas, lih fgw-dlr`gi mimrky sgurdms.

<.4.8 Xbm oitmriltogilf systma]ihmr tbm `lsmfoim sdmilrog, LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf trlhm wgufh

hgu`fm oi tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, lih tbm rmkogi‟s oitrlrmkogilf trlhm

wgufh oidrmlsm `y l eldtgr ge sox. @y 0>4>, tbm LDO rmkogi woff lddguit

egr =4% ge wgrfh trlhm lih tbmor dgiimdtogis woff oidrmlsm wotb

mldb gtbmr. Ttoff, ;5% ge tbm rmkogi‟s trlhm woff `m wotb mxtrlrmkogilf

plrtimrs, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm rmkogi woff hmpmih agrm gi oapgrts egr

ots mimrky lih proalry kgghs rmquormamits (Dblptmr 0). LDO trlhm

efgws, oidfuhoik mspmdolffy tbgsm wotb mamrkoik mdgigaoms mfsmwbmrm,

woff `m lagik tbm agst rlpohfy krgwoik trlhm rmfltogisbops oi tbm

wgrfh (Eokurm <.0). Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lfsg `mdgam tbm agst

oapgrtlit sgurdm ge, lih hmstoiltogi egr, dlpotlf lih fl`gr efgws, tbm

bgam ge aljgr lih pmrblps hgaoilit eoilidolf dmitmrs, lih fmlhoik

dgitro`utgrs tg sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky.



<5


Xbmsm tmdtgiod sboets drmltm gppgrtuiotoms egr dggpmrltogi lih

dgapmtotogi lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Ot wgufh m blrh tg gvmrmstoaltm

tbm plygees, egr mxlapfm, erga plrtimrsbops `mtwmmi Oiholi eoras wotb

strmiktbs oi sgetwlrm hmsoki lih alrcmtoik lih eoras oi tbm ^PD wotbscoffs oi lhvlidmh aliueldturoik tblt alilkm tg dlpturm hgamstod

alrcmts ge imlrfy 4 òffogi pmgpfm. @ut LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol

woff lfsg dgapmtm lkkrmssovmfy egr prghudtogi smkamits, oihustroms,

lih dfustmrs. Tudb dgapmtotogi sbgufh stoaufltm oiigvltogi lih

prghudtovoty, ùt lt toams ot woff `m erustrltoik lih dgstfy. Oitmriltogilf

tmisogis dgufh egffgw, mspmdolffy oe smvmrlf dguitroms egdus kgvmriamit

suppgrt gi smdtgrs dgisohmrmh strltmkodlffy oapgrtlit. Pmkogilf

oitmkrltogi os l pgsotovm-sua klam, ùt ot woff tlcm strgik imw rufms

lih oistotutogis tg cmmp dgapmtotogi prghudtovm lih pgfotodlf erodtogi

oi dbmdc.

LDO‟s rmfltogisbop wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh woff hmmpmi, tgg.

Oi tmras ge krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^), tbm rmfltovm oapgrtlidm

ge tbm rmkogi woff rosm dgaplrmh tg tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms ge tbm

]iotmh Ttltms, Murgpm, lih Mlst Lsol. @ut oi tbm egrmsmml`fm euturm,

tbgsm mdgigaoms woff rmaloi oapgrtlit ls bokbfy dgapmtotovm alrcmts,

sgurdms ge oiigvltogi, lih prgvohmrs ge bokb-tmdbigfgky prghudts lih

smrvodms. Xbm LDO rmkogi‟s krgwoik rmquormamits ge mimrky, eggh, lih

proalry altmrolf woff lfsg alcm mxtrl-rmkogilf alrcmts oapgrtlit. Flst

ùt igt fmlst, tbm krgwtb ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff eumf flrkm oidrmlsmsoi tbm mxdblikm ge pmgpfm lih ohmls wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbmsm

foiclkms, tgg, woff rmquorm meemdtovm dggpmrltogi.

Efgws oi kgghs lih smrvodms woff `m altdbmh lih pmrblps hwlremh

`y eoilidolf efgws. @y 0>4>, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt

$<8 troffogi oi LDO slvoiks woff immh tg `m oitmramholtmh `mtwmmi tbm

rmkogi‟s slvmrs lih oivmstgrs. Xbmsm efgws woff lddguit egr lfagst gim-

tborh ge wgrfh slvoiks lih oivmstamit. Tgam ge tbmsm trlisldtogis woff

dgitoium tg `m oitmramholtmh `y eoilidolf dmitmrs oi tbm hmvmfgpmh

wgrfh, ùt aliy lrm `guih tg sboet tg rmkogilf dmitmrs lih Lsoli

durrmidoms. Xbm focmfy gutdgam os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf dmitmrs

woff `m hrlaltodlffy trlisegramh oi sdlfm lih sgpbostodltogi. Ttrgikmr

rmkufltgry amdbliosas woff `m immhmh tg misurm tbmor meeodomidy lih

slemty.

Xbm dblikms oapfy imw sgurdms ge agimtlry lih rmlf sbgdcs, lih

oitmisoeomh aldrgmdgigaod lih aodrgmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm. Ls



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

LH@ (0>>2) lrkumh, Lsol‟s dggpmrltovm erlamwgrcs lrm ‖oistotutogi

fokbt‑‘alrcmt egrdms lih egralf lkrmmamits blvm fmh tbm rmkogi‟s

mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, lih oistotutogis blvm hmvmfgpmh sfgwfy. Xbm

pldm ge oistotutogilf hmvmfgpamit immhs tg lddmfmrltm tg cmmp pldmwotb alrcmts lih tg misurm l dgitoiumh, stl`fm mivorgiamit egr

krgwtb. Lt l aoioaua, tbos rmquorms strgikmr rmkogilf oistotutogis

egr aldrgmdgigaod agiotgroik lih dgisuftltogi, lih rgùst

rmkogilf slemty imts tg prmvmit dgitlkogi. Ls krgwtb pusbms tbm

LDO mdgigaoms oitg tbm egrmergit ge eoilidm, tbm rmkogi‟s lòfoty tg

rmkufltm eoilidolf efgws lih oistotutogis woff lfsg `m smvmrmfy tmstmh.

Xrlisegraoik mdgigaod kgvmrilidm gi sudb l wohm sdlfm woff

rmquorm oiigvltogis lt iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs, lih imw

foiclkms lagik tbma (Clwlo lih ^mtro 0><>). Audb oistotutogilf

oiigvltogi os lfrmlhy uihmrwly. Xbm pldm ge dggpmrltogi gi trlhm

lih oivmstamit bls oitmisoeomh wotb LTMLI‟s meegrts tg hmvmfgp l

soikfm alrcmt, lih tbm rmfltmh LTMLI+4, LTMLI+5, lih `rglhmr

rmkogilf prgdmssms. Tmvmrlf prgpgslfs blvm mamrkmh egr ermm trlhm

lrmls spliioik tbm rmkogi, sgam ge wbodb oidfuhm lff tbm LDO

mdgigaoms. Xbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG),

wotb rmspgisoòfotoms tblt dgufh mxplih tg rmkogi-wohm agimtlry

dggpmrltogi, bls gpmimh oi Toiklpgrm. Tu`rmkogilf prgjmdts tg ùofh

rmkogilf trlispgrt lih mimrky imtwgrcs lrm uihmrwly tbrgukbgut

tbm LDO rmkogi, oi sgam dlsms plvoik tbm wly egr mdgigaodoitmkrltogi ldrgss oapgrtlit `grhmrs. Ot os igt tgg mlrfy tg pfli

egr li LDO rmkogi‘gr wohmr mdgigaod zgims‘lftgkmtbmr ermm ge

`lrromrs tg mdgigaod mxdblikm.

Flst ùt igt fmlst, Lsol‟s krgwtb woff trokkmr l trlisegraltogi

ge kfg`lf oistotutogis. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff kloi agrm oiefumidm

oi kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih,

tbm [grfh @lic, lih tbm ]iotmh Iltogis. Xbm rosm ge tbm Krgup

ge Xwmity (K0>) rmdgkiozms tbm dgapfmx, auftopgflr mvgfutogi ge

tbm kfg`lf mdgigay, ùt tbm K0> hgms igt blvm tbm `lihwohtb tg

lhhrmss tbm euff rlikm ge dggpmrltovm dblffmikms eldoik tbm wgrfh

mdgigay. Xbm hmtlofmh oistruamits ge kfg`lf kgvmrilidm‘oidfuhoik

vgtoik systmas lih lppgoitamits oi aliy oistotutogis‘woff immh

tg `m rmsblpmh tg trlisfltm tbm rosoik oiefumidm ge LDO lih gtbmr

mamrkoik mdgigaoms oitg rmlf oiefumidm gvmr pgfody.



<2


<.8 Xbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi

Xbm suddmss ge tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi os lssurmh `y tbm rmkogi‟soihustry lih tlfmit. @ut suddmss woff lfsg hmpmih gi tbm dlpldoty ge

kgvmriamits tg hmsoki lih oapfmamit pgfodoms egr sustloimh, oidfusovm

krgwtb. Drotodlf tbrmlts tg krgwtb‘oidfuhoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp

lih mimrky lih mivorgiamitlf ossums‘woff blvm tg `m lhhrmssmh `y

pgfodoms wotb fgik fmlh toams. Hmspotm tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lih

oihmmh mdlusm ge tbm wmlc rmdgvmry erga ot, LDO pfliimrs lih oivmstgrs

aust igw `lflidm pgfodoms egdusmh gi sbgrt-tmra aldrgmdgigaods

wotb pgfodoms tblt mil`fm tbm strudturlf trlisegraltogis `mygih ot.

L blfe-dmitury ge mxpmroamits lih stuhy blvm prghudmh li

oivlful`fm oivmitgry ge oisokbts lih sgfutogis gi tbm trlisegraltogis

midguitmrmh oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss (Foi 0><<`). Xbm pltb

tblt kmimrltmh tbos mxpmromidm bls `mmi liytboik ùt saggtb,

ùt ot prgvohms li mxdmptogilf rmsgurdm egr euturm pgfody (@gx <.0).

Hmvmfgpamit os tgg dgapfmx tg yomfh tg liy soikfm tbmgry. @ut prlkaltod,

tmstmh lpprgldbms dli alcm l hoeemrmidm lih lrm igw wohmfy lvlofl`fm.

Tgam lpprgldbms woff `m mxpfgrmh oi tbos stuhy, ùt aliy agrm dli

`m uidgvmrmh tbrgukb tbm mxdblikm ge pgfody mxpmromidms lagik tbm

rmkogi‟s kgvmriamits.

Xbos stuhy mapblsozms tbrmm gvmrlrdboik rmspgisms tg dgistrloitstblt pgfody eldms. Eorst, ot lrkums tblt kgvmriamits immh egrwlrh-

fggcoik lilfysos tg ohmitoey lih lhhrmss tbrmlts wotb fgik fmlh toams‘

oidfuhoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp‘rmhudoik tbm rosc ge drosos lih fgss

ge dgieohmidm oi kgvmrilidm. Tmdgih, ot prgpgsms alcoik tbm qulfoty

ge foem l tgp pu`fod g`jmdtovm, igt gify `mdlusm ge ots g`vogus sgdolf

oapgrtlidm, ùt lfsg tg bmfp ùofh dgieohmidm oi pgfody. Xborh, ot

sukkmsts li mxpfodot egdus gi rmsofomidm‘tbm dlpldoty, oi `gtb provltm

lih pu`fod smdtgrs‘tg dgpm wotb uimxpmdtmh sbgdcs. Xbmsm strltmkoms

geemr eguihltogis egr tbm aliy spmdoeod, euidtogilf pgfodoms tblt

woff `m rmquormh tg sustloi hmvmfgpamit, lih uihmrfom aliy ge tbm

rmdgaamihltogis ge tbos stuhy.

Mivosogi tbm euturm. Xbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms

woff hmpmih gi dgapfmx, toam-dgisuaoik oistotutogilf oiigvltogis lih

oierlstrudturm oivmstamits. Xbmsm oivgfvm fgik fmlh toams lih rmquorm

kgvmriamits tg fggc `mygih drosos eokbtoik lih tbm oaamholtm kglfs



@gx <.0: Fmlrioik erga Hmvmfgpamit Mxpmromidm

Hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms blvm mvgfvmh tg lhhrmss egur hostoidt, ùt uftoaltmfy dgapfmamitdgistrloits tblt mamrkm oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss (Xl`fm @<.0). Xbm eorst prgpgslfs ge tbm <?

ohmitoeomh alrcmt elofurm ls tbm dmitrlf prg`fma‘oilhmqultm dggrhoiltogi ge hoeemrmit oihustroms

oisueeodomit mdgigaoms ge sdlfm‘lih rmdgaamihmh flrkm, kgvmriamit-fmh oivmstamits. Lppfomh aloify oi F

Lamrodl oi tbm <?5>s, tbmsm strltmkoms prghudmh pgsotovm mlrfy rmsufts ùt mvmitulffy kmimrltmh oivmsta

tblt l`sgr`mh alssovm rmsgurdms wotbgut `mdgaoik dgapmtotovm.

L smdgih smt ge prgpgslfs rmldtmh tg tbm elofurms ge tbm <?5>s `y mapblsozoik kgvmriamit elof

oidfuhoik ‖rmit smmcoik‑ tblt systmaltodlffy hovmrtmh rmsgurdms oitg uiprghudtovm ldtovotoms. Lssgdoltmh w

tbm [grfh @lic oi tbm <?;>s lih <?2>s, tbos strltmky tlrkmtmh fo`mrlfozltogi lih getmi prghudmh pgso

meemdts, mspmdolffy oi Lsol. @ut ot tgg elofmh tg fovm up tg mxpmdtltogis oi aliy gtbmr dorduastlidms, oidfuh

oi Lerodl.

L tborh wlvm ge lilfysos tbmi turimh lttmitogi tg oistotutogis tblt wmrm imdmsslry egr alrcmt-`lsmh krg

Ots prmsdroptogi: ùofh strgik fmklf lih eoilidolf eguihltogis lih oaprgvm kgvmrilidm. Xbmsm kglfs, bgwm

wmrm getmi tgg flrkm lih hoeeusm‘tgg hoeeoduft tg oapfmamit `y kgvmriamits sbgrt gi rmsgurdms, toam,

oapfmamitltogi dlpldoty.

Xghly‟s egurtb lpprgldb smmcs prlkaltod prmsdroptogis `lsmh gi mxpmromidm lih wotboi tbm rmldb ge

kgvmriamits. Ots tggfs oidfuhm holkigstod amtbghs tg ohmitoey cmy oihoik dgistrloits (Blusalii, Pghroc,

Umflsdg 0>>2)3 mxpmroamits tg tmst bgw pgfody ldtulffy wgrcs (Huefg 0>>8)3 lih lfkgrotbas tg eoih aghmf

gtbmr dguitroms‘pgsso`fy `lsmh gi l `fmih ge strltmkoms‘tblt bmfp oi hmsokioik oihustrolf lih oierlstrud

pgfody (Foi 0><<`).

Dgitmapgrlry strltmkoms rmdgkiozm tbm dgapfmxoty ge tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss lih vomw tbmgroms lih t

ls dgapfmamits rltbmr tbli lftmriltovms. Xbm dblffmikm tg pgfodyalcmrs os tg ohmitoey prg`fmas lddurltmfy

tg altdb tbm rokbt sgfutogis tg tbma.

Xl`fm @<.0: L Tyigpsos ge Hmvmfgpamit Xbmgry

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ syigpsos.

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dgapofltogi.

Tdbggf Holkigsos Tgfutogis Elofurms

TtrudturlfostDggrhoiltogi prg`fmas,

mdgigaoms ge sdlfm

Oapgrt su`stotutogi

‖@ok `lik‑ oivmstamit]iprghudtovm oihustroms

Alrcmt-eromihfyKgvmriamit elofurm, ‖wbotm

mfmpblit‑ oivmstamits

Fo`mrlfozltogi

Aldrg hosdopfoim

Oimmdtovm oi mdgigaoms wot

wmlc oistotutogis

Oistotutogilf ^ggr oivmstamit mivorgiamitDlpldoty uofhoik

‖Hgoik @usoimss‑ survmys

Oisuffldomit kuohlidm egr pgf

sfgw rmsufts

^rlkaltost Oimmdtovm pgfody

Mxpmroamits

Krgwtb holkigstodsOhmitodltogi, eldofotltogi

7

Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg



0>


ge oitmrmst krgups. Dgaprmbmisovm iltogilf stuhoms‘rmdmit mxlapfms

oidfuhm tbm ^PD‟s ‖<0tb Eovm _mlr ^fli‑ lih Oihgimsol‟s ‖Alstmr ^fli

egr tbm Lddmfmrltogi lih Mxplisogi ge Oihgimsoli Mdgigaod Krgwtb‑‘

dli smrvm tbos euidtogi. Xbmsm prgjmdts sbgufh igt lttmapt tg prghudmkgvmriamit hormdtovms ls hoh pflis oi tbm plst, ùt rltbmr sbgufh

oiotoltm rokgrgus rmsmlrdb lih hm`ltm gi pgfody, drmltm twg-wly efgws

ge oiegraltogi lagik stlcmbgfhmrs lih pgfodyalcmrs, lih bmfp tg

lfoki tbm mxpmdtltogis ge kgvmriamit `rlidbms, provltm oivmstgrs, lih

tbm pu`fod.

^rogrotozm oidfusovm krgwtb. Oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge lff

dotozmis os tbm uftoaltm purpgsm ge mdgigaod prgkrmss. L pgfody egdus

gi oidfusovm krgwtb os tbmrmegrm imdmsslry egr alxoaozoik tbm vlfum

ge mdgigaod krgwtb. Agrmgvmr, sudb l strltmky os igt gify oapgrtlit

egr ots gwi slcm, ùt ot lfsg bmfps kgvmriamits mlri pu`fod trust,

mil`foik tbma tg oapfmamit `gfhmr pgfody dblikms. Oe pgfodyalcmrs

blvm tbm dgieohmidm ge tbmor dotozmis‘`mdlusm tbmy lrm uihmrstggh

tg `m agtovltmh `y oidfusovm mdgigaod krgwtb‘tbmy woff blvm krmltmr

fmmwly tg oapfmamit amlsurms tblt lrm gppgsmh `y spmdolf oitmrmsts,

rmquorm ploieuf lhjustamits, gr blvm tg `m hmdohmh wotb urkmidy.

Miblidm rmsofomidm. Ig alttmr bgw egrwlrh fggcoik gr agtovltmh

kgvmriamits lrm, tbmy woff eldm sbgdcs tblt dliigt `m litodopltmh.

Ldbomvoik rmsofomidm amlis, oi plrt, alcoik sgam rmspgisms agrm

lutgaltod oi toams ge drosos. Xbos dli `m ldbomvmh `y gromitoikmdgigaoms tgwlrh alrcmts lih lddguitl`fm, trlisplrmitfy kgvmrimh

eoras tblt dli lhhrmss prg`fmas oi l hmdmitrlfozmh aliimr. Pmsofomidm

oi tbm provltm smdtgr dli `m miblidmh `y mdgigaod efmxoòfoty‘`y

rmkufltogis tblt lffgw wgrcmrs tg sboet mlsofy erga gim oihustry tg

ligtbmr, lih `y eoilidolf amdbliosas tblt dli survovm blrsb ùsoimss

dgihotogis lih euih lrmls ge bokb rmturi. Pmsofomidm lfsg rmquorms

tblt tbm pu`fod smdtgr os l`fm tg ldt quodcfy lih `gfhfy. Xbos amlis

eosdlf ‖bmlhrgga‑ egr mamrkmidoms, ls wmff ls oistotutogis‘sudb ls

oihmpmihmit dmitrlf `lics lih strgik oitmriltogilf lkmidoms‘tblt

blvm tbm dlpldoty lih pu`fod trust tg ldt `gfhfy. Ilturlf hoslstmrs lih

bmlftb mamrkmidoms drmltm g`vogus hmalihs egr sudb ldtogi, ùt sg hg

smvmrm mdgigaod hostur`lidms, wbodb dli `m mqulffy hmvlstltoik.

LDO pgfodoms blvm `mmi lagik tbm wgrfh‟s agst meemdtovm soidm tbm

mlrfy <??>s, ùt ymstmrhly‟s ldbomvmamits hg igt kulrlitmm euturm

suddmss. Xbm hmdlhms lbmlh woff rmquorm kgvmriamits tg fggc lbmlh,



Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg

tg `uofh rmsmrvgors ge pu`fod suppgrt `y progrotozoik oidfusovm krgwtb,

lih tg drmltm rmsofomit mdgigaoms. Xbmsm kglfs woff rmquorm pgfodoms tblt

lrm `mttmr oiegramh, agrm smisotovm tg vlrogus stlcmbgfhmrs, lih agrm

hmdmitrlfozmh tbli tbgsm oi tbm plst.



00



0 ^rgspmdts lih

Dblffmikms geKrgwtb

0.< Oitrghudtogi

Toidm tbm <??>s, tbm krgwtb rltms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls l krgup

blvm `mmi dgisostmitfy bokbmr tbli tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms,

wotb tbm hoeemrmidms wohmioik soidm tbm gismt ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf

drosos oi 0>>2. Xbmsm twg krgups ge mdgigaoms blvm igt `mdgam

hosdgiimdtmh‘gi tbm dgitrlry, tbmor `usoimss dydfms lppmlr tg `m

oidrmlsoikfy dgrrmfltmh hum tg tbm tokbtmr oitmkrltogi ge trlhm lih

eoilidm (LH@ 0>>2). @ut tbm hoeemrmidms oi trmih krgwtb rltms lrm igwsu`stlitolf lih lppmlr tg rmefmdt hmmp, strudturlf dblikms tblt lrm

alcoik tbm LDO mdgigaoms stmlhofy agrm prghudtovm lih oidrmlsoikfy

hmpmihmit gi tbmor gwi hrovmrs ge hmalih lih tmdbigfgkodlf dblikm.

Gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, LDO‟s hmmpmioik krgwtb prgdmss os

focmfy tg `mimeot erga rmoiegrdoik, hyilaod hmvmfgpamits oi hmalih

lih suppfy. Gi tbm hmalih sohm, hosdrmtogilry oidgams lih rmfltmh

oivmstamits woff mxplih elstmr tbli gutput, soidm LDO‟s mxtmrilf

surpfusms lrm igw focmfy tg aghmrltm. Gi tbm suppfy sohm, vokgrgus

dgapmtotogi lih bokb rltms ge oivmstamit sbgufh eldofotltm dgitoiumh

tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up, agrm oiigvltogi lih tbm hmvmfgpamit ge imw

oihustroms, lih oaprgvmamits oi tbm prghudtovoty ge mxostoik gims.

Xbm sdlfm ge LDO‟s dgaoik strudturlf trlisegraltogi os

uiprmdmhmitmh lih woff rmquorm imw strltmkoms. Xbm roscs oivgfvmh lrm

mqulffy krmlt. Imw krgwtb mikoims dgufh mamrkm agrm sfgwfy tbli

rmquormh3 rmsgurdm gr mivorgiamitlf dgistrloits dgufh rlosm tbm prodms



ge eggh lih drotodlf rlw altmrolfs3 lih dgiefodts wotboi dguitroms gr

lagik tbma dgufh uihmraoim tbm dggpmrltogi imdmsslry tg ldbomvm

krgwtb. Liy ge tbmsm oapmhoamits‘gr smvmrlf oi dgaòiltogi‘dgufh

smt `ldc tbm rmkogi‟s prgspmdts. Lt tbm slam toam, krgwtb geemrs tggfsegr alilkoik roscs. Ot stoaufltms oiigvltogi, eldofotltms lhjustamit,

lih prgvohms eoilidolf lih mitrmprmimurolf rmsgurdms tg lhhrmss

prg`fmas.

Xbos dblptmr mxlaoims tbm rmkogi‟s prgspmdts lih dblffmikms tg

prgvohm oisokbt oitg tbm pgfody dblikms tblt woff `m rmquormh oi tbm

krmlt trlisegraltogi. Ot hmvmfgps `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis lih mxpfgrms

tbm strudturlf dblikms tblt woff `m rmquormh wotboi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

lih oi tbmor rmfltogis wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Ot usms soaufltogi

mxmrdosms (hmvmfgpmh oi ^mtro lih Zblo S0><0Q ls l `ldckrguih plpmr

egr tbos stuhy) tg mxpfgrm bgw sbgdcs lih pgfody strltmkoms aokbt leemdt

tbmsm gutdgams. Tpmdoeodlffy, ot lscs bgw tbm trlisegraltogi woff leemdt

LDO‟s qulfoty ge foem, hrovmrs ge krgwtb, rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf

dblffmikms, lih rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay.

Xbm rmsufts prgvohm krguihs egr dgidmri lih egr gptoaosa. Xbm

pldm ge strudturlf dblikm rmquormh‘wbodb hoeemr oi egra ldrgss

dguitroms ùt lrm soaoflr oi dgapfmxoty‘oitrghudms uidmrtloity

oitg tbm prgjmdtogis. Lt tbm slam toam, tbm agamitua ge LDO‟s

trlisegraltogi lih tbm rmsuftoik rmsgurdms lih dlplòfotoms sbgufh

oaprgvm tbm rmkogi‟s lòfoty tg alilkm smt`ldcs. Aliy prg`fmas woffblvm tg `m litodopltmh lih lvgohmh tbrgukb toamfy oivmstamits lih

pgfody. Xbos dblptmr bokbfokbts bgw meemdtovm dgffmdtovm ldtogi‘gi

iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih oitmriltogilf fmvmfs‘dli bmfp tg stmmr gutdgams

oi pgsotovm hormdtogis.

0.0 Lilfyzoik tbm KrmltXrlisegraltogi

Xg sblrpmi tbm lilfysos, tbos dblptmr dgistrudts l hmtlofmh

qulitotltovm vomw ge tbm prgspmdts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbos stuhy

dgapfmamits agrm aldrgmdgigaod lilfysms ge Lsoli hmvmfgpamit

(sudb ls Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<) `y mxlaoioik tbm smdtgrlf

dgismqumidms lih rmquormamits ge tbm dgaoik trlisegraltogi.

08




Tudb li mxmrdosm os oibmrmitfy uidmrtloi, ùt l qulitotltovm, smdtgrlf

erlamwgrc oapgsms dflroty lih dgisostmidy gi lssuaptogis l`gut tbm

euturm. Mvmi uidmrtloi qulitotltovm rmsufts dli bmfp tg alcm trmihs

lih pgfody dblffmikms agrm dgidrmtm‘lih oidgisostmidoms agrmlpplrmit‘tbli dli `m hmrovmh erga qulfotltovm lilfysos lfgim.

Xbm stlrtoik pgoit os l smt ge krgwtb prgjmdtogis tg 0>4> hmvmfgpmh

egr tbos stuhy (Zbulik 0><0 lih @gx 0.<). Xbm prgjmdtogis lrm `lsmh

gi lssuaptogis tblt sgam fgik-stlihoik trmihs (soidm tbm <??>s)

woff dgitoium tg gpmrltm lih, wotb lpprgproltm aghoeodltogis, woff

bmfp tg mxpfloi dblikms oi tbm fl`gr egrdm, oivmstamit, lih euturm

prghudtovoty fmvmfs ge tbm wgrfh‟s mdgigaoms. L drotodlf lssuaptogi

os tblt tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff dgitoium‘tblt tbm pgfodoms lih

mdgigaod egrdms tblt rmhudmh prghudtovoty hoeemrmitolfs `mtwmmi tbm

LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm hmvmfgpmh oihustrolfozmh dguitroms oi tbm plst

woff lfsg wgrc oi tbm euturm.

Imxt, tbm lilfysos fggcs `mboih tbm lkkrmkltms oitg tbm strudturlf

dblikms rmquormh tg ldbomvm tbma. L aufto-smdtgrlf, aufto-rmkogilf

qulitotltovm aghmf os usmh tg mxlaoim tbmsm dblikms, prgvohoik

mstoaltms ge tbm smdtgrlf prghudtogi, dgisuaptogi, lih trlhm fmvmfs

oapfomh `y krgwtb. Xblt hmtlof, oi turi, alcms ot pgsso`fm tg lsc stoff

hmmpmr qumstogis l`gut tbm meemdts ge krgwtb gi oitmriltogilf trlhm

lih eoilidolf foics, egr rmsgurdm prodms lih mivorgiamitlf meemdts,

lih egr pgfodoms tblt prgagtm ‖krmmi‑ tmdbigfgkoms lih krmltmr sgdolfmxpmihoturms.

Xbm kglf ge tbm lilfysos os igt tg hmvmfgp egrmdlsts. Egr mxlapfm,

sgam lhvmrsm sbgdcs tblt woff `m lilfyzmh woff bgpmeuffy imvmr gddur.

Mvmi oe tbmy hg, tbmor wgrst dgismqumidms aokbt `m lvmrtmh `y toamfy

pgfody rmspgisms. Oistmlh, tbm lilfysos lttmapts tg ohmitoey tbrmlts

tblt dgufh hmrlof krgwtb. Tgam ge tbm pgssoòfotoms mxlaoimh lssuam

lhvmrsm prghudtovoty sbgdcs. Gtbmrs mxpfgrm l sboet tg audb tgukbmr

pgfodoms tg rmhudm dlr`gi maossogis lih rmsgurdm hmalihs. Ttoff

gtbmrs lssuam oidrmlsmh sgdolf spmihoik. Tgam mxlaoim elvgrl`fm

lftmriltovms, oidfuhoik tbm hmmpmr oitmkrltogi ge rmkogilf lih kfg`lf

prghudtogi lih hmalih. Xbm sdmilrogs kmimrltm oisokbt oitg sgurdms

ge rosc lih tbm pgfodoms tblt aotokltm tbma.

Xbm rmsufts yomfh l vlromty ge prgjmdtogis, igt just tbm usulf fgw

lih bokb lftmriltovms‘mxtrmams tblt lrm vortulffy oapgsso`fm tg juhkm

oi prldtodm. L wohmr rlikm ge sdmilrogs‘l ‖dgim‑ ge pgssoòfotoms

^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge



grkliozmh lrguih l dmitrlf `lsmfoim‘prgvohms oisokbt oitg bgw tbm

rmkogilf lih wgrfh mdgigaoms dgufh mvgfvm `y 0>4>. Xbm meemdts

ge lftmriltovm sbgdcs dli `m lfsg dgaòimh‘usoik su`jmdtovm

prg`lòfotoms‘tg juhkm tbm focmfy hostroùtogi ge gutdgams. Tudb lililfysos woff sbgw, egr mxlapfm, tblt dgaòiltogis ge sbgdcs getmi

fmlh tg aghmst gvmrlff hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim soidm pgsotovm

lih imkltovm meemdts tmih tg geesmt mldb gtbmr. Bgwmvmr, ot lfsg eoihs

sokioeodlit hgwisohm roscs oi 0=%—4>% ge tbm soaufltogis, usulffy

egdusmh gi l vmrsogi ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam-trlp lftmriltovm. Xbm

rmsuft os l ‖dblrt `ggc‑ rltbmr tbli hormdtogis gi l alp‘gptogis lih

prg`lòfotoms tg bmfp pgfodyalcmrs ohmitoey tbm agst slfomit roscs lih

prmplrm egr li uidmrtloi euturm.

0.0.< ^rgjmdtogis ge krgwtbXbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis rmpgrtmh `mfgw sbgw sustloimh lih

rmfltovmfy rlpoh krgwtb egr LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm amtbghgfgky os lsmh gi

tbm mxpmdtmh mvgfutogi ge tbm fl`gr egrdm, slvoiks rltms, lih prghudtovoty

krgwtb `lsmh gi bostgrodlf stltostodlf plttmris. Dgisohmrl`fm wgrc bls

`mmi hgim `y LH@ gi fgik-tmra krgwtb prgjmdtogis lih tbm hmtlofs

ge tbm prmsmit amtbghgfgky lrm mxpfloimh oi @gx 0.< (Fmm lih Bgik

0><>). Xbm prgjmdtogis< lrm suaalrozmh oi tmras ge tbm twg amlsurms

dgaagify usmh oi oitmriltogilf dgaplrosgis: dgistlit alrcmt prodmsoi Xl`fm 0.< lih purdblsoik pgwmr plroty (^^^) oi Xl`fm 0.0. Tdmilrogs

tblt dblffmikm sgam ge tbm lssuaptogis ge tbm `lsmfoim lrm prmsmitmh

fltmr oi tbm dblptmr.

Alrcmt prodm lih ^^^ amlsurms prgvohm hoeemrmit podturms ge

tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay (egr li

lilfytodlf hmsdroptogi, smm Hmltgi lih Bmstgi 0><>). Xbm alrcmt

prodm amlsurm dlfdufltms rmlf gutput wotb kgghs lih smrvodms prodmh

lt ldtulf 0><> alrcmt prodms. Xbm ^^^ amlsurm dlfdufltms rmlf gutput

Tgam `lsm ymlr hltl pgoits usmh oi tbm prgjmdtogis wmrm lhjustmh tg rmefmdt tbm fltmst

lvlofl`fm oiegraltogi lih mstoaltogis. Xbmsm KH^ lsmfoim prgjmdtogis lrm prmsmitmh oi Xl`fms

0.< lih 0.0. Bgwmvmr, tbm su`smqumit dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) mstoaltogis

lrm igt rmvosmh ls tbm rmvosogis tg tbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis wmrm rmfltovmfy aoigr lih blvm

oidgismqumitolf oapldt gi tbm DKM rmsufts.

L tborh amlsurm tblt os sgamtoams usmh, KH^ lt alrcmt mxdblikm rltms, os igt rmpgrtmh

bmrm. Xblt amlsurm lddguits egr tbm tmihmidy ge tbm rmlf mxdblikm rltms ge mamrkoik

mdgigaoms tg rosm lih bmidm yomfhs agrm rlpoh mstoaltms ge tbmor krgwtb gvmr toam.

05


4

8

4

8



@gx 0.<: Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis

Mdgigaod krgwtb prgjmdtogis lrm igralffy kmimrltmh usoik prghudtogi

euidtogis tblt oidgrpgrltm lssuaptogis l`gut tbm mvgfutogi gesmvmrlf eldtgrs ge prghudtogi lih tbmor rltms ge prghudtovoty krgwtb.

LH@ hmvmfgpmh prgjmdtogis egr <;< dguitroms, `lsmh gi l twg-eldtgr (dlpotlf

lih fl`gr) Dg``—Hgukfls prghudtogi euidtogi lih li gvmrlff tgtlf eldtgr

prghudtovoty oihmx (Zbulik 0><0). Xbm amtbghgfgky prgjmdts prghudtovoty klois

`lsmh gi tbm dgivmrkmidm lpprgldb, ls hosdussmh egr mxlapfm oi Kgfhali

Tldbs (0>>4). Ot wls oapfmamitmh wotb tbm [grfh @lic‟s [grfh Hmvmfgpamit

Oihodltgrs hltlsmt. Xbm `lsm ymlr rmprmsmits 0><> krgss hgamstod prghudt

fmvmfs dgivmrtmh oitg ]T hgfflrs lt alrcmt mxdblikm rltms.

Xbm tbrmm hrovmrs ge krgwtb wmrm aghmfmh ls egffgws:

Fl`gr egrdm prgjmdtogis wmrm `lsmh gi Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi

pgpufltogi krgwtb lih fl`gr egrdm plrtodopltogi rltm egrmdlsts tg 0>0>,

mxtrlpgfltmh tg 0>4>.

Xbm dlpotlf stgdc wls aghmfmh `y lhhoik oivmstamits gvmr toam lih

su`trldtoik hmprmdoltogi. Oivmstamit wls prgjmdtmh egrwlrh `y auftopfyoik

oidgam wotb li oivmstamit rltm lih su`trldtoik tbm prgjmdtmh durrmit

lddguit surpfus. Xbm oivmstamit rltm os tbm drotodlf mfmamit ge tbos dlfdufltogi

lih wls mstoaltmh lih egrmdlst usoik l drgss-dguitry rmkrmssogi aghmf

wotb mxpfliltgry vlrol`fms dgisostoik ge oidgam, krgwtb, lih hmagkrlpbod

eldtgrs.

Xgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms wls lssuamh tg m

<.4% pmr ymlr. Xg prgjmdt euturm vlfums ge tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty, mamrkoikmdgigaoms wmrm hovohmh oitg mokbt dgivmrkmidm dflssms. Xbm dgivmrkmidm

rltm egr mldb dflss wls hmtmraoimh erga plst hltl, `lsmh gi tbm liiulf

rmhudtogi oi tbm klp `mtwmmi tbm dguitry‟s tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty lih

tblt oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (tlcmi tg rmprmsmit tbm ergitomr). Xbm dgivmrkmidm

eldtgrs rlikmh erga >% tg <.2% pmr ymlr lih wmrm lssuamh tg rmaloi eoxmh

gvmr 0><>—0>4>. Tgam `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis wmrm fltmr lhjustmh tg rmefmdt

juhkamits alhm oi tbm gikgoik LTMLI 0>4> stuhy.

Xbm lpprgldb fmlhs tg rmfltovmfy rlpoh rltms ge krgwtb egr tbm LDO

mdgigaoms, rmefmdtoik tbm dgitoiultogi ge rmfltovmfy bokb dgivmrkmidm spmmhs

oi rmdmit hmdlhms. Xbm amtbghgfgky mssmitolffy lssuams ‖dgivmrkmidm

ls usulf‑‘tblt os, tblt tbm prgdmss ge tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff sueemr

imotbmr smt`ldcs igr eoih imw gppgrtuiotoms egr lddmfmrltogi oi tbm euturm. @y

dgistrudtogi, krgwtb rltms hmdfoim ls mdgigaoms lpprgldb tbm tmdbigfgkodlf

ergitomr.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi `lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0).




Xl`fm 0.<: ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4>

(oi 0><> dgistlit prodms)

0><> 0>4> 0><>—0>4>

^gpufltogi

(aoffogi)

KH^

($ offogi)

[grfh

sblrm

(%)

KH^/

dlpotl

($)

^gpufltogil

(aoffogi)

KH^

($ offogi)

[grfh

sblrm

(%)

KH^/

dlpotl

($)

Tdmilrog<(l)

Tdmilrog<(`)

KH^ krgwtb` (%)

LDO 4,<=2 ?,8;= <=.05 4,>>> 4,50< 45,55= 02.;5 <>,<0; ;.> —

LTMLI =?0 <,25> 4.>> 4,<8< ;>8 =,=4< 8.48 ;,2=; =.5 =.8

@ruimo Hlrusslfla >.8 <0 >.>0 4<,;08 >.= 05 >.>0 8?,?=2 4.2 4.;

Dla`ghol <8 << >.>0 ;?= <; =8 >.>8 4,<40 2.0 ;.?

Oihgimsol 08> ;>2 <.<8 0,?=0 02> 0,<>= <.5= ;,=02 =.5 =.=

Flg HP 5 ; >.>< <,<=2 2 40 >.>4 8,<5> ;.2 ;.;

Alflysol 02 042 >.42 2,4;4 4; 5?8 >.=8 <2,5<? =.= =.?

Aylialr 82 8= >.>; ?85 =8 0=8 >.0> 8,524 ?.> 2.>

^bofoppoims ?4 0>> >.40 0,<4> <05 ;;0 >.5< 5,<<8 ;.> 5.<

Toiklpgrm = 0<4 >.48 8<,?<> 5 4=5 >.02 =?,=;2 0.5 0.2

Xbloflih 5? 4<? >.=< 8,5<8 ;4 2<8 >.58 <<,<>? 8.2 =.2

Uomt Ila 22 <>5 >.<; <,0<< <>< 845 >.48 8,0?0 ;.4 ;.0

^PD <,48< =,?4< ?.== 8,80< <,4?4 04,420 <2.48 <5,;28 ;.< —

Oihol <,00= <,528 0.;< <,4;= <,=04 ;,02? =.;0 8,;28 ;.5 —

Jlpli <0; =,822 2.28 84,4;8 <0> 5,24< =.45 =5,20> <.< —

Pmp. ge Cgrml 82 <,><= <.54 0<,>54 => <,?84 <.=0 42,=?; 4.4 —

Xlopmo,Dboil 04 84> >.5? <2,524 04 2;4 >.52 4;,?;2 4.5 —

Pmst ge Lsol =>4 ?4< <.=> <,28? 5=4 4,0;? 0.=; =,><? 5.= —

]iotmh Ttltms 4<> <8,88; 04.05 85,=85 450 00,;55 <;.25 50,?85 0.4 —

Murgpm =>0 <5,<<8 0=.?= 40,<0= =<; 04,?8= <2.;2 85,4>2 0.> —

FLD =4; 8,=;> ;.45 2,=>2 58> <<,>0< 2.5= <;,040 8.= —

AMIL 404 0,02> 4.5; ;,>50 8<8 =,5>5 8.8> <4,=42 8.5 —

Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl ;8< ??2 <.5< <,485 <,<;2 4,=<= 0.;5 0,?2= 5.= —

Pmst ge tbm [grfh 45? 5,4=5 <>.04 <;,085 420 <<,82> ?.>< 4>,>0= 4.> —

[grfh 5,58< 50,<>8 <>> ?,4=0 ;,?5> <0;,8;= <>> <5,><8 4.5 —

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Murgpm 1 ama`mr dguitroms ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi (mxdmpt Tfgvmiol

wbmrm hltl lrm igt lvlofl`fm)3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 FLD 1 Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli3

AMIL 1 Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtms:

l. ]I pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms lppfomh tg 0><> pgpufltogi hltl erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm.

`. Tdmilrog <(l) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0) lih li uphltm oi Juim 0><4. Tdmilrog <(`) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi LH@O (0><8).

Tgurdms: 0><> KH^ lih pgpufltogi erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm (Lprof 0><0)3 pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms hmrovmh erga ]I [grfh gpufltogi

^rgspmdts: Xbm 0><> Pmvosogi.

02




Xl`fm 0.0: ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4>

(oi 0>>= ^^^$)

0><> 0>4> 0><>—0

^gpufltogi

(aoffogi)

KH^

($ offogi)

[grfh

sblrm

(%)

KH^/

dlpotl

($)

^gpufltogil

(aoffogi)

KH^

($ offogi)

[grfh

sblrm

(%)

KH^/

dlpotl

($)

KH^

krgwt

(%)

LDO 4,<=2 <=,554 04.=; 8,?=? 4,50< 5>,5<> 4?.42 <5,;8<

LTMLI =?0 0,2<? 8.08 8,;5> ;>8 2,424 =.8= <<,?>?

@ruimo Hlrusslfla >.8 <2 >.>4 85,==; >.= 42 >.>0 ;4,4<;

Dla`ghol <8 02 >.>8 <,?52 <; <4= >.>? ;,;=0

Oihgimsol 08> ?40 <.8> 4,22= 02> 0,;;< <.2> ?,?>?

Flg HP 5 <8 >.>0 0,4<4 2 58 >.>8 2,4>;

Alflysol 02 4;= >.=5 <4,0<8 4; <,>?= >.;< 0?,428

Aylialr 82 ;= >.<< <,=== =8 8<2 >.0; ;,5?8

^bofoppoims ?4 440 >.=> 4,=5< <05 <,02= >.24 <>,<;0

Toiklpgrm = 05= >.8> =0,>;= 5 884 >.0? ;8,>02

Xbloflih 5? =4> >.2> ;,5;4 ;4 <,4== >.22 <2,8;=

Uomt Ila 22 0=> >.42 0,28= <>< <,>04 >.55 <>,>;?

^PD <,48< ?,<00 <4.;0 5,2>< <,4?4 4=,?55 04.4; 0=,2<2

Oihol <,00= 4,;0< =.5> 4,>4? <,=04 <5,<>= <>.85 <>,=;<

Jlpli <0; 4,?8; =.?8 4<,<2? <0> 8,?<0 4.<? 8>,2=2

Pmp. ge Cgrml 82 <,404 <.?? 0;,8== => 0,=40 <.5= =>,4<<

Xlopmo,Dboil 04 ;>0 <.>5 4>,=>; 04 <,80= >.?4 50,><4

Pmst ge Lsol =>4 <,=;8 0.4; 4,<05 5=4 =,=88 4.5> 2,82;

]iotmh Ttltms 4<> <4,><; <?.=2 8<,?42 450 0>,=<4 <4.44 =5,;<=

Murgpm =>0 <4,240 0>.2< 0;,=;= =<; 0>,==8 <4.45 4?,;=>

FLD =4; =,8<? 2.<= <>,>2? 58> <4,>5? 2.8? 0>,848

AMIL 404 4,05= 8.?< <>,<<4 8<8 2,>0; =.00 <?,42;

Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl ;8< <,==? 0.4= 0,<>8 <,<;2 =,8?8 4.=; 8,558

Pmst ge tbm [grfh 45? 5,<5= ?.02 <5,;0; 420 <<,<48 ;.04 0>,<00

[grfh 5,58< 55,855 <>> <>,>>2 ;,?5> <=4,>8? <>> <?,448

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Murgpm 1 ama`mr dguitroms ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi (mxdmpt Tfgvmi

wbmrm hltl lrm igt lvlofl`fm)3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 FLD 1 Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli3 AMIL

Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl3 ^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtms:

l. ]I pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms lppfomh tg 0><> pgpufltogi hltl erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm.

`. Tdmilrog <(l) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0) lih li uphltm oi Juim 0><4.

Tgurdms: 0><> KH^ erga [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim hltl`lsm (lddmssmh <0 Jufy 0><0), mxdmpt egr Aylialr lih Xlopmo,Dboil (LH@ mstoaltm e

[grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm)3 0><> pgpufltogi erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm (Lprof 0><0)3 pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms hmrovmh erga ]I [

^gpufltogi rgspmdts: Xbm 0><> Pmvosogi.




4>


oi tmras ge kgghs lih smrvodms prodmh lt 0><> ‖oitmriltogilf hgfflr

prodms,‑ tblt os, wotb mvmry dguitry‟s gutput vlfumh oi tmras ge dgaagi

prodms. Toidm tbm alrcmt prodms ge igi-trlhmh kgghs lih smrvodms‘tbm

tmxt`ggc mxlapfm os blorduts‘tmih tg `m fgw oi mamrkoik mdgigaomsdgaplrmh tg tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, alrcmt prodm mstoaltms

tmih tg yomfh fgwmr krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) vlfums egr mamrkoik

mdgigaoms tbli ^^^ mstoaltms. (@y dgistrudtogi, tbm alrcmt prodm lih

^^^ amlsurms lrm tbm slam egr tbm ]iotmh Ttltms.) Egr tbm LDO rmkogi,

egr mxlapfm, tbm alrcmt prodm KH^ oi 0><> os gify 5>% ls bokb ls tbm

^^^ KH^. Bgwmvmr, tbm rmlf krgwtb rltms ge tbm twg amlsurms tmih tg

`m dfgsm.

@y 0>4>, tbm gutput ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff blvm krgwi rgukbfy

eguregfh `y motbmr amlsurm. Oi alrcmt prodms, LDO gutput woff `m flrkmr

tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh Ttltms gr tbm Murgpmli ]iogi. Oi ^^^ tmras

ot woff `m flrkmr tbli tbm twg dga`oimh. Xbmsm fgik-tmra lvmrlkm

krgwtb rltms dgidmlf krlhulf dblikms oi tbm pldm ge krgwtb gvmr toam

(Eokurm 0.<). Oitmrmstoikfy, wgrfh mdgigaod krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg

lddmfmrltm oi dgaoik hmdlhms, igtwotbstlihoik tbm letmrmeemdts ge tbm

kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lkoik pgpufltogis, lih hoaoiosbmh prgspmdts

oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbm rmlsgi os igt elstmr krgwtb oi oihovohulf

dguitroms, `ut tbm sboetoik dmitmr ge kfg`lf mdgigaod krlvoty: wgrfh

lvmrlkms woff oidrmlsoikfy rmefmdt tbm rosm ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms.

Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil‟s (^PD) krgwtb rltm os prgjmdtmhtg `m tbm bokbmst oiotolffy lagik aljgr dguitroms lih krgups. @ut tbm

^PD os prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm‘mvmi letmr tbm meemdts ge tbm durrmit

sfgwhgwi hossopltm‘hum tg tbm sfgwmr krgwtb lih mvmitulf hmdfoim ge

ots fl`gr egrdm, ls wmff ls aghmrltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb. Hmdmfmrltogi

os oimvotl`fm kovmi tbm ^PD woff dltdb up wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms3 ot

hgms igt oapfy tblt tbm ^PD woff soic oitg l ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑

Xblt tmra, ls hosdussmh oi @gx <.<, os rmsmrvmh egr l agrm hrlstod,

lih bgpmeuffy lvgohl`fm, sfgwhgwi tblt woff `m mxlaoimh ls l spmdolf

sdmilrog.

Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm os prgjmdtmh tg rosm l`gvm plst lvmrlkms ls tbm

dguitry mamrkms erga tbm durrmit sfgwhgwi lih ma`lrcs gi euff-

spmmh dltdb-up. Xbm lddmfmrltogi tblt tbm prgjmdtogis litodopltm os

`lsmh oi plrt gi sgfoh fl`gr egrdm krgwtb lih prgkrmss oi trlisemrroik

wgrcmrs erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry lih smrvodms. Oi tbos sdmilrog,

Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm wgufh gvmrtlcm tblt ge tbm ^PD sgamtoam `mtwmmi



Eokurm 0.<: LDO Krgwtb Pltms [off Tfgw `ut Ttly Bokb (%)

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3

^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: LH@ prgjmdtogis.


0><= lih 0>0>. Xbm imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigaoms (IOMs) lrm

prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm ls tbmor oidgam fmvmfs lpprgldb tbgsm ge

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, lih tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms lrm

prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt rltms soaoflr tg fgik-tmra bostgrodlf lvmrlkms.

Krgwtb oi tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) osprgjmdtmh tg rmaloi rmfltovmfy elst: fgw- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms

lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw oi tbm =%—?% rlikm. Krgwtb rltms lrm prgjmdtmh

tg `m rmfltovmfy bokb egr tbm fmlst-hmvmfgpmh dguitroms (Dla`ghol, Flg

^HP, Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila), lvmrlkoik l`gvm ;%. Aohhfm-oidgam

dguitroms (Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih) wgufh

mxplih wotb krgwtb rltms oi tbm =%—;% rlikm. Gify bokb-oidgam @ruimo

Hlrusslfla lih Toiklpgrm lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw agrm sfgwfy, lt rltms

uihmr 8%.

Oivmstamit lih prghudtovoty oaprgvmamits lrm focmfy tg `m tbm

proidoplf hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Eokurm 0.0 sbgws tblt prghudtovoty krgwtb

Gtbmr stuhoms blvm lfsg prgjmdtmh tblt Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm aly gvmrtlcm tblt ge tbm ^PD

lfgik l soaoflr toam erlam. Gtbmr eldtgrs tblt lrm sloh tg `m oi Oihol‟s elvgr oidfuhm l `lsm ge

wgrfh-dflss dgaplioms fmh `y Mikfosb-spmlcoik `gssms, lih hmagdrltod oistotutogis. [mokbmh

lkloist tbos os l audb flrkmr mxpgrt `lsm oi tbm ^PD3 audb bokbmr fmvmfs ge oivmstamits oi

P&H, scoffs, lih oierlstrudturm3 lih `mttmr pgfody dggrhoiltogi lih oapfmamitltogi ([okilrljl

0><<).

=

=



Eokurm 0.0: Krgwtb [off @m Hrovmi `y Oivmstamit lih ^rghudtovoty

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 ]T 1 ]iotmh

Ttltms.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.

40


woff `m tbm flrkmst dgitroùtgr tg krgwtb oi Oihol, wbofm dlpotlf woff `m

agrm oapgrtlit oi tbm gtbmr LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm rgfm ge oivmstamit

rmfltovm tg prghudtovoty krgwtb woff oidrmlsm oi lff dguitroms gvmr toam.

Xbm dgitroùtogi ge fl`gr egrdm krgwtb woff `m tbm fmlst oapgrtlit, lihwoff hmdfoim gvmr toam, ldtulffy turioik imkltovm oi tbm ^PD tgwlrh tbm

mih ge tbm prgjmdtogi pmrogh.

Xbm prgspmdts egr sustloioik krgwtb dgisostmit wotb bostgrodlf

mxpmromidm lrm rmlsgil`fy kggh, ùt tbos pltb imvmrtbmfmss rmprmsmits

li laòtogus sdmilrog. Tudb krgwtb rltms rmquorm dgitoiumh

oaprgvmamits oi prghudtovoty lih bokb rltms ge oivmstamit. Amliwbofm,

tbm hmagkrlpbod hovohmih‘tbm mdgigaod `mimeots ge blvoik l flrkm

wgrcoik-lkm pgpufltogi rmfltovm tg yguik lih lkmh pgpufltogis‘

wbodb pflymh l rgfm oi sgam dguitroms oi tbm plst, woff turi imkltovm

oi aliy dguitroms `y 0>4>. @ut suddmss lfsg kmimrltms agamitua3

tbm LDO rmkogi os smmi ls, lih os focmfy tg rmaloi, l prgpotogus fgdltogi

egr mdgigaod ldtovotoms lih oivmstamits tblt `mimeot erga sdlfm lih

prgxoaoty tg oivmstamit lih dgisuaptogi krgwtb.



@gx 0.0 : Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua ^rgjmdtogis ge Tmdtgrlf Hmtlof

Xbm rmsufts ge dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmfs

prgvohm hmtlofmh, dgisostmit smdtgrlf lih oitmriltogilf

prgjmdtogis ge tbm iltogilf mdgigaoms lih tbmor oitmrldtogis.

DKM aghmfs oidgrpgrltm smdtgrlf su`aghmfs ge suppfy (eora

prghudtogi hmdosogis) lih hmalih (bgusmbgfh lih gtbmr hmalih

hmdosogis) egr mldb mdgigay lih tbmi dgiimdt tbma tbrgukb iltogilf

lih oitmriltogilf alrcmts. Xbmy hmtmraoim tbm vlfums ge tbguslihs

ge vlrol`fms sudb ls oidgam fmvmfs, hmalih, gutput, mxpgrts, oapgrts,mapfgyamit, eldtgr plyamits, oivmstamit, lih prodms lssgdoltmh wotb

vlrogus alrcmts.

Xbm rmsufts oi tbos dblptmr lrm `lsmh gi ^mtro lih Zblo (0><0),

wbodb hmsdro`ms tbm lssuaptogis lih rmsufts ge tbm soaufltogis

rmpgrtmh bmrm oi agrm hmtlof. Zblo (0>>2) hmvmfgpmh tbm aghmf usmh

oi tblt stuhy lih bls `mmi lppfomh oi smvmrlf aljgr stuhoms ge Lsoli

mdgigaod oitmkrltogi (Pgflih-Bgfst, Umr`omst, lih Zblo 0>>=3 Clwlo

lih Zblo 0><>3 ^mtro, ^fuaamr, lih Zblo 0><0)

Xbm aghmf bls 05 prghudtogi smdtgrs lih << wgrfh dguitroms

lih/gr rmkogis. Ot os sgfvmh ymlr-`y-ymlr erga 0>>; (tbm fltmst hltl

pgoit lvlofl`fm tblt prgvohms euff oiegraltogi egr lff plrlamtmrs erga

(Dgitoiumh)


0.0.0 Oapfodltogis ge tbm trlisegraltogiTtrudturlf hmtlof os usmeuf egr uihmrstlihoik tbm vlromh

dgismqumidms ge krgwtb, rlikoik erga tbm hmalih egr rmsgurdms tgoitmriltogilf rmfltogisbops tbrgukb trlhm lih eoilidm. Xbos dblptmr

usms l flrkm dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmf ge tbm wgrfh

mdgigay (@gx 0.0) tg lhhrmss sudb qumstogis. Xbm aghmf os usmh tg

mxpfgrm egur tbmams:

bgw mdgigaod krgwtb woff trlisegra tbm fovms ge LDO dotozmis,

bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff trlisotogi tg imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb,

bgw LDO krgwtb woff leemdt kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf

dgistrloits, lih

bgw tbm rmkogi‟s rgfm woff dblikm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay.

Xbos lih su`smqumit smdtogis ge tbos dblptmr lrm `lsmh gi l dgaprmbmisovm aghmfoik

meegrt uihmrtlcmi egr tbos stuhy, ls rmpgrtmh oi ^mtro lih Zblo (0><0).

Xbm DKM lilfysos os `lsmh gi LH@‟s mlrfomr prgjmdtogis `lsmh gi 0>>? dgistlit prodms

lih hoeemrmit krgwtb rltm lssuaptogis egr tbm ^bofoppoims lih Aylialr.

5

;

5

;



tbm KXL^ systma) tg 0>4>. Ls igtmh oi tbm ldckrguih plpmr, bgwmvmr,

tbm `lsmfoim egr tbm soaufltogi lilfysos wls dlfo`rltmh tg LH@‟s

krgss hgamstod prghudt, fl`gr egrdm, lih oivmstamit rltm prgjmdtogis

lvlofl`fm ls ge Lukust 0><<.

Xbm liiulf soaufltogi lpprgldb pmraots tbm lilfysos ge tbm

duaufltovm oapldt ge oivmstamit hmdosogis gvmr toam, tbm krlhulf

lhjustamits ge plrlamtmrs (sudb ls prghudtovoty lih tbm lvloflòfoty

ge lkrodufturlf flih), lih pgtmitolf dblikms oi pgfodoms (egr mxlapfm,

trlhm `lrromrs gr dlr`gi prodms) oi tbm euturm. Ls os usulf oi sudb

kmimrlf mquofo`roua stuhoms, tbm aghmf egdusms gi fgik-tmra meemdts

lih hgms igt prgvohm oiegraltogi gi ùsoimss dydfms gr `guts ge

uimapfgyamit. Xbm aghmf os ‖dfgsmh‑ wotb mxgkmigusfy prgjmdtmh

mapfgyamit fmvmfs lih lssuaptogis l`gut oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws.

Xbm `lsmfoim lssuams tblt imt oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws woff rmaloi

eoxmh oi l`sgfutm tmras lt 0><> vlfums lih bmidm hmdfoim ls l sblrm ge

gutput.

Xbm strudturm ge tbm aghmf egffgws tbm trlhotogi ge sudb aghmfs,

ùt oidgrpgrltms rmdmit oiigvltogis oi bmtmrgkmimgus eoras trlhm

tbmgry, wbodb lhhrmss tbm mxpgrtoik hmdosogis ge eoras lih tbm rmsuftoik

oitrl-oihustry rmlffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms. Xbus, tbm aghmf lddguits egr

l wohmr rlikm ge mdgigaod klois oivgfvmh oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss

tbli lilfyzmh oi mlrfomr kmimrltogi aghmfs, oidfuhoik oitmr-oihustry

spmdolfozltogi, lddmss tg wohmr prghudt vlromtoms, mdgigaoms sdlfm, lih

dblikoik oitrl-oihustry hostroùtogis ge prghudtovoty.

Xbm aghmf wls suppfmamitmh wotb li oidgam hostroùtogi aghufmtg lffgdltm tgtlf dgisuaptogi tg egur oidgam krgups: mxtrmamfy pggr

(dgisuaptogi `mfgw $<.0= pmr hly oi 0>>= ]T hgfflrs), fgw (`mtwmmi

$<.0= lih $<> pmr hly), aohhfm (`mtwmmi $<> lih $<>> pmr hly),

lih bokb (l`gvm $<>> pmr hly). @lsmfoim dgisuaptogi hostroùtogis

wmrm g`tloimh erga tbm [grfh @lic‟s [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs

hltlsmt. Hostroùtogis wmrm aghmfmh wotb l fgk-igralf euidtogi eottmh

tg tbmsm hltl lih lhjustmh lt tbm fgwmr tlof tg m dgisostmit wotb [grfh

@lic pgvmrty rltm stltostods. Euturm hostroùtogis wmrm mstoaltmh `y

oidrmlsoik tbm stlihlrh hmvoltogis ge hostroùtogis lt rltms dgisostmit

wotb rmdmit bostgrodlf mxpmromidm.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi.

48


Xbm imxt smdtogis prg`m tbmsm tbmams `y mxlaoioik tbm hmtlofs ge

tbm lsmfoim prgjmdtogis, lih tbmi dgisohmroik tbm oapldt ge lftmriltovm

lssuaptogis l`gut LDO prghudtovoty krgwtb, tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod

mivorgiamit, lih pgfodoms lhgptmh oi tbm rmkogi lih `mygih.



Eokurm 0.4: Oidgam Klp `mtwmmi LDO lih Hmvmfgpmh

Dguitroms [off Dgitoium tg Dfgsm

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss

hgamstod prghudt3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: LH@ prgjmdtogis.


L fmlp oi tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbm `lsmfoim ruis ge tbm aghmf lrm

dlfo`rltmh tg LH@‟s krgwtb prgjmdtogis lih sg tbmor vlfum lhhmh os tgwgrc gut hmtlofmh oapfodltogis. Xbmsm sbgw, agst oapgrtlitfy, tblt

tbm rmkogi os pgosmh egr l bostgrod oaprgvmamit oi tbm qulfoty ge foem.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm dltdboik up wotb tbm wgrfh tmdbigfgky ergitomr

lih tbmor oidgams lrm rosoik lddgrhoikfy (Eokurm 0.4).

Xbm prgjmdtmh gvmrlff oidgam klois lrm sg flrkm tblt tbmy

sbgufh leemdt agst smkamits ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi. L suàghmf ge

mxpmihoturm hostroùtogis wls usmh tg trlisfltm lvmrlkm klois oitg

mstoaltms egr vlrogus pgoits ge su`krgups ge tbm oidgam hostroùtogi.

Agst oapgrtlitfy, tbm aghmf sbgws tblt tbm oidohmidm ge pgvmrty os

pgosmh tg hmdfoim prmdopotgusfy oi tbm LDO rmkogi (Eokurm 0.8). @y 0>4>,

tbm pmrdmitlkm ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi `mfgw tbm $<.0= pmr hly pgvmrty

foim woff blvm elffmi erga agrm tbli 5>> aoffogi ldrgss tbm rmkogi

tg l fottfm agrm tbli 4> aoffogi, lddguitoik egr <% ge tbm rmkogi‟s

pgpufltogi. Xbos lfsg amlis tblt wotb aghmst-sdlfmh tlrkmtmh pgfodoms

tbm rmkogi dgufh euffy mrlhodltm mxtrmam pgvmrty `y tblt toam.



Eokurm 0.8: Mxtrmam ^gvmrty Dli @m Mrlhodltmh

(% ge pgpufltogi `mfgw pgvmrty foim)

Eokurm 0.=: Aohhfm-Oidgam Krgups [off @mdgam Hgaoilit (%)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: mrdmit ge pgpufltogi wotb dgisuaptogi mfgw $<.0=/hly (0>>= ]T hgfflrs).



Igtm: gpufltogi krgups rmemr tg pmgpfm oi fgw, aohhfm, lih bokb dgisuaptogi rldcmts.


45





^rgkrmss woff `m mvmi krmltmr oi tbm aohhfm ge tbm oidgam

hostroùtogi. Agrm tbli 0 òffogi LDO dotozmis woff jgoi tbm rlics ge

aohhfm-oidgam dgisuamrs gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs. @y 0>4>, 58% ge tbm

pgpufltogi ge LTMLI, ;?% ge tbm pgpufltogi ge tbm ^PD, lih 5?% getbm pgpufltogi ge Oihol sbgufh agvm oitg tbm aohhfm-oidgam `rldcmts,

hmeoimh ls dgisuaptogi mxpmihoturms `mtwmmi $<> pmr hly lih $<>>

pmr hly (Eokurm 0.=). Hum tg tbmsm mxtrlgrhoilry hmvmfgpamits, tbm sozm

ge tbm kfg`lf aohhfm dflss woff hgu`fm `y 0>4>, wotb l`gut blfe ge tblt

pgpufltogi fovoik oi LDO. Mvmi tbm rlics ge tbm rmkogi‟s trufy bokb-

oidgam pgpufltogi‘tbgsm wotb dgisuaptogi fmvmfs oi mxdmss ge $<>>

pmr hly pmr pmrsgi‘woff swmff3 `y 0>4>, agrm tbli <>> aoffogi pmgpfm

oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh mijgy sudb prgspmroty.

Xbm dblikms oi provltm oidgams lih mxpmihoturms tmff gify l plrtolf

stgry. Xbmy hg igt lddurltmfy amlsurm oaprgvmamits oi tbm qulfoty

ge foem, wbodb woff lfsg hmpmih gi kgghs lih smrvodms igt prgvohmh

`y alrcmts (Dblptmr 4). Drotodlf pu`fod smrvodms oidfuhm mhudltogi,

bmlftb dlrm, sliotltogi lih trlispgrtltogi, pu`fod slemty oi ots aliy

hoamisogis, lih prgtmdtogi ge tbm mivorgiamit. Xbm soaufltogis

dliigt prgvohm hmtlofs gi bgw tbmsm aliy g`jmdtovms woff `m alilkmh,

ùt tbmy hg sbgw tblt sokioeodlit rmsgurdms woff `m lvlofl`fm tg euih

tbgsm meegrts. Kgvmriamits woff blvm lapfm oidmitovms tg prgvohm

meemdtovm smrvodms. Xbm qulfoty ge foem os l dgapmffoik g`jmdtovm oi ots

gwi rokbt, lih alcoik prgkrmss gi ot os oidrmlsoikfy mssmitolf egrhmagistrltoik fmlhmrsbop.

]r`liozltogi os hmmpfy dgiimdtmh wotb tbmsm dblikms. Ot os l

systmaltod `yprghudt ge rlpoh krgwtb lih l proidoplf mikoim egr

hrovoik tbm trlisegraltogi. Lddgrhoik tg ]iotmh Iltogis mstoaltms,

`mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4> tbm rlics ge ur`li hwmffmrs oi tbm LDO

mdgigaoms woff mxplih `y 5=2 aoffogi lih `y 0>4> l aljgroty ge tbm

rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi woff `m fovoik oi dotoms (Xl`fm 0.4). Xbm rmkogi bls

flkkmh wgrfh ur`liozltogi fmvmfs oi tbm plst, ùt tbm trmihs lrm igw

pusboik LDO dotoms oitg tbm egrmergit ge wgrfh hmvmfgpamit. Hmspotm

tbm rmkogi‟s rmfltovmfy sfgw gvmrlff pgpufltogi krgwtb, tbm ]iotmh

Iltogis mstoaltms tblt LDO‟s sblrm ge tbm wgrfh‟s ur`li pgpufltogi

woff rosm erga 4;% tg 4?% (]I 0><0).

Ls wotb sg aliy gtbmr lspmdts ge tbm trlisegraltogi, ur`liozltogi

bls pgsotovm lih imkltovm hoamisogis. ]r`li oidgams lrm bokb dgaplrmh

tg igi-ur`li pfldms, ls sdlfm lhvlitlkms eldofotltm aliy coihs ge



Xl`fm 0.4: Agst LDO Dotozmis [off Fovm oi Dotoms

0><> 0>4>

Xgtlfpgpufltogi

(aoffogi)

]r`lipgpufltogi Xgtlfpgpufltogi

(aoffogi)

]r`lipgpufltogi

(aoffogi) (%) (aoffogi) (%)

LDO 4,<55 <,4>2 8< 4,54> <,?55 =8

LTMLI =?0 050 88 ;>8 4?4 =5

@ruimo

Hlrusslfla*> > ;5 < > 20

Dla`ghol <8 4 0> <; = 05

Oihgimsol 08> <0> => 02> <;5 54

Flg ^HP 5 0 44 2 8 =0

Alflysol 02 0> ;0 4; 4> 2<

Aylialr 82 <= 40 =8 08 88

^bofoppoims ?4 8= 8? <05 ;< =5

Toiklpgrm 5? 04 48 ;4 40 88

Xbloflih = = <>> 5 5 <>>

Uomt Ila 22 0; 4> <>< 88 84

^PD <,48? 552 => <,8>0 ?5; 5?

Oihol <,00= 4;? 4< <,=04 5>5 8>

Pmp. ge Cgrml lih

Xlopmo,Dboil;< =; 2> ;4 50 28

Jlpli <0; <<= ?< <0> <<5 ?;

]iotmh Ttltms 4<> 0== 20 450 4<< 25

Murgpm =<< 4?< ;5 =02 80? 2<

[grfh 5,58< 4,==? =8 ;,?44 8,?28 54

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg ^HP 1 Flg

^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: *@ruimo Hlrusslfla‟s pgpufltogi sbgws ls > ls tbm lutbgr rguihmh tbm pgpufltogi kurms tg

wbgfm aoffogis.

Tgurdm: ]I (0><0).

42


prghudtogi lih oiigvltogi. Xbus, li ‖ur`li hovohmih‑ dgufh alcm

oapgrtlit dgitro`utogis tg LDO‟s trlisegraltogi. Dotoms lrm hmsorl`fm

pfldms tg stuhy lih wgrc lih lttrldt tlfmit lih mitrmprmimursbop. Oi

turi, hmism pgpufltogis alcm ot pgsso`fm tg geemr provltm lih pu`fod

smrvodms oi krmlt vlromty lt fgw dgst. @ut dotoms lrm lfsg hmalihoik lih

tgukb tg alilkm. [otb pggr oierlstrudturm lih pu`fod smrvodms, dotoms

lrm blrsb pfldms tg fovm lih, oi tbm wgrst dlsms, dli `mdgam smmh`mhs

ge hosmlsm, hossltoseldtogi, lih vogfmidm.

Oi sbgrt, tbm LDO rmkogi os gi tbm dusp ge l kolit lhvlidm oi fovoik

stlihlrhs‘pgtmitolffy ermmoik buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm erga

pgvmrty lih `uofhoik l bukm aohhfm dflss. Xbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaod



Eokurm 0.5: Hmalih [off Tboet tgwlrh Dgisuaptogi (%)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.



klois sbgufh kmimrltm sgfoh oidrmlsms oi provltm dgisuaptogi lih

fovoik dgihotogis. Xbmy woff lfsg mil`fm kgvmriamits tg euih aljgr

oaprgvmamits oi pu`fod smrvodms. Oi turi, tbm rmkogi‟s wohm-rlikoik

rmquormamits lih mxpmihoturms woff drmltm alssovm hmalih lihgppgrtuiotoms egr oivmstamit lih mitrmprmimursbop. Xbmsm trmihs

sbgufh prghudm‘kovmi l dgihudovm mdgigaod mivorgiamit‘sgfoh,

oihokmigus eguihltogis egr krgwtb. @ut tbm trlisegraltogi woff lfsg

alcm flrkm hmalihs gi tbm dlpldoty tg alilkm dblikm.

Imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb woff `m immhmh gi

`gtb tbm hmalih lih suppfy sohms ge tbm LDO krgwtb mqultogi. Aljgr

mikoims gi tbm hmalih sohm woff oidfuhm rosoik oidgams lih pgfody

sboets tblt hormdt agrm spmihoik pgwmr tgwlrh dgisuaptogi oi sgam

dguitroms lih oivmstamit oi gtbmrs. Xbmsm meemdts woff vlry ldrgss

tbm rmkogi‘tbm rmsufts aly `m agrm autmh oi Oihol, egr mxlapfm,

`mdlusm ots durrmit lddguit `lflidms blvm getmi `mmi oi hmeodot. @ut

durrmit lddguit surpfusms blvm `mmi bokb oi smvmrlf LTMLI dguitroms,

wbmrm oivmstamit rltms lrm stoff fgw rmfltovm tg bostgrodlf fmvmfs lih

oitmriltogilf mxpmromidm. Durrmit lddguit surpfusms blvm lfsg `mmi

bokb oi tbm ^PD, wbmrm dgisuaptogi fmvmfs lrm igw uiusulffy fgw.

Mxpmdtmh dblikms oi tbm dgapgimits ge LDO hmalih lrm offustrltmh oi

Eokurm 0.5. Xbmsm dblikms oapfy tblt LDO prghudmrs woff blvm lapfm



Eokurm 0.;: ^rghudtogi [off Tboet tgwlrh Tmrvodms (%)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.


8>


gppgrtuioty tg lddmfmrltm rmkogilf slfms, mspmdolffy egr prghudts tblt

tlrkmt tbm uioqum dblrldtmrostods ge mamrkoik alrcmt hmalih.

Pmsmlrdb y AdCoismy & Dg. (0><<) bls mxlaoimh tbm gppgrtuiotoms

oi hosdrmtogilry spmihoik oi flrkm LDO mdgigaoms sudb ls Oihol lihtbm ^PD, lih bls soikfmh gut fudrltovm alrcmts lssgdoltmh wotb agrm

prgspmrgus ur`li foemstyfms. Dgisohmr, egr mxlapfm, tbm oapfodltogis

ge li mstoaltmh 4> aoffogi pmgpfm oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt woff `m

lhhmh tg ur`li pgpufltogis mldb ymlr. Xbos liiulf oidrmlsm mqulfs

tbm pgpufltogi ge tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst doty tghly lih woff kmimrltm

rmquormamits egr li lhhotogilf ;= aoffogi squlrm amtmrs ge bgusoik

lih dgrrmspgihoik gppgrtuiotoms oi rmsohmitolf dgistrudtogi lih oi

mquoppoik lih smrvodoik tbmsm imw rmsohmidms lih tbmor gdduplits.

Xbos smdtgr dgufh lfgim lhh $<>> `offogi tg rmkogilf mxpmihoturms

mvmry ymlr.

Kmimrlf mquofo`roua soaufltogis sbmh eurtbmr fokbt gi tbm smdtgrlf

oapfodltogis ge tbm trlisegraltogi. Tmrvodms woff `m li mssmitolf

dgapgimit ge rosoik hmalih: smrvodm oiputs lrm igt gify oapgrtlit

oi dgisuaptogi, `ut lfsg pfly l flrkmr rgfm oi prghudtogi oi bokbmr

oidgam mdgigaoms (Eokurm 0.;). Imwfy aohhfm-dflss bgusmbgfhs woff

`m mitbusolstod dgisuamrs ge l wohm rlikm ge aliueldturmh prghudts




erga eggh tg trlispgrt mquopamit. Bokb rltms ge oivmstamit woff

l`sgr` mxtmisovm dlpotlf kgghs lih mquopamit. Oi lhhotogi, ‖eruklf

oiigvltogis‑ tblt tlrkmt dgst lih hmalih dgihotogis oi tbm LDO

mdgigaoms sbgufh pfldm tbm rmkogi‟s prghudmrs oi l elvgrl`fm pgsotogioi tbm rldm egr tbmsm alrcmts.

Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst sblrp oidrmlsms oi tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO

mdgigaoms oi kfg`lf alrcmts ldrgss l wohm rlikm ge smdtgrs. Xbmsm

rmsufts lrm suaalrozmh oi Eokurm 0.2 egr tbm lkkrmkltm dgisuaptogi

kgghs lih oivmstamit kgghs smdtgrs. Dgisohmr, egr mxlapfm, tbm

oapfodltogis egr dlpotlf kgghs tblt smrvm oivmstamit hmalih. LDO‟s

sblrm oi wgrfh oivmstamit woff rosm erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42% twg

hmdlhms fltmr (Eokurm 0.2L). Mvmi agrm rmalrcl`fy, tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm

ge tbm krgwtb ge wgrfh oivmstamit‘ots sblrm ge tbm imw oivmstamit

alrcmts tblt woff mamrkm oi tblt pmrogh‘woff rosm erga 8>% oi 0><>

tg =<% oi 0>4> (Eokurm 0.2@). Oe LDO rmsufts lrm dgaòimh wotb tbgsm

ge gtbmr mamrkoik alrcmt mdgigaoms, tbm ‖Tgutb‑ gr hmvmfgpoik

dguitroms woff lddguit egr 2=% ge tbm dlpotlf kgghs alrcmts `y 0>4>. L

vlst aljgroty ge tbmsm alrcmts‘egr mxlapfm, dgistrudtogi mquopamit,

bokb-spmmh rlof, lih mimrky pflits‘woff `m fgdltmh oi tbm Tgutb lih

mspmdolffy oi LDO. Tg woff `m tbm alrcmts egr rmfltmh smrvodms sudb

ls mikoimmroik, lrdbotmdturm, lih eoilidm. Fgdltmh lt tbm mpodmitmr

ge wgrfh krgwtb, LDO prghudmrs woff blvm mxdmffmit gppgrtuiotoms tg

ohmitoey tbm kgghs lih smrvodms tblt lrm `mst suotmh egr tbmor‘lih tbmwgrfh‟s‘agst hyilaod alrcmts.

Mspmdolffy oapgrtlit lagik oivmstamit smdtgrs lrm tbgsm foicmh tg

oierlstrudturm, sudb ls rglhs, pgrts, ur`li trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis,

pgwmr kmimrltogi, lih l wohm rlikm ge utofotoms lih lamiotoms. Xbm dgst

ge oierlstrudturm immhs oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms rlikms oitg troffogis ge

hgfflrs. Xbm rgfm ge oierlstrudturm oi tbm trlisegraltogi os oapgrtlit

migukb tg wlrrlit hmtlofmh lilfysos oi Dblptmr 8. Oierlstrudturm

leemdts tbm prgspmdts ge tbm rmkogi igt gify tbrgukb hmalih, ùt lfsg

tbrgukb dgitroùtogis tg prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi (@gx 0.4). Oi sgam

dguitroms‘igtl`fy Oihol, Oihgimsol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims‘oierlstrudturm

rmquormamits lrm mspmdolffy urkmit soidm tbmy lfrmlhy dgistrloi krgwtb.

Ls alrcmt gppgrtuiotoms lih hmalih puff eoras lih rmsgurdms oitg

imw smdtgrs, sg rosoik dgsts lih wlkms lih oitmriltogilf dgapmtotogi

woff bmfp tg pusb tbma. Xl`fm 0.8 sbgws tbm trlhm meemdts ge strudturlf

dblikm. Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge fl`gr-



Eokurm 0.2: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Kfg`lf Mxpmihoturms

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.


L. Tblrm ge wgrfh oivmstamit

D. Tblrm ge wgrfh dgisuaptogi

80




@. Tblrm ge krgwtb oi wgrfh oivmstamit

H. Tblrm ge krgwtb oi wgrfh dgisuaptogi




@gx 0.4: Oierlstrudturm ls l Hrovmr ge Krgwtb

Oierlstrudturm mitmrs tbm dlfdufus ge rmkogilf krgwtb oi egur wlys.

Eorst, oierlstrudturm os li oapgrtlit sgurdm ge hmalih tblt dlitlcm tbm pfldm ge sfgw krgwoik mxpgrts, gr ge oivmstamits wotb

hoaoiosboik rmturis sudb ls rmlf mstltm lih oihustry.

Tmdgih, oierlstrudturm dli dgitroùtm hormdtfy tg prghudtovoty

krgwtb `y oaprgvoik lddmss tg rmfol`fm mimrky lih gtbmr oiputs, lih

`y bmfpoik tg rmhudm tbm dgst ge dgiimdtoik ùsoimssms tg mldb gtbmr

lih dustgamrs. Xbm meeodomidy slvoiks lrm flrkm wbmi oierlstrudturm

dgiimdtogis spli mdgigaoms (gr su`rmkogis) wotb hoeemrmit prghudtogi

dblrldtmrostods lih bmidm prgagtm meeodomit prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Imw

foics ldrgss Tgutbmlst Lsol lih dgiimdtoik Mlst Lsol wotb Tgutb Lsol

blvm tbos oapgrtlit dblrldtmrostod.

Xborh, oierlstrudturm dli dgitroùtm tg oidfusovm krgwtb mvmi

`mygih ots meemdts gi prghudtovoty. Oierlstrudturm dli foic rmagtm

pgpufltogi dfustmrs tg dmitmrs ge mdgigaod ldtovoty, oidrmlsoik

gppgrtuiotoms egr bokbmr plyoik jg`s. Oierlstrudturm dli lfsg dgitroùtm

hormdtfy tg tbm qulfoty ge foem `y alcoik flrkm ur`li lkkfgamrltogis

agrm meeodomit lih dgaegrtl`fm.

Egurtb, oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit drmltms gppgrtuiotoms egr

tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik, soidm ot oivgfvms l wohm rlikm ge tmdbigfgkoms

tblt aly m imw tg li mamrkoik mdgigay. [otb sg audb oierlstrudturm

oivmstamit focmfy tg `m dgidmitrltmh oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm

euturm, eoras blvm gppgrtuiotoms tg lhgpt lih hmvmfgp duttoik-mhkm

tmdbigfgkoms‘egr mxlapfm, oi woih lih sgflr pgwmr kmimrltogi lih

oi rlof lih ur`li trlispgrt systmas‘egr rlpohfy krgwoik rmkogilf

alrcmts.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi.

88


oitmisovm prgdmssms erga bokb- tg fgw-wlkm mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik erga

tbm ^PD tg Oihol lih Tgutbmlst Lsol. Oi turi, tbm ^PD woff agvm up tbm

tmdbigfgky flhhmr oitg oihustroms lih smkamits igw smrvmh proalrofy

`y Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih gtbmr hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Jlpli

lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, oi turi, woff agvm oitg agrm lhvlidmh

aliueldturoik lih mspmdolffy smrvodm ldtovotoms. @ut tbmsm ldtovotoms

lrm focmfy tg `m mvmi agrm oitmrdgiimdtmh tbli igw, wotb prghudtogi

prgdmssms spfot oitg aliy stmps lih smrvodms. Lsoli prghudtogi

imtwgrcs‘ls mxlaoimh oi hmtlof oi Dblptmr 8‘woff eldofotltm tbmsm

sboets lih mstl`fosb tbm foics immhmh tg ldbomvm aoioaua-dgst

prghudtogi. ^rghudtogi imtwgrcs lrm ‖dfmlroik bgusms‑ egr grkliozoik



Xl`fm 0.8: Tmdtgrlf Tboets oi LDO Gutput (% ge KH^)

0><> 0>4>

LTMLI ^PD Oihol LTMLI ^PD Oihol

Lkrodufturm 2.? 2.= 0>.2 =.= =.= <;.<

Podm <.? >.; 4.0 <.> >.4 <.=

Gtbmr krlois >.4 >.4 0.0 >.< >.0 >.?Drgps 4.0 4.5 <<.8 0.< <.= <>.0

Fovmstgdc <.< 0.8 0.< >.; 0.; 0.0

Egrmstry, sbmroms 0.8 <.= 0.> <.; >.2 0.0

Aoioik 8.4 4.4 0.2 0.? 0.4 <.=

Dglf >.8 >.2 >.4 >.8 >.= >.0

Gof <.? >.= >.5 >.? >.0 >.0

Kls >.? >.> >.4 >.; >.> >.4

Aoimrlfs <.< <.? <.5 >.? <.5 >.;

Aliueldturoik 44.0 4;.0 0>.8 45.2 0?.2 0>.0

Eggh, mvmrlkms 4.? 4.> =.5 0.5 0.2 =.;

Xmxtofms, lpplrmf 4.> 4.> 0.4 4.> 0.0 0.;

^mtrgfmua prghudts >.8 >.4 >.< >.4 >.4 >.0

Dbmaodlfs 8.? =.> 0.0 =.8 4.< <.?

Amtlfs 4.> ?.? 4.5 0.2 5.2 4.>

Aldboimry 8.2 5.4 0.4 ;.= =.? 0.=

Mfmdtrodlf mquopamit ;.0 0.4 >.4 ?.> <.2 >.<

Xrlispgrt mquopamit 0.8 0.8 <.8 0.0 0.4 <.<

Gtbmr aliueldturms 4.; =.> 0.= 4.? 8.= 4.>

Tmrvodms =4.5 =<.< =5.> =8.2 50.8 5<.0

Mfmdtrodoty <.0 <.> <.2 <.0 <.> 0.>

Kls >.8 >.> >.> >.4 >.> >.>

Dgistrudtogi 5.< 5.; ?.0 ?.5 ;.? ?.0

Xrlhm <4.< 5.> <0.; ?.8 5.8 <8.5

Xrlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis 5.2 ;.? 2.0 5.4 5.< ;.5

Eoilidolf smrvodms 8.4 8.? =.> 4.< 8.; 8.=

Gtbmr smrvodms <0.= ?.> 2.5 <0.? ?.2 <>.<

Kgvmriamit smrvodms ?.4 <=.; <>.8 <0.> 05.= <4.<

KH^ <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.>

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss

hgamstod prghudt3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.



tbm meeodomit hmpfgyamit ge tmdbigfgky lih dlpotlf, bmfpoik tg smdurm

tbm rmkogi‟s iodbms oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay.

Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbmsm dblikms prgaosm sustloimh oidrmlsms oi

prghudtovoty, hmrovmh oidrmlsoikfy erga prghudtovoty klois wotboi smdtgrsrltbmr tbli sboets ge rmsgurdms lagik tbma. @ut l elvgrl`fm iltogilf

pgfody mivorgiamit woff `m mssmitolf egr ldbomvoik tbma. Ot woff immh tg

stoaufltm dgapmtotogi, oiigvltogi, lih mitrmprmimursbop. Ot woff immh



Eokurm 0.?: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Dgaaghotoms Hmalih (%)

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.


85


tg midgurlkm oivmstamit lih rosc-tlcoik, lih bmfp `uofh eoilidolf lih

fmklf systmas tblt alcm tblt pgsso`fm. ^mrblps agst oapgrtlitfy, ot woff

immh tg suppgrt tbm hmvmfgpamit ge l efmxo`fm, agtovltmh fl`gr egrdm,

mhudltmh tg fmvmfs dgisostmit wotb oitmramholtm-tmra scoff rmquormamits.Pmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

lrm sg flrkm tblt tbmor krgwtb woff leemdt tbm rmsgurdm smdtgrs ge tbm

wgrfh mdgigay (Eokurm 0.?). Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst tblt wgrfh

eggh lih mimrky hmalih, lih tbus prodms, lrm focmfy tg rosm. Xbm

LDO mdgigaoms lrm oitmism rmsgurdm usmrs `mdlusm tbmor mdgigaod

strudturms lrm stoff wmokbtmh tgwlrh `lsod altmrolfs lih bmlvy

oihustry, `mdlusm tbmor dgisuamrs stoff spmih l rmfltovmfy flrkm sblrm

ge tbmor oidgam gi eggh lih eumf, lih `mdlusm tbmy lrm (ge dgursm

wotb igtl`fm mxdmptogis) hmismfy pgpufltmh lih rmsgurdm pggr.

Agrmgvmr, LDO dgisuamrs lppmlr tg `m egffgwoik hmvmfgpmh dguitry

prmdmhmits oi dgisuamr hmalih, oidfuhoik agtgr vmbodfm purdblsms.

Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms oidrmlsoikfy hmpmih gi oitmriltogilf trlhm egr

eggh lih mimrky, tbmor smfe-sueeodomidy rltms woff focmfy hmdfoim. LDO

eoras lih kgvmriamits woff uihgu`tmhfy rmaloi ldtovm oivmstgrs oi

kfg`lf rmsgurdm hmvmfgpamit.

Posoik proalry kgghs prodms wgufh sokilf tbm mih ge li mrl‘egr

aliy hmdlhms, mimrky lih eggh prodms blvm `mmi gi l fgik hmdfoioik



Eokurm 0.<>: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge [grfh DG0 Maossogis (%)

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG 0 1 dlr`gi

hogxohm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.



trmih. @ut oi rmdmit ymlrs tbmy blvm mkui tg rosm, mvmi spocoik tg audb

bokbmr fmvmfs egr sbgrtmr pmroghs. Xbm hmalih egr proalry altmrolfs

os `guih tg `m rg`ust ls fgik ls tbm wgrfh‟s rosoik mdgigaoms rmaloi

oitmisovm usmrs ge rmsgurdms. Imvmrtbmfmss, proalry altmrolfs pflyl agrm foaotmh rgfm oi mdgigaod krgwtb igw tbli oi tbm plst, lih

pgtmitolffy oapgrtlit suppfy lih hmalih rmspgisms‘oidfuhoik imw

tmdbigfgkoms egr mxtrldtoik ilturlf kls lih rmimwl`fm mimrky‘lrm

lfsg `mkoiioik tg tlcm sblpm. Gi tbm wbgfm, tbmsm trmihs lrm focmfy tg

foaot tbm meemdts ge tokbt proalry kgghs alrcmts gi krgwtb.

Xbm meemdts ge LDO krgwtb gi tbm mivorgiamit lrm lfsg sokioeodlit

lih pgtmitolffy agrm hlalkoik. @mdlusm LDO mimrky suppfoms hmpmih

bmlvofy gi dglf, tbm rmkogi bls `mdgam l aljgr maottmr ge krmmibgusm

klsms. LDO‟s DG0 maossogis lddguitmh egr gim-tborh ge kfg`lf maossogis

oi 0><>, rgukbfy mqulf tg tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Gvmr tbm imxt

twg hmdlhms, tbmsm maossogis lrm prgjmdtmh tg oidrmlsm 0.= toams lih

wgufh lddguit egr l stoff flrkmr kfg`lf sblrm (Eokurm 0.<>), hmspotm

dgitoiuoik prgkrmss oi rmhudoik tbm dlr`gi oitmisoty ge LDO gutput.

Posoik krmmibgusm kls maossogis rmprmsmit l euihlamitlf rosc tg

LDO krgwtb. @usoimss ls usulf‘mvmi wotb stmlhy oaprgvmamits oi tbm

mimrky oitmisoty ge prghudtogi‘woff `m ig fgikmr vol`fm oe pmrdmptogis

ge tbm kfg`lf tbrmlt oidrmlsm lih/gr tbm aotokltogi ge maossogis



Eokurm 0.<<: [grfh Xrlhm [off Xuri Tgutb


82


`mdgams l bokb progroty egr tbm rmkogi‟s gwi dotozmis gr tbm kfg`lf

dgaauioty. Dgiefodt gvmr tbm mivorgiamit os l fggaoik rosc‘lrkul`fy

krmltmr tbli tbm roscs lih dgsts oivgfvmh oi mlrfy oiotoltovms tg rmhudm

tbm rmkogi‟s dlr`gi eggtproit.Mxplihoik kfg`lf rgfm. Ls tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi

wgrfh KH^ woff hgu`fm gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs, tbm rmkogi‟s kfg`lf

eggtproit woff mxplih oi aliy lrmls, oidfuhoik dgisuaptogi,

oivmstamit, lih rmsgurdm rmquormamits. Oi turi, tbmsm hmvmfgpamits

woff rmsblpm tbm rmkogi‟s trlhm lih eoilidolf rmfltogisbops. Xrlhm oi

plrtoduflr woff oidrmlsm, `ut igt ls elst ls oi tbm plst. L cmy rmlsgi

os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s flrkm mxtmrilf alrcmts lrm krgwoik sfgwfy, `gtb

l`sgfutmfy lih dgaplrmh tg tbm rmkogi otsmfe. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt

tbm dgapgsotogi ge tbm LDO rmkogi woff sboet tgwlrh tbm PD lih Oihol,

wbodb blvm rmfltovmfy fgw trlhm tg gutput rltogs hum tg tbmor sozm.

Xbus tbm gvmrlff LDO trlhm tg KH^ rltog os prgjmdtmh tg stly rgukbfy

dgistlit lt 0/4.

Xbm strudturm ge tbos trlhm, bgwmvmr, woff `m quotm hoeemrmit. Xbm

`ufc ge tbm oidrmlsm oi wgrfh trlhm gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms woff

dgisost ge Tgutb—Tgutb trlhm‘trlhm lagik LDO plrtimrs lih gtbmr

mamrkoik mdgigaoms. Xbm sblrm ge tbmsm efgws woff mxplih erga 0>% tg

45% ge wgrfh trlhm `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4> (Eokurm 0.<<). Amliwbofm,

tbm sblrm ge Igrtb—Igrtb trlhm woff hmdfoim erga 80% tg 0<% ge wgrfh




trlhm, wbofm tbm sblrm ge Igrtb—Tgutb trlhm woff rosm sfgwfy erga 42%

tg 84% ge tbm tgtlf. Xbos lfsg oapfoms tblt Tgutb—Igrtb dgiimdtogis

woff rmaloi drotodlf egr lt fmlst tbm imxt twg hmdlhms.

Mvmi flrkmr dblikms dli `m mxpmdtmh oi LDO eoilidolf efgws. BokbLDO slvoiks rltms lih tbm krgwoik sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi wgrfh

KH^ woff amli tblt tbm wgrfh slvoiks rltm woff oidrmlsm erga 00% tg

0=%‘l flrkm dblikm `y bostgrodlf stlihlrhs (^mtro 0>>2). Bokb wgrfh

slvoiks lrm immhmh, ge dgursm, tg hrovm LDO krgwtb otsmfe, ùt tbmy woff

lfsg leemdt kfg`lf dlpotlf alrcmts lih trlisegra tbm LDO‟s mdgigaod

rgfm erga ‖eldtgry efggr‑ tg ‖`licmr.‑ Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms `mdgam

oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit ossumrs lih gwimrs ge eoilidolf lssmts, tbmor

rmkogilf oistotutogis lrm `guih tg pfly l flrkmr rgfm oi oitmramholtoik

eoilidolf efgws. Ls Dblptmr 5 igtms, Lsoli eoilidolf dmitmrs sbgufh

tbrovm igt gify `mdlusm ge tbm sbmmr sozm ge tbmor alrcmts ùt lfsg

`mdlusm oistotutogis dfgsmr tg bgam blvm li lhvlitlkm oi lssmssoik

rmkogilf oiegraltogi lih smrvoik tbm immhs ge rmkogilf dfomits.

0.4 Xbrmlts tg tbm Xrlisegraltogi

Ttmlhy, uioitmrruptmh prgkrmss‘ls prgjmdtmh oi tbm `lsmfoim‘dliigt

`m tlcmi egr krlitmh lih os uifocmfy. Xg ldbomvm mvmi tbm `lsmfoim rmsufts,

tbm rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf mivorgiamit woff blvm tg suppgrt tbmprgjmdtmh hmvmfgpamit trljmdtgry oi aliy wlys, ls ot kmimrlffy bls oi tbm

flst smvmrlf hmdlhms. Xbm rglh tg suddmss os agst focmfy ilrrgw, ùt tbmrm

lrm aliy pltbs tblt dgufh fmlh tg fmss elvgrl`fm gutdgams. Xbos smdtogi

mxlaoims tbrmlts lih tbmor oapfodltogis egr LDO hmvmfgpamit lih pgfody.

Poscs tblt tbrmltmi tbm trlisegraltogi prgdmss dgufh grokoiltm

oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr oi tbm kfg`lf mivorgiamit3 tbmy dgufh

oivgfvm mdgigaod dgistrloits gr pgfotodlf dgiefodt3 lih tbmy dgufh

leemdt vlrol`fms rlikoik erga alrcmt lddmss tg prghudtovoty dblikm.

Ot os oapgsso`fm tg lhhrmss lff sudb roscs, ùt smfmdtmh ‖strmss tmsts‑

oivgfvoik cmy mfmamits ge tbm prgjmdtogis dli prgvohm oisokbt oitg tbm

smisotovoty ge tbm rmsufts. Xbm ossums mxpfgrmh oidfuhm:

aljgr sfgwhgwi oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih/gr gtbmr dguitroms3

rosoik eggh prodms lih eggh smduroty dgidmris3

rosoik mimrky dgsts3

rosoik mivorgiamitlf dgidmris3



Xl`fm 0.=: Lftmriltovm Tdmilrogs

Ig. Hmsdroptogi ^lrlamtmr dblikms

< @lsmfoim

• OFG pgpufltogi lih fl`gr egrdm prgjmdtogis

• LH@ prgjmdtogis ge oivmstamit rltms, prghudtovoty krgwtb

• Tmdtgrlf prghudtovoty krgwtb mxpmdtltogis `lsmh gi bostgry

• Dlpotlf gws xmh lt 0><> igaoilf fmvmf

0LDO prghudtovotysbgdc

• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh y 0=% oi LDO mdgigaoms• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% oi LDO mdgigaoms

lih 0% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms

4

Hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms

prghudtovoty sbgdc

• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh `y 0=% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms

• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms lih 0%

oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

8[grfhwohm

prghudtovoty sbgdc

• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh `y 0=% wgrfhwohm

• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% wgrfhwohm

= Lkrodufturm sbgdc• Lkrodufturlf prghudtovoty rmhudmh wgrfhwohm tg kmimrltm liiulf

lkrodufturlf prodm oidrmlsms ge 0% l`gvm lsmfoim

5 Mimrky sbgdc• Mimrky prghudtovoty rmhudmh wgrfhwohm tg kmimrltm liiulf

mimrky prodm oidrmlsms ge 0% l`gvm `lsmfoim

;Krmmi krgwtb

pgfody

• Dlr`gi tlxms smt tg $?>/tgi DG0 oi lhvlidmh dguitroms

lih $5>/tgi DG0 oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms

• Kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms oidrmlsmh ls mstoaltmh oi tbm

Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s ‖8=>‑ sdmilrog, ilidmh `y

rmhudmh provltm dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit

2Oidfusovm krgwtb

pgfody

• LDO kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms oidrmlsmh `y 0% ge KH^, ilidmh

`y rmhudmh provltm dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit

• Mxpmihoturms rmsuft oi =-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi tbm Koio

dgmffldomit

?Posoik

prgtmdtogiosa• AEI tlros lih IX@s hgu`fmh oi lhvlidmh dguitroms

<>Pmkogilf trlhm

lkrmmamit

• Oitrlrmkogilf tlros rmhudmh ;=% oi LDO rmkogi

• Oitrlrmkogilf IX@s rmhudmh =>% oi LDO rmkogi

<< Kfg`lf trlhmlkrmmamit • AEI tlros rmhudmh ;=% wgrfhwohm• AEI IX@s rmhudmh =>% wgrfhwohm

<0 Elst rm`lflidoik • Lff imt dlpotlf gws rmhudmh foimlrfy tg zmrg `y 0>0>

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol3 DG0 1 dlr`gi

hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 OFG 1 Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi3 AEI 1 agst elvgrmh

iltogi3 IX@ 1 igitlro lrromr3 XE^ 1 tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty.

Igtms: Lff plrlamtmr dblikms lssuamh tg m pblsmh oi vm mqulf stmps 0><>—0>0>.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s lssuaptogis.

=>


rosoik hostro`utogilf dgidmris3 lih

prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.

Xbm egffgwoik hosdussogi mxlaoims bgw tbmsm hmvmfgpamits wgufh

leemdt LDO krgwtb. Xbm lssuaptogis ge tbm sdmilrogs lrm prmsmitmh oiXl`fm 0.=. Lsohm erga tbm lsmfoim, tbmy elff oitg tbrmm krgups. L eorst smt

(sdmilrogs 0—8) mxpfgrms lftmriltovm typms ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi.



Eokurm 0.<0: Mmdts ge Tbgdcs gi LDO Oidgams, 0>4> (%)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.


L smdgih smt (sdmilrogs =—2) lhhrmssms strudturlf ossums leemdtoik cmy

smdtgrs gr typms ge mxpmihoturm. Xbm flst smt (sdmilrogs ?—<0) mxlaoims

dblikms oi tbm LDO rmkogi‟s mxtmrilf trlhm lih dlpotlf efgws. Kovmi tbm

uidmrtloi gutfggc, agrm sdmilrogs hmlf wotb lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits

tbli wotb elvgrl`fm gims. Xbm soaufltogi rmsufts hmvmfgpmh usoik tbm

sdmilrogs ge Xl`fm 0.= lrm suaalrozmh oi Eokurm 0.<0.

Xbm agst smrogus smt`ldcs tg LDO oidgams wgufh rmsuft erga l

prgfgikmh prghudtovoty sfgwhgwi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms, oi tbm rmkogilfgim, gr oi dgaòiltogi wotb sudb sfgwhgwis wgrfhwohm (Eokurm 0.<0).

Gtbmr sbgdcs‘tg lkrodufturm, mimrky, mivorgiamitlf, gr sgdolf spmihoik‘

wgufh blvm salffmr imkltovm meemdts, gi tbm grhmr ge =% ge oidgams oi

0>4>. Amliwbofm, oaprgvmamits oi tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf trlhoik

systma dgufh rlosm oidgams `y =%—<>%. Xbm flst plrt ge tbos dblptmr woff

mxlaoim dgaòiltogis ge tbmsm rmsufts tg hmvmfgp l su`jmdtovm prg`lòfoty

hostroùtogi ge pgsso`fm gutdgams (Eokurm 0.<4L lih @).

Ls woff `mdgam dfmlr erga tbm hmtlofs tblt egffgw, tbm tbrmlts

wlrrlit lttmitogi oihovohulffy lih oi dgaòiltogi3 audb os lt stlcm oi

prmvmitoik tbma gr aotokltoik tbmor meemdts. @ut tbm lilfysos lfsg sbgws

tblt cmy mfmamits ge tbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh

pmrsost uihmr vlromh sbgdcs. Mvmi wotb uielvgrl`fm lssuaptogis,

pmr dlpotl oidgams oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh krgw lt l 0% elstmr

rltm tbli tbm wgrfh mdgigay, lih tbm rmkogi wgufh `mdgam agrm

oapgrtlit oi wgrfh gutput, trlhm, lih eoilidm. Xbm trlisegraltogi ge



=0


tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lftbgukb su`jmdt tg audb uidmrtloity, os igt l

prghudt ge gptoaostod lssuaptogis lfgim.

0.4.< Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlpXbm rosc ge l su`stlitolf sfgwhgwi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘tbm

aohhfm-oidgam trlp‘os wohmfy rmdgkiozmh. Xbm pgssoòfoty tblt

dguitroms aly igt `m l`fm tg msdlpm aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs bls `mmi

hosdussmh oi rmdmit maporodlf fotmrlturm wotb tbm pgssoòfotoms egr

hmdmfmrltogi lttroùtmh tg l wohm rlikm ge dlusms (egr mxlapfm, Pghroc

<???3 Pgs 0>>=).

Xg `m usmeuf, tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp bls tg amli agrm tbli tblt

krgwtb woff sfgw ls dguitroms rmldb bokbmr oidgam fmvmfs. Ls igtmh,

sgam hmdmfmrltogi os ùoft oitg tbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis. L usmeuf

vmrsogi ge tbm dgidmpt rmemrs tg l sblrp sfgwhgwi oi krgwtb, hum

tg oapmhoamits tg dblikms oi tbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb tblt wmrm igt

litodopltmh gr rmamhomh oi toam (@gx <.<). Oi sgam dguitroms, sudb

l hmdmfmrltogi dgufh rmsuft erga tbm oilòfoty tg kmimrltm wotboi-

smdtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb oi oihustry gidm rmsgurdm trlisemrs erga

lkrodufturm tg oihustry rui gut. Oi gtbmrs, tbmrm aly `m oisueeodomit

hgamstod gr rmkogilf hmalih tg tlcm tbm pfldm ge egrmoki hmalih gidm

tbm fgw-wlkm mxpgrt hrovm stlffs. Oi stoff gtbmrs, oilhmqultm buali

dlpotlf, gr fmklf lih mdgigaod oistotutogis prmvmit strudturlf sboets tgagrm sgpbostodltmh oihustroms.

Xg mxlaoim tbm gvmrlff oapfodltogis ge sudb roscs, tbrmm sdmilrogs

mxpfgrm tbm meemdts ge lftmriltovm lssuaptogis l`gut prghudtovoty

krgwtb lih oivmstamit. Xbmsm eldtgrs lrm oitmrhmpmihmit3 l

prghudtovoty sbgdc, egr mxlapfm, aly `gtb dlusm lih `m lkkrlvltmh

`y fgwmr rmturis gi oivmstamit lih hoaoiosbmh mitrmprmimurolf

ldtovoty. Xbm soaufltogis lssuam tblt prghudtovoty krgwtb hmdfoims `y

0=% lih oivmstamit `y <>% oi tbm mdgigaoms lssuamh tg `m bot `y l

prghudtovoty sbgdc. Xbrmm vmrsogis ge tbos hmdmfmrltogi lrm mxlaoimh:

hmdmfmrltogi hum tg tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

(Tdmilrog 0), hmdmfmrltogi oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms (Tdmilrog 4), lih

hmdmfmrltogi wgrfhwohm (Tdmilrog 8). Toidm sudb sbgdcs lfsg spoff oitg

tbm kfg`lf mdgigay‘tbgukb kfg`lf oivmstamit rmturis lih oivmstgr

dgieohmidm‘tbm sdmilrogs lssuam l 0% rmhudtogi oi oivmstamit rltms

mvmi oi mdgigaoms igt hormdtfy leemdtmh `y l sbgdc (Xl`fm 0.5).



Xl`fm 0.5: ^rghudtovoty Toaufltogis

Mmdts ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi oi 0>4> (%)

Tdmilrog 0 Tdmilrog 4 Tdmilrog 8

LDO mdgigaoms Hmvmfgpmhdguitroms

[grfhwohm

Oidgam / dlpotl

LTMLI -00.8 -0.5 -04.4

^PD -05.0 -4.> -0=.?

Oihol -00.8 -<.8 -00.4

LDO -08.2 -0.5 -08.;

[grfh -;.> -5.8 -<5.8

Mxtrmamfy pggr pgpufltogi

LTMLI ;>.? 8.2 ;8.?

^PD <=2.4 2.5 <=8.2

Oihol <54.0 4.? <50.0

LDO <<;.? 8.= <<?.4

[grfh <0.= <.? 48.8Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi

LTMLI -<4.8 -<.< -<8.>

^PD -2.= ->.= -2.8

Oihol -<?.2 ->.5 -<?.2

LDO -<4.? ->.; -<4.?

[grfh -;.= >.< -?.5

Bokb dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi

LTMLI -?.= -<.> -?.?

^PD -08.0 -4.0 -04.?

Oihol -;0.0 -8.8 -;0.<

LDO -0?.; -4.> -0?.=

[grfh -;.< -?.> -<?.4

Xgtlf trlhmLTMLI -<=.? -<.2 -<5.8

^PD -<=.> -8.5 -<;.;

Oihol -<;.2 -0.4 -0>.>

LDO -<=.; -4.4 -<;.5

[grfh -=.< -=.; -<4.;

Dgaaghoty prodms

Krlois -4.; -<.? -;.>

Dglf -0.= -<.= -8.;

Gof -5.4 -4.< -<4.>

Kls -0.0 -4.= -<<.>

Mimrky -=.; -4.< -<0.8

DG0 maossogis

LTMLI -<<.8 <.> -;.8^PD -<>.< ->.< -2.8

Oihol -<4.; <.> -<<.4

LDO -<>.? >.0 -2.2

[grfh -4.? -<.< -5.4

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi

hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.





=8


Xbmsm amsslkms mamrkm erga tbm soaufltogis:

L hmdmfmrltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh blvm tbm flrkmst lhvmrsm

meemdts. ^mr dlpotl oidgams wgufh elff `y 0=% oi 0>4>, rmprmsmitoik

l <.=-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi krgwtb `mtwmmi 0><> lih0>4>. Xbm sdlfm ge tbos meemdt wlrrlits smrogus lttmitogi tg eldtgrs

tblt dgufh fmlh tg l aohhfm-oidgam trlp, oidfuhoik oisueeodomit

oistotutogilf prgkrmss, tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik lih oiigvltogi, lih

tbrmlts tg rmkogilf lih kfg`lf oitmkrltogi.

L hmdmfmrltogi leemdtoik hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms wgufh blvm aofhmr

meemdts gi LDO krgwtb. Lftbgukb wgrfh oidgams wgufh `m 5%

salffmr oi 0>4> uihmr tbmsm lssuaptogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms

wgufh mxpmromidm pmr dlpotl oidgam fgssms ge uihmr 4%. Oi meemdt,

tbm soaufltogi prgjmdts tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh rmpfldm fgst

alrcmts oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms `y hmpmihoik agrm euffy gi tbmor

gwi lih gtbmr mamrkoik alrcmts.

L wgrfhwohm hmdmfmrltogi wgufh rmsuft oi l <8% rmhudtogi oi wgrfh

oidgams, `ut tbm meemdts gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh `m soaoflr tg

tbgsm ge ots gwi aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Oi tbos dlsm, tbm fgssms tblt aokbt

`m mxpmdtmh hum tg tbm hmdmfmrltogi oi mxtmrilf alrcmts wgufh `m

geesmt `y tbm gim pgsotovm sohm-meemdt ge l kfg`lf sfgwhgwi: hmdfoioik

dgsts ge oapgrtmh mimrky lih gtbmr rlw altmrolfs.

Lff tbrmm sdmilrogs wgufh blvm sokioeodlit meemdts gi tbm sozm ge

pgpufltogi dgisuaptogi krgups. Egr mxlapfm, prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogioi tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr wgrfhwohm wgufh rmhudm tbm sozm ge tbm LDO

aohhfm dflss `y <8% lih agrm tbli hgu`fm tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm oi

mxtrmam pgvmrty (lf`mot erga l salff `lsm oi 0>4>).

[bofm hmdmfmrltogi wgufh `m dgstfy, ot os uifocmfy tg dblikm kmimrlf

qulfotltovm trmihs. Mvmi oe tbm sbgdcs grokoiltmh oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms,

`y 0>4> LDO pmr dlpotl oidgams wgufh rosm dgisohmrl`fy, oidrmlsoik

`y l eldtgr ge 0.5, rltbmr tbli 4.4 oi tbm `lsmfoim. [bofm tbm oidohmidm

ge pgvmrty wgufh rosm rmfltovm tg tbm `lsmfoim, ot wgufh rmaloi elr

`mfgw tbm fmvmfs oi 0><>. Oitmriltogilf trlhm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms

wgufh stoff `m 8.0 toams ls flrkm ls oi 0><>, dgaplrmh tg 8.? toams

uihmr tbm `lsmfoim.

Oi tbmsm soaufltogis, tbm hmdmfmrltogi tlcms bgfh sfgwfy, `y rmhudoik oivmstamit lih

liiulf prghudtovoty klois. Xbus, dguitroms blvm toam tg sboet tbmor trlhm tg agrm rg`ust

alrcmts. Xbm rmsufts ge sudb l sfgw trlisotogi lrm quotm hoeemrmit erga tbgsm uihmr l suhhmi,

flrkm uimxpmdtmh sbgdc, ls mxpmromidmh huroik tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos.

2

2



=5


flrkm migukb tg oidrmlsm lkrodufturlf prodms `y li mxtrl 0% pmr ymlr

gvmr tbm `lsmfoim. Gvmr tbm 0>-ymlr bgrozgi ge tbm lilfysos, tbos wgufh

amli tblt lkrodufturlf prodms wgufh rosm `y ?4% oistmlh ge 4>% oi tbm

`lsmfoim sgfutogi. Mxpmrts hoslkrmm gi bgw lkrodufturlf prodms lrm focmfytg mvgfvm3 sgam suppgrt li upwlrh hroet ge prodms (AdCoismy Kfg`lf

Oistotutm 0><<l), ùt gtbmrs lrm agrm gptoaostod tblt fgik-tmra trmihs

oi prghudtovoty oidrmlsms woff rmsuam lih geesmt hmalih prmssurms

(Lihmrsgi lih Ttrutt 0><0).

Xbm meemdts ge li upwlrh lkrodufturlf prodm sbgdc lrm sbgwi oi

Xl`fm 0.;. Toidm tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm imt oapgrtmrs ge lkrodufturlf

prghudts lih hgwistrmla prghudts oi tbm eggh aliueldturoik

smdtgrs, tbm rosm oi lkrodufturlf prodms wgufh fmlh tg l hmtmrogrltogi

oi tbmor tmras ge trlhm lih l 5% hmdfoim oi rmlf oidgams. Xbm meemdts

gi oidgam wgufh `m aghmst `mdlusm, ls igtmh l`gvm, `y 0>4>

lkrodufturm os prgjmdtmh tg lddguit egr gify 5% ge gutput oi LTMLI

lih tbm ^PD lih <;% oi Oihol. Ls tbm agst eggh-oapgrt hmpmihmit

mdgigay lagik tbm tbrmm, tbm ^PD wgufh mxpmromidm tbm flrkmst

fgssms. Xbm fgssms wgufh sboet oidgam hostroùtogis hgwiwlrh,

oidrmlsoik tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm oi fgw-oidgam krgups, oidfuhoik

tbgsm oi mxtrmam pgvmrty.

Mimrky sbgdc. Xbm `lsmfoim mxpmdts mimrky prodms tg rosm,

rmvmrsoik bostgrodlf hgwiwlrh trmihs. Xbmsm oidrmlsms woff fmlh tg

mimrky dgismrvltogi lih krmltmr mimrky meeodomidy, ùt mvmi sg, mimrkyhmalih os prgjmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y 2=% oi LDO lih `y 4=% wgrfhwohm

`mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. ]ftoaltmfy, tbmsm flrkm oidrmlsms lih rmsuftoik

krgwtb oi oapgrt hmpmihmidm smt tbm stlkm egr roscs tg mimrky smduroty

lih vlrogus pgtmitolf smt`ldcs tg mimrky suppfy. Oe dgismrvltogi lih

suppfy turi gut fmss elvgrl`fy tbli mxpmdtmh‘gr lddmss tg suppfoms

`mdgams hoeeoduft‘mvmi sblrpmr prodm oidrmlsms dgufh gddur.

Tdmilrog 5 rmprmsmits l sbgdc oi tbm wgrfh mimrky smdtgr `y

lssuaoik l hmdfoim oi prghudtovoty oi mimrky prghudtogi tblt os flrkm

migukb tg rlosm prodms `y li mxtrl 0% pmr ymlr l`gvm tbm `lsmfoim

prgjmdtogi. Xbm meemdts lrm aghmrltm, oidrmlsoik mimrky prodms `y li

lhhotogilf <=% gvmr tbm `lsmfoim lih rmhudoik wgrfh gutput `y >.4%.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh `m dfmlrfy‘ùt igt smvmrmfy‘leemdtmh, soidm

tbmy blvm rmfltovmfy bokb mimrky pmr KH^ rltogs lih lrm stoff oi tbm

mimrky-oitmisovm stlkm ge tbmor oihustrolfozltogi prgdmss. Xbm oidgam

meemdts ge tbmsm sbgdcs lih pgfody oitmrvmitogi lrm sbgwi oi Xl`fm 0.;.



Xl`fm 0.;: Ttrudturlf gfody Toaufltogis

Mmdts ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi oi 0>4> (%)

Tdmilrog = Tdmilrog 5 Tdmilrog ; Tdmilrog 2

Lkrodufturmsbgdc

Mimrky sbgdc Krmmikrgwtb

Oidfusovmkrgwtb

Oidgam / dlpotl

LTMLI -4.> -8.< -0.= -=.4

^PD -;.> -4.8 -0.2 -5.<

Oihol -=.? -8.= -0.4 -8.8

LDO -5.< -4.2 -0.; -=.5

[grfh -0.= -0.2 -0.0 -<.=


LTMLI ;.= <>.5 5.< -;<.>

^PD 0;.= <4.8 <<.4 -?0.=

Oihol 0=.2 <?.4 <>.= -;5.<

LDO <5.? <8.2 2.8 -;8.0

[grfh =.< 8.? =.2 -5.0

Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi

LTMLI -<.; -0.4 -<.4 <>.5^PD -<.2 ->.? ->.; 2.=

Oihol -8.> -4.< -<.; 2.5

LDO -0.; -0.> -<.0 2.?

[grfh -<.2 -<.8 -<.0 8.5


LTMLI -<.5 -0.< -<.4 -04.5

^PD -;.2 -8.= -4.? -0<.;

Oihol -08.< -<?.> -<<.< -2<.?

LDO -?.8 -5.= -8.; -40.=

[grfh -4.0 -8.< -4.> -;.>

Dgaaghoty prodms

Krlois 0<.< <.8 ->.? ->.;

Dglf -<.< 85.0 -<<.= ->.8

Gof -<.; 82.< -2.5 -<.<

Kls -<.8 85.4 -0<.; ->.8

Mimrky -<.5 8;.2 -<>.0 -<.>

Krloi hmalih

LTMLI -?.2 -<.> ->.= -<.5

^PD -<4.> -<.; -<.8 -4.<

Oihol -<8.? -0.4 -<.> -0.>

LDO -<4.8 -<.? -<.< -0.8

[grfh -?.? -<.= -<.< -<.4

Mimrky hmalih

LTMLI ->.4 -4=.< -4.8 -<.8

^PD -0.8 -0;.= -00.> -<.?

Oihol -0.> -44.2 -2.< -0.<

LDO -<.2 -4>.; -<8.= -<.?

[grfh ->.4 -0?.5 -2.< ->.0

DG0 maossogisLTMLI ->.; -4>.4 -<5.; -0.<

^PD -0.5 -0=.0 -8>.> -0.<

Oihol -<.; -44.; -88.> -0.8

LDO -0.0 -0;.4 -42.> -0.0

[grfh -<.> -0=.8 -05.< ->.2

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG 0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3

^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.





=2


Krmmi krgwtb pgfody. Krmmi krgwtb os li oapgrtlit pgfody

g`jmdtovm. Ot os mxlaoimh bmrm mdlusm ot os focmfy tg rmhudm krgwtb rltms

ls dgivmitogilffy amlsurmh. @y 0>4>, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lddguit

egr 84% ge kfg`lf dlr`gi maossogis uihmr `lsmfoim lssuaptogis,mvmi kovmi tblt tbgsm oidfuhm tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s imw

pgfodoms egr aotokltoik maossogis (OML 0><<l). Xbmsm pgfodoms woff

rmhudm tbm dlr`gi oitmisoty ge KH^, ùt elff sbgrt ge foaotoik l`sgfutm

maossogis tg ammt tbm rmquormamits ge dfoaltm-stlòfozoik sdmilrogs.

Tbgufh oitmrilf lih mxtmrilf pgfotodlf prmssurms rmquorm LDO tg foaot

maossogis tg tbmsm fmvmfs, LDO woff immh tg lhgpt agrm oitmisovm pgfody

dblikms lih oivmstamits.

Tdmilrog ; soaufltms krmmi pgfodoms `lsmh gi tbm OML lilfysos. Ot

smts dlr`gi tlxms tg $?> pmr tgi ge DG0 oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih

$5> pmr tgi ge DG0 oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms. Ot lfsg lssuams su`stlitolf

oivmstamits oi mimrky dgismrvltogi lih lftmriltovm mimrky suppfoms.

@y hovmrtoik oivmstamit erga tbm igi-mimrky smdtgrs ge tbm mdgigay,

tbm sdmilrog egrmdlsts rmhudtogis oi rmlf oidgams ls dgivmitogilffy

amlsurmh. Xbm rmsufts sbgw tblt rmlf oidgams oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

wgufh elff `y 4%. Xbm fgssms lrm fgwmr tbli tbm dgst ge tbm aotokltogi

strltmkoms, `mdlusm oivmstamits wgufh `m geesmt `y mimrky slvoiks

lih l hmdfoim oi mimrky prodms. Xbm sdmilrog sbgws tblt kfg`lf mimrky

hmalih wgufh hmdfoim `y 2% lih fgwmr tbm dgst ge vlrogus eumfs (progr

tg dlr`gi tlxms) `y ?% tg 00%, bmfpoik tg geesmt tbm dgst ge krmmipgfodoms.

Krmmi pgfodoms wgufh rmhudm DG0 maossogis rmfltovm tg tbm

`lsmfoim `y 42% oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih `y 05% oi tbm wgrfh ls l

wbgfm lih, oe tbm uihmrfyoik OML lilfysos os dgrrmdt, wgufh bmfp tg

stlòfozm tbm dfoaltm. Xbmsm rmhudtogis oi DG0 maossogis wgufh `m

krmltmr tbli tbgsm g`smrvmh oi tbm mimrky sbgdc sdmilrog gr oi tbm

krgwtb hmdmfmrltogi sdmilrogs. Toaoflr amsslkms blvm lfsg mamrkmh

erga prmvogus soaufltogis ge Lsoli dfoaltm dblikm pgfodoms (vli hmr

Amis`rukkbm 0><>). Xbm oapfodltogi os tblt dfoaltm `mimeots dli `m

ldbomvmh elr agrm mdgigaodlffy tblt tlrkmt, lih smfmdtovmfy rmhudm,

maossogis rltbmr tbli pgfodoms tblt lttmapt tg `roik maossogis uihmr

dgitrgf oihormdtfy tbrgukb pomdmamlf oiotoltovms gr sfgw krgwtb.

Oidfusovm krgwtb pgfody. Oidfusovm krgwtb os l bokb pgfody progroty,

ùt ot os focmfy tg hovmrt rmsgurdms erga krgwtb ls dgivmitogilffy

amlsurmh. Xbos strltmky progrotozms bmlftb lih mhudltogi smrvodms




lih rgùst slemty imts. Ot lfsg oidfuhms oivmstamits oi trlispgrt

lih dgaauiodltogis tblt bmfp tg foic hoslhvlitlkmh pgpufltogis tg

dmitmrs ge mdgigaod krgwtb.

Xbm oitmisovm oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky os hmeoimh oi Tdmilrog 2ls li oidrmlsm oi kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms ge 0% ge KH^ egr rmfltmh

oivmstamits lih smrvodms. Toidm kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms lddguit egr

<0% ge KH^ egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls l krgup, tbos oidrmamit rmprmsmits

su`stlitolf lhhotogilf rmsgurdms. Dgsts lrm lssuamh tg `m eoilidmh

blfe `y tlxms lih blfe `y `grrgwoik. Xbm strltmky os lfsg lssuamh

tg yomfh l rmhudtogi oi prgjmdtmh Koio dgmeeodomits `y = pmrdmitlkm

pgoits oi mldb LDO mdgigay, rmprmsmitoik lpprgxoaltmfy gim stlihlrh

hmvoltogi dlfdufltmh erga [grfh @lic Koio dgmeeodomit hltl.

Xbm pgrtogi ge mxpmihoturms eoilidmh `y `grrgwoik fmlhs tg

rmhudtogis oi oivmstamits oi dgivmitogilf prghudtogi. Xbos rmsufts oi

l 5% oidgam hmdfoim oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y 0>4>. Imvmrtbmfmss, sudb

pgfodoms tg dga`lt oimqulfoty woff prghudm klois egr aliy pmgpfm. Xbm

iua`mr ge LDO dotozmis fovoik oi mxtrmam pgvmrty os mstoaltmh tg

hmdfoim `y ;8%‘l rmsuft mquovlfmit tg tbm mrlhodltogi ge mxtrmam

pgvmrty. Xbm iua`mrs oi tbm aohhfm dflss wgufh oidrmlsm `y ?%.

Xbm imkltovm meemdts wgufh `m emft gify oi tbm uppmr tlof ge tbm

oidgam hostroùtogi, wotb tbm iua`mr ge bokb-oidgam dgisuamrs

hmdfoioik `y 44%. Xbm gutput meemdts ge tbm pgfody lrm krmltmr tbli

tbgsm dlfdufltmh egr li mimrky sbgdc, ùt audb salffmr tbli fgssmslssgdoltmh wotb tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Oe oidfusovm krgwtb dli

miblidm sgdolf dgbmsogi lih alcm ot mlsomr tg eokbt tbm aohhfm-oidgam

trlp, ots dgst wgufh `m lapfy rmploh.

0.4.4 Oitmriltogilf foiclkms lih dggpmrltogiLDO‟s euturm krgwtb hmpmihs gi hmmpmr oitmriltogilf trlhm lih

oivmstamit foics. Gpmi lih efmxo`fm trlhoik systmas lrm drudolf egr

sustloioik LDO‟s rgfm oi kfg`lf aliueldturoik lih egr ammtoik ots rosoik

mxtmrilf mimrky, eggh, lih rmsgurdm rmquormamits (Flwrmidm 0><<).

Xbm rmkogi‟s trlhm foics woff oidfuhm vokgrgus oitrlrmkogilf trlhm,

Xbm flrkmst imkltovm meemdts lrm prgjmdtmh egr Oihol, wbmrm l sokioeodlit plrt ge tbm bokb-

oidgam pgpufltogi os prgjmdtmh tg `m dfgsm tg tbm dutgee foaot ge tbm aohhfm dgisuaptogi

krgup, lih tbmrmegrm aghmrltm dblikms oi oidgams blvm l flrkm meemdt gi sboetoik oihovohulfs

erga gim krgup oitg tbm gtbmr.

?

?



5>


strgik toms wotb mamrkoik alrcmts mfsmwbmrm, lih sustloimh trlhm,

eoilidolf, lih tmdbigfgky mxdblikms wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Erga

l pgfody pmrspmdtovm, oitmism trlhm rmfltogisbops dgufh fmlh motbmr tg

krmltmr dggpmrltogi gr imw tmisogis. Xbm roscs wgufh `m mxldmr`ltmhoe krgwtb oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms rmalois sfukkosb, lih mspmdolffy oe

kfg`lf trlhm rufms elof tg `m strmiktbmimh. Xbmsm roscs lrm lssmssmh oi

Tdmilrogs ?—<0 (Xl`fm 0.2).

Oidrmlsmh prgtmdtogiosa. Oi tbm dgitmxt ge tbm alssovm

trlisegraltogis uihmrwly, pgfodyalcmrs blvm mxprmssmh dgidmri

l`gut tbm pgssoòfoty ge oidrmlsmh prgtmdtogiosa oi hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms. Tudb pgfodoms wgufh rmprmsmit dgstfy, smfe-hmemltoik

rmspgisms tg tbm dblffmikms eldmh `y tbm wgrfh mdgigay, ùt

uiegrtuiltmfy dliigt `m rufmh gut ls pgfotodlf rmldtogis tg mdgigaod

strmss. Lddgrhoik tg rmsufts egr Tdmilrog ?, tbmy wgufh rmhudm wgrfh

trlhm `y 5% lih wgrfh oidgam `y 0%, wotb tbm dgsts hosprgpgrtogiltmfy

elffoik gi tbgsm prgtmdtogiost mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms. Mstoaltmh kfg`lf

fgssms wgufh `m lrguih $0 troffogi, wotb agrm tbli ?>% ge tbm fgssms

elffoik gi igi-LDO mdgigaoms. @ut tbmsm pgfodoms wgufh lfsg kmimrltm

fgssms egr LDO, mspmdolffy tbm PD, kovmi ots strgik foics wotb hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms. Xbm ^PD‟s trlhm wgufh elff `y 5%.

Lt tbm gtbmr mxtrmam, stmps tblt rmhudm `lrromrs lih strmiktbmi

trlhm rufms wgufh `mimeot tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls wmff ls gtbmr rmkogis.

Tdmilrog <> mxlaoims rmkogilf ermm trlhm, lih Tdmilrog << bypgtbmsozmssu`stlitolf fo`mrlfozltogi ge wgrfh trlhm. Oi rmvomwoik tbmsm rmsufts,

ot os imdmsslry tg rmdgkiozm tblt l kfg`lf aghmf prghudms gify rgukb

mstoaltms ge tbm meemdts ge trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Ots plrlamtmrs lrm igt

sueeodomitfy hmtlofmh gi trlhm `lrromrs lih tbm pgssoòfotoms egr rmhudoik

tbma. _mt, sudb aghmfs prgvohm usmeuf mstoaltms ge gvmrlff meemdts, lih

oi tbos dlsm tbm sdmilrogs pgoit tg tbm pgssoòfoty ge flrkm `mimeots.

Pmkogilf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Lftbgukb aliy trlhm lkrmmamits

blvm `mmi dgidfuhmh lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, l imw, dgaprmbmisovm

rmkogilf lkrmmamit tblt dgiimdts tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh kmimrltm

lhhotogilf klois ge 8% ge LDO oidgams (Tdmilrog <>). Xbm meemdts wgufh

`m mspmdolffy oapgrtlit egr LTMLI, mstoaltmh lt <=%, lih egr Oihol,

mstoaltmh lt 0%. Xbm trlhm meemdts wgufh `m plrtoduflrfy flrkm egr Oihol

(oidrmlsoik `y 08%), soidm ot os igw fmss dfgsmfy dgiimdtmh wotb tbm LDO

rmkogi‟s trlhoik systma. Bgwmvmr, soidm Oihol‟s gvmrlff trlhm fmvmfs lrm

stoff fgw, oidgam meemdts lrm agrm aghmst.



Xl`fm 0.2: Xrlhm lih Dlpotlf Efgw Toaufltogis

Mmdts ge oitmriltogilf pgfodoms oi 0>4> (%)

Tdmilrog ? Tdmilrog <> Tdmilrog << Tdmilrog <0

Posoikprgtmdtogiosa

Pmkogilflkrmmamit

Kfg`lflkrmmamit

Elstrm`lflidoik

Oidgam / dlpotl

LTMLI -<.< <=.4 00.0 2.;

^PD -<.> <.4 ;.5 ;.0

Oihol >.> 0.0 ?.4 -4.5

LDO ->.2 4.5 <>.0 8.?

[grfh -<.= >.2 5 .= >.=


LTMLI 0.; -4>.> -4?.5 -<?.?

^PD 4.2 -8.= -04.< -04.8

Oihol >.< -2.2 -4<.? <;.?

LDO <.= -<?.> -4=.4 -0.>

[grfh >.? -<.5 -<5.> 8.>

Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi

LTMLI ->.5 ;.= <>.0 8.2

^PD ->.0 >.0 <.0 <.0

Oihol >.> <.= =.2 -0.?

LDO ->.0 0.> 8.5 >.0

[grfh >.> <.> 4 .? ->.=


LTMLI ->.5 ?.> <4.= =.4

^PD -<.? 0.2 <5.; <5.?

Oihol ->.< <<.0 =4.5 -<;.2

LDO -<.4 =.= -;.? 2.5

[grfh -0.8 <.> > .8 <.>

Xgtlf trlhm

LTMLI -<.5 <?.= 0<.= =.2

^PD -=.8 <>.? 45.; 4.?

Oihol -<.; 08.4 55.0 -0.;

LDO -4.5 <=.5 4=.<

[grfh -5.> 4.5 <?.8 >.?

Xmras ge trlhm

LTMLI ->.4 =.0 ;.0 ->.8

^PD ->.2 >.5 0.= ->.=

Oihol ->.0 ->.= >.? >.<

LDO ->.= <.? 4.2 ->.4

[grfh - - - -

Dgaaghoty prodms

Krlois ->.? >.; >.2 >.5

Dglf -<.4 >.; <.> >.5

Gof -0.> <.4 8.; >.;

Kls -<.2 >.2 8.4 >.<

Mimrky -0.> <.0 8.= >.;

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.





50


Kfg`lf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Tokioeodlit kfg`lf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi

wgufh rlosm wgrfh oidgams `y ;% lih LDO oidgams `y <> % (Tdmilrog <<).

Lkloi LTMLI lih Oihol wgufh m tbm flrkmst mimeodolroms oi pmrdmitlkm

tmras, ùt oi tbos dlsm tbm ^PD wgufh lfsg mxpmromidm flrkm klois `mdlusm kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi wgufh `mimeot lff ge ots oitmriltogilf

trlhm, audb ge wbodb os gutsohm tbm LDO rmkogi. [grfh trlhm wgufh

oidrmlsm `y <?%, wotb Oihol oidrmlsoik ots trlhm `y 55%. Xbm rmsufts

dgieora l dmitrlf tbmam tblt `rglh kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi os agrm

`mimeodolf tbli li meemdtovm rmkogilf lkrmmamit, mvmi gim dgvmroik l

flrkm, hyilaod mdgigaod zgim.

Elst rm`lflidoik. Xbm durrmit lddguit surpfusms ge tbm LDO

mdgigaoms blvm hoaoiosbmh sblrpfy soidm tbm gismt ge tbm 0>>2—0>>?

kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, ùt ot rmalois hoeeoduft tg justoey flrkm ‖upboff‑

efgws ge dlpotlf erga rlpohfy krgwoik, dlpotlf pggr mdgigaoms tg

sfgwfy krgwoik, dlpotlf lùihlit gims. Xbos stuhy lih gtbmr rmdmit

stuhoms blvm mapblsozmh tbm `mimeots ge ‖rm`lflidoik‑ oiotoltovms tblt

put rmsgurdms tg `mttmr usm wotboi mamrkoik mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms,

motbmr tg stoaufltm oivmstamit gr tg rlosm fovoik stlihlrhs hormdtfy.

Xbm `lsmfoim otsmfe lssuams tblt rm`lflidoik meegrts woff `m suddmsseuf

migukb tg cmmp oa`lflidms stl`fm oi igaoilf tmras lt 0><> fmvmfs,

tbus rmhudoik tbma su`stlitolffy rmfltovm tg KH^.

Xg soaufltm tbm oapfodltogis ge elstmr rm`lflidoik, Tdmilrog <0

oapgsms li lhjustamit pltb tblt mfoaoiltms lff durrmit lddguitoa`lflidms `y 0>0>. Xbos mxtrmam lssuaptogi sbgws tblt mvmi vmry

rlpoh rm`lflidoik wgufh blvm l aghmst meemdt gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘

oi eldt l aghmst pgsotovm meemdt, yomfhoik l 8% oidrmlsm oi LDO oidgams.

Xbm sdmilrog kmimrltms bokbmr oidgams egr LTMLI lih tbm ^PD, wbodb

blvm pgsotovm dlpotlf efgws lfgik tbm `lsmfoim lih sg wgufh blvm agrm

rmsgurdms tg oivmst gr spmih hgamstodlffy. Ot kmimrltms l hmdrmlsm oi

oidgam egr Oihol, wbodb bls imkltovm dlpotlf efgws lih tbmrmegrm wgufh

blvm tg dut `ldc gi oitmrilf spmihoik. Lt tbm aodrgmdgigaod fmvmf,

surpfus mdgigaoms wgufh sboet agrm rlpohfy erga aliueldturoik

tg smrvodms, lih vodm vmrsl oi hmeodot mdgigaoms. Hmspotm tbm pgfody

lttmitogi egdusmh gi rm`lflidoik, tbm rmsufts blvm aghmst oapfodltogis

egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm fgik rui.

Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbm oitmriltogilf soaufltogis sukkmst agrm

gppgrtuiotoms tbli tbrmlts. L turi tgwlrh prgtmdtogiosa oi hmvmfgpmh

mdgigaoms wgufh rmhudm wgrfh gutput lih imkltovmfy leemdt LDO krgwtb




prgspmdts, ùt tbm meemdts wgufh elff proalrofy gi tbm prgtmdtogiost

mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms. @y dgitrlst, fo`mrlfozltogi amlsurms wotboi tbm

LDO rmkogi lih mspmdolffy kfg`lffy dgufh rlosm oidgams sblrpfy. Ls oi

tbm plst rguihs ge kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi, tbm meemdts lrm focmfy tg mxtmih `mygih hormdt mdgigaod klois tg oihormdt `mimeots sudb ls oidrmlsmh

oivmstgr dgieohmidm, agrm oiigvltogi, lih li oaprgvmh dfoaltm egr

mdgigaod lih pgfotodlf dggpmrltogi. Agrm hmtlofmh wgrc os immhmh tg

rmeoim tbmsm mstoaltms, ùt tbm rmsufts dgieora tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbm

kfg`lf trlhoik systma tg LDO lih kfg`lf prgspmdts.

0.4.8 Dgaòiltogis ge roscs

Xbm rmsufts ge oihovohulf sdmilrogs dgieora tbm dgidmris ge

pgfodyalcmrs tblt tbm rmkogi eldms smrogus vufimrlòfotoms. _mt tbmy

lfsg sbgw tblt agst sbgdcs dgufh `m alilkmh lt aghmrltm dgst oe

lhhrmssmh wotb toamfy pgfody. Xbm oapfodltogis ge sbgdcs dgufh m agrm

smvmrm oe tbmy gddurrmh suhhmify lih oi dgaòiltogi‘egr mxlapfm, oe

li uimxpmdtmh hmdmfmrltogi oi prghudtovoty krgwtb lppmlrmh lfgiksohm

l suhhmi mimrky sbgdc. Tudb oitmrldtogis lrm igt uiusulf: li mimrky

sbgdc lih l rmfltmh prghudtovoty sbgdc dgaòimh tg drmltm l fgik-

flstoik kfg`lf sfgwhgwi oi tbm fltm <?;>s. Oi tbm durrmit mdgigaod

dydfm, eoilidolf, aldrgmdgigaod, eggh, lih mimrky sbgdcs lppmlr tg `m

ldtoik oi dgaòiltogi. Lfsg oi tbm euturm, lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits dgufhdgaòim oitg ‖pmremdt stgras‑ wotb smvmrm oapldts gi krgwtb.

Lssmssoik tbm prg`lòfoty ge dgaòimh sbgdcs rmquorms eurtbmr

spmdufltovm lilfysos. Lrm sbgdcs oihmpmihmit ge mldb gtbmr, wotb mldb

egffgwoik l smplrltm prg`lòfoty hostroùtogi7 Gr hg tbmy oitmrldt, sg

tblt l dfustmr ge imkltovm sbgdcs, egr mxlapfm, os mspmdolffy focmfy7 Xbm

oitmrldtogi bypgtbmsos lhaots tblt pmremdt stgras aokbt igt blppmi

rlihgafy‘lhvmrsm mvmits dgufh rlosm tbm prg`lòfoty ge gtbmrs,

lih vodm vmrsl. Ulrogus amdbliosas dgufh fmlh tg sudb rmsufts‘egr

mxlapfm, li mdgigaod systma uihmr prmssurm aly put eurtbmr strmss

gi wmlc smdtgrs lih tbus elof oi auftopfm wlys. ^gsotovm rmsufts, tgg,

dli rmoiegrdm mldb gtbmr: l strgik mdgigay dli kmimrltm rmsgurdms

lih kgghwoff tblt dli bmfp tg drmltm agrm gppgrtuiotoms.

Xbm oapfodltogis ge auftopfm sbgdcs dli `m `rldcmtmh `y twg

lssuaptogis: euff oihmpmihmidm, oapfyoik tblt sbgdcs gddur lddgrhoik

tg smplrltm prg`lòfoty hostroùtogis lih oitmrldt gify `y dblidm3 lih



58


plrtolf oitmrhmpmihmidm, oapfyoik tblt focm sbgdcs lrm focmfy tg gddur

jgoitfy. Mvmi tbm lssuaptogi ge oihmpmihmidm, ge dgursm, woff fmlh tg

rlrm pmremdt stgras ge auftopfm imkltovm gr pgsotovm mvmits. ^lrtolf

oitmrhmpmihmidm, bgwmvmr, sukkmsts l bokbmr focmfobggh ge l dfustmr gesoaoflr sbgdcs, lih bmidm l krmltmr prg`lòfoty ge mxtrmam gutdgams tbli

dgoidohmidm wgufh sukkmst. Xbm lrkuamits egr sudb oitmrhmpmihmidm

lrm elaofolr, ùt tbmy wmrm igt wohmfy lpprmdoltmh oi tbm rui-up tg tbm

kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos lih aly blvm dgitroùtmh tg tbm uihmrmstoaltogi

ge eoilidolf roscs `y eoilidolf alrcmts lih kgvmriamits.

Xbos stuhy mxlaoimh pgssoòfotoms ge oihmpmihmit lih

oitmrhmpmihmit sbgdcs `y stltostodlffy dgaòioik tbm meemdts ge tbm

sdmilrogs hosdussmh l`gvm. Xbos mxmrdosm dgistrudtmh <>,>>> euturm

krgwtb pltbs ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay wotb tbm `lsmfoim su`jmdtmh tg

vlrogus dgaòiltogis ge <> ge tbm sbgdcs fostmh oi Xl fm 0.= lih

Eokurm 0.<0. Plihga hrlws hmtmraoimh wbodb plrtoduflr sbgdcs

gddurrmh gi mldb ge tbm <>,>>> pltbs. Mldb sbgdc wls lssuamh tg gddur

wotb l prg`lòfoty ge 0=%. L `midbalrc ‖oihmpmihmit‑ soaufltogi wls

dlfdufltmh `y lssuaoik tblt tbm plttmri ge sbgdcs wotboi liy gutdgam

blh ig oapldt gi ots prg`lòfoty.

]ihmr tbm `midbalrc soaufltogis, tbm pgssoòfoty tblt igim ge tbm

<> sbgdcs wgufh gddur os gify lrguih =% (>.;=<>). Xbmrm os li mvmi

salffmr dblidm, lpprgxoaltmfy gim oi l aoffogi, tblt lff <> sbgdcs

wgufh gddur tgkmtbmr (>.0=<>). Xbm prg`lòfoty os lrguih 8>% tblt tbmmeemdt ge l dgaòiltogi ge sbgdcs wgufh turi gut tg `m salff, oi tbm

rlikm rmpgrtmh ls ‖>‑ dgfuai oi Eokurm 0.<4L. Xbmsm pltbs oivgfvm

dlsms wotb motbmr emw sbgdcs, gr dgaòiltogis ge pgsotovm lih imkltovm

gims. Xbm prg`lòfoty rosms tg lrguih ;=% egr tbm sgamwblt wohmr, ùt

stoff vmry aghmst, rlikm ge gutdgams (oidgam dblikms oi tbm —<>% tg

+<>% rlikm).

Hmspotm tbos stltostodlf ‖rmkrmssogi tgwlrh tbm amli,‑ lrguih

0=% ge tbm hostroùtogi ge gutdgams elffs oitg tbm tlofs, rmprmsmitoik

sokioeodlit hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim. Ge tbos, gify <% os oi tbm rokbt

Xbm ‖wgrfh prghudtovoty sbgdc‑ wls igt oidfuhmh oi tbm mxmrdosm tblt mxlaoimh

dgaòiltogis ge sdmilrogs soidm ot os otsmfe tbm dgaòiltogi ge twg gtbmr sdmilrogs‘tbm LDO

prghudtovoty sbgdc lih tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms prghudtovoty sbgdc.

Xbm meemdt ge l dgaòiltogi ge sbgdcs wls dlfdufltmh `y lhhoik tbm meemdts ge tbm

uihmrfyoik sbgdcs. Xbos foimlr lpprgxoaltogi aly gvmrstltm tbm dgaòimh meemdts ge auftopfm

sbgdcs.

<>

<<

<>

<<



Eokurm 0.<4: Ermqumidy ge Dga`oimh Tbgdcs


L. Oihmpmihmit sbgdcs

@. Oitmrhmpmihmit sbgdcs


tlof tblt dgitlois sokioeodlit pgsotovm sbgdcs, lih 08% os oi tbm fmet

tlof tblt dgitlois sokioeodlit imkltovm gims. Xbos scmwmh rmsuft os l

prghudt ge tbm eldt tblt hgwisohm sdmilrogs hgaoiltm tbgsm gi tbm

upsohm oi gur soaufltogis. Agrmgvmr, igim ge tbm sdmilrogs geemrs lpgsotovm dguitmrplrt tg tbm flrkm meemdts ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Xbm

imt meemdt os tblt tbmsm stltostodlf mxmrdosms sukkmst li lpprgxoaltmfy



55


gim-oi-egur dblidm tblt LDO oidgam fmvmfs woff elff wmff sbgrt ge tbm

`lsmfoim, tg fgik-tmra krgwtb rltms tblt lrm lt fmlst gim pmrdmitlkm

pgoit fgwmr.

Xbm ermqumidy ge gutdgams dblikms oe stltostodlf oihmpmihmidmos rmpfldmh `y tbm lssuaptogi ge plrtolf oitmrhmpmihmidm‘tbm

mxpmdtltogi tblt soaoflr sbgdcs lrm focmfy tg gddur tgkmtbmr. Xbm

soaufltogis hmsdro`mh l`gvm wmrm rmpmltmh uihmr tbm lssuaptogi tblt

egur gr agrm sbgdcs oi tbm slam hormdtogi wmrm egur toams ls focmfy

tg gddur ls tbmor jgoit oihmpmihmit prg`lòfotoms wgufh prmhodt. Xbm

imw rmsufts oi Eokurm 0.<4@ sbgw l wohmr hostroùtogi ge gutdgams,

wotb bokbmr ermqumidoms egr `gtb fmss lih agrm elvgrl`fm mxtrmams.

@ut wbofm tbm ermqumidy ge tbm agrm pgsotovm mxtrmams (agrm tbli <>%)

rosms gify sfokbtfy, tblt ge flrkmr imkltovm sbgdcs (flrkmr tbli imkltovm

<>%) oidrmlsms tg 0?%. Xbos hostroùtogi pusbms tbm mxpmdtmh vlfum ge

gutdgams 0% `mfgw tbm `lsmfoim.

Xbmsm lrm spmdufltovm rmsufts‘tbmy lttldb prg`lòfotoms tg

uicigwl`fm euturm mvmits‘ùt geemr sgam oisokbt oitg tbm roscs

surrguihoik tbm `lsmfoim. Xbmy sbgw, egr mxlapfm, tblt oi aliy dlsms

(rlikoik erga twg-tborhs tg tbrmm-qulrtmrs) krgwtb rltms lrm igt focmfy

tg hoeemr sokioeodlitfy erga tbm `lsmfoim. Xbos blppmis igt `mdlusm

tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb woff gddur wotbgut sbgdcs, ùt `mdlusm pgsotovm

lih imkltovm sbgdcs woff getmi dlidmf mldb gtbmr. Xbm rmsufts sukkmst

l salff dblidm ge su`stlitolffy `mttmr gutdgams lih l sgamwbltflrkmr dblidm ge su`stlitolffy wgrsm gims, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm durrmit

mivorgiamit sukkmsts agrm imkltovm roscs tbli pgsotovm gims.

0.8 Dgidfusogis

Oe LDO krgwtb prgdmmhs ls mxpmdtmh, LDO gutput woff qulhrupfm lih

meemdt wohm-rlikoik strudturlf dblikms oi tbm LDO lih wgrfh mdgigaoms.

Agst smdtgrs lih mdgigaod vlrol`fms woff `m leemdtmh, oidfuhoik tbm

dgapgsotogi ge hmalih lih gutput, plttmris ge trlhm rmfltogis, lih

erlkofm `lflidms oi kfg`lf eggh, mimrky, lih eoilidolf alrcmts. Xbmsm

prgspmdts sukkmst dgapfmx lkmihls egr lilfysos, pgfody pfliioik, lih

oistotutogi uofhoik.

Xbm trlisegraltogi sbgufh `roik hrlaltod klois oi tbm qulfoty ge

foem ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Ots oapfodltogis dgufh oidfuhm tbm tropfoik ge pmr




dlpotl oidgams, tbm mrlhodltogi ge mxtrmam pgvmrty, lih li oidrmlsm

oi tbm sozm ge tbm aohhfm dflss tg oidfuhm tbrmm-qulrtmrs ge tbm LDO

pgpufltogi. Xbm rmkogi os lfrmlhy tbm agst pgpufgus oi tbm wgrfh.

Gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms ot woff lfsg `mdgam tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmstmdgigay `y aliy amlsurms. Oi sgam alrcmts‘mspmdolffy oivmstamit

kgghs‘tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lddguit egr agrm tbli blfe ge tbm

kfg`lf lkkrmkltms.

Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihoik kfg`lf mdgigaod rgfm woff fmlh tg dgitoiumh

strgik trlhm lih eoilidolf foics wotb mxostoik plrtimrs ls wmff ls hmmpmr

rmfltogisbops wotb imw gims. Xbm krgwtb ge trlhm woff `m hrovmi `y

pgwmreuf rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs, oidrmlsmh imt oapgrts ge

proalry prghudts, lih sboetoik plttmris ge dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkm

wotboi tbm rmkogi lih ldrgss tbm wgrfh. Oitrlrmkogilf lih Tgutb—Tgutb

trlhm woff `m tbm agst rlpohfy krgwoik dgapgimits ge LDO trlhm. Oe tbmsm

rmfltogisbops lrm hmvmfgpmh oi l autulffy lhvlitlkmgus, dggpmrltovm

aliimr bukm `mimeots woff `m rmlfozmh `y tbm rmkogi lih ots plrtimrs.

Xbmsm elr-rmldboik hmalih lih suppfy meemdts prgvohm emrtofm

krguih egr imw krgwtb mikoims. LDO tlstms lih mxpmdtltogis woff

sblpm tbm hmalih egr imw prghudts lih smrvodms ldrgss tbm wgrfh,

lih woff drmltm gppgrtuiotoms egr imw oihustroms wotb vlst mdgigaoms

ge sdlfm. Eoilidolf trlisldtogis woff krlvotltm tgwlrh LDO‟s flrkm pggfs

ge slvoiks lih oivmstamits, alcoik ot pgsso`fm tg hmvmfgp hmmpmr lih

agrm meeodomit dlpotlf alrcmts. Bokb rltms ge oivmstamit woff mil`fmtbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lhgpt lih oivmit imw tmdbigfgkoms, ùofhoik

krmmimr lih agrm mimrky-meeodomit oierlstrudturm lih oihustry agrm

quodcfy tbli os pgsso`fm mfsmwbmrm.

Flrkm ls tbmsm gppgrtuiotoms lrm, tbm trlisegraltogi lfsg oivgfvms

aljgr roscs tg tbm krgwtb prgdmss erga oitmrilf lih mxtmrilf tbrmlts.

Xbmrm lrm emw wlys tg ammt lff ge tbm rmquormamits ge rlpoh krgwtb,

ùt aliy wlys tg elff sbgrt. Xbm agst imkltovm sdmilrogs dgufh

hmprmss LDO krgwtb rltms `y 0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw tbm 5.?%

`lsmfoim mstoaltms. Xbm dblidms egr elffoik sbgrt ge tbm lsmfoim‟s fgik-

tmra krgwtb rltm `y lt fmlst < pmrdmitlkm pgoit lrm aghmrltm ùt igt

oisokioeodlit‘`y tbm mstoaltms ge tbos dblptmr oi tbm imokb`grbggh ge

0=%—4>%.

Xbm soikfm agst sokioeodlit rosc tg tbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit os l

sblrp hmdmfmrltogi oi ots prghudtovoty krgwtb, l pgssoòfoty sgamtoams

hmsdro`mh ls tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Xg sustloi krgwtb oi l rlpohfy



52


mvgfvoik mdgigaod mivorgiamit, dguitroms blvm tg dgitoiugusfy

upkrlhm tbmor mdgigaod oierlstrudturm, `rglhfy uihmrstggh tg oidfuhm

oistotutogis, scoffs, ls wmff ls pbysodlf dlpotlf. Oi sgam dguitroms ot

rmquorms stmppmh-up oivmstamits oi pbysodlf lih buali dlpotlf, oigtbmrs rlhodlf oaprgvmamits oi tbm usoimss dfoaltm, lih oi stoff gtbmrs

l sboet erga lhlptltogi lih stltm-rui mitmrprosms tg oiigvltogi lih

provltm mitrmprmimursbop. Xbm dgsts ge l prgfgikmh sfgwhgwi wlrrlit

wohm-rlikoik prmvmitovm oivmstamits oi tbmsm lih gtbmr strltmkoms.

Xbm rmkogi eldms gtbmr roscs. Bokbmr eggh prodms lih/gr mimrky

prodms dgufh oapgsm flrkm ùrhmis gi rlpohfy krgwoik, ùt rmfltovmfy

fgw-oidgam mdgigaoms. Ttmppmh-up hmalihs egr mxpmihoturms tg

lhhrmss dfoaltm dblikm gr oidfusovm krgwtb‘bgwmvmr `mimeodolf oi

tmras ge mivorgiamitlf lih sgdolf rmsufts‘dgufh hovmrt rmsgurdms

lih pgfody lttmitogi erga krgwtb. Xbm soaufltogis sbgw tblt tbmsm

lftmriltovms wgufh blvm sokioeodlit imkltovm meemdts gi krgwtb ls

dgivmitogilffy amlsurmh. @ut tbm meemdts wgufh ilrrgw, leemdtoik

plrtoduflr smdtgrs lih dgisuaptogi krgups, lih wgufh tbmrmegrm dlusm

fmss hlalkm tbli li mdgigay-wohm sfgwhgwi. Xbm krmltmst tbrmlts

oivgfvm dgaòiltogis ge sbgdcs‘pmremdt stgras tblt oidrmlsm strlois

gi mdgigaod hmdosogi-alcoik lih rlosm tbm prg`lòfoty ge auftopfm

pgfody elofurms. Xbm cmy tg lvgohoik tbmsm prg`fmas os tg litodopltm

tbma lih tg drmltm agrm rmsofomit mdgigaoms.

Igt gify os tbm lsmfoim su`jmdt tg uidmrtloity, ut aliy lftmriltovmstblt lppmlr pfluso`fm blvm imkltovm oapfodltogis. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm

gvmrlff rmsufts ge tbm soaufltogis lfsg tmff l pgsotovm stgry. Dgaòiltogis

ge uimxpmdtmh mvmits kmimrlffy prmhodt agrm aghmrltm hmvoltogis erga

tbm `lsmfoim tbli wgrst-dlsm sdmilrogs, `mdlusm sbgdcs sgamtoams

geesmt mldb gtbmr. Lfsg, tbm krgwtb ge LDO oidgams lih tbm rmkogi‟s

rosoik rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay rmaloi slfomit rmsufts oi lff sdmilrogs,

mvmi tbgsm wotb uielvgrl`fm oapfodltogis. LDO fovoik stlihlrhs lih

sblrms ge oapgrtlit kfg`lf lkkrmkltms woff oidrmlsm mvmi oe tbm euturm

kfg`lf mivorgiamit os blrsbmr tbli lssuamh oi LH@ prgjmdtogis. [bofm

tbm spmmh lih toaoik ge tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi lrm su`jmdt tg rosc,

uihmr l rmlsgil`fy wohm rlikm ge lftmriltovm lssuaptogis ots sdgpm lih

hormdtogis lppmlr tg `m rgùst.

Ls lff mdgigaod rmsufts, tbmsm dgidfusogis hmpmih gi tbm uihmrfyoik

aghmf lih tbm sdmilrogs mxlaoimh. Xbm kmimrlf mquofo`roua aghmf

usmh oi tbos stuhy os ùoft gi lssuaptogis ge alrcmt oitmrldtogis




lih rmprmsmits tbm ayrolh wlys oi wbodb prghudmrs, dgisuamrs, lih

trlhmrs lhjust prghudtogi lih oivmstamits tg prodm sokilfs. [bmi

alrcmts wgrc prgpmrfy, tbmsm sokilfs lih alrcmt rmldtogis mil`fm

mdgigaoms tg dgiqumr lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits lt rmfltovmfy fgw dgst.Alrcmts dli elof, ls eoilidolf alrcmts blvm hgim spmdtlduflrfy oi

rmdmit ymlrs. @ut oi tbm twg-hmdlhm toam bgrozgi ge tbos lilfysos, agst

elofurms lrm focmfy tg `m dgrrmdtmh‘gr put ligtbmr wly, dli `m dguitmh

lagik tbm aliy roscs lfrmlhy dlpturmh oi prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi

sdmilrogs. Tmrogus hgwisohm roscs tblt blvm igt `mmi dgisohmrmh oi

tbos stuhy oidfuhm wlrs, mpohmaods, gr tbm dgfflpsm ge kgvmrilidm oi

flrkm dguitroms. Xbmsm pgssoòfotoms dliigt `m rufmh gut, ùt tbmy lrm

`mygih tbm sdgpm ge mdgigaod lilfysos.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm kggh prgspmdts lih flrkm dblffmikms. Xbmy

lrm ma`lrcoik gi tbmor imxt stlkm ge hmvmfgpamit wotb sokioeodlit

agamitua, ùt lfsg oi tbm aohst ge krmlt kfg`lf uidmrtloity.

Pmlsgil`fm prgjmdtogis oihodltm tblt tbmor krgwtb woff dgitoium lih

os focmfy tg `m smfe-eumfoik. Xbos krgwtb sbgufh fmlh tg aljgr lhvlidms

oi tbm rmkogi‟s stlihlrh ge fovoik lih kfg`lf rgfm. Lt tbm slam toam,

wohm-rlikoik strudturlf dblikms woff `m rmquormh oi mdgigaoms tblt lrm

lfrmlhy flrkm rmfltovm tg tbm wgrfh mdgigay. Xbos os tbm euihlamitlf

sgurdm ge roscs. Xbos dblptmr bls eguih tblt uielvgrl`fm mvmits dgufh

fmlh tg audb fmss prgkrmss tbli mxpmdtmh gi tbm `lsmfoim, ùt tblt

tbm gutfoims ge tbm dgaoik trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrmrgùst, igtwotbstlihoik uidmrtloitoms l`gut toaoik lih spmmh.



;>



4 Oidfusovm Krgwtb

lih tbm \ulfotyge Foem

4.< Oitrghudtogi

Xbm rmalrcl`fm mdgigaod krgwtb ge tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst

Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol

(cigwi dgffmdtovmfy ls LDO oi tbos stuhy) bls foetmh buihrmhs ge aoffogis

ge pmgpfm gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty lih drmltmh l `urkmgioik aohhfm

dflss. @lsmh gi agst prgjmdtogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff dgitoium tg

sblrpfy rmhudm‘lih pgtmitolffy mrlhodltm‘systmaod pgvmrty.

@ut tbos ldbomvmamit sbgufh igt g`sdurm tbm dblffmikms lbmlh lih

tbm wohm klps oi fovoik stlihlrhs lih tbm qulfoty ge foem wotboi mldbLDO dguitry lih `mtwmmi LDO lih tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Tmi (0><<)

dlutogis lkloist tbm g`smssogi wotb krgwtb ls li mih oi otsmfe wbofm

imkfmdtoik tbm qulfoty ge foem eldofotltmh y krgwtb. gvmrty rmalois bokb

oi aliy dguitroms. Oidgam oimqulfoty os krgwoik. ]imapfgyamit lih

uihmrmapfgyamit rmaloi smrogus. Buikmr, alfiutrotogi, lih offotmrldy

pmrsost, lih flrkm pgrtogis ge LDO pgpufltogis blvm oilhmqultm lddmss

tg votlf sgdolf smrvodms. Xbm dgidmpt lih amlsurmamit ge tbm qulfoty ge

foem lrm prmsmitmh oi @gx 4.< lih Xl`fm 4.<.

Xbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb dliigt trlisfltm oitg `rglh lhvlidms oi fovoik

stlihlrhs lih tbm qulfoty ge foem‘audb fmss `m sustloimh gvmr tbm

fgik tmra‘uifmss ots `mimeots lrm agrm wohmfy sblrmh. Krgwtb oi LDO‟s

fl`gr egrdm, wbodb os mxpmdtmh tg krgw tg 002 aoffogi `y 0>4>, amlis

tblt mxpmdtltogis egr l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem lih prmssurm gi tbm LDO

mdgigaoms tg drmltm rmwlrhoik, kggh-plyoik jg`s woff gify oidrmlsm.



@gx 4.<: Amlsuroik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem

Buali wmff-`moik bls trlhotogilffy `mmi amlsurmh oi tmras ge mdgigaod

rmsgurdms sudb ls oidgam, wmlftb, lih dgisuaptogi. Bgwmvmr, ot blsoidrmlsoikfy mmi rmdgkiozmh tblt mdgigaod rmsgurdms lrm li oisueeodomit

amtrod egr lssmssoik l pgpufltogi‟s wmff-`moik lih qulfoty ge foem. Xbos rmdgkiotogi

bls fmh tg krgwoik meegrts tg dgistrudt lftmriltovm oihodltgrs. Tudb oiotoltovms

blvm `mmi uihmrtlcmi `y tbm Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih

Hmvmfgpamit (GMDH) lih tbm ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam (]IH^),

lagik gtbmrs. Xbm ]IH^ drmltmh tbm Buali Hmvmfgpamit Oihmx (BHO), wbodb

dga`oims krgss iltogilf oidgam pmr dlpotl wotb bmlftb lih mhudltogi amlsurms.

Xbm BHO os wohmfy usmh egr drgss-dguitry dgaplrosgis ge buali wmff-`moik.

Ligtbmr mxlapfm os tbm oiotoltovm `y egramr Ermidb ^rmsohmit Iodbgfls

Tlrcgzy wbg lppgoitmh l dgaaottmm tg prgpgsm imw oihodltgrs tg amlsurm

mdgigaod pmregralidm lih sgdolf prgkrmss. Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso (0>>?)

hmeoim tbm ‖qulfoty ge foem‑ ls lspmdts ge foem tblt sblpm buali wmff-`moik `mygih

tbm dgaalih ge rmsgurdms. Xbmy lrkum tblt rmsgurdms lrm li oilhmqultm amtrod

`mdlusm tbmy lrm amlis tblt lrm trlisegramh oitg wmff-`moik tblt hoeemrs ldrgss

pmgpfm. Xbmy lfsg igtm tblt aliy rmsgurdms lrm igt alrcmtmh gr dgam wotb

hoeemrmit prodms, alcoik ot hoeeoduft tg dgaplrm rmlf oidgams ldrgss pmgpfm. Oi

lhhotogi, tbmy dgitmih, aliy cmy hmtmraoilits ge buali wmff-`moik lrm igt

agimtlry rmsgurdms3 tbmy lrm hoeemrmit lspmdts ge pmgpfm‟s foem dorduastlidms gr

ldtovotoms.

Oi Lsol, krgwoik lttmitogi bls `mmi pfldmh gi igi-agimtlry lspmdts ge

pmgpfm‟s fovms ls mdgigaoms `mdgam agrm hmvmfgpmh lih dgapfmx. @butli3 tbm

^PD3 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 lih Alflysol, lagik gtbmrs, blvm

hmvmfgpmh gr lrm wgrcoik tg hmvmfgp tbmor gwi qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs.

[bofm tbmrm os l dgismisus gi tbm oapgrtlidm ge igi-agimtlry lspmdts

egr lssmssoik buali wmff-`moik, tbmrm os ig lkrmmamit gi tbm lpprgldbms lih

oihodltgrs tblt dli m usmh tg amlsurm tbma. Oihodltgrs tg amlsurm tbm qulfoty ge

foem dli m hovohmh oitg tbrmm krgups: tbm rmsgurdm-`lsmh lpprgldb3 tbm dlpl`ofoty

lpprgldb3 lih tbm su`jmdtovm wmff-`moik lpprgldb.

Hmspotm tbm krgwoik iua`mr ge prgpgsmh qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs, tbmy lrm

getmi dgistrudtmh wotb fottfm `lsos oi tbmgry (Efmur`lmy 0>>?). Iooao lih Zbulik

(0><<) lhhrmss tbos ossum `y oitrghudoik l dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr amlsuroik

tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbmy lrkum tblt miblidoik oidfusovm krgwtb os l vol`fm wlyge ldbomvoik l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem. Xbmor dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr oidfusovm

krgwtb prgpgsms 0> oihodltgrs oi mokbt prgpgsmh hoamisogis: altmrolf wmff-`moik,

jg` gppgrtuioty lih wgrcoik dgihotogis, bmlftb, mhudltogi, sgdolf oidfusogi lih

mquoty, mdgigaod lih pbysodlf smduroty, mivorgiamit lih fovoik dgihotogis, lih

kgvmrilidm (smm Xl`fm 4.< egr hmtlofs).

(Dgitoiumh)

;0




Tgurdms: Efmur`lmy (0>>?)3 Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<)3 Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso (0>>?).

Xl`fm 4.<: Amlsuroik Oidfusovm Krgwtb

Hgalois Oihodltgrs

Altmrolf wmff-`moik • KH^ pmr dlpotl (0>>= ^^^$)

Jg` gppgrtuioty lih

wgrcoik dgihotogis

• Mapfgyamit rltm (%)

• Uufimrl`fm mapfgyamit rltm (% ge tgtlf mapfgyamit)

Bmlftb

• Foem mxpmdtlidy lt òrtb (ymlrs)

• Oielit agrtlfoty rltm (pmr <,>>> fovm ortbs)

• ]ihmrigurosbmh pgpufltogi (%)

Mhudltogi• Imt proalry sdbggf mirgffamit rltm (%)

• Lvmrlkm ymlrs ge sdbggfoik (ymlrs)

Tgdolf oidfusogi lih

mquoty

• ^gvmrty rltm (% ge pgpufltogi `mfgw $0 S^^^Q l hly)

• Koio dgmdomit (%)

• Kmihmr plroty oi fl`gr egrdm plrtodopltogi (%)

• Tmlts bmfh `y wgami oi iltogilf plrfolamit (%)

Mdgigaod lih pbysodlf

oismduroty

• Bgaodohm rltm (pmr <>>,>>> pmgpfm)

• Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx

Mivorgiamit lih fovoik

dgihotogis

• ^lrtodufltm alttmr (Â<>, aodrgkrlas pmr duòd amtmr)

• Lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdm (% ge pgpufltogi wotb lddmss)

• Lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms (% ge pgpufltogi wotb lddmss)

Kgvmrilidm

• Pufm ge flw oihmx

• Kgvmriamit mmdtovmimss oihmx

• Dgitrgf ge dgrruptogi oihmx

KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 ^^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty.

Tgurdm: Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<).

Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<) lssmssmh tbm durrmit stltus ge tbm qulfoty ge foem

`y lppfyoik tbm prgpgsmh oihodltgrs tg tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lih dgistrudtmh l

dgapgsotm oihmx `y lkkrmkltoik oihodltgrs oi tbm mokbt hoamisogis `y lssokioikmqulf wmokbts. Xbm eoihoiks suppgrt tbm vomw tblt KH^ pmr dlpotl os li oapgrtlit

eldtgr egr tbm qulfoty ge foem `mdlusm aliy oihodltgrs mxboòt l strgik dgrrmfltogi

wotb ot. Lfsg, tbm rlicoiks ge dguitroms lrm soaoflr wbmi tbm qulfoty ge foem

oihmx os usmh oistmlh ge KH^ pmr dlpotl. _mt tbm lilfysos `y Iooao lih Zbulik

lfsg sukkmsts tblt altmrolf wmff-`moik ploits gify l plrtolf podturm ge gvmrlff

buali wmff-`moik lih os igt l sueeodomit amtrod egr lssmssoik qulfoty ge foem. Ot os,

tbmrmegrm, oapgrtlit tblt igi-agimtlry lspmdts rmdmovm dlrmeuf lttmitogi wbofm

dguitroms pursum mdgigaod krgwtb oi grhmr tg misurm tblt tbm qulfoty ge pmgpfm‟s

fovms oaprgvms.

Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty



Ot os tbmrmegrm drotodlf tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms meemdtovmfy lhhrmss

tbmsm ossums. Bokb fmvmfs ge pgvmrty, krgwoik oimqulfoty, lih flrkm

hmvmfgpamit klps wotboi lih `mtwmmi dguitroms wlstm prmdogus

buali rmsgurdms, uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi, mihlikmr sgdolf lihpgfotodlf stlòfoty, blapmr krgwtb agamitua, lih oidrmlsm tbm

rosc tblt l dguitry woff kmt dlukbt oi wblt os cigwi ls tbm ‖aohhfm-

oidgam trlp,‑ oi wbodb l hmvmfgpoik mdgigay rmldbms l dmrtloi

fmvmf ùt stlys tbmrm. Mdgigaod lih sgdolf alrkoilfozltogi dli

lfsg krlhulffy pusb l sgdomty tgwlrh dgstfy dgiefodts lih vogfmidm

(Klikgplhbyly lih @blttldblryly 0><0). Implf os li offustrltogi

ge bgw oidgam lih sgdolf oimqulfoty dli `m dfgsmfy foicmh tg

oisurkmidy (LH@ 0>>5).

Xbm krlvoty ge tbmsm dblffmikms os kovoik rosm tg agrm pu`fod

hosdussogi lih kgvmriamit pgfody egdus wotboi LDO gi ‖oidfusovm

krgwtb,‑ l dgidmpt tblt dli `m hmeoimh ls krgwtb tblt kmimrltms

igt gify mdgigaod gppgrtuioty ùt tblt lfsg misurms mqulf lddmss

tg tblt gppgrtuioty (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;). Krgwtb os dgisohmrmh tg

`m oidfusovm wbmi ot lffgws lff ama`mrs ge l sgdomty tg plrtodopltm

oi, dgitroùtm tg, lih `mimeot erga ot gi li mquotl`fm `lsos.

Li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmkod erlamwgrc hmalihs vokgrgus

meegrts ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh put tbm

drmltogi ge prghudtovm mapfgyamit lt tbm tgp ge tbm pgfody lkmihl,

wotb tbm kglf ge kmttoik ls dfgsm tg euff mapfgyamit ls pgsso`fm. Otrmquorms krmltmr oivmstamit oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm tg mxplih

buali dlpldoty, mspmdolffy ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh. Meemdtovm sgdolf

slemty imts lrm immhmh egr tbm uimapfgymh lih uihmrmapfgymh

tg aotokltm tbm roscs lih vufimrlòfotoms ge mdgigaod sbgdcs lih

tg dltmr tg tbm immhs ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh lih dbrgiodlffy pggr.

Li midgurlkoik trmih os tblt agrm LDO mdgigaoms lrm lhgptoik

oidfusovm krgwtb ls l kglf ge tbmor hmvmfgpamit pgfodoms.

;8





4.0 LDO‟s Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrmss

lih Pmaloioik KlpsHmdlhms ge rlpoh krgwtb blvm trlisfltmh oitg flrkm klois oi fovoik

stlihlrhs oi LDO. Amlsurmh oi purdblsoik pgwmr plroty (^^^), tbm

lvmrlkm pmr dlpotl oidgam oi dgistlit 0>>= oitmriltogilf hgfflrs oi

LDO rgsm erga $<,45> tg l`gut $8,?=> erga <??> tg 0><>, wotb tbm

agst hrlaltod klois oi tbm ^PD. Xbm pgrtogi ge LDO‟s pgpufltogi fovoik

oi mxtrmam pgvmrty, hmeoimh ls fovoik gi fmss tbli $<.0= l hly oi 0>>=

^^^, erga <??> tg tbm fltm 0>>>s, hrgppmh erga =4.=% tg 0<%, amlioik

tblt lrguih 58> aoffogi pmgpfm mxotmh mxtrmam pgvmrty. Buihrmhs ge

aoffogis agrm oi LDO blvm jgoimh tbm aohhfm dflss. Oaprgvmamits blvm

lfsg `mmi sokioeodlit oi smvmrlf cmy sgdolf oihodltgrs, sudb ls proalry

sdbggfoik, kmihmr mqulfoty oi proalry lih smdgihlry mhudltogi, lih

foem mxpmdtlidy.

Hmspotm tbmsm ldbomvmamits, pgvmrty rmhudtogi rmalois l sokioeodlit

dblffmikm egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Oi tbm fltm 0>>>s, l`gut 5=> aoffogi

pmgpfm stoff fovmh gi gr `mfgw $<.0= l hly, wbofm <.45 òffogi survovmh

gi gr `mfgw $0 l hly. Oi Oihol, 40.;% ge tbm pgpufltogi su`sostmh gi

$<.0= l hly gr fmss lih 50.;% gi $0 l hly (Eokurm 4.<). Xbm pgvmrty

bmlhdguit rltog wls fgwmr oi tbm ^PD, ùt rmaloimh sokioeodlit‘<4.<%lt $<.0= l hly lih 0?.2% lt $0 l hly. Lagik tbm LTMLI dguitroms,

tbm pgvmrty rltm lt $<.0= stggh lt <5.4% oi Oihgimsol, <5.2% oi Uomt

Ila, <2.8% oi tbm ^bofoppoims, 00.2% oi Dla`ghol, lih 44.?% oi tbm

Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg ^HP). [bofm mxtrmam pgvmrty

oi LDO os igt lt tbm smvmrm fmvmfs ge Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl, tbm rmkogi

hgms igt dgaplrm wmff wotb Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli, lih tbm

Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl.

Xbm ‖oitmriltogilf hgfflr‑ os l tbmgrmtodlf durrmidy usmh tg eldofotltm ^^^ dgaplrosgis.

]soik tbm $0-l-hly pgvmrty foim, l`gut =?> aoffogi mxotmh pgvmrty huroik tbm slam

pmrogh. Xbm pgvmrty eokurms egr LDO mxdfuhm @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Aylialr, lih Toiklpgrm.

Xbm sfgwmr pldm ge pgvmrty rmhudtogi oi Oihol ls dgaplrmh tg tbm ^PD dli `m lttroùtmh

tg elstmr krgwtb oi tbm ^PD lih krmltmr mflstodoty ge krgwtb (@lrhbli 0><>). Ligtbmr igtl`fm

hmtmraoilit os tbm ‖hoeemrmitolf oimqulfotoms ge gppgrtuioty oi tbm twg dguitroms‑ (@lrhbli

0><>: ?=). Lddgrhoik tg @lrhbli, flih gwimrsbop os audb agrm uimqulf oi Oihol, Oihol‟s pggr

blvm fmss lddmss tg mhudltogi, lih Oihol os audb agrm mtbiodlffy bmtmrgkmimgus.

<4

<8

<0

<0

<4

<8



Eokurm 4.<: ^gvmrty Bmlhdguit Pltm, 0>>>s (%)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3

GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.

Tgurdm: gvdlfimt. bttp://ormsmlrdb.wgrfh`lic.grk/ gvdlfImt/oihmx.bta (lddmssmh << Jufy 0><0)3 [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim.

bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh << Jufy 0><0).

;5


Bokb fmvmfs ge systmaod pgvmrty‘sustloimh pgvmrty lagik

su`stlitolf pgpufltogi krgups‘bmfp mxpfloi wby tbm LDO mdgigaoms

bgfh l hosprgpgrtogiltmfy fgw sblrm ge kfg`lf wmlftb hmspotm lddguitoik

egr agrm tbli blfe tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi. Oi sgam dlsms, LDO dguitroms

lrm elffoik eurtbmr `mboih oi ammtoik sgam igi-oidgam Aoffmiioua

Hmvmfgpamit Kglfs smt y tbm ]iotmh Iltogis, sudb ls rmhudoik buikmr,

oielit agrtlfoty, lih altmrilf agrtlfoty, lih oaprgvoik lddmss tg slem

hroicoik wltmr lih `lsod sliotltogi (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^ 0><0).

4.0.< Posoik oidgam oimqulfoty lih ots

oapfodltogis

Xbm krgwtb rmdgrh ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lfsg alscs wohmioik

klps `mtwmmi rodb lih pggr oi rmdmit hmdlhms. Xbos rosm, ls amlsurmh



;2


LH@ (0><0l) ohmitoeoms l iua`mr ge strudturlf hrovmrs ge rosoik

oimqulfoty oi LDO lih gtbmr Lsoli dguitroms, oidfuhoik tmdbigfgkodlf

dblikm, kfg`lfozltogi, lih alrcmt-gromitmh rmegra. Xbmsm lrm

cmy egrdms uihmrfyoik Lsol‟s rlpoh krgwtb lih blvm `rgukbt imwgppgrtuiotoms tg Lsoli dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbm gppgrtuiotoms blvm igt

`mimeotmh mitorm pgpufltogis mqulffy. Oi plrtoduflr, tbgsm wotb agrm

lih `mttmr mhudltogi, tbgsm gwioik agrm dlpotlf lssmts, lih tbgsm

fovoik oi dotoms lih dglstlf lrmls blvm `mimeotmh audb agrm tbli tbgsm

wotb fmss mhudltogi, wbg rmfy agrm gi fl`gr oidgam, lih wbg fovm oi

rurlf lrmls lih oitmrogr rmkogis. Xbos os mvohmidmh `y oidrmlsoik scoff

prmaouas lih rmturis tg buali dlpotlf, elffoik fl`gr oidgam sblrms oi

iltogilf oidgam, lih krgwoik spltolf hosplroty. LH@ (0><0l) igtms tblt

tbm hostro`utogilf oapldt ge tbmsm hrovmrs bls `mmi dgapguihmh `y

vlrogus egras ge uimqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty dlusmh `y oistotutogilf

wmlcimssms, alrcmt hostgrtogis, lih sgdolf mxdfusogi.

Oi tbm ^PD, egr mxlapfm, oimqulfoty `mtwmmi ur`li lih rurlf lrmls

lddguitmh egr 48% ge iltogilf oimqulfoty oi <??>. Xbos dgitro`utogi rgsm

tg 85% oi 0>>2 ls ur`li—rurlf oidgam klps dgitoiumh tg wohmi (Zbulik,

Ulihmi`mrk, lih Bulik 0><<). Oidgam klps wotboi ur`li lrmls lfsg

oidrmlsmh, erga fmss tbli <5% tg 48% huroik tbm slam pmrogh. Oi 0>>2,

agrm tbli =>% ge tbm ^PD‟s tgtlf oimqulfoty dli `m mxpfloimh `y spltolf

oimqulfoty, wbodb dgvmrs gtb ur`li—rurlf oimqulfoty lih drgss-prgvoidm

oimqulfoty (LH@ 0><0l). Oi Oihol, oi tbm mlrfy <??>s, hoeemrmidms oimhudltogilf lttloiamits dli mxpfloi 0>% tgtlf oimqulfoty. @y 0><>,

tbos sblrm oidrmlsmh tg 4>%. Oi tbm fltm 0>>>s, Oihol‟s spltolf oimqulfoty

lddguitmh egr l`gut 4=% ge tbm dguitry‟s tgtlf oimqulfoty.

^gvmrty lih oimqulfoty lrm lfsg bokb oi LDO wbmi usoik sgam qulfoty

ge foem amlsurms (@gx 4.<). L flrkm pgrtogi ge LDO‟s pgpufltogi‘<8%

ls ge 0>>2‘stoff sueemrs erga alfiutrotogi. Xblt dgaplrms tg =%

oi GMDH dguitroms, ;% oi tbm Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl, lih ?%

oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli. Lagik tbm LTMLI dguitroms,

tbm oidohmidm ge uihmrigurosbamit wls plrtoduflrfy prgiguidmh oi

Dla`ghol, lt l`gut 0=% ge tbm pgpufltogi, egffgwmh `y tbm Flg ^HP, lt

l`gut 00%, lih Oihol, lt <?%. ]ihmrigurosbamit smrogusfy leemdts tbm

qulfoty ge foem ([grfh @lic 0><0).

Xbm qulfoty ge mapfgyamit os ligtbmr ossum oi LDO. [bofm

mapfgyamit rltms lrm bokb oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms dgaplrmh tg

tbm wgrfh lvmrlkm, tbm fltmst lvlofl`fm hltl sukkmst tblt 5>% ge




mapfgyamit dli `m dflssoeomh ls ‖vufimrl`fm,‑ amlioik tblt pmgpfm

wgrc oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr wotb pggr ply lih dgihotogis lih wotbgut

lddmss tg sgdolf prgtmdtogi amlsurms (Eokurm 4.4). Xbos os sokioeodlitfy

bokbmr tbli oi gtbmr rmkogis ge tbm wgrfh, wotb tbm mxdmptogi ge Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl. Oi GMDH mdgigaoms, li lvmrlkm ge <5% os mapfgymh oi

tbm oiegralf smdtgr. Xbm rltm oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli lih

oi Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl os lrguih gim-tborh. Xbm vufimrl`fm

mapfgyamit rltm os plrtoduflrfy bokb egr fgwmr-oidgam LDO mdgigaoms,

sudb ls Dla`ghol (20.=%), Oihol (20.2%), lih tbm Flg ^HP (22%). Xbmrm

os lfsg dgidmri tblt tbm wgrcoik pggr wbg fgsm tbmor jg`s oi tbm egralf

smdtgr oidrmlsoikfy agvm tg pggr-plyoik jg`s oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr

(Klikgplhbyly lih @blttldblryly 0><0).

LDO‟s rlicoik oi cmy pgpufltogi bmlftb oihodltgrs vlroms wohmfy

erga dguitry tg dguitry. @ut tbm krgup ls l wbgfm uihmrpmregras

dgaplrmh wotb bokb-oidgam lih agst aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms. Oi

0><>, egr oistlidm, foem mxpmdtlidy lt òrtb wls ;?.4 ymlrs egr GMDH

iltogis, ;8.< egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli, lih ;0.= egr tbm

Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl. Egr LDO ls l wbgfm, ot wls 5?.= (Eokurm

4.8). Dla`ghol‟s foem mxpmdtlidy lt òrtb wls gify 50.= lih Oihol‟s

wls 5=.<. Klps oi oielit agrtlfoty rltms `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms

lih bokb- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms lrm mvmi òkkmr. Oi 0><>, tbm

rltm wls 4> hmltbs pmr <,>>> fovm òrtbs egr LDO ls l wbgfm, wbofm

ot wls 5.2 egr tbm GMDH, <2.0 egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli,lih 0=.5 egr Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl (Eokurm 4.=). Aylialr‟s

oielit agrtlfoty rltm ge =>.8 hmltbs pmr <,>>> òrtbs wls tbm bokbmst

lagik LDO mdgigaoms, egffgwmh `y Oihol lt 82.0. Bmrm, tgg, hoeemrmidms

`mtwmmi tbm rodb lih pggr lrm oaamism. Xbm dbofh agrtlfoty rltm egr

tbm pggrmst quoitofm dgufh `m twg tg tbrmm toams bokbmr tbli tblt egr

tbm rodbmst quoitofm (LH@ 0>>;l).

LDO‟s pmregralidm gi kfg`lf pu`fod mhudltogi `midbalrcs os

aoxmh, mvmi wotb tbm krmltfy oidrmlsmh oivmstamit oi mhudltogi lih

bokbmr mirgffamit rltms ge rmdmit hmdlhms. ]imqulf lddmss tg mhudltogi

Xbm Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi hmeoims vufimrl`fm mapfgyamit ls tbm sua ge

gwi-lddguit wgrcmrs lih dgitroùtoik elaofy wgrcmrs. Xbmy lrm fmss focmfy tg blvm egralf

wgrc lrrlikmamits, lih lrm tbmrmegrm agrm focmfy tg fldc hmdmit wgrcoik dgihotogis, lhmqultm

sgdolf smduroty, lih ‖vgodm‑ tbrgukb meemdtovm rmprmsmitltogi `y trlhm uiogis lih soaoflr

grkliozltogis. Uufimrl`fm mapfgyamit os getmi dblrldtmrozmh `y oilhmqultm mlrioiks, fgw

prghudtovoty, lih hoeeoduft dgihotogis ge wgrc tblt uihmraoim wgrcmrs‟ euihlamitlf rokbts

(OFG 0><0: 80).

<5

<5



Eokurm 4.8: Foem Mxpmdtlidy lt @ortb, 0><> (ymlrs)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3

GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.


Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh

<4 Jufy 0><0).

Eokurm 4.4: Uufimrl`fm Mapfgyamit, 0><> (% ge tgtlf mapfgyamit)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3


Igtms: Ulfums lrm 0>>8 egr Uomt Ila3 0>>= egr Oihol lih tbm Flg HP3 0>>2 egr Dla`ghol, tbm PD, lih tbm bofoppoims3 lih 0>>?

egr Oihgimsol, Alflysol, Toiklpgrm, lih Xbloflih. Egr tbm PD, tbm vlfum wls dlfdufltmh ls tbm rltog ge rurlf fl`gr aoius tgwisbop

lih vofflkm mitmrprosm mapfgymms lih provltm ra mapfgymms, pfus ur`li smfe-mapfgymh tg tgtlf mapfgyamit oi 0>>2. Pmkogilf

lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.


<< Jufy 0><0)3 mstoaltms egr tbm PD (^PD Ttltostodlf _mlr`ggc).

2>




Eokurm 4.=: Oielit Agrtlfoty, 0><> (pmr <,>>> fovm `ortbs)

Eokurm 4.5: Lvmrlkm _mlrs ge Tdbggfoik, 0><> (ymlrs)





<4 Jufy 0><0).




Tgurdm: @lrrg-Fmm Mhudltogilf Lttloiamit Hltlsmt. bttp://www.`lrrgfmm.dga/ (lddmssmh <0 Jufy 0><0).




20


os prmvlfmit. Oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms, proalry sdbggf-lkm dbofhrmi

erga bgusmbgfhs ge tbm pggrmst quoitofm lrm lfagst tbrmm toams

agrm focmfy tg `m gut ge sdbggf tbli tbgsm erga tbm rodbmst quoitofm

(Zbulik lih Lfo 0><>). ^roalry sdbggf mirgffamit oi tbm rmkogi lsl wbgfm os dgaplrl`fm tg tblt oi aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms. @ut tbm

krgup pmregras pggrfy oi tmras ge lvmrlkm ymlrs ge sdbggfoik, mxdmpt

oi dgaplrosgi tg Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl. Oi 0><>, tbm lhuft pgpufltogi

(lkmh <= lih l`gvm) oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms blh ;.= ymlrs ge sdbggfoik,

dgaplrmh wotb << oi GMDH iltogis lih ;.? egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm

Dlro``mli (Eokurm 4.5). Xbm emwmst ymlrs ge sdbggfoik wmrm oi Aylialr,

wotb 8.5 ymlrs, egffgwmh `y tbm Flg ^HP lih Oihol, `gtb wotb =.<.

Lddmss tg `lsod utofotoms os ligtbmr prg`fma lrml. Oi 0><>, egr

mxlapfm, gify l`gut 58% ge tbm pgpufltogi oi Dla`ghol lih 5;% oi tbm

Flg HP blh lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdms (Eokurm 4.;). Xbm klps oi

lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms lrm mvmi agrm sokioeodlit. Gify

=8% ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi blh lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms

ls ge 0><>, dgaplrmh wotb ?2% oi GMDH mdgigaoms, 2?% oi tbm Aohhfm

Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl, lih ;?% oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli

(Eokurm 4.2). Oaprgvmh sliotltogi rmldbmh just 4<% ge Dla`gholis

lih 48% ge Oiholis. Gify <4% ge tbm pgpufltogi ge Aylialr, 08% ge

Dla`ghol, lih ==% ge tbm Flg ^HP blh lddmss tg mfmdtrodoty ls ge 0>>?

(Eokurm 4.?). Xg kmt l smism ge tbm hosplroty ldrgss LDO oi suppfy ge

mfmdtrodoty, pmr dlpotl mfmdtrodoty dgisuaptogi oi @ruimo Hlrusslflawls 2,550 c[b oi 0>>? lih ;,?8? c[b oi Toiklpgrm, `ut gify =;< c[b

oi Oihol, <4< c[b oi Dla`ghol, lih <>8 c[b oi Aylialr. @lsmh gi

agst rmdmit lvlofl`fm hltl, dfgsm tg <>>% ge rglhs oi Xbloflih lrm

plvmh3 oi Toiklpgrm <>>% lrm plvmh (Eokurm 4.<>). Oi dgitrlst, gify

<4.;% ge rglhs wmrm plvmh oi tbm Flg ^HP (0>>?), <<.2% oi Aylialr

(0>>=), ?.?% oi tbm ^bofoppoims (0>>4), lih just 5.4% oi Dla`ghol

(0>>8). @y rmkogi, LDO bls gvmr blfe ge ots rglhs plvmh, `mttmr tbli oi

Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl lih Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli.

Tudb eoihoiks uihmrsdgrm tbm eldt tblt mdgigaod krgwtb os gify

l amlis tgwlrh buali mihs tblt kg `mygih oidgam, dgisuaptogi,

lih wmlftb. Xbm rmdmit lttmitogi ploh tg tbm qulfoty ge foem bls egdusmh

gi `rglh amlsurms ge mdgigaod lih sgdolf prgkrmss lih buali

hmvmfgpamit (Xl`fm 4.<). Xbm flrkm klps oi tbmsm oihodltgrs `mtwmmi

tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih bokb- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms mfsmwbmrm

oi tbm wgrfh, ls wmff ls lagik iltogis wotboi tbm rmkogi, sukkmst



Eokurm 4.?: Lddmss tg Mfmdtrodoty, 0><> (% ge pgpufltogi)

Eokurm 4.<>: ^rgpgrtogi ge ^lvmh Pglhs, 0>>? gr fltmst lvlofl`fm oi tbm 0>>>s

(% ge tgtlf rglhs)


GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.


Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh

<4 Jufy 0><0).


GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0>>? pgpufltogi.

Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh

<4 Jufy 0><0).

28





tblt wbofm tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm suddmsseuffy okiotmh krgwtb oi

rmdmit ymlrs, sblroik tbm `mimeots ge tblt krgwtb agrm `rglhfy lih

trlisfltoik ot oitg l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem ge mvmry ama`mr ge sgdomty

rmaloi hluitoik tlscs. Lddgapfosboik tbos rmquorms li oidfusovmkrgwtb strltmky.

4.4 Bgw LDO Os ^rgagtoik

Oidfusovm Krgwtb

Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, tbm tmra ‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ bls `mdgam

pgpuflr oi pgfody hosdussogis oi hmvmfgpoik dguitroms. Oi tbm agst

kmimrlf smism, krgwtb aly m dgisohmrmh oidfusovm wbmi mvmry ama`mr

ge l sgdomty plrtodopltms oi, dgitro`utms tg, lih `mimeots erga krgwtb

gi li mquotl`fm `lsos (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;). Zbulik lih Lfo (0><>)

hmeoim oidfusovm krgwtb ls ‖mdgigaod krgwtb dgupfmh wotb mqulfoty ge

gppgrtuioty.‑

Gtbmr lutbgrs blvm lfsg alhm meegrts tg trlisfltm tbmsm ohmls

oitg dgidrmtm lih dfmlr pgfody ldtogis. Olidbgvodboil lih Fuihstrga

(0>>?) blvm mqultmh oidfusovm krgwtb wotb ‖`rglh-`lsmh‑ krgwtb tblt

mapblsozms `gtb ots pldm lih plttmri lih tblt oidfuhms l flrkm plrt ge

l dguitry‟s fl`gr egrdm. Emfopm (0><>) lssgdoltms oidfusovm krgwtb wotbl smroms ge pgfodoms tblt blvm tbm uftoaltm g`jmdtovm ge euff mapfgyamit,

gr oi gtbmr wgrhs ig oivgfuitlry uimapfgyamit. Xbmrm lrm lfsg tbgsm

wbg lrkum tblt oidfusovm krgwtb amlis agrm tbli blvoik tbm `gttga

0>% rosm lt tbm slam pmrdmitlkm rltm ls tbm lvmrlkm. Oistmlh, tbgsm

lt tbm `gttga sbgufh rmdmovm li mqulf sblrm ge tbm oidgam tblt tbm

mdgigay lhhs (Mdgigaost 0><>).

Oidfusovm krgwtb hoeemrs erga tbm rmfltmh igtogi ge ‖prg-pggr

krgwtb,‑ wbodb wls lt tbm bmlrt ge hmvmfgpamit pgfody hosdussogis

oi tbm flst hmdlhm. ^rg-pggr krgwtb bls `mmi hmeoimh ls ‖krgwtb tblt

fmlhs tg pgvmrty rmhudtogi agrm tbli ot wgufh blvm oe lff oidgams blh

krgwi lt tbm slam rltm‑ (Clcwlio lih ^mriol 0>>>) gr soapfy ‖krgwtb

tblt rmhudms pgvmrty‑ (Plvlffogi lih Dbmi 0>>4). L cmy hoeemrmidm os

tblt prg-pggr krgwtb tlrkmts pmgpfm fovoik `mfgw l spmdoeod pgvmrty

foim. Oidfusovm krgwtb, `y dgitrlst, os l agrm dgaprmbmisovm dgidmpt

lih midlpsufltms l `rglhmr hmvmfgpamit lkmihl. Ligtbmr oapgrtlit




alcoik krgwtb agrm oidfusovm (Kgvmriamit ge Oihol 0>>5). Xbm pfli bls

smvmi cmy strltmkoms: dgitoiultogi ge tbm pgfodoms ge mdgigaod rmegra3

rmvovlf oi lkrodufturlf krgwtb3 oaprgvmh lddmss tg mssmitolf smrvodms

oi bmlftb lih mhudltogi (oidfuhoik scoff hmvmfgpamit), mspmdolffy egrtbm pggr3 spmdolf tbrust gi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit3 mivorgiamitlf

sustloilòfoty3 spmdolf lttmitogi tg tbm immhs ge hoslhvlitlkmh krgups3

lih kggh kgvmrilidm lt lff fmvmfs.

Oihol‟s pfli lfsg prgagtms smvmrlf oiotoltovms tg oidrmlsm mdgigaod

wmff-`moik lih gppgrtuiotoms, plrtoduflrfy oi rurlf lrmls. Egr mxlapfm,

tbm Iltogilf Purlf Mapfgyamit Kulrlitmm ^rgkrlaam prgvohms oidgam

suppgrt egr tbgsm oi immh ge mapfgyamit lih bmfps drmltm lssmts tblt

woff oidrmlsm flih prghudtovoty. KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt ?% pmr ymlr,

lih KH^ pmr dlpotl lt ;.5%, gvmr tbm pmrogh ge tbm pfli. Oi tblt toam, tbm

pfli loas tg drmltm =2 aoffogi jg`s lih rmhudm uimapfgyamit lagik tbm

mhudltmh tg fmss tbli =%. Xbm pfli tlrkmts l 0>% oidrmlsm oi tbm rmlf wlkms

ge uiscoffmh wgrcmrs lih l <>-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi pgvmrty.

Dla`ghol: Xbm Pmdtlikuflr Ttrltmky gi Krgwtb, Mapfgyamit,

Mquoty, lih Meeodomidy uihmr tbm Iltogilf Ttrltmkod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli

0>>5—0><> bls `mmi rmleeoramh oi tbm pfli uphltm egr 0>>?—0><4 oi

rmspgism tg tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod drosos (Kgvmriamit ge Dla`ghol 0><>).

Lt tbm dgrm ge tbm strltmky os kggh kgvmrilidm, mspmdolffy oi tbm hmfovmry

lih alilkmamit ge pu`fod kgghs lih smrvodms. Xbm egur strltmkod lrmls

lrm miblidmamit ge tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr, rmblòfotltogi lih dgistrudtogige pbysodlf oierlstrudturm, provltm smdtgr hmvmfgpamit lih mapfgyamit

kmimrltogi, lih dlpldoty ùofhoik lih buali rmsgurdms hmvmfgpamit. Oi

lhhotogi, Dla`ghol oitmihs tg dgitoium tg hmmpmi oapfmamitltogi ge tbm

û`fod Alilkmamit Pmegra, wbodb oivgfvms oaprgvoik oidfusovmimss lih

oitmkrltogi oi tbm ùhkmt. Xbm pfli tlrkmts l ;% liiulf mdgigaod krgwtb

lih rmhudtogi oi pgvmrty `y < pmrdmitlkm pgoit l ymlr.

Oihgimsol: ]ihmr ots 0><>—0><8 hmvmfgpamit pfli, tbm vosogi

egr Oihgimsol os egr l prgspmrgus, hmagdrltod, lih just sgdomty

(Kgvmriamit ge Oihgimsol 0><>). Xbos vosogi os suppgrtmh `y eovm

iltogilf hmvmfgpamit lkmihls: mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit lih oidrmlsmh

wmfelrm, miblidmamit ge kggh kgvmrilidm, strmiktbmioik tbm pofflrs

ge hmagdrldy, flw miegrdmamit lih mrlhodltogi ge dgrruptogi, lih

oidfusovm lih just hmvmfgpamit. Iltogilf progrotoms egr tbm pfli oidfuhm

rmegra ge tbm ùrmludrldy lih lhaoiostrltogi3 mhudltogi3 bmlftb3



22


pgvmrty rmhudtogi3 eggh smduroty3 oierlstrudturm3 lih hmvmfgpamit

ge rmkogis tblt lrm fmet `mboih, rmagtm, gr rmdgvmroik erga dgiefodt.

Li liiulf krgwtb rltm ge 5.=% os hmmamh imdmsslry tg ldbomvm

oidfusovm hmvmfgpamit oe ot os lddgapliomh `y agrm meemdtovm pgfodomslih prgkrlas tg rmhudm pgvmrty, li miblidmh rgfm egr wgami oi

oidrmlsoik elaofy wmfelrm, lih oaprgvmh rurlf oierlstrudturm.

Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod: Oi rmvomwoik tbm ldbomvmamits

uihmr tbm prmvogus hmvmfgpamit pfli, tbm Aoiostry ge ^fliioik lih

Oivmstamit igtmh tblt ‖oidfuhoik lff smdtgrs oi li mdgigay dli

prgagtm elstmr lih agrm oidfusovm mdgigaod krgwtb, lih `roik l`gut

dblikm‑ (Kgvmriamit ge tbm Flg ^HP 0><<). Xbm durrmit hmvmfgpamit

pfli egr 0><<—0><= gutfoims strltmkoms lih amlsurms tblt suppgrt li

oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky. Xbm mdgigay os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt agrm

tbli 2% pmr ymlr, lih pmr dlpotl KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb $<,=>> oi

durrmit prodms `y 0><=. Xbm pfli dlffs egr rmhudoik tbm pgvmrty rltm tg

fmss tbli <?% lih tbm pmrdmitlkm ge pggr bgusmbgfhs tg fmss tbli <>%

`y 0><=. Ot lfsg loas tg `roik uimapfgyamit tg fmss tbli 0%.

Alflysol: Alflysol‟s hmvmfgpamit pbofgsgpby ge krgwtb wotb

hostroùtogi fmh tg hmdlhms ge gutstlihoik mdgigaod pmregralidm,

rmsuftoik oi sokioeodlit pgvmrty rmhudtogi, agrm `lflidmh mdgigaod

plrtodopltogi, lih wohmr dgvmrlkm ge mssmitolf sgdolf smrvodms.

Xg lhhrmss tbm immhs ge fgw-oidgam gr hoslhvlitlkmh dotozmis,

Alflysol‟s pfli egr 0><<—0><= dlffs egr li oidfusovm hmvmfgpamitlpprgldb oi foim wotb tbm ‖<Alflysol: ^mgpfm Eorst, ^mregralidm Igw‑

dgidmpt (Kgvmriamit ge Alflysol 0><>). Xbm lpprgldb os lidbgrmh

oi twg g`jmdtovms. Xbm eorst os tg mil`fm mquotl`fm gppgrtuiotoms egr

lff Alflysolis tblt oivgfvm oaprgvoik dlpldoty, miblidoik lddmss tg

mapfgyamit gppgrtuiotoms, lih lhgptoik l agrm tlrkmtmh lpprgldb oi

midgurlkoik oiigvltogi-hrovmi mitrmprmimursbop. Xbm smdgih g`jmdtovm

os tg prgvohm l sgdolf slemty imt egr hoslhvlitlkmh krgups. Huroik

tbm pfli pmrogh, cmy strltmkoms tg prgvohm mquotl`fm gppgrtuioty lih

prgagtm krmltmr sgdogmdgigaod oidfusovmimss oidfuhm mfmvltoik tbm

Xbmsm oidfuhm elaofy-`lsmh sgdolf lssostlidm prgkrlas, wbodb bmfp fgw-oidgam

dgaauiotoms tg ammt tbmor `lsod immhs, lih pfldm krmltmr lttmitogi tg tbm hosl`fmh lih

mfhmrfy (mspmdolffy erga pggr elaofoms, imkfmdtmh dbofhrmi, lih alrkoilfozmh dgaauiotoms).

Oi lhhotogi, tbm ÎÂ Alihoro prgkrla loas tg lssost oi mapgwmroik pmgpfm tgwlrh ldtovmfy

plrtodopltoik oi tbm meegrts tg `roik tbmasmfvms gut ge pgvmrty. ^rgkrlas egr mapgwmramit

ge salff lih aodrg mitmrprosms lfsg lssost oiegralf wgrcmrs kloi mqulf lddmss tg ùsoimss

gppgrtuiotoms.

<;

<;




fovmfobgghs ge tbm `gttga 8>% ge bgusmbgfhs, miblidoik @uaoputmrl

mdgigaod plrtodopltogi, misuroik tblt `lsod pbysodlf oierlstrudturm os

lddmsso`fm tg lff, lih mil`foik l prgkrmssovm lih agrm oidfusovm sgdomty

oi foim wotb tbm <Alflysol dgidmpt.Xg oaprgvm tbm fovmfobgghs ge tbm `gttga 8>% bgusmbgfhs, suppgrt

woff `m prgvohmh tbrgukb miblidmh mhudltogi lih mitrmprmimursbop,

strmiktbmimh lddmss tg lsod lamiotoms, lih oapfmamitltogi ge tlofgrmh

prgkrlas egr tlrkmt krgups wotb spmdoeod immhs. Xbm kgvmriamit bls

smt tlrkmts tg rmhudm pgvmrty oidohmidm erga 4.2% oi 0>>? tg 0% oi

0><=, oidrmlsm tbm amli oidgam ge tbm `gttga 8>% bgusmbgfhs erga

PA<,88> oi 0>>? tg PA0,4>>, lih rmhudm tbm Koio dgmeeodomit erga

>.88< oi 0>>? tg >.80> oi 0><=. Xbm pfli hmtlofs aliy gtbmr prgkrlas

tg suppgrt oidfusovmimss.

^bofoppoims: Xbm ^bofoppoims bls dgaaottmh tg tbm pursuot ge

oidfusovm krgwtb oi ots 0><<—0><5 hmvmfgpamit pfli `y rmdgkiozoik

tblt sustloimh krgwtb drmltms jg`s, oidfuhms tbm aljgroty oi tbm

mdgigaod lih sgdolf aloistrmla, lih rmhudms alss pgvmrty

(Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^bofoppoims 0><<). Xg ldbomvm oidfusovm krgwtb,

tbm pfli‟s strltmkoms oidfuhm alssovm oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit,

bokbmr kgvmrilidm stlihlrhs, buali hmvmfgpamit lih buali

dlpotlf egraltogi, mapfgyamit kmimrltogi, lih lddmss tg eoilidoik.

Xbmsm tbrusts woff `m dgapfmamitmh `y l aldrgmdgigaod rmkoam ge

fgw oiefltogi lih l sustloil`fm eosdlf `lflidm, lfgik wotb mdgfgkodlfoitmkroty lih aotokltogi ge tbm meemdts ge dfoaltm dblikm. Xbm pfli

lfsg mapblsozms mquotl`fm lddmss tg `lsod sgdolf smrvodms, ls wmff ls

strgikmr slemty imts lih sgdolf prgtmdtogi lkloist sbgdcs.

Kgvmriamit-`ldcmh prgkrlas oidfuhm tbm Clpot-`osok Fl`li sl

Clborlpli-Dgaprmbmisovm lih Oitmkrltmh Hmfovmry ge Tgdolf Tmrvodms,

wbodb prgvohm euihoik lih oi-coih suppgrt erga iltogilf lih fgdlf

kgvmriamits tg oapfmamit salff prgjmdts `y `lrliklys wbg egffgw

tbmor gwi pflis, progrotoms, lih prgdmssms. Xbm ^litlwoh ^laofylik

^ofopoig ^rgkrla prgvohms dgihotogilf dlsb trlisemrs tlrkmtmh tg tbm

immhs ge vufimrl`fm krgups, plrtoduflrfy dbofhrmi, wgami, tbm mfhmrfy,

lih tbm hosl`fmh. Xbm pfli tlrkmts liiulf mdgigaod krgwtb ge ;%—2%

egr lt fmlst 5 ymlrs lih imt mapfgyamit kmimrltogi ge < aoffogi pmr

@uaoputmrl os l Alfly tmra rmemrroik tg tbm oihokmigus pmgpfm ge tbm Alfly lrdbopmflkg.

@lrlikly rmemrs tg tbm salffmst lhaoiostrltovm uiot oi tbm ^bofoppoims.

<2

<?

<2

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hoeemrmidms oi oihovohulf dorduastlidm. Xbm gtbmr egra stmas erga

hoeemrmidms oi oihovohulf meegrt (Pgmamr <??5). Oimqulfoty dlusmh `y

dorduastlidms sudb ls dufturm, elaofy `ldckrguih, mhudltogi, kmihmr,

lih kmgkrlpbod fgdltogi getmi rmefmdt oistotutogilf lih kgvmrilidmelofurms lih lrm flrkmfy `mygih li oihovohulf‟s dgitrgf. Tudb

elofurms sbgufh `m lhhrmssmh tbrgukb pu`fod pgfody oitmrvmitogis.

^mrsgilf meegrt, oi dgitrlst, os uihmr tbm oihovohulf‟s dgitrgf, lih

bm gr sbm sbgufh `m bmfh rmspgiso`fm. Tudb oimqulfoty rmefmdts lih

rmoiegrdms tbm alrcmt-`lsmh oidmitovms immhmh tg egstmr oiigvltogi,

mitrmprmimursbop, lih krgwtb (Dbluhburo lih Plvlffogi 0>>;).

Hostoikuosboik `mtwmmi oimqulfoty rmfltmh tg meegrt lih

dorduastlidm fmlhs tg li oapgrtlit hoeemrmidm `mtwmmi oimqulfoty

ge gutdgam lih oimqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty ([grfh @lic 0>>5).

Oimqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty lrosms flrkmfy erga hoeemrmidms oi

oihovohulf dorduastlidm. Oimqulfoty ge gutdgam, sudb ls pmrsgilf

oidgam, getmi rmefmdts sgam dga`oiltogi ge hoeemrmidms oi meegrt

lih oi dorduastlidm.

Lhhrmssoik uimqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty hum tg hoeemrmidms

oi dorduastlidms os lt tbm dgrm ge tbm oidfusovm krgwtb dgidmpt.

Dorduastlidms tblt cmmp pmgpfm aormh oi pgvmrty dli oidfuhm fldc

ge lddmss tg prghudtovm mapfgyamit, sgdolf smrvodms sudb ls `lsod

mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm, lih prghudtovm lssmts sudb ls drmhot lih

flih. Geeodolf dgrruptogi lih aoslffgdltogi ge pu`fod rmsgurdms dlilfsg `m rggt dlusms. Tudb dorduastlidms lrm igt gify euihlamitlffy

uielor, `ut lrm lfsg focmfy tg smrogusfy dgistrloi pgvmrty rmhudtogi

meegrts, sgdolf dgbmsogi, lih mdgigaod krgwtb. Mfoaoiltoik tbmsm

dorduastlidms woff kg l fgik wly tgwlrh oidfusovm krgwtb.

@lsmh gi tbmsm dgisohmrltogis, Zbulik lih Lfo (0><>) prgpgsm li

oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky tblt egdusms gi `gtb mxplihoik mdgigaod

gppgrtuioty lih misuroik mqulf lddmss tg ot, wbodb rmquorms tbm

egffgwoik pgfody pofflrs:

Dbluhburo lih Plvlffogi (0>>;) lrkum tblt ‖kggh oimqulfoty‑ dli turi tg `lh oe igt

prgpmrfy alilkmh, lih tblt ‖`lh oimqulfoty‑ dli hrovm gut tbm kggh. Xbm egramr dgufh blppmi

oe tbgsm alrcmt gr sgdomty rmwlrhs wotb dgisohmrl`fm alrcmt gr pgfotodlf pgwmr usm tbm rmwlrhs

tg miklkm oi rmit-smmcoik lih tg dblikm tbm ‖rufms ge tbm klam.‑ @lh oimqulfoty dgufh hrovm

gut tbm kggh oe ots pmrsostmidm‘egr mxlapfm, wbmi dmrtloi krgups lrm fmet `mboih ls l rmsuft ge

rmsohoik oi l imkfmdtmh rmkogi‘rmhudms tbm tgfmrlidm egr mvmi kggh oimqulfoty. Xbm rmsuft dli

`m sgdolf uirmst.

0>

0>



?0


Tustloimh bokb lih meeodomit mdgigaod krgwtb. L flrkm pmrdmitlkm

ge pmgpfm oi LDO lrm mapfgymh oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr, lih tmis ge

aoffogis ge wgrcmrs lrm smt tg jgoi tbm rmkogi‟s fl`gr egrdm mldb ymlr

egr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms. Xg `m oidfusovm, krgwtb aust prgvohmhmdmit, prghudtovm jg`s egr l wohm spmdtrua ge tbm pgpufltogi lih

mxplih mdgigaod gppgrtuioty egr lff.

Tgdolf oidfusogi. Mvmry pmrsgi aust blvm mqulf lddmss tg

gppgrtuioty. Oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, flrkm pgrtogis ge pgpufltogis

dliigt `mimeot erga mdgigaod gppgrtuioty drmltmh `y krgwtb egr

rmlsgis mygih tbmor dgitrgf. Misuroik mqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty

rmquorms, gi tbm gim blih, oivmstoik oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm,

mspmdolffy egr tbm hoslhvlitlkmh, tg miblidm buali dlpldotoms3

lih gi tbm gtbmr blih, dgrrmdtoik alrcmt lih oistotutogilf elofurms

lih mfoaoiltoik sgdolf mxdfusogi tg fmvmf tbm pflyoik eomfh.

Tgdolf slemty imts. ^rgkrlas lrm immhmh oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms

tg aotokltm tbm roscs lih vufimrl`ofotoms lssgdoltmh wotb trlisotgry

sbgdcs tg fovmfobgghs tblt getmi lrm dlusmh `y off bmlftb, mdgigaod

drosms, oihustrolf rmstrudturoik, gr ilturlf hoslstmr. ^rgkrlas tblt

dltmr tg tbm spmdolf immhs ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh lih dbrgiodlffy

pggr lfsg lrm immhmh.

Mldb ge tbmsm pofflrs lih tbmor oapfmamitltogi aust `m

suppgrtmh `y kggh kgvmrilidm lih sguih oistotutogis.

4.= Li LDO ^gfody Lkmihl

Xbm erlamwgrc gutfoimh l`gvm prgvohms l usmeuf rglhalp egr

tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lttloi sustloimh mdgigaod krgwtb, miblidmh

sgdolf oidfusogi, lih oaprgvmh qulfoty ge foem up tg 0>4>. Xbos smdtogi

hosdussms oi agrm hmtlof smvmrlf cmy pgfody lkmihls upgi wbodb tbm

LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh egdus oe tbmy lrm tg ldbomvm tbm hmvmfgpamit

kglfs tbrgukb bokb lih `rglh-`lsmh mdgigaod krgwtb, wohmr lddmss

tg gppgrtuioty, sgdolf slemty imts tblt prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih

vufimrl`ofoty, lih strgikmr kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis.



?8


LDO kgvmriamits aust aloitloi mil`foik mivorgiamits egr

ùsoimss oivmstamit lih provltm mitrmprmimursbop `y mfoaoiltoik

oapmhoamits drmltmh y elofurms ge alrcmts, oistotutogis, lih pgfodoms.

Xbos rmquorms oivmstamit oi pbysodlf oierlstrudturm lih bualidlpotlf, hmvmfgpamit ge oistotutogilf dlpldoty, aldrgmdgigaod

stlòfoty, alrcmt-eromihfy pgfodoms, prgtmdtogi ge prgpmrty rokbts,

lih miegrdmamit ge tbm rufm ge flw. Oi smttoik pgfody progrotoms,

kgvmriamits aust ohmitoey tbm òihoik dgistrloits tg krgwtb lih

tlrkmt tbmor meegrts lih rmsgurdms tg mlsm tbma (Dlifls, Cbli, lih

Zbulik 0>>?). LDO kgvmriamits sbgufh lfsg ply lttmitogi igt gify

tg tbm pldm ge mdgigaod krgwtb, ùt lfsg tg ots plttmri tg misurm

tblt ot os `rglhfy `lsmh (Olidbgvodboil lih Fuihstrga 0>>?).

Bokb krgwtb woff blvm tg m hrovmi y hyilaod provltm smdtgrs oi

LDO‟s alrcmt-hrovmi mdgigaoms. @ut tg lttloi euff mapfgyamit, tbm

rgfm ge kgvmriamit woff lfsg m drotodlf mdlusm ot dliigt m lssuamh

tblt tbm provltm smdtgr woff kmimrltm lff jg`s immhmh oi l dguitry

(Emfopm 0><>). Emfopm prgpgsms eovm smts ge pgfodoms tg ldbomvm tbm euff

mapfgyamit ge tbm fl`gr egrdm. Eorst, kgvmriamits aust rmhrmss tbm

imkfmdt ge lkrodufturm. Tmdgih, tbmy sbgufh tlrkmt bokb-mapfgyamit

pu`fod oivmstamit prgjmdts oi `lsod oierlstrudturm sudb ls mimrky,

trlispgrt, lih ur`li smrvodms. Xborh, tbmy sbgufh dgffl`grltm wotb

tbm provltm smdtgr gi pgfodoms tg lddmfmrltm oihustrolfozltogi lih

strudturlf trlisegraltogi. Egurtb, kgvmriamits sbgufh kmlr eosdlflih agimtlry pgfodoms tg tbm ldbomvmamit ge euff mapfgyamit.

Eoetb, tbmy sbgufh hmvosm jg` kulrlitmm prgkrlas tg misurm euff

mapfgyamit wotb prodm stlòfoty.

4.=.0 @rglhmioik gppgrtuiotoms `y oivmstoik

oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb

Li meemdtovm wly tg prgagtm sgdolf oidfusogi os tg miblidm

buali dlplòfotoms, mspmdolffy tbgsm ge hoslhvlitlkmh krgups, `y

oivmstoik oi mhudltogi, bmlftb dlrm, lih gtbmr `lsod pu`fod smrvodms.

Mhudltogi oaprgvms fl`gr prghudtovoty, eldofotltms tmdbigfgkodlf

oiigvltogi, oidrmlsms rmturi gi dlpotlf, lih bmfps oaprgvm bmlftb

gutdgams. Maporodlf stuhoms eoih tblt `lsod mhudltogi mil`fms

elramrs tg swotdb erga trlhotogilf tg agrm prghudtovm amtbghs,




4.=.4 ^rmvmitoik pgvmrty wotb sgdolf slemty

imts

Oidfusovm krgwtb lfsg rmquorms sgdolf slemty imts tblt aotokltm tbm

meemdts ge mxtmrilf lih trlisotgry fovmfobggh sbgdcs lih tg ammt tbm

aoioaua immhs ge tbm dbrgiodlffy pggr. Mxpgsurm tg sudb roscs dli

blvm l prgeguih lih fgik-flstoik oapldt gi buali wmff-`moik. Tgdolf

slemty imts igt gify bmfp tbm pggr lih vufimrl`fm dgpm wotb tbm l`gvm

roscs. Xbmy dli lfsg pfly l rgfm oi oaprgvoik buali dlpotlf oi tbm fgik

rui, wbodb alcms gppgrtuiotoms agrm lddmsso`fm tg tbgsm wotb foaotmh

lssmts lih dlpl`ofotoms (@rggcs mt lf. 0><>).

Tgdolf slemty imts dgam oi l vlromty ge egras. Fl`gr alrcmt pgfodoms

lih prgkrlas, sudb ls tbgsm tblt kulrlitmm jg`s, loa tg rmhudm roscs

ge uimapfgyamit, uihmrmapfgyamit, gr fgw wlkms tblt rmsuft erga

oilpprgproltm scoffs oi tbm wgrcegrdm gr pggrfy euidtogioik fl`gr

alrcmts. L rlikm ge sgdolf oisurlidm prgkrlas, sudb ls pmisogis

lih bmlftb gr uimapfgyamit oisurlidm, dusbogi roscs lssgdoltmh

wotb uimapfgyamit, off bmlftb, hosl`ofoty, wgrc-rmfltmh oijuroms, lih

gfh lkm. Tgdolf lssostlidm sdbmams sudb ls wmfelrm prgkrlas, sgdolf

smrvodms, lih dlsb gr oi-coih trlisemrs lrm loamh lt lssostoik soikfm-

plrmit bgusmbgfhs, vodtoas ge ilturlf hoslstmrs gr dovof dgiefodts,

tbm hosl`fmh, lih gtbmr vufimrl`fm krgups. Gtbmr prgkrlas prgagtmbmlftby lih prghudtovm hmvmfgpamit ge dbofhrmi `y prgvohoik smrvodms

sudb ls mlrfy dbofhbggh hmvmfgpamit, sdbggf amlfs, sdbgflrsbops,

ermm gr su`sohozmh bmlftb dlrm egr agtbmrs lih dbofhrmi, lih elaofy

lffgwlidms gr drmhot (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;).

L krgwoik ghy ge maporodlf mvohmidm sukkmsts tblt sgdolf prgtmdtogi

sdbmams blvm li oapldt gi pgvmrty lih buali hmvmfgpamit. Gim

ge tbm `mst-cigwi mxlapfms os Amxodg‟s ^rgkrlal hm Mhudldoôi, Tlfuh y

Lfoamitldoôi (li mhudltogi, bmlftb, lih iutrotogi prgkrla), cigwi

`y ots Tpliosb ldrgiya, ^PGKPMTL. Oitrghudmh oi <??;, ^PGKPMTL

prgvohms dlsb trlisemrs dgihotogimh gi dbofhrmi‟s sdbggf mirgffamit lih

rmkuflr sdbggf lih dfoiod lttmihlidm. Gim lilfysos sbgws tblt PGKPMTL

sokioeodlitfy rmhudmh Amxodg‟s pgvmrty bmlhdguit rltog `y lrguih <>%,

tbm pgvmrty klp `y 4>%, lih tbm dguitry‟s pmregralidm gi tbm pgvmrty

smvmroty oihmx `y 8=% `mtwmmi <??; lih 0>>< (Tcgueols 0>><). Xbm

prgkrla lfsg blh l elvgrl`fm oapldt gi Amxodg‟s sdbggf mirgffamit




ge Cgrml. Alcoik sgdolf prgtmdtogi prgkrlas agrm tlrkmtmh tgwlrh tbm

pggr os lfsg l cmy ossum egr aliy LDO mdgigaoms (LH@ 0><<m).

Leegrhl`ofoty os getmi rlosmh ls li ossum wbmi l dguitry troms tg

mxplih slemty imts. _mt stuhoms lssmrt tblt tbm dgsts ge `lsod uiovmrslfsgdolf prgtmdtogi lrm igt mygih tbm rmldb ge agst hmvmfgpoik dguitroms

(Grtoz lih _l`fgisco 0><>). Xbm ]iotmh Iltogis Hmplrtamit ge Mdgigaod

lih Tgdolf Leelors mstoaltms tblt l uiovmrslf sgdolf pmisogi sdbmam

hmsokimh tg cmmp tbm mfhmrfy l`gvm tbm $<-l-hly pgvmrty foim dgsts fmss

tbli >.=% ge KH^ oi agst dguitroms (]I 0>>;). Ligtbmr stuhy y tbm OFG

lrkums tblt vortulffy lff dguitroms dli leegrh sgam egra ge `lsod sgdolf

smduroty (OFG 0>>2). Leegrhl`ofoty, tbmrmegrm, aly hmpmih gi l dguitry‟s

woffoikimss tg eoilidm sgdolf prgtmdtogi sdbmams.

4.=.8 Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm lih

oistotutogilf qulfoty

Xbm dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr oidfusovm krgwtb gutfoimh oi Eokurm

4.<0 mapblsozms tbm rgfm ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis, l tgpod tblt

bls `mmi l cmy egdus oi hmvmfgpamit pgfody hosdussogis oi rmdmit ymlrs.

[bofm tbm oitroisod vlfum ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis tg hmvmfgpamit

lih oidfusovmimss os wohmfy lddmptmh, tbmor oistruamitlf vlfum ls l

amlis ge ldbomvoik bokbmr krgwtb lih fgwmr oimqulfoty bls igt ymt `mmiwmff uihmrstggh hmspotm l krgwoik `ghy ge fotmrlturm (Pghroc 0>>2`).

L rmvomw ge tbm fotmrlturm sukkmsts tblt l fgik-rui pgsotovm lssgdoltogi

`mtwmmi kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogilf qulfoty lih krgwtb lih oidgam

fmvmfs os strgik lih oidgitrgvmrto`fm, `gtb dgidmptulffy lih maporodlffy

(Zbulik, hm Hogs, lih Flkali—Alrtoi 0><>). L dluslf foic mtwmmi tbm twg

os lfsg wmff rmdgkiozmh oi tbm fotmrlturm. Xbos amlis tblt wbofm oistotutogis

lih kgvmrilidm aly hrovm mdgigaod krgwtb, tbmy lrm lfsg prghudts ge

krgwtb otsmfe‘oi plrt `mdlusm rosoik oidgams lih mhudltogi fmvmfs drmltm

l hmalih egr tbma. Bgwmvmr, dgismisus gi tbm rmfltovm oapgrtlidm ge

tbm twg foics os stoff fldcoik‘lih os li ldtovm eomfh ge rmsmlrdb tghly. L

eurtbmr lrml ge rmsmlrdb bls `mmi agtovltmh `y tbm eldt tblt tbm dgidmpt ge

‖qulfoty‑ ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis os auftohoamisogilf. Ot os pgsso`fm

tblt lspmdts ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogilf qulfoty lrm agrm rmfmvlit gr

drotodlf tbli gtbmrs oi hmtmraoioik tbm krgwtb pmregralidm ge spmdoeod

dguitroms huroik spmdoeod pmroghs. ]ihmrstlihoik tbmsm foics os oapgrtlit.



<>0


mxpmdtltogis egr `mttmr fovoik stlihlrhs woff oidrmlsm prmssurm gi

tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg drmltm rmwlrhoik, wmff-ploh jg`s oi `gtb ur`li

lih rurlf lrmls. Li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky tblt drmltms prghudtovm

jg`s lih mxplihs lddmss tg mdgigaod gppgrtuioty woff fmlh tg bokbmrdgisuaptogi, mspmdolffy `y tbm pggrmr bgusmbgfhs, bmfpoik tbm LDO

mdgigaoms rm`lflidm tbmor mdgigaoms.

Pmdmit kfg`lf eggh, mimrky, lih eoilidolf drosms, amliwbofm,

sukkmst tblt turùfmidm os tbm imw igra lih tblt ot os oapmrltovm egr

hmvmfgpoik dguitroms tg ùofh tbm dlpldoty tg wotbstlih uimxpmdtmh

sbgdcs. Lt tbm slam toam, kgvmriamits woff blvm tg ammt rosoik

mxpmdtltogis, mspmdolffy lagik tbm hoslhvlitlkmh, oi grhmr tg

aoioaozm tbm rosc ge sgdolf lih pgfotodlf oistlòfoty. Meemdtovm sgdolf

slemty imts tblt rmhudm tbm oapldt ge sbgdcs gi fovmfobgghs, tbmrmegrm,

lrm l cmy dgapgimit ge li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky. Kggh kgvmrilidm

lih oistotutogis lrm lfsg dgrm rmquormamits ge oidfusovm krgwtb tblt

wgrc tgwlrh krmltmr sgdolf dgbmsogi.

Pmdgkiozoik tbmsm dblffmikms, aliy LDO mdgigaoms lrm lhgptoik

prgaosoik amlsurms egr oidfusovm krgwtb oi grhmr tg dga`lt rosoik

oidgam lih sgdolf hosplrotoms lih alrkoilfozltogi‘lih tbus oaprgvm

tbm prgspmdts egr sgdolf dgbmsogi lih mdgigaod stlòfoty.

Xbm pgtmitolf roscs drmltmh `y sgdolf lih mdgigaod mxdfusogi oi

LDO lrm vmry bokb. Oe tbmy lrm igt lhhrmssmh, tbm mdgigaod pgtmitolf

ge LDO woff hoaoiosb tbrgukb l hmtmrogrltogi ge pgfotodlf stlòfoty lihsgdolf dgbmsogi. @ut `y plyoik spmdolf lttmitogi tg tbm pgfody pofflrs

ge oidfusovm krgwtb‘mapfgyamit drmltogi, mqulf lddmss, lih sgdolf

slemty imts‘LDO mdgigaoms dli `mdgam rmsofomit, sustloi bokb krgwtb,

mfoaoiltm pgvmrty, lih fmlh tg `rglhmr klois oi fovoik stlihlrhs lih

qulfoty ge foem egr agrm pmgpfm oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm kglfs,

lftbgukb laòtogus, lrm wotboi tbm rmldb ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms.



<>8


mdgigaod ldtovoty tg dgapmisltm egr lkoik wgrcegrdms. Ls mxpfloimh

oi Dblptmr 0, prghudtovoty krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm oi aliy

LDO mdgigaoms ùt stoff rmaloi rgùst. Oe prghudtovoty krgwtb elffs

sbgrt ge `lsmfoim sdmilrogs, bgwmvmr, pmr dlpotl oidgams oi LDO woff `m hrlaltodlffy salffmr tbli durrmit prgjmdtogis. Xbmrm stoff os l

hlikmr tblt aliy ge tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaoms woff elff oitg tbm sg-dlffmh

‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp‑ oe tbmy hg igt `mdgam elr agrm meeodomit lih

agvm up tbm tmdbigfgky flhhmr.

Xbm strudturlf mdgigaod dblffmikms vlry wohmfy ldrgss LDO. Xbm

tgp progrotoms oi tbm ^PD, tbm rmkogi‟s òkkmst mdgigay lih l rosoik

kfg`lf supmrpgwmr, lrm tg agvm lwly erga l hmvmfgpamit aghmf

hrovmi `y alssovm dlpotlf oivmstamit lih mxpgrt aliueldturoik tg gim

fmh `y smrvodms, pmrsgilf dgisuaptogi, lih oiigvltogi. Oihol, LDO‟s

gtbmr kolit, os strgik oi smrvodms. @ut ot os igt kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm oi

bokb-vgfuam aliueldturoik, lih hmvmfgpamit bls `mmi sfgw tg rmldb

tbm buihrmhs ge aoffogis wbg stoff fovm oi pgvmrty. Oihol dli drmltm imw

krgwtb mikoims `y oidrmlsoik ots rgfm oi kfg`lf prghudtogi imtwgrcs,

oaprgvoik oierlstrudturm, aghmriozoik lkrodufturm, lih upkrlhoik

sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky.

Xbm mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms lih dblffmikms oi tbm Lssgdoltogi

ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) vlry hrlaltodlffy dguitry `y

dguitry. Xbm krgupoik oidfuhms wmlftby Toiklpgrm, wbgsm dbome kglf

os tg mamrkm ls l 0<st dmitury cigwfmhkm lih oiigvltogi mdgigay,lih gof-rodb @ruimo Hlrusslfla. Ot lfsg oidfuhms tbm aohhfm-oidgam

mdgigaoms ge Alflysol lih Xbloflih, tbm flrkm hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms ge

Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila, lih fgw-oidgam mdgigaoms

sudb ls tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg ^HP), Dla`ghol,

lih Aylialr.

Egr LTMLI mdgigaoms wotb fgw fl`gr dgsts, dgisohmrl`fm pgtmitolf

rmalois tg mitmr kfg`lf suppfy dblois `y lttrldtoik oihustry dfustmrs

tblt eldm dgst prmssurms oi agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Gtbmr mdgigaoms

woff blvm tg agvm `mygih fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik tg bokbmr-vlfum

oihustroms hrovmi `y cigwfmhkm lih oiigvltogi lih tg upkrlhm tbm

scoffs ge tbmor flrkm tlfmit pggfs. Xbmy aust lfsg hmvmfgp imw hrovmrs

ge krgwtb oi trlhotogilf oihustroms, sudb ls lkrodufturm. Tmrvodms ge lff

coihs woff immh tg lssuam l audb krmltmr sblrm ge mdgigaod gutput

oi agst ge LTMLI.



Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih

Ldbomvoik tbmsm g`jmdtovms woff rmquorm pgfodoms tblt tlrkmt

mhudltogi, tmdbigfgky, lih oivmstamit tg sustloi stmlhy prghudtovoty

krgwtb. Ot woff rmquorm wgrfh-dflss dgiimdtovoty‘aljgr, dggrhoiltmh

oivmstamits oi trlispgrtltogi lih dgaauiodltogis oierlstrudturm.Xbm trlisotogi woff lfsg rmquorm trlhm lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi

tbrgukbgut LDO lih, agrm kmimrlffy, li mivorgiamit `lsmh gi

gpmiimss, dgapmtotogi, lih oitmkrltogi.

8.0 ]pkrlhoik Xmdbigfgky:

L Cmy tg Mdgigaod Krgwtb

Xmdbigfgkodlf prgkrmss, wbmtbmr ot dgams erga tbm drmltogi ge imw

cigwfmhkm gr tbrgukb hoeeusogi, os tbm uftoaltm hrovmr ge mdgigaod

hmvmfgpamit. Tdomidm lih tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit tlcms hoeemrmit

egras lih lhhrmssms hoeemrmit progrotoms ls l dguitry kgms tbrgukb

stlkms ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.

Xbus elr, tmdbigfgkodlf lhvlidms oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi

hrovmi aloify `y hoeeusogi erga hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, l trmih tblt

os mxpmdtmh tg dgitoium oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms. [bofm tbm prgdmss ge

tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff `m sueeodomit egr sgam ge tbm rmkogi‟s fmss-

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, tg lttloi tbm fmvmf ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms LDOwoff blvm tg agvm `mygih oaotltogi tg oiigvltogi.

Xg kmt l smism ge wbmrm LDO os bmlhmh up tbos flhhmr, tbos stuhy

krgups dguitroms oitg tbrmm dltmkgroms‘oaotltgrs, oaotltgr—oiigvltgrs,

lih oiigvltgrs. Xbmsm dltmkgroms kmimrlffy dgrrmspgih wotb wbmtbmr

l iltogi‟s pmr dlpotl oidgam os fgw, amhoua, gr bokb. Ls l kuohm, tbm

stuhy usms tbm sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky mxpmromidm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml tblt bls hmagistrltmh ot os pgsso`fm tg `rmlc gut ge tbm aohhfm-

oidgam trlp `y krlhultoik erga oaotltogi tg oidrmamitlf oiigvltogi

lih tbmi tg oiigvltogi. Oihustroms oi tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml lfsg blvm

dfgsmh audb ge tbm tmdbigfgky klp wotb tbgsm ge Jlpli.

Xbos stuhy dgistrudtmh l ‖tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit oihmx‑ egr tbm

LDO mdgigaoms egr <??2 lih 0>>2 `lsmh gi eldtgrs sudb ls pltmits,

sdomitoeod plpmrs, lih trlhmalrcs (Eokurm 8.<). Lddgrhoik tg tbos

Egr tbm dgistrudtogi ge tbm tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit oihmx, dlpl`ofotoms oi tmdbigfgky

drmltogi, tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi, lih buali rmsgurdm hmvmfgpamit lrm dgisohmrmh. Tmm Bu

(0><0) egr tbm hmtlofs.

00

00



Eokurm 8.<: Xmdbigfgky Ldbomvmamit Oihmx egr LDO,

<??? lih 0>>2

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 @P] 1 @ruimo Hlrusslfla3 DLA 1

Dla`ghol3 OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 J^I 1 Jlpli3 CGP 1 Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 FLG 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s

Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 ALF 1 Alflysol3 A_L 1 Aylialr3 BO 1 bofoppoims3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod

ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3 XBL 1 Xbloflih3 UOM 1 Uomt Ila.

Tgurdm: Bu (0><0).

<>5


lilfysos, tbm rmfltovm rlicoik ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms bls dblikmh vmry

fottfm. Lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt Toiklpgrm lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml

lrm elr erga tbm tmdbigfgky fmvmf ge Jlpli, wbodb os trmltmh ls tbm wgrfh

tmdbigfgky ergitomr. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, lt prmsmit tbmy lrm oaotltgrs.Toiklpgrm ilrrgwmh tbm klp wotb Jlpli `mtwmmi <??? lih 0>>2.

Mvmi oe tbm klp `mtwmmi Jlpli lih tbm fmlst tmdbigfgkodlffy lhvlidmh

LDO mdgigay os su`stlitolffy ilrrgwmh hgwi, @ruimo Hlrusslfla,

Alflysol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims lrm stoff 5>% `mfgw tbm fmvmf ge Jlpli‟s

tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit. [bofm tbm ^PD lih Xbloflih blvm alhm

su`stlitolf prgkrmss, tbmy blvm ldbomvmh gify lrguih 4>% ge Jlpli‟s

fmvmf. Uomt Ila os oi tbm <>% rlikm. Xbm rmst elff `mfgw tblt.

Fggcoik tg 0>4>, tbos stuhy drmltmh prgjmdtogis egr sox tmdbigfgky

oihodltgrs: ]T ^ltmit lih Xrlhmalrc Geeodm pltmits, sdomidm lih

tmdbigfgky plpmrs pu`fosbmh oi tbm Tdomidm Dotltogi Oihmx, bgam

pltmits, utofoty aghmfs, oihustrolf hmsokis, lih trlhmalrcs. Mldb

oihodltgr os hovohmh `y pgpufltogi egr dgaplrltovm purpgsms. Xbm

mxpmromidm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi dltdboik up prgvohms l usmeuf

erlamwgrc egr dgaplrosgi oi l `mst-dlsm sdmilrog. Xbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml spmit agst ge tbm smdgih blfe ge tbm 0>tb dmitury ls li oaotltgr,



Xl`fm 8.<: Dguitry-Tpmdod Xmdbigfgky ^rgjmdtogis, 0>>?—0>4>

0>>? fmvmfMquovlfmit

ymlr oi

0>4> fmvmf(gwi krgwtb

rltm)

0>4> fmvmf(Pmp. ge Cgrmlkrgwtb rltm)

^PD

KH^ pmr dlpotl 4,;88.8 <?20

]T^XG pltmits =.0 <?2; 8,=08.8 884.=

T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 84.< <??0 <,0;<.? <,4=<.2

Bgam pltmits (0>>2) <85.? <?22 84,4=;.< 4,2>=.8

]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) <5?.> <?;; 4,;58.< <,;;<.>

Oihustrolf hmsokis 0==.0 <?2< 04,88;.8 ;42.=

Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 88=.2 <?2= <>,?<=.8 0,00>.=

Oihol

KH^ pmr dlpotl <,<48.> prm <?5>

]T^XG pltmits 0.; <?28 444.8 =0=.;

T&X plpmrs (0>>;) <5.0 <?2; 8?.4 5<0.;

Bgam pltmits (0>>5) 8.2 prm <?5= =4.5

]tofoty aghmfs

Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 4.2 prm <?52 <>.>

Xrlhmalrcs (0>>=) 5;.> <?55 04>.< 2>?.2

Alflysol

KH^ pmr dlpotl ;,>0?.2 <?2?

]T^XG pltmits <<.? <?2? <;4.8 822.2

T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 4>.8 <??< <4<.= <,>?2.<

Bgam pltmits (0>>2) 4>.4 <?55 8>5.? <45.>

]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) <.0 prm <?;; <5.4

Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 04.4 prm <?52 <,>52.4

Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 858.; <?2= 4,5<=.> 0,4<8.5

Xbloflih

KH^ pmr dlpotl 4,2?0.= <?2>

]T^XG pltmits <.8 <?2< 5.= <4?.?

T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 0=.2 <?2? 40;.8 5;5.?

Bgam pltmits (0>>2) <<.? prm <?54 4>.<

]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) 0<.< prm <?;; 00;.<

Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 8>.5 prm <?52 =>?.5

Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 40=.; <?20 <,82=.= 0,>>4.0

(Dgitoiumh)


lih ots l`ofoty tg msdlpm tblt trlp geemrs usmeuf fmssgis egr tbm LDO

mdgigaoms strukkfoik wotb l soaoflr prmhodlamit.

Xl`fm 8.< sbgws bgw aliy ymlrs sgam LDO mdgigaoms wmrm mboih

tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi vlrogus tmdbigfgkodlf oihodltgrs oi 0>>?. Ot tbmiprgjmdts oaprgvmamits oi tbmsm oihodltgrs `y 0>4>. Xbm prgjmdtogis

lssuam tblt sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky ldtovoty woff cmmp krgwoik lt tbm

slam pldm ls ot bls egr tbm hmdlhm fmlhoik tg 0>>?. Oi gtbmr wgrhs,

wm lssuam mldb dguitry woff dgitoium tg oaprgvm lfgik ots durrmit

foimlr trljmdtgry. Eoilffy, ot os lssuamh oistmlh tblt tbos pmregralidm

woff oaprgvm lt tbm slam rltm ls hoh tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml.



<<>


Xbm ^PD bls hgim wmff oi tmras ge oitmkrltoik wotb tbm kfg`lf

mdgigay lih plrtodopltoik oi rmkogilf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs.

Lt gvmr 5>%, tbm trlhm tg KH^ rltog os vmry bokb egr l flrkm dguitry.

Xbm sblrm ge tgtlf mxpgrts lddguitmh egr `y bokb-tmdb prghudts osdgaplrl`fm tg tblt ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml lih bokbmr tbli tblt ge

Jlpli. Xbm ^PD‟s flrkm aliueldturoik smdtgr os lfsg focmfy tg dgitro`utm

tg oiigvltogi ls tbm dguitry rmldbms tbm bokb-oidgam stlkm.

Oihol: Oihol woff rmaloi li gvmrlff oaotltgr up tg 0>4>. Oihol‟s

progroty, tbmi, sbgufh `m tg eldofotltm tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi lih

lhgptogi. Lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, Oihol bls tbm fgwmst rltm ge

sdbggfoik lttloiamit‘wbodb os drotodlf lt tbos stlkm ge hmvmfgpamit.

Oi 0><>, tbm lvmrlkm Oiholi lkmh <= ymlrs lih l`gvm blh sfokbtfy gvmr

= ymlrs ge sdbggfoik. Plosoik tbos fmvmf woff `m l aljgr dblffmikm egr

Oiholi pgfodyalcmrs.

[bofm Oihol bls sblrpfy oidrmlsmh trlhm, wbodb lddguits egr l`gut

ls audb ge KH^ ls oi tbm ^PD, ots mxpgrts ge bokb-tmdb prghudts os

tbm fgwmst lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt egr Dla`ghol, tbm Flg

^HP, lih Aylialr. Oihol dgufh lddmfmrltm tmdbigfgkodlf hoeeusogi `y

plrtodopltoik agrm ldtovmfy oi rmkogilf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs.

Oihol lfsg bls tbm salffmst aliueldturoik smdtgr rmfltovm tg KH^

lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbos rltog bls `lrmfy dblikmh soidm tbm

<?;>s. Hmvmfgpamit ge tbm aliueldturoik smdtgr os drudolf egr Oihol

tg `mdgam li oiigvltgr. Xg tbos mih, lttrldtoik aliueldturoik EHO woff `m vmry oapgrtlit.

LTMLI: Alflysol os focmfy tg m tbm eorst lih gify ok LTMLI mdgigay

tg rmldb tbm bokb-oidgam stlkm `y 0>4>. Ot bls meemdtovmfy oitmkrltmh

oitg kfg`lf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Alflysol‟s okkmst dblffmikm

tg alcoik tbm fmlp erga oaotltgr tg oiigvltgr os buali rmsgurdms, oi

plrtoduflr rmsmlrdbmrs, sdomitosts, lih mikoimmrs. Lftbgukb Alflysol os

lbmlh ge tbm PD oi gvmrlff sdbggfoik lttloiamit, ot os mboih tbm PD oi

tbm iua`mr ge sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky pmrsgiimf, mvmi gi l pmr dlpotl

`lsos. Xbm dgitrlst `mtwmmi Alflysol lih Toiklpgrm os mvmi sblrpmr.

@msohms suppfyoik sdomidm lih mikoimmroik tlfmit tbrgukb ots gwi

mhudltogi systma, Alflysol sbgufh mxpfgot tbm holspgrl ge Alflysoli

sdomitosts lih mikoimmrs fovoik oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms.

Xbm ^bofoppoims lih Xbloflih lrm wmff mxpgsmh tg oitmriltogilf

trlhm lih kfg`lf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih blvm strgik

aliueldturoik `lsms. Xbmy lfsg lrm sbgrt ge sdomidm lih mikoimmroik




tlfmit. Xbloflih blh `lrmfy gvmr gim-tborh tbm iua`mr ge sdomitosts

lih mikoimmrs pmr dlpotl ls tbm ^PD ls ge 0>>=. Ots gvmrlff sdbggfoik

lttloiamit os lfsg `mfgw tblt ge tbm ^PD. Xbm dgaplrosgi os rmvmrsmh

egr tbm ^bofoppoims wbodb blh l`gut gim-tmitb ge tbm sdomitosts lihmikoimmrs tbm ^PD blh oi 0>>=, ùt ots gvmrlff sdbggfoik lttloiamit

wls bokbmr. Xbm progroty oi `gtb dguitroms os tg oaprgvm sdomidm

lih mikoimmroik mhudltogi. Xbmy, tgg, sbgufh fggc tg tbmor gvmrsmls

holspgrls egr sdomidm lih mikoimmroik pmrsgiimf.

Oihgimsol lih Uomt Ila woff rmaloi oaotltgrs tbrgukb 0>4>. @gtb

aust lddmfmrltm tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi. Lftbgukb Oihgimsol lih Uomt

Ila lrm quotm gpmi, tbmor sblrms ge bokb-tmdb mxpgrts lrm fgw‘lrguih

<>% ge tgtlf mxpgrts oi 0>>? dgaplrmh tg 8>% oi Alflysol lih 55%

oi tbm ^bofoppoims. Xbmy aust rlosm tbm sgpbostodltogi fmvmf ge tbmor

mxpgrts. @gtb woff immh tg oaprgvm mhudltogi ls sdbggfoik lttloiamit

os lrguih 5 ymlrs.

8.4 Xlcoik Pmkogilf ^rghudtogi

Imtwgrcs tg tbm Imxt Fmvmf

Gim ge tbm aloi sgurdms ge LDO‟s kfg`lf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkm

oi aliueldturoik os tbm mxostmidm ge rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs(PÎs) hmvmfgpmh y auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis. Tudb imtwgrcs mxtmih

erga Jlpli tg tbm imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigaoms ge tbm Pmpu`fod

ge Cgrml3 Xlopmo,Dboil3 Toiklpgrm3 lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, lih tbmi

tbrgukb Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Xbloflih, lih tbm ^PD.

Oi tbm <?2>s, auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs) `mkli tg lhgpt tbm

erlkamitltogi strltmky, uihmr wbodb prghudtogi lih su`-prgdmssms

wmrm hostroùtmh tg hoeemrmit dguitroms tblt dli pmregra tbma lt

tbm fgwmst dgst. PÎs igw oitmkrltm ayrolh plrts lih dgapgimits

alhm `y dgitrldtgrs ls wmff ls AIDs tbmasmfvms tbrgukbgut Lsol lih

lssma`fm tbma oitg prghudts sudb ls mfmdtrgiods lih lutgagòfms.

Xbm lvloflòfoty ge fl`gr‘lih wohm hovmrsoty ge scoffs lih wlkm

fmvmfs‘oi Mlst Lsol bls mil`fmh erlkamitltogi `y egstmroik spmdolftoms

oi hoeemrmit mdgigaoms. Oi tbm prghudtogi ge tmfmvosogi smts, egr

mxlapfm, bokb-tmdb plrts lih dgapgimits sudb ls smaodgihudtgrs lrm

alhm oi Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Xlopmo,Dboil wbmrm bokbfy



<<0


scoffmh wgrcmrs lrm lùihlit. Fgwmr-tmdb plrts sudb ls dgiimdtgrs

lih dlòimts lrm alhm oi dguitroms sudb ls Oihgimsol. Xbmsm plrts

lih dgapgimits lrm tbmi lssma`fmh oi tbm ^PD, wbmrm fgw-wlkm

fl`gr bls `mmi lùihlit. Fgw trlhm dgsts, wbodb rmsuftmh erga trlhmfo`mrlfozltogi, hmrmkufltogi, tmdbigfgky lhvlidms oi fgkostods, lih

dgaauiodltogi smrvodms, dgitroùtmh tg tbm hmvmfgpamit ge PÎs.

^gfodyalcmrs oi hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms wotb l fgw PÎ prmsmidm lrm

dgurtoik EHO `mdlusm tbmy rmlfozm ots vlfum oi kmimrltoik mapfgyamit,

egrmoki trlhm, lih flrkm-sdlfm prghudtogi dlplòfotoms. EHO lfsg spurs

trlisemrs ge tmdbigfgky lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw. Lssuaoik tblt

LDO woff stoff blvm l hovmrsoty ge wlkms lih fl`gr scoffs‘lih tblt trlhm

dgsts woff dgitoium tg hmdfoim tbrgukb rmkogilf trlhm lkrmmamits‘

PÎs sbgufh rmaloi mikoims ge krgwtb egr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs. Oihmmh,

tbmy woff focmfy dgvmr agrm dguitroms lih sprmlh tg imw smdtgrs sudb

ls lkrodufturm lih smrvodms. LH@O soaufltogis sukkmst tbmrm woff `m

su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge fl`gr-oitmisovm oihustroms erga bokb- tg fgw-

wlkm mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik erga tbm ^PD tg Oihol lih fgw-oidgam

Tgutbmlst Lsoli iltogis. Xbm ^PD lfgim os prgjmdtmh tg sbmh 2= aoffogi

jg`s oi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm ls ot agvms up

tbm tmdbigfgky flhhmr.

8.4.< Xbm rgfm ge trolikuflr trlhmAliueldturmh kgghs oidrmlsoikfy blvm efgwmh tbrgukb Mlst Lsol oi

l trolikuflr plttmri. Dlpotlf kgghs lih bokb-tmdb oitmramholtm kgghs

(kgghs usmh ls oiputs egr eoilf kgghs, sudb ls mfmdtrgiod dbops) alhm

`y dgaplioms oi Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Xlopmo,Dboil, lih

AIDs `lsmh oi Tgutbmlst Lsol lrm sboppmh tg tbm ^PD gr mfsmwbmrm

oi LTMLI egr lssma`fy. Jlpli os tbm rmkogi‟s òkkmst suppfomr ge

oitmramholtm kgghs, egffgwmh `y Xlopmo,Dboil (Eokurm 8.0). Agst ge tbm

eoiosbmh kgghs lrm tbmi mxpgrtmh tg tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T), Murgpm,

Jlpli, lih gtbmr hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.

Xbm flrkmst mxpgrt dltmkgry erga Mlst Lsol os dgaputmrs lih

geeodm mquopamit, lddguitoik egr lrguih <0%. Mxlaoioik tbmsm twg

dltmkgroms geemrs oisokbt oitg bgw sudb imtwgrcs mvgfvm `mdlusm tbmy

usm l flrkm iua`mr ge plrts lih dgapgimits alhm oi tbm rmkogi. ^rogr

tg 0>>=, LTMLI dguitroms wmrm tbm flrkmst oapgrtmrs ge mfmdtrgiod

plrts lih dgapgimits erga tbm rmst ge Lsol (Eokurm 8.4). Tudb mxpgrts



Eokurm 8.8: Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Oiffgws tg Lsoli Dguitroms

($ offogi)

LTMLI5 1 @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, lih Xbloflih3

DFAU 1 Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod, Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis `lsmh gi EHO Hltl`lsm g`tloimh erga ]IDXLHTtlt.

bttp://uidtlhstlt.uidtlh.grk/PmpgrtEgfhmrs/rmpgrtEgfhmrs.lspx (lddmssmh 0; Alrdb 0><4).


amtbghs. Xbmy eguih tblt tmdbigfgky trlisemr os agrm ldtovm wbmi

hgamstod eoras trlisldt wotb egrmoki eoras. Xbos sukkmsts tblt tbm

prmsmidm ge egrmoki eoras dgitro`utms tg tbm hoeeusogi ge tmdbigfgky.

8.4.4 Egrmoki oivmstamit lih rmkogilf

prghudtogi imtwgrcs

^rghudtogi imtwgrcs blvm lfsg `mmi aljgr alkimts ge EHO oi Lsol,

eorst y Jlplimsm, Murgpmli, lih ]T dgrpgrltogis oivmstoik oi Tgutbmlst

Lsol. Ls ot mitmrmh tbm <??>s, tbm ^PD `mdlam l suddmsseuf rmdopomit ge

EHO erga lrguih tbm wgrfh, l trmih tblt dgitoiumh oitg tbm egffgwoik

hmdlhm (Eokurm 8.8). LTMLI lfsg bls dgitoiumh tg furm EHO. Toiklpgrm

bls `mmi `y elr tbm agst suddmsseuf, egffgwmh `y Xbloflih, Oihgimsol,

Alflysol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims. Ls prghudtogi imtwgrcs sprmlh, EHO os

efgwoik oitg Uomt Ila lih fmss-hmvmfgpmh Tgutbmlst Lsoli iltogis lih

oitg imw smdtgrs, sudb ls smrvodms lih lkrodufturm. EHO oiefgws oitg

Oihol rmaloimh fgw uitof tbm aoh-0>>>s. Xbmy tbmi surkmh, rosoik agrm

tbli eovmegfh `mtwmmi 0>>= lih 0>>2 lfgim‘surplssoik tbm liiulf

tgtlf ge LTMLI‟s sox `okkmst mdgigaoms.



Xl`fm 8.0: ^rg`fmas Eldmh `y Jlplimsm Eoras oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli Mdgigaoms

J@OD Turvmy Plicoik < 0 4 8 5 ? <> <>

^PD Oihol Uomt Ila Xbloflih Oihgimsol Pmp. geCgrml Xlopmo,Dboil Alflysol

Iua`mr ge rmspgihmits 4;; 0?8 <=5 <02 ?2 4> 02 0=

]ihmrhmvmfgpmh fmklfsystma

<=.< <2.; <?.0 =.= <<.0 - >.> -

Fldc ge trlisplrmidy oifmklf alttmrs

=;.2 05.? 08.8 2.5 00.8 4.4 4.5 -

Dgapfodltmh tlx systma <0.; 08.= 8.= =.= 8.< - - -

Fldc ge trlisplrmidy oitlx trmltamit

4<.2 <5.4 <<.= 5.4 <>.0 4.4 ;.< -

Bmlvy tlxms 00.> =.8 0.5 8.; =.< <>.> - <0.>

EHO rmstrodtogi 0;.4 <<.? <0.2 ;.> ;.< - - <0.>

Dgapfodltmh/igi-trlisplrmit EHO sdrmmioik

0=.0 <=.5 ?.> 4.< 5.< - 4.5 -

Oisuffldomit O^P prgtmdtogi =>.; 2.0 5.8 8.; 2.0 4.4 - 2.>

Pmstrodtogi gi egrmokimxdblikm hmlfoiks

44.; ?.0 ;.; 4.< 4.< 5.; 4.5 -

Oapgrt rmstrodtogi/^rg`fmaltod dustgasprgdmhurms

<2.2 <<.5 ?.> =.= 2.0 5.; ;.< -

Hoffldufty oi rmdruotoikmikoimmrs

<;.= ?.= <;.4 0<.? <5.4 4.4 ;.< 08.>

Hoffldufty oi rmdruotoikaohhfm alilkmamit

0=.= <;.; 05.4 4>.= <2.8 <>.> <8.4 40.>

Posoik wlkms 54.; <;.4 0<.0 0=.> <2.8 0>.> <;.? 0>.>

Fl`gr rmfltogis 45.< <5.> ?.> <<.; <<.0 <>.> - 2.>

Xgukb dgapmtotogi wotbgtbmr ras

=5.= 4<.5 <?.? 40.2 0=.= 55.; =;.< 02.>

Hoffldufty oi dgffmdtoikplyamit

4<.4 2.= 4.0 <.5 8.< - 4.5 -

Hoffldufty oi g`tloioikilidm

=.2 5.< 4.2 >.2 0.> - - 8.>

]ihmrhmvmfgpmh fgdlfsuppgrtoik oihustry

=.2 <0.0 <5.> 4.< ;.< - - -

]istl`fm mxdblikm rltm/prodms

8.= 8.< ?.> <.5 <>.0 5.; - -

]ihmrhmvmfgpmhoierlstrudturm

<<.? 8;.5 4>.2 ;.> <;.4 - - 8.>

Oismdurm sgdolf

mivorgiamit<>.< <?.> 4.0 =>.> 02.5 5.; 4.5 8.>

Fldc ge oiegraltogi giEHO bgst

<.5 0>.8 <8.< 4.? 2.0 5.; - 8.>

EHO 1 egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit3 O^P 1 oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts3 J@OD 1 Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod

ge Dboil.

Igtms: Xbm prgpgrtogilf sblrms ge rmspgihoik ras oihodltoik tbm agtovm oi tgtlf iua`mr ge rmspgihmits. Xbm tbrmm otmas rmdmovoik tbm

bokbmst prgpgrtogis egr mldb mdgigay lrm sblhmh.

Tgurdm: J@OD (0><>).

<<2




Eokurm 8.2: Lvmrlkm Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm oi Ulfum Lhhmh

pmr [grcmr `y Tmdtgr, Tmfmdtmh LDO Mdgigaoms, 0>>>—0>>; (%)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s

Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-

hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh 0= Tmptma`mr 0><0).

<00


8.8.0 LDO‟s uihmrhmvmfgpmh smrvodms trlhmMxpgrts lih oapgrts ge smrvodms lrm mamrkoik ls li mikoim ge

krgwtb oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm lvlofl fm hltl, bgwmvmr, sukkmsttblt egr tbm rmkogi ls l wbgfm, tbm euff trlhm pgtmitolf ge smrvodms bls

ymt tg `m rmlfozmh. Xgtlf trlhm oi smrvodms rmprmsmits l rmfltovmfy salff

sblrm ge KH^. Ot lfsg lddguits egr l audb salffmr sblrm ge tgtlf vlfum

lhhmh oi smrvodms tbli hg aliueldturoik mxpgrts ls l sblrm ge tgtlf

aliueldturoik gutput. Xbm LTMLI dguitroms gi lvmrlkm lrm audb

agrm miklkmh wotb oitmriltogilf smrvodms alrcmts tbli tbm ^PD gr

Oihol (Eokurm 8.?).

Hum tg tbm sdlrdoty ge `ofltmrlffy hoslkkrmkltmh trlhm hltl, ot

os hoeeoduft tg kmt l hmtlofmh podturm ge smrvodms trlhm lagik tbm LDO

mdgigaoms, ls gppgsmh tg trlhm mtwmmi mldb dguitry lih tbm rmst ge tbm

wgrfh ls l wbgfm. Igimtbmfmss, sgam oiemrmidms dli `m hrlwi erga tbm

lvlofl`fm hltl. LTMLI‟s mxpgrts tg tbm PD blvm surkmh lt li liiulfozmh

L iua`mr ge dlvmlts immh tg `m cmpt oi aoih oi tbm stltostodlf lilfysos ge oitmriltogilf

trlhm oi smrvodms. Egr mxlapfm, dgaagify usmh hltl gify dlpturm agstfy purm drgss-`grhmr

trlhm (KLXT Aghm <). Tmm Tbmpbmrh lih ^lslhoffl (0><0) egr tbm hmtlofs.

08

08




8.8.4 ^rgaosoik smrvodms smdtgrsGppgrtuiotoms egr krgwtb oi smrvodms vlry erga mdgigay tg mdgigay.

Amhodlf tgurosa os prgaosoik oi Xbloflih, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm,Alflysol, lih Oihol, wbmrm dgsts ge bokb-qulfoty bmlftb smrvodms lrm

fgwmr tbli oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Oihol lih tbm bofoppoims lrm lagik

tbm wgrfh fmlhmrs oi mxpgrts ge amhodlf trlisdroptogi, tmfmpltbgfgky,

lih tmfmholkigstod smrvodms. @gtb blvm dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkms hum

tg tbmor flrkm pggfs ge mhudltmh Mikfosb-spmlcoik wgrcmrs. Xbm bokb

krgwtb pgtmitolf ge trlhm oi amhodlf smrvodms os foaotmh `y l sbgrtlkm

ge qulfoeomh pmrsgiimf. Oidrmlsmh hmalih erga amhodlf tgurosa woff

focmfy drmltm prmssurm gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lffgw agrm egrmoki

hgdtgrs lih amhodlf spmdolfosts tg prldtodm oi hgamstod bgspotlfs.

LTMLI bls lfrmlhy sokimh l autulf rmdgkiotogi lkrmmamit egr amhodlf

lih hmitlf prldtotogimrs lih iursoik smrvodms tg mlsm fl`gr agòfoty.

Mhudltogi os ligtbmr prgaosoik LDO smrvodms smdtgr. Xbmrm os

dgisohmrl`fm trlhm wotboi Lsol, mspmdolffy oi bokbmr mhudltogi.

]iovmrsotoms oi Toiklpgrm, Alflysol, tbm ^PD, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil

blvm ldtovm plrtimrsbops wotb tgp Igrtb Lamrodli lih Murgpmli

uiovmrsotoms tbrgukb ‖twoiioik‑ lrrlikmamits, jgoit prgkrla

hmfovmry, erlidbosm lrrlikmamits, lih hostlidm fmlrioik. Aljgr Lsoli

dotoms blvm oivotmh egrmoki uiovmrsotoms tg ùofh dlapusms. Lsol bgsts

05% ge tbm wgrfh‟s `rlidb dlapusms‘;?% ge tbmsm dlapusms lrm oiAlflysol, Toiklpgrm, tbm ^PD, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil (Eokurm 8.<<).

Xg lttrldt egrmoki uiovmrsotoms, tbm LDO mdgigaoms bmfp ùofh

eldofotoms, rmhudm rmitlf emms, lih eoilidm stuhmit sdbgflrsbops. Oi

aliy mhudltogi bu`s, qulso-kgvmriamit lih igikgvmriamit mitotoms

ldt ls spgisgrs gr plrtimrs, wotb l aoioaua ge kgvmriamit suppgrt.

Agst `rlidb dlapusms blvm fgdlf jgoit vmiturm plrtimrs, lftbgukb l

emw lrm euffy gwimh `y tbm plrmit uiovmrsotoms.

Xbmrm lrm rmlsgis tg `mfomvm tbm mhudltogi smrvodms trlhm woff

dgitoium tg krgw. Gim os tblt Lsolis bostgrodlffy blvm dgistotutmh

tbm aljgroty ge egrmoki stuhmits oi uiovmrsotoms oi Murgpm lih Igrtb

L twoiioik lrrlikmamit os wbmi l prgvohmr oi sgurdm mdgigay L dgffl`grltms wotb l

prgvohmr oi bgst mdgigay @ sg tblt stuhmits tlcm dgursm drmhots oi bgst mdgigay @ lih/gr sgurdm

mdgigay L. Xbm qulfoeodltogi os lwlrhmh `y tbm prgvohmr oi sgurdm mdgigay L. Lrrlikmamits

usulffy dgapfy wotb tbm rmkufltogis ge sgurdm mdgigay L. L^MD (0>>?) prgvohms l eurtbmr

hmsdroptogi ge gtbmr lrrlikmamits prmvlofoik oi tmrtolry mhudltogi.

05

05




OX suppgrt, sgetwlrm, lih lddguitoik wgrc. Igw tbmrm os strgik

krgwtb oi bokbmr vlfum cigwfmhkm-prgdmss gutsgurdoik smrvodms,

sudb ls rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit, prghudt hmsoki, lih mikoimmroik,

tblt prmvogusfy wmrm dgisohmrmh dgrm dgapmtmidoms. Oihol rmaloishgaoilit ldrgss tbm `rglh spmdtrua ge geesbgroik smrvodms. @ut

tbm ^PD os quodcfy kloioik krguih oi spmdoeod smrvodms sudb ls

prgdurmamit lih prghudt hmvmfgpamit, bmfpmh `y tbm prmsmidm ge

egrmoki aliueldturoik mitmrprosms. Xbm ^bofoppoims bls mstl`fosbmh l

strgikmr prmsmidm oi dlff dmitmrs lih spmdoeod `usoimss prgdmssms, lih

os lttrldtoik agrm fmklf smrvodm wgrc erga tbm ]T hum tg tbm soaoflroty

ge ots fmklf systmas lih Mikfosb-spmlcoik wgrcegrdm. Mlstmri Murgpm

lih tbm ^PD lrm elvgrmh egr igi-vgodm smrvodms.

L survmy eguih tblt lftbgukb dgst rmhudtogi rmalois l hgaoilit

hrovmr egr geesbgroik, gtbmr rmlsgis lrm kloioik oi oapgrtlidm. Xbmy

oidfuhm lddmss tg qulfoeomh pmrsgiimf, tbm immh tg rmhmsoki `usoimssms,

lih oidrmlsmh spmmh tg alrcmt (Tbmpbmrh lih ^lslhoffl 0><0). Gim

oapfodltogi ge tbmsm mamrkoik trmihs os tblt kgvmriamits tlrkmtoik

tbm flrkm geesbgroik alrcmt aust oivmst oi mhudltogilf qulfoty lih

hmvmfgp flrkm pggfs ge scoffmh buali dlpotlf. Gtbmr drotodlf eldtgrs lrm

tbm qulfoty ge OX oierlstrudturm lih oistotutogis.

8.8.8 ^gfodoms egr spurroik smrvodms trlhmLDO pgfodyalcmrs dli sokioeodlitfy ggst rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf

trlhm oi smrvodms `y fgwmroik mitry `lrromrs egr imw mitrlits oi l

iua`mr ge smdtgrs lih rmhudoik dgsts egr oidua`mits. Pmkufltogi

aust `mdgam agrm meemdtovm lih agrm meeodomit, sg tblt ot oapgsms

aoioaua mdgigaod dgst. Ls l kmimrlf rufm, hosdroaoiltogi `mtwmmi

oidua`mits lih imw mitrlits lih `mtwmmi egrmoki lih hgamstod

eoras os li oimeeodomit wly ge ldbomvoik rmkufltgry g`jmdtovms. @y

rmhudoik fmklf lih ldtulf hosdroaoiltogi, tbm LDO dguitroms dli rmlfozm

sokioeodlit klois ldrgss tbmor mdgigaoms erga oidrmlsmh smrvodms trlhm.

Gpmioik LDO smrvodms alrcmts tg egrmoki dgapmtotogi sbgufh `m l

progroty. Foaots gi tbm fmklf egra ge mitrlits, rmquormamits tblt tbmy

egra fgdlf jgoit vmiturms, gr dlps gi egrmoki mquoty alcm alrcmts fmss

dgapmtotovm lih tmih tg cmmp prodms bokbmr lih smrvodm qulfoty fgwmr.

Egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit woff upkrlhm tmdbigfgky, oiegraltogi efgws,

lih wgrcegrdm scoffs oi LDO smrvodm oihustroms. EHO lfsg woff suppgrt



<4>


]pkrlhoik tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr oi LDO woff lfsg mlsm dblffmikms

tblt gtbmrwosm woff krgw oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm lkrodufturm smdtgr

bls `mmi imkfmdtmh oi tmras ge oivmstamit, rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit,

lih tmdbigfgky. Aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm rmdmitfy eldmh prg`fmas oieggh lvloflòfoty lih alfiutrotogi. Oi 0><<, tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol,

Toiklpgrm, lih Uomt Ila mxpmromidmh hgu`fm-hokot gr dfgsm tg hgu`fm-

hokot eggh prodm oiefltogi, plrtfy hum tg surkoik hgamstod prodms ge

rodm, wbmlt, lih gtbmr stlpfms. Xbos fmh tg l rosm oi kmimrlf oiefltogi,

soidm eggh eokurms prgaoimitfy oi tbmsm mdgigaoms‟ dgisuamr prodm

oihodms (LH@ 0><<h). Xbm homtlry plttmris ge LDO dotozmis lrm mxpmdtmh

tg dblikm hrlaltodlffy, hum tg ur`liozltogi lih oidgam krgwtb.

Orrokltogi systmas aust `m oaprgvmh tg miblidm yomfhs, ls aust

drgp alilkmamit‘plrtoduflrfy egr by`roh rodm. Oivmstamit os immhmh

oi lkrodufturm oierlstrudturm sudb ls trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis, lih

pgwmr. @mttmr mimrky lih wltmr pgfodoms, flih alilkmamit, lddmss tg

eoilidm, lih fgdlf oistotutogis lrm mssmitolf tg `ggst prghudtovoty (Hmv

0><<).

Xg `mdgam l strgikmr krgwtb mikoim, tbm LDO lkrodufturm smdtgr

woff blvm tg sblrpfy oidrmlsm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi. Xbm

lvloflòfoty ge fgw-dgst fl`gr os hmdfoioik, lih dgapmtotogi wotb gtbmr

oihustroms egr flih os oidrmlsoik. LDO elras aust mdgam agrm aghmri

ùsoimssms, aorrgroik tbm prgkrmss alhm oi agrm hyilaod mdgigaod

smdtgrs. Kgvmriamits sbgufh lfsg bmfp elramrs hovmrsoey oitg igi-dmrmlf prghudtogi sudb ls amlt, eosb, eruot, vmkmtl`fms, lih hlory. Toidm

l flrkm pgrtogi ge LDO lkrodufturlf flih os oi salff bgfhoiks, salff

elramrs woff immh spmdolf lttmitogi tg dgpm wotb tbm roscs lssgdoltmh

wotb sboetoik tg imw drgps, hmdfoioik prghudtovoty, lih mivorgiamitlf

dblffmikms. Mstl`fosboik agrm supmralrcmts, dgitrldt elraoik, lih

prghudmr grkliozltogis dgufh bmfp.

Tgam prgaosoik tmdbigfgkodlf oiigvltogis oidfuhm iutromit

alilkmamit, ògtmdbigfgky, oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky, lih zmrg tofflkm

amtbghs. Oistotutogis egr wltmr usm lih alilkmamit, suppfy dblois,

flih alilkmamit, wgami‟s dggpmrltovms, lih salff flih bgfhmrs dli

bmfp hossmaoiltm imw tmdbigfgkoms lih prldtodms.

Alrcmtoik lih prodm oidmitovms lrm mssmitolf tg lttrldt provltm

oivmstamit oi lkrodufturm. Flrkm rmtlofmrs blvm migragus ùyoik

pgwmr, lrm agrm lttuimh tbli prghudmrs tg tbm immhs lih tlstms ge

dgisuamrs, lih blvm `mttmr mxpmrtosm oi qulfoty, rmfolòfoty, prghudt




hoeemrmitoltogi, lih pldclkoik. AIDs lfsg blvm oaprgvmh lkrodufturm

vlfum dblois tbrgukb gutkrgwmr sdbmams, dgitrldt elraoik, alrcmtoik

dgitrldts, lih gtbmr egras ge vmrtodlf dggrhoiltogi (Kmrmeeo <??8).

Igt lff lkrodufturlf prghudmrs lrm mquoppmh eoilidolffy lihtmdbiodlffy tg dltdb up. Elramrs getmi dliigt g`tloi drmhot `mdlusm

ge roscs sudb ls pmstofmidm lih wmltbmr. L fldc ge kulrlitmm sdbmams

lfsg alcms oivmstamit roscy egr prghudmrs lih drmhotgrs. LDO

kgvmriamits lrm tlcoik stmps tg lhhrmss sudb ossums. Ttoff, tbmrm woff

`m l immh tg `mttmr dgiimdt LDO elramrs tg tbm kfg`lf vlfum dbloi (Ilk,

@blttldblryly, lih Hm 0><0).

Oe LDO dli rm-mimrkozm ots lkrodufturm smdtgr, tbmrm lrm gppgrtuiotoms

egr krgwtb. Xbmrm os li oidrmlsoik kfg`lf hmalih egr lkrodufturlf

prghudts. LDO ls wmff ls tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh woff `mimeot erga agrm

rmfol`fm eggh suppfoms lih agrm meeodomit kfg`lf hostroùtogi.

Xbm pmrsostmidm ge trlhm `lrromrs os gim eldtgr prmvmitoik

lkrodufturlf trlhm erga rmldboik ots pgtmitolf. Bokb tlroees lih

qulitotltovm rmstrodtogis lrm lagik tbm `lrromrs tblt oapmhm tbm

krgwtb ge trlhm oi lkrodufturlf prghudts. Lrkuamits kovmi lrm getmi

rmfltmh tg tbm prgtmdtogi ge tbm fgdlf oihustry gr oi aloitloioik tbm

qulfoty stlihlrhs ge tbm oapgrtmh dgaaghotoms. Bgwmvmr, tbmsm

stua`foik `fgdcs dli `m gvmrdgam wotb prgpmr pgfody amlsurms tblt

woff eldofotltm tbm lhjustamit ge lhvmrsmfy leemdtmh smdtgrs wbofm

midgurlkoik smdtgrs tblt blvm ilturlf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkms ùt dlistoff `mimeot erga tmdbiodlf oaprgvmamits (Ilk, @blttldblryly, lih Hm

0><0).

Xg oidrmlsm lkrodufturlf trlhm, oapgrt gr vlfum-lhhmh tlxms, mxpgrt

rmstrodtogis, lih prodm dgitrgfs sbgufh `m l`gfosbmh gr rmhudmh. Tudb

ldtogis lfsg woff lttrldt provltm oivmstamit oitg tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr.

Pmflxoik EHO rufms oi tbm rmtlof smdtgr wgufh lfsg `m l stoaufus.

Gtbmr lrmls ge rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi lkrodufturm lagik tbm LDO

mdgigaoms oidfuhm:

Xbm drmltogi ge li LDO eggh `lic tg rmhudm tbm mxpmism ge blvoik

ùeemr stgdc oi mldb dguitry.

Oidrmlsmh dgffl`grltogi oi imw sdomidms lih rmsmlrdb lih

hmvmfgpamit, plrtoduflrfy egr miblidoik drgp yomfhs, hmvmfgpamit

ge lògtod strmss-tgfmrlit vlromtoms lih by`rohs, ilturlf rmsgurdm

alilkmamit tmdbioqums, wltmr hmalih egrmdlstoik, rmagtm smisoik,

lih systma aghmfoik.



Xl`fm 8.=: Xrlhoik ldrgss @grhmrs‘Xrlhm Eldofotltogi, 0><0

Plicoik

(gut ge <2=

mdgigaoms)

Hgduamitstg mxpgrt

(iua`mr)

Xoam tgmxpgrt

(hlys)

Dgst tgmxpgrt($ pmr

dgitloimr)

Hgduamitstg oapgrt

(iua`mr)

Xoam tgoapgrt

(hlys)

Dgst tgoapgrt($ pmr

dgitloimr)

Lustrlfol 88 5 ? <,<>> ; 2 <,<0>

@ruimo Hlrusslfla 8> 5 <? 52> 5 <= ;8=

Dla`ghol <<2 ? 00 ;== <> 05 ?>>

^PD 52 2 0< =2> = 08 5<=

Oihol <0; ? <5 <,<0> << 0> <,0>>

Oihgimsol 4; 8 <; 588 ; 04 55>

Jlpli <? 4 <> 22> = << ?;>

Pmp. ge Cgrml 4 4 ; 55= 4 ; 5?=

Flg HP <5> <> 05 0,<8> <> 05 0,<0=

Alflysol << = << 84= 5 2 80>

Aylialr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL

^bofoppoims =4 ; <= =2= 2 <8 55>

Toiklpgrm < 8 = 8=5 8 8 84?

Xbloflih 0> = <8 =2= = <4 ;=>

Uomt Ila ;8 5 0< 5<> 2 0< 5>>

Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: [grfh @lic Hgoik @usoimss Oihmx 0><4. bttp://www.hgoik usoimss.grk/hltl/mxpfgrmtgpods/trlhoik-ldrgss-`grhmrs

(lddmssmh 4 Lprof 0><4).


mxplih `usoimss gppgrtuiotoms bls spurrmh l surkm ge rmkogilf ermm

trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) tblt wgufh hosalitfm sudb `lrromrs.

Xbm eldofotltogi ge trlhm lih EHO lrm lfsg mdgaoik agrm oapgrtlit

ossums. Xbm wohm rlikm ge pgtmitolf eldofotltogi amlsurms oidfuhms tbmblragiozltogi ge tmdbiodlf stlihlrhs lih soapfoeodltogi ge dustgas

prgdmhurms. Xl`fm 8.= sbgws tblt Oihol, tbm ^PD, lih aliy LTMLI

ama`mrs stoff immh tg rmhudm tbm toam lih dgst lssgdoltmh wotb

dgihudtoik trlhm.

8.5.< Oapfmamitoik l rmkogi-wohm ermm trlhmlkrmmamit

Oi 0>>>, tbmrm wmrm tbrmm EXLs oi Lsol. @y 0><0, tbmrm wmrm ;<.

Ligtbmr 28 lkrmmamits lrm motbmr prgpgsmh gr uihmr imkgtoltogi

(Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0><4). Xbm gify rmkogilf pldt os tbm LTMLI Ermm



<48


Xrlhm Lrml (LEXL), mstl`fosbmh oi <??0. Xbm mxpfgsogi ge EXLs rmefmdts

hossltoseldtogi wotb tbm sfgw prgkrmss ge kfg`lf trlhm tlfcs, tbm immh tg

suppgrt sgpbostodltmh prghudtogi imtwgrcs tbrgukb dgitoiumh trlhm

lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi, lih l hmemisovm rmspgism tg tbm sprmlhge EXLs mfsmwbmrm oi tbm wgrfh.

Xbm mimeots lih dgsts ge tbmsm EXL hmlfs lrm tbm su`jmdt ge pgflrozoik

hm`ltms. Lhvgdltms pgoit gut tblt lkrmmamits strmiktbmi tbm pgfodoms tblt

uihmrpoi rmkogilf trlhm oitmkrltogi, flyoik tbm ùofhoik `fgdcs tgwlrh

auftofltmrlf fo`mrlfozltogi. Alrcmt oitmkrltogi oi Lsol tbrgukb EXLs

lfsg dli prgagtm krmltmr oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih oivmstamit lih drmltm

gppgrtuiotoms egr krmltmr prghudtogi lih spmihoik oi tbm rmkogi. Xbmrm

lrm fgsmrs, bgwmvmr, wbmi dmrtloi smdtgrs lrm fo`mrlfozmh. Ot os tbmrmegrm

imdmsslry tg eldofotltm fl`gr agòfoty (@gx 8.<) lih tbm agvmamit ge eoras

erga fgsoik smdtgrs tg kloioik smdtgrs `y rmtrloioik lih upkrlhoik

wgrcmrs, rmhudoik mitry `lrromrs tg imw eoras, lih eldofotltoik tbm

mxot ge elofoik dgaplioms tbrgukb strudturlf rmegra. Tmdtgr-spmdoeod

prgtmdtogiost pgfodoms sbgufh `m lvgohmh ls audb ls pgsso`fm, wbofm

dgapmtotogi sbgufh `m strmiktbmimh.

Drotods lfsg wgrry tblt tbm wlvm ge EXLs mrghms tbm auftofltmrlf

prgdmss lih os egstmroik l ‖igghfm `gwf‑ ge gvmrflppoik rufms ge grokoi

rmquormamits tblt aly `m dgstfy tg ùsoimssms. @lfhwoi lih Clwlo

(0>>2) lrkumh tblt gvmrflppoik, dgapfmx lkrmmamits‘wotb hoeemrmit

fo`mrlfozltogi stlihlrhs, mxdfusogi fosts, rufms ge grokoi, lih stlihlrhs‘rosc `mdgaoik uiwomfhy, alcoik hgoik ùsoimss dua`mrsgam.

Hmspotm tbmsm dgidmris, l stuhy sbgws tblt auftopfm rufms ge grokoi

oapgsm foaotmh urhmi gi Mlst Lsoli eoras (Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0>>?).

Xbm stuhy lfsg eoihs tblt Lsoli ùsoimssms‘plrtoduflrfy tbm flrkmr,

agrm mstl`fosbmh eoras‘vomw EXLs pgsotovmfy lih tblt tbm wohmr

mxpgrt alrcmt lddmss lih fgwmr dgsts ge oapgrtmh oitmramholtm oiputs

mxdmmh tbm dgsts lssgdoltmh wotb sudb lkrmmamits. Xbos sukkmsts tblt

EXLs lrm oihmmh `gfstmroik trlhm lagik eoras‘plrtoduflrfy ls tbm

mdgigaod rmdgvmry tlcms bgfh‘oi tbm wlcm ge hmdfoioik trlhm vgfuams

lih tbm ilsdmit prgtmdtogiosa trokkmrmh `y tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod drosos.

Xg alcm gptoalf usm ge tbm rmkogi‟s auftotuhm ge EXLs,

dgaplioms immh tg pfli trlhm ùsoimssms agrm meeodomitfy. Amliwbofm,

pgfodyalcmrs sbgufh smmc tg aoioaozm trlisldtogi lih lhaoiostrltovm

dgsts lssgdoltmh wotb auftopfm, gvmrflppoik EXLs, wbofm alxoaozoik

`mimeots geemrmh `y prmemrmitolf tlroees lih oidrmlsmh alrcmt lddmss.




pgsotovm fost lpprgldb. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, fo`mrlfozltogi dgaaotamits

lrm gify alhm oi spmdoeod smdtgrs, wotb l by`roh pgsotovm lih imkltovm

lpprgldb tg fostoik tbm fmvmf ge gpmiimss (Eoic lih Agfoiumvg 0>>2).

Xbm ^PD‟s g`fokltogis uihmr tbm XOT lrm agrm foaotmh tbli ots KLXTdgaaotamits. Xbos sukkmsts tblt ot bls lkrmmh tg aoigr lhhotogilf

fo`mrlfozltogi.

Kgoik egrwlrh, ot woff `m oapgrtlit egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg

dgitoium tg fmvmrlkm rmkogilf oitmkrltogi oiotoltovms tblt rmegra

rmkufltogi ge cmy smrvodms smdtgrs. [bmrmls rmkogilf lkrmmamits

tg fo`mrlfozm kgghs trlhm getmi lrm strgikfy hosdroaoiltgry, tblt os

audb fmss trum egr smrvodms (Aorguhgt, Tluvlkm, lih Tbmpbmrh 0><>).

Xblt os `mdlusm rmegras tg fgwmr mitry `lrromrs gr rmhudm tbm dgst

`urhmis ge oidua`mits lppfy mqulffy tg lff trlhoik plrtimrs, rltbmr

tbli gify prmemrrmh plrtimrs. Xbm pgfotodlf oapmtus `mboih LDO

oitmkrltogi dli tbmrmegrm m usmh tg bmfp prgagtm rglh-`lsmh klois

oi tbm rmkogilf smrvodms mdgigay, prgvohmh tblt oapfmamitltogi gi

tbm krguih os sueeodomit.

Oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi trmltoms sbgufh prgvohm su`stlitovm

dflusms egr oivmstamit prgtmdtogi, eldofotltogi, lih fo`mrlfozltogi.

Xbmy sbgufh lfsg dgitloi l prgdmhurlf dgapgimit egr hosputm

smttfmamit. Bokb-qulfoty oivmstamit lkrmmamits woff prgagtm

EHO efgws lih dgitro`utm tg upkrlhoik tmdbigfgky oi hmvmfgpoik

Lsol. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh lfsg `ggst prghudtovoty `y alcoikot mlsomr egr wgrcmrs‘mspmdolffy scoffmh wgrcmrs‘tg aokrltm lih `y

fo`mrlfozoik tbm smrvodms smdtgr (@gx 8.<).

Xbm LMD @fumproit smts gut oiotoltovms tg fo`mrlfozm lih eldofotltm

oivmstamits. Oivmstamit dggpmrltogi oi LTMLI wls oapfmamitmh

tbrgukb tbm <??2 Erlamwgrc Lkrmmamit gi tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit

Lrml, wbofm oivmstamit prgtmdtogi wls oapfmamitmh tbrgukb

tbm <?2; LTMLI Lkrmmamit egr tbm ^rgagtogi lih ^rgtmdtogi ge

Oivmstamit, gr tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit Kulrlitmm Lkrmmamit (OKL).

Oi Em`rulry 0>>?, tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit Lrml wls rmpfldmh `y

tbm LTMLI Dgaprmbmisovm Oivmstamit Lkrmmamit (LDOL), wbodb

tlcms oitg lddguit oitmriltogilf `mst prldtodms `lsmh gi egur

pofflrs‘fo`mrlfozltogi, prgtmdtogi, eldofotltogi, lih prgagtogi. Xbm

LDOL lfsg oidfuhms imw prgvosogis. Egr mxlapfm, lff oihustroms oi

Xbos plrlkrlpb hrlws gi Cgtmrl (0>>5).

0?

0?



<42


Tgurdm: @lsmh gi [ofsgi, Umral, lih Jlyitblcualrli (0><0).

@gx 8.<: Aokrltogi lih ^rghudtovoty

Oidrmlsmh aokrltogi dli dgitroùtm tg prghudtovoty lih

mdgigaod krgwtb `y `ggstoik tbm sozm ge l dguitry‟s wgrcoik-

lkm pgpufltogi (Agrfmy 0>>5). Oidrmlsmh gutput pmr wgrcmr,

plrtoduflrfy `y `mttmr-mhudltmh aokrlits, woff blvm l pgsotovm

oapldt gi krgwtb. Aokrltogi woff miblidm prghudtovoty krgwtb `y

rmlffgdltoik smdtgrlf mapfgyamit lih prghudtogi, hum tg tbm rosm

oi tbm scoffmh vmrsus uiscoffmh wlkm oi `gtb smihoik lih rmdmovoik

dguitroms. Oidrmlsmh rmaottlidms smit `y aokrlits dli egra li

meemdtovm rmhostroùtovm amdbliosa oi tbm smihoik dguitry‟s

mdgigay. Egr tbm rmdmovoik dguitry, aokrltogi woff oidrmlsm dlpotlf

egraltogi lih rmhudm dlpotlf oitmisoty, oidrmlsoik tbm alrkoilf

prghudtovoty ge dlpotlf lih eurtbmr midgurlkoik wgrfh slvoik,wbodb oapfoms dgivmrkmidm ge tbm smihoik lih rmdmovoik dguitroms

(Fmvoim mt lf. 0><>).

LDO os mxpmdtmh tg wotimss oidrmlsmh hmagkrlpbod oa`lflidms

`mtwmmi fl`gr surpfus lih fl`gr hmeodot dguitroms oi tmras ge

fgw-dgst, fgw-scoffmh fl`gr, lih bokbfy scoffmh fl`gr. Xbm ^PD,

Xbloflih, Uomt Ila, lih Oihgimsol, lagik gtbmrs, lrm prgjmdtmh

tg blvm sokioeodlit mfhmrfy pgpufltogis lih hmpmihmidy rltogs

ge `mtwmmi 0=% lih 8>% oi 0>4>. Ermm agvmamit ge fl`gr,

plrtoduflrfy ge scoffmh wgrcmrs ldrgss LDO, dli prgagtm mdgigaod

meeodomidy, prghudtovoty, lih sokioeodlit oaprgvmamits oi tbmor

wmff-`moik lih tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbmrm lrm flrkm sprmlhs oiwlkms lih fovoik stlihlrhs oi tbm LDO tblt woff ldt ls oidmitovms tg

oidrmlsm oitrlrmkogilf aokrltogi oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm lkoik

ge pgpufltogis os mxpmdtmh tg sfgw prghudtovoty lih krgwtb ls

fl`gr egrdms hmdrmlsm lfgik wotb slvoiks lih oivmstamit rltms.

Xbos os focmfy tg hoaoiosb gutput lih dgisuaptogi krgwtb rltms

lih rmhudm pmr dlpotl tlx rmdmopts. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms tbmrmegrm

immh tg hmvmfgp lpprgproltm lih dgaagi aokrltogi pgfodoms tg

sblrm tbm ùrhmis ge lkoik lih hmpmihmidy.

tbm aliueldturoik, lkrodufturm, eosbmry, egrmstry, lih aoioik lih

qulrryoik smdtgrs, lih smrvodms oidohmitlf tg tbmsm eovm smdtgrs lrm tg

`m fo`mrlfozmh. Xbm LTMLI EXLs wotb tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml,

lih Lustrlfol—Imw Zmlflih lfsg blvm oivmstamit lkrmmamits. Oihol

lih Jlpli lrm durrmitfy imkgtoltoik li oivmstamit lkrmmamit.



@gx 8.0: Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod Dgrrohgr

<80


agrm gppgrtuiotoms tg oaprgvm oierlstrudturm, fmlhoik tg l vortugus

dydfm. Mlstmri Oihgimsol bls flkkmh, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm dguitry os li

lrdbopmflkg. @mttmr foics wotb Oihgimsol‟s elst-krgwoik rmkogis lih tbm

rmst ge tbm wgrfh wgufh stoaufltm hmvmfgpamit.

8.;.4 Pmkogilf dgiimdtovoty^li-Lsoli oiotoltovms. Lt tbm pli-Lsoli fmvmf, tbm aljgr oiotoltovm

os tbm aufto-aghlf trlispgrt alstmr pfli uihmr tbm Lsoli Flih

Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) prgvohms gim ge tbm agst

suddmsseuf dlsms ge tbm strltmkod foiclkm `mtwmmi oierlstrudturm

hmvmfgpamit lih oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit. Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod

Dgrrohgr kmimrltms 8=% ge tbm ^PD‟s krgss hgamstod prghudt, alcoik

ot tbm aloi hrovoik egrdm ge ots mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Egur dgrrohgrs

blvm `mmi hmvmfgpmh tg dgiimdt tbm flkkoik rmkogis tg tbos lhvlidmh

dglstlf rmkogi. Xbmy lrm tbm Joliksu—_liktzm, Libuo, Bu`mo—_liktzm,

lih Dbgikqoik—_liktzm mdgigaod dgrrohgrs. Xbm rmsufts oidfuhm:

Miblidmh dgiimdtovoty `mtwmmi tbm dglstlf dotoms tg oiflih rmkogis

]pkrlhmh dgitloimr sboppoik eldofotoms lih rovmr trlisot smrvodms

Dgistrudtogi ge trlispgrt oierlstrudturm, sudb ls rglhs, rlofs, tuiimfs,

`rohkms, lih pgrt eldofotoms.

Tgurdm: Joliksu ^rgvoidolf Egrmoki Llors Gffldm. bttp://www.jselg.kgv.di/yoikwmi/ylijolikcloel.lsp



@gx 8.4: Xbm Hmfbo—Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr (HAOD)‘

Xlcoik tbm Pglh tg Krgwtb

Xbm HAOD loas tg drmltm l ‖ùsoimss aghmf‑ gut ge ur`liozltogi.

Ot mivoslkms l <,824-cofgamtmr elst-spmmh hmhodltmh ermokbt dgrrohgr,

wbodb woff eldofotltm tbm drmltogi ge smvmi imw amkldotoms lih oihustrolf

zgims lih smvmrlf gtbmr dotoms lfgik tbm wly. Xbm prgjmdt mapblsozms

mxplihoik tbm aliueldturoik lih smrvodms `lsm. Xbm kgvmriamit

bls liiguidmh l rgùst $?> òffogi ùhkmt egr tbm prgjmdt. Xruic

oierlstrudturm lfgik tbm dgrrohgr woff oidfuhm ioim amkl oihustrolf

zgims, l bokb-spmmh hmhodltmh ermokbt foim, tbrmm pgrts, sox lorpgrts,

li oitmrsmdtogi-ermm bokbwly, lih l 8,>>>-amklwltt pgwmr pflit. L

aoiostmrolf fmvmf stmmroik lutbgroty os tbm pgfodyalcoik `ghy ge tbm

prgjmdt.

Tgurdm: Hmfbo Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr Hmvmfgpamit Dgrpgrltogi Foaotmh.

bttp://www.haodhd.dga/


Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit (LFXOH) prgjmdt, wbodb oidfuhms

lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms (smm @gx 8.8 egr hmtlofs). Oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms,

LDO woff wotimss agrm drgss-`grhmr trlispgrt dgrrohgrs tblt woff `ggst

mdgigaod ldtovoty `y dgiimdtoik flkkoik rmkogis tg aljgr ùsoimssdmitmrs lih dotoms. Mxostoik trlispgrt dgrrohgrs immh tg `m dgivmrtmh

oitg mdgigaod dgrrohgrs.



Lsoli Flih Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit (LFXOH)

Xbm LFXOH oiotoltovm bls tbrmm dgapgimits‘tbm Lsoli Bokbwly,tbm Xrlis-Lsoli Plofwly, lih tbm eldofotltogi ge flih trlispgrt

prgjmdts tbrgukb oitmraghlf trlispgrt tmraoilfs. Ots progrotoms lrm

oitmrdgiimdtoik tbm Lsoli Bokbwly lih Xrlis-Lsoli Plofwly imtwgrcs

wotb smlpgrts lih mstl`fosboik ;>> ‖hry pgrts‑ oi flihfgdcmh dguitroms

`y 0><=. Xbm Lsoli Bokbwly prgjmdt smmcs tg oaprgvm mdgigaod foics

`mtwmmi Lsol, Murgpm, lih tbm Aohhfm Mlst. Ot os pfliimh ls l imtwgrc

ge <8<,0;< cofgamtmrs (ca) ge stlihlrhozmh bokbwlys‘oidfuhoik <==

drgss-`grhmr rglhs‘tblt drossdrgss 40 Lsoli dguitroms. Xbm Xrlis-

Lsoli Plofwly imtwgrc, dgvmroik l hostlidm ge <<8,>>> ca oi 02

dguitroms, wgufh foic pli-Lsoli lih pli-Murgpmli rlof imtwgrcs lt

vlrogus fgdltogis, dgiimdtoik aljgr pgrts lih prgvohoik flihfgdcmh

dguitroms wotb `mttmr lddmss tg smlpgrts (]IMTDL^ 0><>).

Krmltmr Amcgik Tu`rmkogi (KAT)

Xbm KAT bls hmvmfgpmh l <>-ymlr strltmkod erlamwgrc egr

miblidoik dgiimdtovoty lih dgapmtotovmimss oi tbm su`rmkogi. Xbm KAT

dguitroms blvm oiotoltmh tbrmm mdgigaod dgrrohgr prgjmdts (mlst—wmst,

igrtb—sgutb, lih sgutb) egr prgagtoik trlhm, oivmstamit, mdgigaod

hmvmfgpamit, lih trlispgrt oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty. Xbm KAT Drgss-

@grhmr Xrlispgrt Lkrmmamit dgvmrs lfagst lff lspmdts ge drgss-`grhmr

trlispgrt eldofotltogi. Xbm ama`mr dguitroms lrm lfsg ùofhoik drgss-

`grhmr oitmrdgiimdtogis `mtwmmi mimrky surpfus lih mimrky hmeodot

dguitroms uihmr li Oitmrkgvmriamitlf Lkrmmamit gi Pmkogilf ^gwmr

Xrlhm. Lhhotogilffy, l tmfmdgaauiodltogis imtwgrc bls `mmi hmvmfgpmh

tblt mxtmihs tg Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg

^HP), Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila.

@ly ge @miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf lih Mdgigaod

Dggpmrltogi (@OATXMD)

@OATXMD smmcs tg dgiimdt Tgutbmlst Lsol wotb Tgutb Lsol.

@OATXMD‟s smdtgrs oidfuhm trlhm lih oivmstamit, trlispgrt lih

dgaauiodltogi, mimrky, lih pmgpfm-tg-pmgpfm dgitldt. Oierlstrudturmrmdmovms spmdolf lttmitogi wotb tbm Mimrky Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit

^rgjmdt egr ilturlf kls, l emlsoòfoty stuhy egr Xbloflih‟s prgpgsmh

sbgrt-sml sboppoik hmvmfgpamit, prmplrltogi egr tbm prgpgsmh

@OATXMD Erlamwgrc Lkrmmamit gi Auftoaghlf Xrlispgrt, lih hmsoki

ge tbm Clidblilùro—Xbrmm ^lkghl ^lss Plofwly foim.

@gx 8.8: ^li-Lsoli lih Tu`rmkogilf Dgiimdtovoty

(Dgitoiumh)

<88




8.2 L ^rg-^rghudtovoty Lkmihl

egr LDOLddmfmrltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb os dmitrlf tg LDO‟s prgspmdts egr

aloitloioik rlpoh mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit, lvgohoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam

trlp, lih rmlfozoik ots pgtmitolf. Hmagkrlpbod trmihs, fgwmr kfg`lf

mdgigaod krgwtb, sfgwmr prgkrmss gi kfg`lf trlhm lih oivmstamit

fo`mrlfozltogi, lih mivorgiamitlf lih mimrky dblffmikms lff prmsmit

rmstrloits. Kovmi LDO‟s rmsgurdms lih alilkmrolf scoffs, tbmy lrm igt

oisuraguitl`fm. @ut tbmy woff rmquorm dgidmrtmh pgfody lttmitogi, `gfh

fmlhmrsbop, lih rmkogilf dgbmsogi. Xbm wly tg prgagtm dgapmtotogi

os tg hmrmkufltm hgamstod alrcmts lih fo`mrlfozm trlhm lih EHO, wbodb

woff gpmi hggrs egr imw hgamstod pflymrs lih egrmoki dgaplioms.

L aufto-prgikmh strltmky os rmquormh. Eorst, eoras aust eldm krmltmr

dgapmtotovm prmssurm tg upkrlhm tmdbigfgky, oaprgvm meeodomidy, lih

oiigvltm. Hmrmkufltoik hgamstod alrcmts lih fo`mrlfozoik trlhm wgufh

lddgapfosb tbos `y lttrldtoik imw hgamstod lih egrmoki mitrlits

lih `y uifmlsboik tbm dgapmtotovm prmssurms rmquormh tg stoaufltm

oiigvltogi lih mitrmprmimursbop.

^gfodoms aust lfsg eldofotltm tbm mxtmisogi ge rmkogilf prghudtogi

imtwgrcs tg dgiimdt tbm rmkogi‟s oidrmlsoikfy bokb-wlkm dguitromswotb prghudtogi fgdltogis wbmrm fgw-wlkm wgrcmrs lrm stoff lvlofl`fm.

Oitmkrltoik Oihol, Uomt Ila, Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^HP, lih Aylialr

oitg rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs (P^Is) wgufh mil`fm tbmsm iltogis

tg l`sgr` aliy ge tbm mstoaltmh 2= aoffogi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik

jg`s tblt lrm mxpmdtmh tg fmlvm tbm ^PD oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm lih tg

lttloi tbm mdgigaoms ge sdlfm immhmh tg hmvmfgp kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm

oihustrolf dfustmrs (Foi 0><<l). Ermmr trlhm lih oivmstamit dli eldofotltm

tbm trlisemr ge tmdbigfgky lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw erga egrmoki

eoras tg hgamstod dgaplioms. Oaprgvoik dgiimdtovoty oi tbm rmkogi os

drudolffy oapgrtlit tg prgagtm agvmamit ge kgghs, smrvodms, pmgpfm,

euihs, oiegraltogi, lih gtbmrs, wbodb wgufh dgitro`utm tg oidrmlsm oi

prghudtovoty.

Oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms, oivmstamits oi mhudltogi lih trloioik

woff `m dmitrlf tg mil`fm wgrcegrdms tg l`sgr` tbm bokbmr scoffs

immhmh tg agvm oitg bokb-prghudtovoty oihustroms lih lssoaofltm imw

<85




tmdbigfgkoms. Fl`gr alrcmts immh tg `mdgam efmxo`fm migukb tg mil`fm

wgrcmrs tg agvm wotboi dguitroms‘lih mvmi lagik tbma‘wotb audb

fmss hoeeodufty tbli os tbm dlsm igw.

Eoilffy, tbm LDO mdgigaoms rmquorm mivorgiamits tblt woff mil`fmwohm-sdlfm oiigvltogi. Xbmy aust oivmst oi tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms

oidfuhoik P&H (smm @gx 8.=), strmiktbmi oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty prgtmdtogi,

lih egstmr tbm hmvmfgpamit ge mdgsystmas tblt mil`fm hyilaod

mitrmprmimurs tg g`tloi tbm eoilidolf bmfp, trloioik, lih amitgrsbop

tbmy immh tg fluidb imw kmimrltogis ge ùsoimssms lih oihustroms.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh dgffl`grltm tg ldbomvm tbmsm g`jmdtovms.

L dgaprmbmisovm rmkogi-wohm lkrmmamit ge ermm trlhm lih oivmstamit‘

lih tblt mxtmihs `mygih kgghs tg smrvodms lih lkrodufturm‘wgufh

`m l aljgr lhvlidm, lih fmlh tg `rglhmr mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Xbm

gikgoik hosdussogis egr li LTMLI+5 erlamwgrc tblt oidfuhms tbm ^PD,

tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Jlpli, Oihol, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih dgufh

`mkoi l prgdmss tblt woff fmlh tg l dgaprmbmisovm mdgigaod plrtimrsbop

oi Lsol. Xbm LDO iltogis, mspmdolffy tbm ^PD lih Oihol, tbm rmkogi‟s twg

rosoik mdgigaod kolits, sbgufh wgrc ofltmrlffy. Xbm hmtlofmh, prlkaltod

oapfmamitltogi ge tbos lkmihl os dmitrlffy oapgrtlit. Ot woff hmtmraoim

wbmtbmr tbm rmkogi dli ldbomvm tbm prghudtovoty klois lih imw mikoims

ge krgwtb rmquormh egr ots krmlt trlisegraltogi.

@gx 8.=: Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgkodlf Dlplòfotoms oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs

Lsol‟s suddmss oi aliueldturmh mxpgrts oi mfmdtrgiods lih gtbmr

oihustroms bls `mmi uihmrpoiimh `y rmkogilf prghudtogi

imtwgrcs lih gutwlrh-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms. _mt

fottfm os cigwi oi tbm fotmrlturm l`gut tbm rgfm ge eora-fmvmf eldtgrs‘

agst igtl`fy ùofhoik tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms‘oi oiefumidoik tbm

`mblvogr ge prghudtogi imtwgrcs oi mdgigaodlffy oapgrtlit Lsoli

mdgigaoms.

Xg eoff tbos klp, rmdmit rmsmlrdb mxpfgrms ùofhoik tmdbigfgkodlf

dlplòfotoms oi tbm mfmdtrgiods prghudtogi imtwgrc oi Lsol tbrgukb leora-fmvmf, drgss-dguitry stuhy dgvmroik gvmr <,>>> eoras oi egur Lsoli

imwfy oihustrolfozoik mdgigaoms: tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD),

Oihol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih. Xbm tmdbigfgkodlffy sgpbostodltmh

mfmdtrgiods oihustry os gim ge Lsol‟s flrkmst mxpgrts lih pflys l

drudolf rgfm oi tbm rmkogi‟s oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit. Xbm ^PD bls

(Dgitoiumh)




lttrldtmh sokioeodlit egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO) oiefgws lih bls

mamrkmh ls gim ge wgrfh‟s flrkmst mxpgrtmrs ge mfmdtrgiods prghudts.

Amliwbofm, Oihol os lttmaptoik tg egffgw tbm ^PD‟s mxlapfm `y

egstmroik l kfg`lf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkm oi mfmdtrgiods prghudts.Xbloflih lih tbm ^bofoppoims blvm lfsg rmfomh gi EHO tg mamrkm ls

igtl`fm mfmdtrgiods mxpgrtmrs.

Xbm stuhy egdusmh gi trldoik tbm foics `mtwmmi tmdbigfgkodlf

dlplòfotoms lih mxpgrtoik. Mxpgrtoik, oapgrtoik, lih su`dgitrldtoik

lrm dgisohmrmh oapgrtlit eora-fmvmf ldtovotoms oivgfvmh oi oitmkrltoik

oitg prghudtogi imtwgrcs. ]soik rmdmit amtbghgfgkodlf hmvmfgpamits

oi tbm fotmrlturm gi tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms, tbm stuhy alppmh

fmvmfs ge tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms lddgrhoik tg hoeemrmit mitmrprosm

dblrldtmrostods lih mdgigamtrodlffy lilfyzmh eldtgrs leemdtoik eora-

fmvmf mxpgrtoik `mblvogr. Xbm alppoik ge tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms

utofozmh l erlamwgrc hmvmfgpmh `y tbm fltm Tlijlyl Flff wbodb

dltmkgrozmh dlplòfotoms oitg vlrogus tmdbiodlf euidtogis pmregramh

`y eoras tg l`sgr` tmdbigfgkoms erga l`rglh. ]soik Flff‟s erlamwgrc,

l tmdbigfgky oihmx (XO) wls dgistrudtmh `lsmh gi ioim eora-fmvmf

euidtogis tg rmprmsmit hoeemrmit fmvmfs ge tmdbigfgkodlf dgapmtmidm

igralfozmh tg rmsuft tg l vlfum `mtwmmi > lih <. Xbm XO sdgrms

dli `m oitmrprmtmh ls tbm bokbmr tbm XO sdgrm, tbm krmltmr tbm fmvmf

tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfoty.

Xl`fm @8.=.<: Amlis ge Xmdbigfgky Oihmx Tdgrms `y Mxpgrt @mblvogr,

Gwimrsbop, lih Tozm

Xbloflih ^bofoppoims ^PD Oihol

Lff ras >.=< >.42 >.=0 >.82

Mxpgrtmrs >.=5 >.85 >.== >.=2

Igi-mxpgrtmrs >.4? >.02 >.=> >.85

Flrkm ras >.=? >.80 >.=8 >.5<

TAMs >.4< >.0; >.82 >.8;

Egrmoki ras >.=2 >.8< >.=8 IL

Hgamstod ras >.8> >.4< >.=< IL

IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TAMs 1 salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms.Tgurdms: PD, bofoppoims, Xbloflih hltl erga [okilrljl (0><0l, 0><0`, 0><4)3 Oihol hltl erga

lutbgrs‟ mstoaltogis.

Xl`fm @8.=.< sbgws tbm amlis ge tbm eora-fmvmf XO sdgrms egr

tbm egur Lsoli mdgigaoms `y mxpgrt `mblvogr, gwimrsbop, lih sozm.

(Dgitoiumh)

<82




<=>



= Alilkoik

Mimrky, [ltmr, lihtbm Mivorgiamit

=.< Oitrghudtogi

Xbm rlpoh mdgigaod mxplisogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms soidm tbm

<??>s igt gify bls alhm tbm rmkogi tbm dmitmr ge kfg`lf krgwtb oi

dgisuaptogi lih prghudtogi ùt lfsg bls drmltmh strgik prmssurm gi

tbm rmkogi‟s ilturlf rmsgurdms lih mivorgiamit. Xbm oapldt ge tbm

gvmrusm ge aoimrlfs, wltmr, eosbmroms, egrmsts, lih gtbmr rmsgurdms os

`moik emft ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Dlr`gi maossogis blvm rosmi hrlaltodlffy,

blraoik tbm qulfoty ge lor, wltmr, lih lrl`fm flih lih bmokbtmioik tbm

roscs ge kfg`lf wlraoik.Xbm strgik krgwtb prgjmdtmh egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `roik wotb

ot mvmi krmltmr rmspgisoòfoty egr stmwlrhsbop gvmr oidrmlsoikfy sdlrdm

rmsgurdms lih tbm mdgfgkodlf bmlftb ge Lsol lih tbm pflimt. LDO‟s

rosoik trlispgrtltogi immhs, oidrmlsmh leefumidm, bmlvy rmfolidm gi

dlr`gi-`lsmh eumfs, lih mimrky-oitmisovm oihustroms amli tblt mimrky

hmalih woff rosm hrlaltodlffy‘lih woff gutstrop rmkogilf prghudtogi

dlplòfotoms. Eurtbmragrm, LDO‟s rgfm ls tbm wgrfh‟s òkkmst sgurdm ge

krmmibgusm kls maossogis os focmfy tg krgw.

Aosalilkmamit ge tbmsm rmspgisoòfotoms woff alkioey mamrkoik

dblffmikms sudb ls mimrky lih wltmr smduroty, mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi,

lih dfoaltm dblikm‘lih dgufh pgtmitolffy dgistrloi euturm krgwtb

ge oihovohulf LDO mdgigaoms lih tbmor imokb`grs (smm Dblptmr 0 egr l

hmtlofmh lilfysos). Ot lfsg dgufh kmimrltm òfltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf

tmisogis ls gtbmr iltogis dgapmtm egr rmsgurdms lih strukkfm tg dgpm

wotb mxtmrilf mdgfgkodlf oapldts. Xbm prmsmit dgursm os uisustloil`fm.



<=0


Xbos dblptmr lilfyzms tbm trmihs lih oapfodltogis ge LDO‟s

dgisuaptogi ge cmy rmsgurdms sudb ls mimrky lih wltmr lih tbm

rmfltmh mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Ot mxlaoims tbm oivmstamits tbm

rmkogi aust alcm oi mimrky meeodomidy lih dgismrvltogi, mivorgiamit-eromihfy mimrky sgurdms, ùofhoiks, lih oierlstrudturm. Ot lfsg mxpfgrms

bgw tbm LDO dguitroms dli wgrc wotb mldb gtbmr lih wotb tbm kfg`lf

dgaauioty tg alilkm rmsgurdms, lhhrmss mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms,

lih hmvmfgp imw stlihlrhs tg dur` maossogis ge krmmibgusm klsms

lih kulrlitmm mimrky lih wltmr smduroty ls tbm rmkogi agvms tgwlrh

l fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb plrlhoka.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm suddmsseuf wbmi juhkmh `y tbmor rlpoh

krgwtb. Xbmor rmdgrh os fmss oaprmssovm wbmi mivorgiamitlf hlalkm

os lddguitmh egr. Agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm krgwi rlpohfy `y rmfyoik

bmlvofy gi mxpgrts ge aliueldturoik prghudts. Xbmy mdlam agrm meeodomit

prghudmrs ge proalry dgaaghotoms lih oihustrolf kgghs‘ùt lt l dgst

tg tbmor ilturlf mivorgiamits lih rmsgurdms rmsmrvms (Gutfggc @usoimss

0>>2). Hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms turimh oidrmlsoikfy tgwlrh dfmlimr, smrvodm-

gromitmh prghudtogi, oapgrtoik agrm mimrky-oitmisovm kgghs lt fgw

prodms. ]itof rmdmitfy, LDO lddguitmh egr l salff sblrm ge wgrfh hmalih

egr rmsgurdms sudb ls mimrky, amtlfs, lih eggh dgaaghotoms rmfltovm tg

tbm sozm ge tbmor pgpufltogis. LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf mimrky dgisuaptogi

imlrfy hgu`fmh, erga <5% oi 0>>> tg 0;% oi 0>>? (MOL 0><0).

[bofm tbm LDO dguitroms blvm pgurmh dgisohmrl`fm dlpotlf oitgoihustrolf dlpldoty lih trlispgrtltogi lih mimrky oierlstrudturm,

bgwmvmr, tbmy blvm oivmstmh rmfltovmfy fottfm oi pgffutogi prmvmitogi,

mimrky meeodomidy, rmimwl`fm mimrky, lih sustloil`fm orrokltmh

lkrodufturm. Mxostoik mdgigaod pgfodoms lih alrcmt oidmitovms dgitoium

tg lffgw ùsoimssms tg kmimrltm sokioeodlit mivorgiamitlf prg`fmas,

flrkmfy uidbmdcmh lih uilddguitmh egr.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms agrm tbli hgu`fmh oi sozm `mtwmmi <?2< lih

0><>. @ut 5>% ge tbmor mihgwamit ge ilturlf rmsgurdms wls dgisuamh

huroik tbos pmrogh. Agst ge tbm rmkogi‟s mdgsystmas blvm motbmr `mmi

hmkrlhmh gr gvmrusmh (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^ 0><0).

Xbm ^PD‟s gim-gee lttmapt tg dlfdufltm ‖krmmi KH^‑ eguih tblt mivorgiamitlf pgffutogi

dgst 4.>=% ge krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi 0>>8, gr lrguih gim-tborh ge KH^ krgwtb oi

tblt ymlr (Tui 0>>;). Lftbgukb sudb mstoaltms lrm uilvgohl`fy spmdufltovm, ot os oihodltovm ge

tbm trum alkiotuhm ge hlalkm tblt tbos plrtoduflr eokurm midgaplssmh gify hormdt mdgigaod

fgssms (sudb ls lkrodufturlf prghudtogi lih bmlftb) lih igt ilturlf rmsgurdm hmkrlhltogi gr

fgik-tmra mdgfgkodlf hlalkm.

4>

4>



Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg

=.0 Tustloil`fm lih Tmdurmh

Mimrky oi LDO=.0.< Ammtoik mimrky immhs wbofm mlsoik

hmpmihmidm gi egssof eumfs

Mimrky hmalih. Xbm LDO dguitroms lddguit egr ?0% ge mimrky

dgisuamh oi Lsol‘agrm tbli 4 aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit (Atgm)

ls ge 0>>2 (OML 0><<l)‘lih ?=% ge prghudtogi. Lfagst lff mimrky

rmsgurdms mxtrldtmh oi LDO efgw wotboi tbm rmkogi, lih lrm votlf tg

imokb`groik iltogis sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml. Xgtlf

proalry mimrky hmalih ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘ls l wbgfm ls wmff ls

oihovohulffy‘woff lfagst hgu`fm oi 0>4> dgaplrmh tg tbm hmalih oi

0>>? (Xl`fm =.<).

@y 0>4>, tbm aljgr sgurdm ge mimrky hmalih oi LDO‘mfmdtrodoty

dgisuaptogi‘os prgjmdtmh tg hgu`fm dgaplrmh tg 0><> eokurms,

lddguitoik egr l`gut ;>% ge Lsol‟s tgtlf dgisuaptogi. Hmalih oi tbm

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) woff hgu`fm, lddguitoik egr imlrfy tbrmm-

qulrtmrs ge tgtlf LDO mfmdtrodoty hmalih. Oihol woff eldm l imlrfy tbrmmegfh

oidrmlsm lih tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) l twglih blfe-egfh oidrmlsm oi 0>4> dgaplrmh tg 0><> (Xl`fm =.0).

Mimrky suppfy aox. Lsol‟s immh egr mimrky woff krgw audb krmltmr

`y 0>4> lih woff rmaloi bmlvofy `olsmh tgwlrh egssof eumfs. Oi 0>4>,

82% ge Lsol‟s mimrky woff `m amt `y dglf‘dgaplrmh tg 80% oi 0>>>.

Hmpmihmidm gi gof os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb 0<%, 8% agrm tbli oi 0>>>.

@ogalss, l aljgr dfmli mimrky sgurdm, woff hmdfoim sokioeodlitfy oi

rmfltovm oapgrtlidm erga 08% oi 0>>; tg <>% oi 0>4>. Xbm sblrm ge

dfmli mimrky suppfomh `y iudfmlr mimrky woff rmaloi tbm slam lt =%

huroik tbos pmrogh (Xl`fm =.4).

Egssof eumfs gvmrwbmfaoikfy hgaoiltm tbm rmkogi‟s mimrky

aox (Eokurm =.<). Oi 0>>2, dglf lddguitmh egr =;.2% ge LDO mimrky

dgisuaptogi, gof prghudts egr 00.2%, lih ilturlf kls egr ;.5%.

Hltl oi tbos smdtogi lrm erga L^MPD (0>>?) mxdmpt wbmrm spmdoeomh.4<

4<



Xl`fm =.<: lst lih ^rgjmdtmh Xgtlf roalry Mimrky

Dgisuaptogi oi LDO (Atgm)

Xl`fm =.0: Mfmdtrodoty Dgisuaptogi oi LDO (X[b)

0>>> 0>>? 0>4>

^PD ?<5.< 0,0;<.> 8,40>.>

Oihol 44?.0 55?.> <,0>8.>

@ruimo Hlrusslfla <.5 4.0 5.2

Dla`ghol >.? <.; <0.>

Oihgimsol ?;.5 <=0.= 402.8

Flg ^HP >.? <.< 5.?

Alflysol 8?.2 5;.? <4>.=

Aylialr 4.? 5.8 05.?

^bofoppoims 02.5 4>.0 ;?.5

Toiklpgrm 42.8 =;.> =0.5

Xbloflih 5=.< <>>.; 0<4.>

Uomt Ila <2.= 80.2 <4<.=

Xgtlf LTMLI 4>=.0 854.= ?22.0

Xgtlf LDO <,25=.2 4,25;.> ;,=>>.8

0>>> 0><> 0>4>

Lsoli mfmdtrodotydgisuaptogi

4,0?8 ;,>=4 <8,<5<

LDO mfmdtrodotydgisuaptogi

<,;;<(=4.2%)

8,?0=(5?.2%)

8,40>(;5.;%)

^PD<,>2<

(40.2%)4,544

(=<.=%);,=<4

(=4.<%)

Oihol45?

(<<.0%)5??

(?.?%)<,?55

(<4.?%)

LTMLI40<

(?.;%)=?4

(2.8%)<,424

(?.2%)

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg HP 1 Flg

^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 Atgm 1 aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Dboil.

Tgurdms: 0>>> hltl erga MOL (0><0). bttp://www.mol.kgv/delpps/oph`prgjmdt/OMHOihmx4.dea3

0>>? hltl egr tbm ^PD lih Oihol erga OML (0><<l)3 LTMLI hltl erga MOL (0><0)3 0>4> hltl erga Eli

lih @blttldblryly (0><0).

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 X[b 1 tmrlwltt-bgur.

Igtm: Eokurms oi plrmitbmsms sbgw tbm pmrdmitlkm sblrm oi tgtlf Lsoli dgisuaptogi.

Tgurdms: OML (0>>?`)3 MOL (0><0)3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh (0><<).

<=8




Xl`fm =.4: Mimrky Tuppfy Aox oi Lsol (%)

0>>> 0>>; 0>4>

Dglf 80 8; 82Gof <; 0> 0<

Kls <> << <0

Iudfmlr = 8 =

Byhrg 0 0 0

@ogalss 08 <= <>

Gtbmr > < 0

Tgurdms: OML (0>>?`, 0><<l)3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh (0><<).

Eokurm =.<: LDO‟s Xgtlf Mimrky Dgisuaptogi `y Xypm, 0>>2

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.

Tgurdms: MHAD (0><<)3 OML (0><<`).


Dga`usto`fm rmimwl`fm eumfs lih wlstm lddguit egr tbm rmaloihmr.

Xbos bokb hmpmihmidm gi dglf lih druhm gof os dlusoik dgisohmrl`fm

hlalkm tg LDO‟s mivorgiamit lih dgitro`utms sokioeodlitfy tg kfg`lf

wlraoik lih dfoaltm dblikm.

Mimrky dgisuaptogi os bmlvofy oiefumidmh `y mldb dguitry‟s

ilturlf mihgwamits lih mdgigaod hrovmrs. Oi 0>>2, tbm ^PD, tbm

wgrfh‟s smdgih-flrkmst tgtlf mimrky dgisuamr, rmfomh gi dglf egr ;<%

ge tbm 0,<<5 Atgm usmh lih gof egr <?%. [otb bokb mdgigaod krgwtb

rltms lih agrm tbli <=% ge tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi, Oihol os rosoik elst

ls l aljgr mimrky usmr, rmldboik 50< Atgm oi 0>>2. Oi 0>>2, dglf lih



<=5


pmlt lddguitmh egr imlrfy 80% ge Oihol‟s tgtlf mimrky dgisuaptogi,

egffgwmh `y dgaùsto`fm rmimwl`fms lih wlstm (0;%), gof (08%), lih

ilturlf kls (5%) (MDD 0><<).

Oi tbm fmss-hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms, rmimwl`fm mimrky lddguitsegr l bokb sblrm ge tbm mimrky aox. Oi tbm ^bofoppoims, kmgtbmralf,

sgflr, lih gtbmr rmimwl`fm mimrky lddguit egr l euff 8<% ge tgtlf

dgisuaptogi, dgaplrmh tg 44% egr gof lih <5% egr dglf oi 0>>2. Oi

Oihgimsol, gof lddguitmh egr imlrfy 4=% ge tgtlf mimrky dgisuaptogi

oi 0>>2, egffgwmh `y imlrfy 00% egr dgaùsto`fm rmimwl`fm mimrky,

lih ilturlf kls egr <?%, lfagst tbm slam ls dglf. Gof lih kls lddguit

egr vortulffy lff dgisuaptogi oi Toiklpgrm, gim ge tbm wgrfh‟s ùsomst

sboppoik pgrts. Oi 0>>2, @ruimo Hlrusslfla rmfomh lfagst mitormfy gi

ots gwi rmsgurdms egr mimrky, wotb ilturlf kls lddguitoik egr ;2.=% ge

dgisuaptogi lih gof egr 0<.=% (MDD 0><<).

Xbm tbrmm agst oapgrtlit kglfs egr mimrky pgfody lrm tg misurm

tblt mimrky suppfy os sustloil`fm, smdurm, lih dgihudovm tg krgwtb.

Dgitoiumh strgik mdgigaod lih pgpufltogi krgwtb amli tblt LDO‟s

bokb rmfolidm gi egssof eumfs, hmpmihmidm gi oapgrts, lih wlstmeuf usm

ge mimrky woff alcm mldb ge tbmsm kglfs oidrmlsoikfy dblffmikoik. Xbm

rmkogi‟s pgfodyalcmrs woff blvm tg alcm blrh dbgodms `mtwmmi sbgrt-

lih fgikmr-tmra progrotoms, soidm tbmsm kglfs aly dgiefodt.

=.0.0 Mimrky smduroty^fmitoeuf lih krgwoik suppfoms ge mimrky lrm mssmitolf tg lfagst lff

smdtgrs ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy aliueldturoik, lkrodufturm,

lih trlispgrt. Agst LDO mdgigaoms oapgrt agrm tbli blfe ge tbmor gof,

lih gof prghudtogi `y Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih tbm ^PD os prgjmdtmh

tg hmdfoim.

Mimrky suppfoms dli m tbrmltmimh y kfg`lf pgfotodlf hmvmfgpamits,

hmtmrogrltoik smduroty oi mimrky-prghudoik dguitroms gr lfgik suppfy

rgutms, lih y lddohmits gr ilturlf hoslstmrs. Xbm oapldt os trlisaottmh

tbrgukb suppfy dblois tg lff smdtgrs ge tbm mdgigay lih oidrmlsms tbm

rosc ge oiefltogi. Li mxtrmam euturm sdmilrog os tblt mvmi dguitroms woffoik

tg ply alrcmt prodms egr mimrky prghudts woff `m uil`fm tg ammt tbmor

immhs hum tg suppfy sbgrtlkms. L sbgdc tblt dlusms li uiprmdmhmitmh

oidrmlsm oi mimrky prodms dli lfsg hmrlof hmalih. Lff tbmsm eldtgrs immh

tg `m dgisohmrmh wbmi egraufltoik li mimrky smduroty pgfody. Elst-



Eokurm =.0: Xrmihs oi Pltm ge Mimrky Tmfe-Tuffldomidy oi LDO,

0>>>—0>>2

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdms: MHAD (0><<)3 OML (0><<`).


krgwoik iltogis focm tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm plrtoduflrfy dgidmrimh wotb

mimrky smduroty. Xbm dgidmris lrm ls egffgws:

Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy. LDO‟s hmpmihmidm gi oapgrts bls krgwi

oi rmdmit ymlrs, mxbo`otmh `y hmdrmlsmh gr stlkilit smfe-sueeodomidyrltogs (Eokurm =.0). Egr tbm agst plrt, tbos hmpmihmidy bls krgwi oi

mldb aljgr dltmkgry ge egssof eumf. Oi tbm <?2>s, egr mxlapfm, tbm ^PD

wls li mxpgrtmr ge dglf lih gtbmr rmsgurdms. Xbm ^PD wls mssmitolffy

smfe-sueeodomit oi mimrky ls rmdmitfy ls <??;. Mimrky hmalih krmw

rlpohfy hum tg mimrky-oitmisovm oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit lih tbm sprmlh

ge agtgrozmh trlispgrtltogi. Ls ge 0>>2, tbm ^PD dgufh suppfy ?4.<%

ge ots gwi mimrky immhs. Xbm ^PD stoff prghudms tbm krmlt aljgroty ge

tbm dglf ot dgisuams. @ut ot `mdlam l imt gof oapgrtmr oi <??4, lih ots

hmpmihmidm gi gof oapgrts oidrmlsmh tg =8.0%, ls ge 0>>2. @y 0>4=, tbm

^PD woff oapgrt imlrfy <0.2 aoffogi `lrrmfs pmr hly, gr 28% ge ots tgtlf

hmalih (Hryshlfm 0><<).

Oihol, `y dgitrlst, bls rmfomh gi mimrky oapgrts egr l fgik toam,

wotb l smfe-sueeodomidy rltm ge ;=.8% oi 0>>2. Lftbgukb Oihol os l aljgr

dglf prghudmr, ot bls `mdgam agrm hmpmihmit gi oapgrts, lih gify

Hmpmihmidm gi oapgrtmh mimrky 1 mimrky imt oapgrt/mimrky dgisuaptogi.

Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy 1 hgamstod prghudtogi/tgtlf dgisuaptogi.

44

40

40

44



Xl`fm =.8: LDO‟s Mimrky Tmduroty Egrmdlst, 0>4> (%)

^PD Oihol @ruimoHlrusslfla

Oihgimsol Alflysol Toiklpgrm ^bofoppoims Xbloflih Uomt Ila

Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh gof

;8.;= 25.5> >.>> 5>.=> 88.;> <>>.>> <>>.>> ;0.=> ;0.2>

Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh kls

;0.8; 4<.8> >.>> >.>> >.>> <>>.>> ?<.=> <>>.>> <.4>

Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh dglf

0<.80 40.8> IL >.>> ?=.;> IL ;4.?> 20.>4 >.>>

Mimrkysmfe-suffldomidy

50.;> 8?.;> 0;>.5> <82.<> 25.4> <.;> 48.?> 05.2> ;=.5>

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtms: Hmpmihmidm gi oapgrtmh mimrky 1 mimrky imt oapgrt/mimrky dgisuaptogi. Oihol‟s mimrky smfe-suffldomidy os tbm smfe-suffldomidy ge egssof

mimrky.

Tgurdms: OML (0><>)3 L^MPD (0>>?)3 lutbgrs‟ lilfysos.

<=2


suppfomh <4.?% ge ots gwi hmalih oi 0>>2. Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy

lagik LTMLI dguitroms vlroms. @ruimo Hlrusslfla prghudms imlrfy

sox toams agrm mimrky tbli ot immhs, egr mxlapfm, lih os l aljgr

mxpgrtmr. Toiklpgrm, gi tbm gtbmr blih, prghudms gify >.=% ge ots

mimrky. Ot os tgtlffy hmpmihmit gi oapgrts egr gof lih ilturlf kls.

Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila lfsg lrm flrkm mimrky mxpgrtmrs, `ut

smfe-sueeodomidy os wmlcmioik oi lff tbrmm dguitroms.

Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy oi agst dguitroms woff hmdfoim `y 0>4>

(Xl`fm =.8). Xbm ^PD‟s smfe-sueeodomidy rltm os prgjmdtmh tg hrgp tg

50.;%, lih tbm dguitry woff immh tg oapgrt lrguih tbrmm-qulrtmrs geots dglf lih ilturlf kls. Oihol‟s gvmrlff smfe-sueeodomidy rltm woff hrgp

`mfgw =>%. Lagik LTMLI dguitroms, gify @ruimo Hlrusslfla woff

rmaloi euffy mimrky smfe-sueeodomit. Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila

woff `m imt gof oapgrtmrs oi 0>4>.

=.0.4 Posc ge suppfy hosruptogis hum tg

kmgpgfotods

Agrm tbli blfe tbm druhm gof oapgrtmh `y tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih

Toiklpgrm dgams erga tbm Aohhfm Mlst lih plssms tbrgukb tbm Ttrlot

ge Alflddl. Xbos ilrrgw sml flim dgufh `m mlsofy sbut tbrgukb aofotlry

Lddgrhoik tg tbm prmsmitltogi `y Plaliltbli (0><<`) erga tbm Mimrky lih Pmsgurdms

Oistotutm (XMPO), Oihol‟s dglf oapgrt hmpmihmidy woff oidrmlsm tg 2>% oi tbm `usoimss ls usulf

sdmilrog.

48

48




`fgdclhms, tmrrgrost ldts, gr porldy, prmsmitoik roscs ge suppfy. Jgoit

alilkmamit ge alrotoam flims lih jgoit pgfodm ldtogis lkloist porldy

lih tmrrgrosa dgufh oaprgvm tbm slemty ge gof trlispgrtltogi smduroty.

Oi lhhotogi, tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh strmiktbmi tbmor hopfgaltodrmfltogisbops wotb gof-prghudoik dguitroms tg misurm dgisostmit suppfy.

=.0.8 Blrimssoik rmimwl`fm mimrkyKovmi tbm roscs, tbmrm os ig toam egr LDO tg wlot tg hrlw up lih

oapfmamit lftmriltovm imw mimrky sdmilrogs. Xbm imxt <>—0> ymlrs

prgvohm l drotodlf woihgw `mdlusm sg audb imw mimrky hmvmfgpamit

woff `m pfliimh lih oapfmamitmh huroik tbos pmrogh. Agst imw

prghudtogi gvmrwbmfaoikfy elvgrs egssof eumfs. LDO bls lùihlit dglf

lih ilturlf kls, ùt os rmfltovmfy sbgrt ge druhm gof. @mtwmmi 0>>; lih

0>>2, mimrky prghudtogi oi tbm LDO rmkogi rgsm `y agrm tbli ?%, tg

0,?4< Atgm. Dglf lddguitmh egr 5=% ge prghudtogi, gof <4%, lih ilturlf

kls ?% (OML 0><<l).

Xbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm rodb oi dglf wbofm LTMLI os mihgwmh wotb

ilturlf kls. Xbm ^PD lddguits egr 58% ge tbm rmkogi‟s dglf lih Oihol

40.2%. Oihgimsol bls just 0.8% ge LDO dglf, Xbloflih >.;5%, lih Uomt

Ila fmss tbli >.<%. Ilturlf kls oi Oihgimsol lih Alflysol dgvmrs blfe ge

tbm tgtlf rmsmrvms oi LDO rmkogi, wbofm tbm tgtlf gof rmsmrvms oi Oihgimsol,

Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila alcm up 8>% ge tbm tgtlf (OML 0><<l).Xbm usm ge rmimwl`fm sgurdms‘oidfuhoik sgflr, woih, ògalss,

gdmli mimrky, byhrgpgwmr, lih kmgtbmralf pgwmr‘os krgwoik oi

LDO. Xbm rmkogi lfsg bls `mdgam l cmy hrovmr ge rmimwl`fm mimrky

tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit lih mxpgrt aliueldturmr ge mquopamit sudb

ls pbgtgvgftlod dmff lrrlys lih woih turòims. @ut rmimwl`fm sgurdms

lddguit egr fmss tbli <>% ge LDO‟s tgtlf mimrky aox (OML 0><<l). Agst

ge tblt os oi tbm egra ge flrkm byhrgpgwmr, oistlffltogis lih trlhotogilf

ògalss. @ut tbm smdtgr os krgwoik rlpohfy. Liiulf rmimwl`fm mimrky

oivmstamit rmldbmh $<50 òffogi oi 0>>?, lih rmimwl`fm sgurdms

rmprmsmitmh l`gut 0=% ge imw pgwmr dlpldoty lih <2% ge imw

oivmstamit oi dlpldoty (]IM^ lih @fgga`mrk 0><>). [bofm tbmsm

iua`mrs fggc oaprmssovm, bgwmvmr, LDO os stlrtoik erga l fgw `lsm.

Agrm rmimwl`fm mimrky hmvmfgpamit woff `m imdmsslry egr tbm LDO

mdgigaoms tg ammt euturm mimrky hmalih, plrtoduflrfy egr fgw-dlr`gi

mimrky. Lddgrhoik tg tbm [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> , euihs aly



<5>


`m lvlofl`fm oi sgam dguitroms ùt igt lffgdltmh gr lddmsso`fm egr

rmimwl`fm mimrky prgjmdts ([grfh @lic 0><>`).

Iudfmlr mimrky dgufh `m li oapgrtlit plrt ge LDO‟s rmimwl`fm

mimrky pgrtegfog. Dgistrudtogi ge iudfmlr pgwmr pflits bls sfuapmhsoidm tbm fltm <?2>s, bgwmvmr. Pmsmlrdb os urkmitfy immhmh tg bmfp

hmtmraoim tbm dgitroùtogi iudfmlr mimrky dli alcm, lih kgvmriamits

aly immh tg bmfp euih igt gify tbm dgistrudtogi ge pflits ùt lfsg

mhudltogi prgkrlas egr scoffmh tmdbiodolis wbg dli ùofh lih gpmrltm

tbma. Kgvmriamits lfsg aust bmfp eoih amtbghs egr hmlfoik slemfy

lih meemdtovmfy wotb tbm wlstm iudfmlr pflits kmimrltm, plrtoduflrfy oi

vomw ge tbm 0><< iudfmlr hoslstmr oi Jlpli.

=.0.= Hmvmfgpoik rmkogilf gr drgss-`grhmrmimrky oierlstrudturm

Kovmi tbmor kmgkrlpby lih mdgigaod rmsgurdms, tbm LDO mdgigaoms

lrm wmff pfldmh tg uihmrtlcm drgss-`grhmr mimrky prgjmdts tblt dli alcm

tbmor mimrky euturm agrm stl`fm lih smdurm. @y dggpmrltoik, tbm LDO

mdgigaoms dgufh lfsg rmhudm tbm dgst ge hmvmfgpoik lftmriltovm mimrky.

Jgoit hmvmfgpamit ge tbm Amcgik Povmr, egr oistlidm, dgufh oaprgvm

bgw tblt rmkogilf rmsgurdm os usmh. LDO lfsg dgufh mstl`fosb l jgoit gof

mamrkmidy systma soaoflr tg tblt ge tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidyama`mr dguitroms. Xbm rmkogi lfsg dli dgffl`grltm gi sblroik lih

trlisemrroik mimrky tmdbigfgkoms, alilkmamit ge strltmkod pmtrgfmua

stgdcs, lih gpmrltogi ge rmkogilf mfmdtrodoty lih kls imtwgrcs. LDO

rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi tbm mimrky smdtgr dgufh gddur oi tbm trlisemr

lih sblroik ge mimrky tmdbigfgkoms, alilkmamit ge strltmkod pmtrgfmua

stgdcs, lih oitmkrltogi ge mfmdtrodoty lih kls imtwgrcs.

Xbm LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi (L^LMD) dgufh

smrvm ls l `fumproit egr rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi mimrky alilkmamit

(LTMLI 0>>?). Cmy ldbomvmamits ge tbm L^LMD oidfuhm mstl`fosbamit ge

li LTMLI pgwmr kroh, l prgjmdt tblt woff dgst li mstoaltmh $=.? òffogi.

L trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim os tg `m mstl`fosbmh `y 0>0> (Eokurm =.4).

Tmvmrlf òfltmrlf lih mxtrl-rmkogilf mimrky dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms

oivgfvoik LDO lih Tgutb lih Dmitrlf Lsoli dguitroms lrm lfrmlhy

uihmrwly (@gx =.<). Xbm Flg ^HP lih Xbloflih, egr mxlapfm, blvm

oapfmamitmh smvmrlf jgoit byhrgpgwmr trlhm prgjmdts. Xbm agst



Eokurm =.4: Xrlis-LTMLI Kls opmfoim

Igtms: Xbm trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim os l rmkogilf kls imtwgrc tblt os tg m oi pfldm y 0>0>.

Ot oivgfvms dgistrudtogi ge 8,=>> cofgamtmrs (ca) ge popmfoims, aloify uihmrwltmr, lt l dgst ge $; offogi. Mokbt ofltmrlf kls

popmfoim oitmrdgiimdtogi prgjmdts, wotb l tgtlf fmiktb ge lpprgxoaltmfy 0,4>> ca, lrm durrmitfy gpmrltoik oi tbm rmkogi,

dgiimdtoik Alflysol lih Toiklpgrm, Aylialr lih Xbloflih, lih Oihgimsol lih Toiklpgrm, lagik gtbmrs. Xbortmmi

lhhotogilf popmfoims lrm tg m dgistrudtmh uihmr tbm pfli.

Tgurdm: LTMLI (0><>).

Ila Xbmui 0 ^rgjmdt (Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod)

Xbm Ila Xbmui 0 prgjmdt os tbm òkkmst byhrgpgwmr prgjmdt oi

tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod. Xbm prgjmdt dgitroùtms tg fgdlf

lih rmkogilf hmvmfgpamit, rmhudms pgvmrty, lih prgvohms l rmimwl`fm

lih dfmli mimrky sgurdm. Ot `mkli euff kmimrltogi smrvodm gi <= Alrdb

0><>, suppfyoik tbm Mfmdtrodoty Kmimrltoik Lutbgroty ge Xbloflih wotb

<,>>> amklwltts.

@gx =.<: @ofltmrlf/Mxtrl-Pmkogilf Mimrky Dggpmrltogi

Oivgfvoik tbm LDO Mdgigaoms

(Dgitoiumh) Tgurdm: LH@ (0><0d).


igtl`fm os Ila Xbmui 0, tbm Flg ^HP‟s òkkmst byhrg prgjmdt. Xbm

0=>-amklwltt Rmclali 4 byhrg prgjmdt, dgaaossogimh oi 0><>,

suppfoms mfmdtrodoty tg tbm Flg ^HP lih Uomt Ila. Gtbmr dgffl`grltovmbyhrgmfmdtrod gppgrtuiotoms oi tbm Flg ^HP oidfuhm mxplisogi ge tbm

5>-amklwltt Xbmui-Boi`gui prgjmdt tblt woff suppfy Xbloflih.

Tmm IX^D (0><0) egr agrm oiegraltogi.

4=

4=



Tgurdm: LH@ (0>>;`).

Tgurdm: LH@ (0><0h).

Tgurdm: @@D (0><>).

[mst Tmto Byhrgmfmdtrod ^rgjmdt (Implf)

Xbm <?=-amtmr bokb stgrlkm typm hla bls l dlpldoty ge

;=> amklwltts. L <40.=-cofgamtmr trlisaossogi foim mxtmihs tg tbm

Implf—Oihol `grhmr lt Albmihrlilklr oi tbm Cloflfo hostrodt. Ligtbmr

?2-cofgamtmr trlisaossogi oi ]ttlr ^rlhmsb foics ot tg tbm Oiholi kroh.

Xbm mstoaltmh oivmstamit os $8= aoffogi.

Xurcamiostli—Lekbliostli—^lcostli—Oihol (XLÔ)

Xbm $;.5 offogi, <,5>>-cofgamtmr kls popmfoim prgjmdt os suppgrtmh

`y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic. Ot bls tbm dlpldoty tg dlrry 44 òffogi

duòd emmt ge ilturlf kls pmr ymlr erga Xurcamiostli tg Lekbliostli,

dmitrlf ^lcostli, lih igrtbwmstmri Oihol. Dgistrudtogi os tg `m

dgapfmtmh `y 0><8.

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil — Pussoli Emhmrltogi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi

Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) bls sokimh l iua`mr ge

mimrky dggpmrltogi lkrmmamits wotb tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi. Xbmsm

lkrmmamits oidfuhm hmlfs gi kls suppfy, mimrky meeodomidy, rmimwl`fm

mimrky, lih iudfmlr mimrky. Xbm twg dguitroms blvm gpmimh l

<,>>>-cofgamtmr gof popmfoim erga Pussoli gof eomfhs oi mlstmri To`mrol

tg l prghudtogi lsm oi Hlqoik oi igrtbmlst PD. Oi ligtbmr lkrmmamit,

tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi woff dgaamidm suppfyoik ilturlf kls tg tbm

^PD oi 0><=.

<50


=.4 Xbm Fggaoik [ltmr Drosos

[ltmr os l votlf rmsgurdm lih l cmy oiput egr oihustry lih

lkrodufturm. Bgwmvmr, oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, tbm hmalih egr wltmr

os lfrmlhy gutstroppoik suppfy, lih tbos klp os prgjmdtmh tg krgw

dgisohmrl`fy. ^rgpmr alilkmamit ge wltmr smduroty os tbmrmegrm l

drotodlf ossum, gim tblt dgufh hmtmraoim wbmtbmr tbm rmkogi os bmlhmh

tgwlrh dggpmrltogi, dgapmtotogi, rovlfry, gr mvmi dgiefodt.

Xbm lvlofl`fm laguit ge ermsb wltmr pmr dlpotl oi Lsol os fmss tbli

blfe tbm kfg`lf liiulf lvmrlkm ge 5,42> duòd amtmrs pmr pmrsgi. [bmi tbm

mstoaltmh rmsmrvms ge rovmrs, flcms, lih lquoemrs lrm lhhmh up, LDO bls fmss

tbli blfe tbm ermsb wltmr pmr dlpotl ge Lerodl, gim-tborh tblt ge Murgpm,



Xl`fm =.=: [ltmr Alilkmamit Ossums oi Tblrmh Povmr @lsois

Ossum/Ulrol`fm Fgdltogi Hmsdroptogi/Ulfum

[ltmr rmsgurdms pmrdlpotll

(a4 /oiblòtlit/ymlr)

^PD 0,<<0

Oihol <,5<2

LTMLI <<,<<;

Kfg`lf Amholi 8,>80

[ltmr pgffutogi (0><>)

^PD08.4% ge aljgr rovmrs lih flcms uit egr liyusm, oidfuhoik oihustrolf

^PD~ <?> aoffogi rurlf oiblòtlits rmfy gi uislemhroicoik wltmr (0><0)

OiholGvmr 0>> hostrodts oi <? stltms blvm smvmrmfydgitlaoiltmh krguihwltmr (0>>2)

^gpufltogi wotbgutlddmss tg oaprgvmhwltmr sgurdm` (0><>)

^PD <<? aoffogi

Oihol ?; aoffogi

LTMLI ;4 aoffogi

[ltmr hmdot `y 0>4>(ls % ge hmalih)

^PD 0=% (<?? offogi a4)

Oihol =>% (;=8 offogi a4)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 a4 1 duòd amtmr3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Dboil.

Igtms:

l. Xbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi stlihlrh egr wltmr sdlrdoty os <,>>> a4 (ELG 0><<`).

Iltogilf gr rglh-sdlfm lkkrmkltms dli dgidmlf fgdlf gr smlsgilf sbgrtlkms. Egr mxlapfm, LTMLI

gvmrlff bls l rmfltovmfy bokb fmvmf ge pmr dlpotl wltmr rmsgurdms, ut sgam dotoms, sudb ls Aliofl, gr

plrtoduflr lrmls dgaagify mxpmromidm sbgrtlkms.

`. ‖Oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdm‑ rmemrs tg bgusmbgfh dgiimdtogis, pu`fod stlihpopms, `grmbgfms,

prgtmdtmh huk wmffs, prgtmdtmh sproiks, lih rloiwltmr dgffmdtogi ([BG lih ]IODME 0>>2).

Lftbgukb tbm oapfodltogi os lddmss tg l slemr wltmr sgurdm, tbos amlsurm hgms igt oivgfvm l hormdt

lssmssamit ge wltmr qulfoty.

Tgurdms: [BG/]IODME Jgoit Agiotgroik ^rgkrlaam egr [ltmr Tuppfy lih Tliotltogi gifoim

hltl`lsm3 PD Aoiostry ge [ltmr Pmsgurdms wm`sotm3 Pmutmrs (0><>)3 Bgwms lih [yrwgff (0><0l).

<58


purpgsms. [ltmr mxtrldtogi oi tbm rmkogi os mxpmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y l`gut gim-tborh gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs oi rmspgism tg mdgigaod

ldtovotoms (Zlclrol lih Fmotimr 0><<).

Tmvmrlf LDO mdgigaoms, sudb ls tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol, lih

Uomt Ila, lrm lagik tbm wgrfh‟s fmlst meeodomit usmrs ge wltmr. L

wltmr drosos tbrmltmis tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaod rosm lih mivorgiamitlf

sustloilòfoty. [ltmr bls lfsg mamrkmh ls l sgurdm ge oidrmlsoik

dgapmtotogi lih hosdgrh wotboi, `mtwmmi, lih lagik sgam LDO

iltogis, spurroik tmisogis gvmr sblrmh `lsoi rmsgurdms lih fgdlf

rmsostlidm tg kgvmriamit gr dgrpgrltm hmdosogis tg mstl`fosb wltmr-

oitmisovm oihustroms (Dbmffliy 0><0).

Povmrs lih krguih wltmr `lsois lrm getmi tomh wotb l iltogi‟s

mdgigaod ohmitoty. Gwimrsbop lih dgitrgf gvmr rmsgurdms, tbmrmegrm, os

dgisohmrmh drudolf tg iltogilf mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Xbos bls bmfpmh

kovm rosm tg krlih ùt mivorgiamitlffy qumstogil`fm ohmls, sudb ls

tbm krmlt wmstmri rgutm ge tbm ^PD tg hovmrt wltmr erga tbm Xo`mtli




^fltmlu tg ots plrdbmh igrtb, tbm Amcgik Povmr @lsoi hlas, lih tbm

igw-stlffmh prgpgslf oi Oihol tg foic up tbm dguitry‟s oapgrtlit rovmrs

(Liùagzbo, _laljo, lih Osfla 0>>0).

Tmvmrlf eldtgrs dgitroùtm tg tbm oapmihoik wltmr drosos oi LDO. Eorst,tbm rmkogi os tbm agst pgpufgus ls wmff ls tbm elstmst-hmvmfgpoik mdgigaod

`fgd oi tbm wgrfh. [bofm LDO dli oapgrt egssof eumfs, aoimrlf grms, lih

toa`mr mvmi erga hostlit flihs, tbmsm dguitroms aust alcm hg wotb tbmor

gwi wltmr rmsgurdms, l sokioeodlit sblrm ge wbodb os trlisiltogilf. Xbos

prgvohms sgam iltogis l strgik oidmitovm tg dgaalih oitmriltogilffy

sblrmh wltmr `megrm ot fmlvms tbmor iltogilf `grhmrs.

Ligtbmr eldtgr os tbm rosoik krgwtb ge dgisuaptogi ls LDO

`mdgams agrm prgspmrgus, lih tbos os offustrltmh `y dblikoik homts.

Egr oistlidm, LDO pmgpfm lrm mltoik agrm amlt tblt os vmry wltmr-

oitmisovm tg prghudm. Lfsg, orrokltogi os l aljgr dgitroùtgr tg LDO

wltmr strmss. Xbm ^PD lih Oihol agrm tbli hgu`fmh tbmor orrokltmh

drgpflih mtwmmi <?5> lih 0>>>. LDO lddguits egr blfe ge tbm orrokltmh

flih oi tbm wgrfh ùt tbmy wotbhrlw imlrfy tbrmm-qulrtmrs ge kfg`lf

ermsb wltmr egr lkrodufturm (ELG 0><<`).

Xbm imxus `mtwmmi wltmr lih eggh os drudolf oi LDO. Krgwtb oi

tbm gutput ge rodm lih wbmlt bls sfgwmh hgwi soidm tbm fltm <??>s

letmr hrlaltod krgwtb gvmr tbm prmvogus tbrmm hmdlhms, rlosoik

dgidmris tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m imt eggh oapgrtmrs `y 0>4>.

Xbm oitmriltogilf eggh alrcmt os igt dgisohmrmh tg `m flrkm migukbtg ammt aljgr oapgrt hmalih erga LDO. Xbm lkrodufturm lih wltmr

smdtgrs lrm bokbfy smisotovm tg dfoaltm dblikm, bmidm dblffmikms erga

hrgukbt, efgghs, lih agisggis dgufh lkkrlvltm eggh smduroty. Ot os

mstoaltmh tblt dfoaltm dblikm dgufh rmhudm lkrodufturlf yomfhs oi

hmvmfgpoik dguitroms `y <>%—0=%, wotb l pgtmitolf 8>% hmdfoim oi

Oihol (Dfoim 0>>;).

L eoilf eldtgr dgitroùtoik tg LDO wltmr strmss os tbm flrkm-sdlfm

oapguihamit ge wltmr rmsgurdms tbrgukb hlas, `lrrlkms, rmsmrvgors,

lih gtbmr ali-alhm strudturms wotbgut rmklrh egr fgik-tmra

mivorgiamitlf dgisohmrltogis (Liùagzbo lih Plhblcrosbili 0>>=).

]pstrmla hlas gi rovmrs sblrmh `y twg gr agrm iltogis gr prgvoidms

getmi dlrry `rglhmr sgdolf oapfodltogis hgwistrmla soidm tbmy dli

leemdt wltmr qulfoty lih qulitoty.

Xbm roscs tg Lsoli wltmr smduroty erga dfoaltm dblikm lrm

prgeguih. Xbmsm oidfuhm smvmrm wltmr sbgrtlkms hum tg hromr dfoaltms



<55


lih rmhudmh wltmr efgw erga Boalflyli kfldomrs. Tmvmrlf aljgr Lsoli

rovmrs‘oidfuhoik tbm Oihus, Klikms, Amcgik, _liktzm, lih _mffgw‘

grokoiltm oi tbm Boalflyls. Oe tbm sigw lih odm sbmmts oi tbm Boalflyls

dgitoium tg amft, wltmr suppfy oi audb ge Lsol woff `m hrlaltodlffyrmhudmh, pgtmitolffy fmlhoik tg dgiefodt. Huroik tbm <??>s, tbm

Boalflyli kfldolf alss sbrlic tbrmm toams elstmr tbli tbm pldm ge tbm

prmvogus hmdlhm, lih hltl sukkmst ot aly hoslppmlr `y tbm mih ge tbos

dmitury (]IH^ 0>>;).

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms aust tlcm ldtogi lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf,

lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tg rmvmrsm dfoaltm dblikm roscs lih miblidm wltmr

lih mimrky smduroty. Xbm òk pgfody qumstogi egr rmkogilf ldtogi os:

bgw dli LDO prmvmit tbm sblrpmioik strukkfm egr wltmr rmsgurdms erga

`mdgaoik l sgurdm ge dgvmrt dgiefodt7 Xg dgitloi tbm smduroty roscs, LDO

aust oivmst agrm oi oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi gi trlis`guihlry

`lsoi rmsgurdms tg uihmrpoi strltmkod stlòfoty, prgtmdt dgitoiumh

mdgigaod krgwtb, lih prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloilòfoty. Xbmy

aust lfsg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm `y lhhrmssoik ossums sudb tbm igi-

lvloflòfoty ge oivmstamit euihs, fldc ge drmhotwgrtboimss ge utofotoms,

uiwoffoikimss ge pgfotodolis tg dblrkm egr tbm usm ge wltmr, fgw dlpldoty

ge smrvodm prgvohmrs oi tbm pu`fod smdtgr, lih wmlc wltmr rmsgurdms

alilkmamit (LH@ 0><<`).

Oitmkrltmh pgfodoms lrm lfsg rmquormh tg alilkm tbm imxus `mtwmmi

wltmr lih mimrky egr dgaagi `mimeot. Egr oistlidm, tbm dggpmrltogioi byhrgpgwmr kmimrltogi lagik tbm flihfgdcmh dguitroms lfgik tbm

Amcgik Povmr bls igt gify gpmimh up l cmy sgurdm ge mfmdtrodoty oi

Lsol, ùt ot os lfsg mxpmdtmh tg dgitroùtm sokioeodlitfy tg tbm mdgigaod

krgwtb ge imlr`y dguitroms tbrgukb trlhm ge mfmdtrodoty (]I, [grfh

@lic, lih Iltogilf Hmvmfgpamit lih Pmegra Dgaaossogi 0>>8).

Xrlis`guihlry wltmr trmltoms dli lfsg pfly li oapgrtlit rgfm.

Gify egur ge tbm =; trlisiltogilf rovmr `lsois oi Lsol blvm trmltoms

dgvmroik wltmr sblroik gr gtbmr oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi. Xbm

l`smidm ge sudb lrrlikmamits alcms wltmr dgapmtotogi l aljgr

smduroty rosc, oidrmlsoik tbm focmfobggh ge kmgpgfotodlf oistlòfoty.

Tgam mstoaltms sbgws tblt `y trlhoik oi vortulf wltmr, Lsol ls l

Xbm wltmr usmh oi tbm prghudtogi prgdmss ge li lkrodufturlf gr oihustrolf prghudt os

dlffmh ‖vortulf wltmr.‑ Xbos wltmr os dgitloimh oi tbm eoilf prghudt. Oe l dguitry mxpgrts l wltmr-

oitmisovm prghudt tg ligtbmr dguitry, ot tbmrmegrm mxpgrts wltmr oi vortulf egra. Dguitroms

wotb lùihlit wltmr dli suppgrt wltmr-strmssmh dguitroms (smm bttp://www.wltmreggtproit.

grk/Pmpgrts/Pmpgrt<0.phe).

45

45




wbgfm dgufh rmhudm ots wltmr usm egr orrokltogi `y up tg <0% tbrgukb

oidrmlsmh dmrmlf oapgrts (Bgmcstrl 0>>4). Bmidm, krmltmr plrtimrsbops

oi hoeemrmit hoamisogis lrm mssmitolf tg rmegra wltmr kgvmrilidm oi

Lsol. Tudb plrtimrsbops sbgufh tlrkmt gim dgaagi kglf‘hmfovmroikwltmr meeodomitfy lih alilkoik ot sustloil`fy (LH@ 0><<`).

[otb ots auftotuhm ge oitmr-dguitry rovmr `lsois, LDO dli dgitoium

tg prgspmr y uofhoik pgfotodlf lih tmdbigfgkodlf plrtimrsbops tblt woff

bmfp stlòfozm oitmr-roplroli rmfltogisbops, midgurlkm oaprgvmh wltmr

meeodomidy, prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloilòfoty, tlcm gi prldtodl`fm

dgismrvltogi strltmkoms, lih oivmst oi dfmli wltmr tmdbigfgkoms. Xbmrm

os lfsg l immh egr oidrmlsmh oivmstamit erga tbm provltm smdtgr,

plrtoduflrfy oi alilkoik lih hmfovmroik wltmr smrvodms lih oi utofozoik

lpprgproltm tmdbigfgky lih oiigvltogis tg miblidm meeodomidy lih

prghudtovoty oi wltmr usm.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms immh pgfodoms, pfliioik, lih ldtogi tg lhhrmss

roscs tg tbm dfgsm imxus `mtwmmi wltmr, mimrky, lih eggh. Xbmsm

amlsurms aust `m dgaprmbmisovm, oitmkrltmh, lih systmaltod‘lih

mxmdutmh lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs.

=.8 Aguitoik Mdgfgkodlf

DblffmikmsLDO‟s rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi os mxldmr`ltoik tbm smrogus roscs tg

tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mivorgiamit. Xbmy oidfuhm rosoik krmmibgusm

kls maossogis, wgrsmioik lor pgffutogi, lih hmkrlhltogi ge flih.

Xbmrm os l bokb dgrrmfltogi `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt

dgisuam tbm agst altmrolfs lih tbgsm tblt maot tbm agst DG0. Altmrolf

amtl`gfosa lih mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis lrm dfgsmfy foicmh ldrgss

dguitroms lt vmry hoeemrmit hmvmfgpamit stlkms lih wotb vmry hoeemrmit

fmvmfs ge KH^ pmr dlpotl. Xbm ^PD‟s DG0 maossogis lrm mxpmdtmh tg

oidrmlsm lfagst twgegfh (oi dgaplrosgi wotb 0><> maossogi fmvmfs),

tg <4.4 òffogi amtrod tgis oi 0>4> (Xl`fm =.5). Toaoflrfy, Oihol‟s DG 0

maossogis lrm mxpmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y lfagst twg toams tbm fmvmf ge

0><>, tg 0.? òffogi tgis oi 0>4>. Maossogis erga LTMLI ls l wbgfm

lfsg woff lfsg rgukbfy hgu`fm oi 0>4> erga 0>>? maossogi fmvmfs.



Xl`fm =.5: DG0 Maossogis `y LDO Mdgigaoms (aoffogi tgis)

<??> 0><> 0>4>

LTMLI* 804 <,<?< 0,>;?

^PD 0,02? ;,0<8 <4,0?>

Oihol =20 <,54= 0,2=5

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi

hogxohm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: *0><> hltl egr LTMLI lrm igt lvlofl`fm. 0>>? hltl blvm mmi usmh.

Tgurdms: <??>, 0>>?, lih 0><> kurms erga OML (0><<`) lih [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim.

bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh Jufy 0><0)3 0>4>

kurms erga Eli lih @blttldblryly (0><0).

<52


=.8.< Lor pgffutogiGuthggr lor pgffutogi os l dgaagi `y-prghudt ge oihustrolf

prghudtogi, agtgrozmh trlispgrt, lih, oihmmh, tbm dmitrlf hrovmrs ge

kfg`lf mdgigaod krgwtb gvmr tbm plst dmitury. Oihggr lor pgffutogi, `y

dgitrlst, os rmklrhmh ls l syaptga ge uihmrhmvmfgpamit. Hum tg tbm

l`smidm ge leegrhl`fm lftmriltovms, aliy bgusmbgfhs ùri huik lih

toa`mr egr mimrky. Ls l dgismqumidm, lor pgffutogi os l proalry dlusm

ge offimss lih hmltb oi `gtb Lsol‟s krgwoik dotoms lih tbm pggr rurlf

lrmls. Xbm prg`fma uihmraoims tbm prghudtovoty lih oidgam ge tbm

fl`gr egrdm, mxldtoik l bmlvy mdgigaod tgff. Lddgrhoik tg gim stuhy,tbm liiulf wmfelrm fgss lssgdoltmh wotb lor pgffutogi oi 0>>= oi tbm

^PD laguitmh tg $<=< òffogi (Altus mt lf. 0><<).

Aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm bokb fmvmfs ge lor pgffutogi. Xl`fm =.;

sbgws tblt amlsurms vlry erga ls fottfm ls lrguih 0> aodrgkrlas pmr

duòd amtmr egr dguitroms focm tbm ^bofoppoims lih Alflysol tg agrm

tbli tbrmm toams tblt egr Oihgimsol, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol. Xbmrm lrm

sokioeodlitfy agrm pgffutlits oi tbm lor ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol tbli oi

agst LTMLI dguitroms. Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi lfsg vlroms lagik tbm

LDO mdgigaoms, rmkostmroik ?5% egr Dla`ghol lih ?;% egr Toiklpgrm,

ùt gify ;5% oi Oihgimsol lih ;4% oi `gtb tbm ^PD lih Uomt Ila

(Xl`fm =.;).

Lor pgffutogi dgaagify mxdmmhs slem fmvmfs oi dotoms ldrgss

hmvmfgpoik Lsol (Eokurm =.8). Maossogis ge igxogus kls lih plrtodufltm

Lutbgrs‟ dgivmrsogi ge rmpgrtmh mstoaltm ge $<<<.= òffogi (<??; hgfflrs).4;

4;



Xl`fm =.;: Lor \ulfoty Tltoseldtogi oi LDO

Lor pgffutogi(aodrgkrlas pmr duòd amtmr)

Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi(%)

LTMLI

@ruimo Hlrusslfla =>.5 IL

Dla`ghol 8<.0 ?5.>

Oihgimsol ;0.8 ;5.>

Flg ^HP 42.= 2?.>

Alflysol 0>.> 24.>

Aylialr 85.< 22.>

^bofoppoims <2.; 2;.>

Toiklpgrm 4>.2 ?;.>

Xbloflih ==.4 20.>

Uomt Ila =0.; ;4.>

^PD* 5=.5 ;4.>

Oihol =?.0 25.>

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg HP 1 Flg

^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtms: *Hltl egr tbm PD oidfuhm tbgsm egr Xlopmo,Dboil. Lor pgffutogi oidfuhms dguitry-fmvmf hltl

wbodb sbgw aodrgkrlas pmr duòd amtmr ge fmss tbli <> aodrgi plrtodfms wbodb oidfuhm sufeltm,

iotrltm, mfmamitlf lih grkliod dlr`gi, sghoua, lih laagioua. Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi hltl sbgw

pmrdmitlkm ge rmspgihmits wbg lrm sltosmh wotb tbmor lor qulfoty.

Tgurdms: LH@O (0><0l). Lor pgffutogi hltl erga [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs. bttp://hltl.

wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh 0><<). Lor qulfoty hltl erga

Klffup [grfh ^gff hltl`lsm (0><>). www.klffup.dga.


alttmr erga sgurdms sudb ls agtgr vmbodfms lih oihustry, dgaòimh

wotb tbm krgwtb ge ur`li pgpufltogis mxpgsmh tg tbma, blvm dgitroùtmh

tg oidrmlsms oi rmsporltgry offimssms lih dlidmr (BMO 0><>). \ulb lih

@ggi (0>>4) rmvomwmh smvmrlf stuhoms gi tbm meemdts ge lor pgffutogi gibuali bmlftb oi smvmrlf hmvmfgpoik dotoms lih eguih tblt tbm pmr dlpotl

mdgigaod dgsts rlikm erga $<= tg $08; pmr ymlr. Lsol lddguits egr li

mstoaltmh 5=% ge kfg`lf hmltbs lttroùtmh tg ur`li lor pgffutogi (Dgbmi

mt lf. 0>>=). Xbmrm blvm `mmi rmdmit sokioeodlit oaprgvmamits oi LDO

oi lkkrmkltm (DLO 0><>). @ut wotbgut rmimwmh aotokltogi meegrts, sudb

ls tokbtmr maossogis stlihlrhs lih strgikmr agiotgroik prgkrlas, tbm

sotultogi ldrgss tbm rmkogi dgufh hmtmrogrltm dgisohmrl`fy.

Plpoh ur`liozltogi woff focmfy oidrmlsm lor pgffutogi. Ls igtmh oi

Dblptmr 0, tbm ur`li pgpufltogis ge tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih LTMLI lrm




pgffutlits erga aljgr oihustrolf lrmls oi tbm ^PD (Bulik 0><>). Egrmst

eorms dli lhh tg ur`li prg`fmas.

Aotokltoik oihggr lor pgffutogi prmsmits hoeemrmit dblffmikms.

^gvmrty dlusms gvmr 0 òffogi pmgpfm oi hmvmfgpoik Lsol tg usm sgfoheumfs, oidfuhoik ògalss lih dglf, egr dggcoik lih bmltoik (OML 0><>).

^lrtodufltm alttmr, dlr`gi agigxohm, lih gtbmr blraeuf dbmaodlfs

hlalkm tbm fuiks ge pmgpfm, dlusoik dlidmr lih l vlromty ge offimssms.

Hlofy mxpgsurm tg plrtodufltm alttmr oi hmvmfgpoik Lsol bls `mmi

mstoaltmh tg `m mokbt tg gvmr <>> toams slem fmvmfs hmtmraoimh `y tbm

[grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi ([BG) (Pmbeumss, @rudm, lih Taotb 0><<).

Ls l dgismqumidm, tbm [BG mstoaltms tblt agrm tbli < aoffogi hmltbs

mldb ymlr lrm hormdtfy lttroùtl`fm tg oihggr lor pgffutogi oi LTMLI,

tbm ^PD, lih Oihol ([BG 0>>?).

=.8.0 Hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogiEgrmsts lrm sgurdms ge fovmfobggh ls wmff ls l aljgr dlr`gi soic.

[ohmsprmlh hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi lrm bokbfy voso`fm

mxlapfms ge tbm uisustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit plttmri ge LDO. Ot bls

`mdgam oidrmlsoikfy lpplrmit tbrgukbgut tbm rmkogi tblt tbm mihuroik

mdgigaod dgsts erga uisustloil`fm flih usm uftoaltmfy gvmrwbmfa tbm

agrm oaamholtm klois. Hmegrmstltogi lih gvmr-duftovltogi lrm fmlhoik

tg hmdfoioik sgof prghudtovoty lih eggh gutput.Lftbgukb mstoaltms hoeemr gi tbm prmdosm sdlfm ge hmegrmstltogi oi

LDO, tbmy lff tmff tbm slam stgry: tbm rmkogi‟s egrmstry rmsgurdms lrm

`moik hmkrlhmh lt l alssovm rltm (Xl`fm =.2).

Oi eldt, oaprgvmh rmkufltogis mfsmwbmrm oi Lsol, plrtoduflrfy oi

tbm ^PD, lrm dgitroùtoik tg dgitoiuoik hmegrmstltogi oi tbmsm LTMLI

dguitroms (Hmaurkmr, _ulizblg, lih [moygik 0>>;). Egr mxlapfm, tbm

mxplisogi ge plfa gof pflitltogis os l aljgr hrovmr ge hmegrmstltogi

oi Oihgimsol lih Alflysol (Eotzbmr`mrt mt lf. 0>>2), wbodb lddguit egr

agrm tbli 2=% ge kfg`lf plfa gof mxpgrts. Xbm ^PD lih Oihol lddguit

egr 8=% ge kfg`lf oapgrts (ELG 0><<`). Toaoflr trmihs blvm mamrkmh oi

tbm Lsoli toa`mr trlhm (Amyergoht, Puhmf, lih Flaòi 0><>).

Egr mxlapfm, Umrdbgt mt lf. (0><>) qugtm kgvmriamit stltostods ge <.0 aoffogi bmdtlrms

pmr ymlr. ELG (0><<l) rmpgrts 8?2,>>> bmdtlrms pmr ymlr. Tudb hosdrmplidoms lrm dgaagi lih

lrosm erga tbm hoeeoduftoms ge amlsuroik sudb l hyilaod lih kmgkrlpbodlffy hospmrsm ossum.

42

42



Xl`fm =.2: Tmfmdtmh Flih Ttltostods egr Lsol

Ossum/Ulrol`fm Fgdltogi Hmsdroptogi/Ulfum

Liiulf rltm ge dblikmoi egrmst lrml(0>>>—0><>)

^PD <.5% (0,?25,>>> bmdtlrms)

Oihol >.=% (4>8,>>> bmdtlrms)

Oihgimsol ->.=% (-8?2,>>> bmdtlrms)

Alflysol ->.=% (-<<8,>>> bmdtlrms)

Dla`ghol -<.4% (-<8=,>>> bmdtlrms)

Aylialr ->.?% (-4<>,>>> bmdtlrms)

^mrdmitlkm ge iltogilftmrrotgry su`jmdt tgflih hmkrlhltogi(<?2<—0>>4)

^PD 00.25%

Oihol <2.>0%

Xbloflih 5>.<5%

Oihgimsol =4.5<%

^mrdmitlkm ge tmrrotgry

su`jmdt tg mrgsogi

^PD 4;.0%

Oihol 48%

^mrdmitlkm hmdfoimoi lrml ge lrl`fm flih(<??>—0>>2)

^PD <8% (~<= aoffogi bmdtlrms)

Oihol 0.?% (~8.5 aoffogi bmdtlrms)

Xbloflih <=% (~0.0 aoffogi bmdtlrms)


Tgurdm: Bgwms lih [yrwgff (0><0l).

<;0


Tltmffotm-`lsmh g`smrvltogis ge Oihgimsol‟s flrkmst flih alssms,

Tualtrl lih Clfoalitli, blvm rmvmlfmh tblt =.8 aoffogi bmdtlrms wmrm

hmegrmstmh `mtwmmi 0>>> lih 0>>2 rmprmsmitoik =.4% ge lff flih lrml

lih ?.0% ge lff egrmst dgvmr oi 0>>> (@rgodb mt lf. 0><<). Hmegrmstltogioi Oihgimsol os hum proalrofy tg hmalih egr toa`mr lih dgivmrsogi ge

flih oitg plfa gof pflitltogis, ls wmff ls tbm mxplisogi ge su`sostmidm

elraoik (Umrdbgt mt lf. 0><>).

Flih hmkrlhltogi os l aljgr mdgigaod ossum mdlusm, focm sueeodomit

ermsb wltmr, prghudtovm flih os imdmsslry egr eggh smduroty. Oi Oihol,

tbm kgvmriamit mstoaltms tblt imlrfy blfe ge tbm dguitry‟s flih os

hmkrlhmh. ^ggr alilkmamit prldtodms, plrtoduflrfy oi lkrodufturm,

blvm dlusmh sgof mrgsogi, rosoik slfoioty, dgitlaoiltogi `y pmstodohms,

lih gtbmr ossums (Kgvmriamit ge Oihol 0>>?). Oi tbm ^PD, hmspotm

mxtmisovm flih rmstgrltogi prgjmdts, lrl`fm flih dgitoiums tg sbroic

hum tg mrgsogi lih pgffutogi (Fou lih Plvmi 0><>).

Ge plrtoduflr dgidmri os tbm lhvlidm ge hmsmrtoeodltogi‘tbm

trlisegraltogi ge lrl`fm gr bl`otl`fm flih tg hmsmrt‘oi igrtbmri ^PD.

Lftbgukb hrovmi proidoplffy `y dfoaltm dblikm lih kmgagrpbgfgkodlf

prgdmssms, hmsmrtoeodltogi bls `mmi mxldmr`ltmh `y buali ldtovotoms lih




tbrmltmis tbm fovmfobggh ge gvmr 0>> aoffogi pmgpfm ([lik mt lf. 0>>2).

Xbrgukbgut Tgutbmlst Lsol, tbm hrloilkm ge swlapy pmlt flih, usulffy

oitmihmh egr lkrodufturlf purpgsms, bls dlusmh flih tg su`sohm,

`mdgam bokbfy ldohod, lih, bmidm uieot egr liy usm (LTMLI ^mltflihsEgrmsts wm`sotm). Xbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi mstoaltms

tblt oi twg-tborhs ge LTMLI iltogis (mxdfuhoik Toiklpgrm) 8>% ge flih

sueemrs erga motbmr smvmrm gr vmry smvmrm hmkrlhltogi hum tg buali

ldtovotoms (ELG 0><<`).

[mlc oistotutogilf dlpldoty lih fgdlf kgvmrilidm, lih dgrruptogi

lrm dmitrlf tg tbm prg`fmas ge hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi oi

LDO `mdlusm tbmy foaot tbm strmiktb ge iltogilf flws. Offmklf fgkkoik

oi kgvmriamit-alilkmh lrmls os dgaagi. Gtbmr hrovmrs oidfuhm

tbm sbgrt-tmra eoilidolf kloi oi rmkogilf oidgam lih mapfgyamit

lssgdoltmh wotb hmegrmstltogi ldtovotoms, plrtoduflrfy oi Oihgimsol

(Xlddgio, Jgtzg, lih Krletgi 0>>2). Kgvmriamit pgfodoms oi tbm

<?2>s tblt midgurlkmh flih-usm dblikms lih tbm hmdmitrlfozltogi ge

kgvmrilidm lfsg blvm dgitroùtmh (Bmrlwlto lih Tlitgsg 0><<3 Lrigfh

0>>2). Hmdosogi-alcoik oi tbm oitmrmst ge fgik-tmra sustloilòfoty

os alhm agrm hoeeoduft `y fgkkoik lih plfa gof dgaplioms, `gtb

hgamstodlffy lih egrmoki gwimh, tblt usm tbmor oiefumidm gvmr rmkogilf

mdgigaoms tg mxtrldt elvgrl`fm trmltamit erga pgfotodolis.

=.= Alilkoik LDO‟s Maossogis

=.=.< Krmmibgusm kls maossogisMaossogis ge dlr`gi hogxohm (DG0) lih gtbmr krmmibgusm klsms lrm

dblikoik tbm bmlt `lflidm oi tbm fgwmr ltagspbmrm, fmlhoik tg kfg`lf

wlraoik. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms maottmh ?.< òffogi tgis ge DG0 oi 0>>2,

l`gut 4>% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf (OML 0><>). LDO maots audb agrm DG0

rmfltovm tg tbm sozm ge ots mdgigay‘<.0< cofgkrlas (ck) egr mvmry ]T

hgfflr ge KH^ ls ge 0>>2‘tbli tbm kfg`lf lvmrlkm ge >.;4 ck (Eokurm =.=).

Xbm ^PD os LDO‟s òkkmst lih elstmst-krgwoik sgurdm ge DG0. Xbm

^PD‟s 5.= òffogi tgis ge maossogis oi 0>>2 lddguitmh egr 0<% ge tbm

Egr mxlapfm, tbm @rgodb mt lf. (0><<) stuhy eguih tblt 0>% ge hmegrmstltogi gddurrmh oi

fmklffy prgtmdtmh lrmls.

4?

4?



Eokurm =.5: LTMLI DG0 Maossogis `y Tmdtgr, 0>>2 (aoffogi tgis)

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm.

Tgurdm: OML (0><>).

Eokurm =.=: Dblikm ge LDO‟s DG0 Maossogis Pmfltovm tg Krgss

Hgamstod ^rghudt (ckDG0 /$, 0>>> prodms)

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3

ck 1 co fgkrlas3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: OML (0><>).

<;8


wgrfh tgtlf. Xbm kmimrltogi ge bmlt lih mfmdtrodoty wls rmspgiso`fm

egr lrguih blfe ge tbm DG0 maossogis, wotb aliueldturoik oihustroms

lih dgistrudtogi dgitro`utoik 4=%. Xbm oitmisoty ge tbm ^PD‟s DG0

maossogis‘0.4> ck pmr hgfflr ge KH^‘os mxdmptogilffy bokb. Oihol




maots fmss DG0 rmfltovm tg tbm sozm ge ots mdgigay lih pgpufltogi‘

lih bls dgitoiugusfy rmhudmh maossogis oi tmras ge DG0 pmr KH^

soidm <??=. LTMLI lddguitmh egr <.>5 òffogi tgis ge DG0 maossogis oi

0>>2, gr 4.=% ge kfg`lf maossogis, lih krgwtb bls sfgwmh soidm 0>>>.Oihgimsol, Xbloflih, lih Alflysol lrm tbm tgp tbrmm DG0 maottmrs oi

LTMLI, wbmrm tbm òkkmst sgurdms lrm mfmdtrodoty lih bmlt kmimrltogi

(Eokurm =.5). Aliueldturoik oihustroms lih dgistrudtogi prghudmh tbm

flrkmst maossogis oi Uomt Ila. Pmfltovm tg KH^, DG0 maossogis blvm

hmdfoimh oi Toiklpgrm, tbm ^bofoppoims, Oihgimsol, lih Xbloflih.

=.=.0 Dfoaltm dblikmXbm mvohmidm ge dfoaltm dblikm os gvmrwbmfaoik (O^DD 0>>;). Xbm

mdgigaod lih bmlftb oapfodltogis egr LDO lrm flrkm. Ls gim ge tbm

wgrfh‟s fmlhoik sgurdms ge mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis, tbm rmkogi

bls li migragus stlcm lih lfsg l kfg`lf rmspgisoòfoty tg bmfp aotokltm

kfg`lf wlraoik.

Xbm aloi hmtmraoilits ge dlr`gi maossogis y tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘

lih tbus tbmor dgitroùtogi tg dfoaltm dblikm‘lrm tbmor mdgigaod

strudturm, rmsgurdm mihgwamits, lih oapgrt hmpmihmidy. ^roalry

rmsgurdm mxtrldtogi lih prgdmssoik oihustroms kmimrlffy lrm fmss-

meeodomit usmrs ge mimrky lih rmsgurdms tbli hmvmfgpmh aliueldturoik

lih smrvodms (Bgwms lih [yrwgff 0><0`). Dguitroms wotb foaotmhmihgwamits ge dglf lih gtbmr ilturlf rmsgurdms tmih tg m agrm meeodomit

dgisuamrs tbli iltogis wotb lùihlit rmsgurdms (TMPO 0><>). Dguitroms

tblt oapgrt bokb sblrms ge tbmor rlw altmrolfs lfsg usm rmsgurdms agrm

meeodomitfy tbli tbgsm tblt mxtrldt lih prgdmss rlw altmrolfs wotboi

tbmor `grhmrs. Xbos dlffs egr tbm usm ge agrm dgaprmbmisovm oihodltgrs

tg amlsurm altmrolf dgisuaptogi lih mvlfultm prghudtovoty, oidfuhoik

tbm upstrmla trlhm efgws (Clforljli 0><0).

=.=.4 Hmdgupfoik krgwtb erga maossogisPmdgkiozoik tbmsm roscs, aliy LDO iltogis lrm lssokioik krmltmr

wmokbt tg mivorgiamitlf dgidmris oi tbmor mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit

strltmkoms. Tmvmrlf blvm dgaaottmh tg smfe-oapgsmh dgistrloits gi

krgwtb ge tbmor dlr`gi maossogis. Xbm ^PD smt l tlrkmt ge rmhudoik

krmmibgusm kls maossogis pmr hgfflr ge KH^ `y 8>%—8=% ge 0>>= fmvmfs



Xl`fm =.?: DG0 Maossogis Pmhudtogi ^fmhkms `y LDO, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml

Dguitry Maossogi rmhudtogi tlrkmt y 0>0> lih aotokltogi ldtogis @lsm

^PD

Mihmlvgr tg fgwmr DG0 maossogi oitmisoty ge KH^ y 8>%—8=% y

• Oidrmlsoik tbm sblrm ge igi-egssof eumfs oi proalry mimrky dgisuaptogi tg <=%

• Oidrmlsoik egrmst dgvmrlkm `y 8> aoffogi bmdtlrms

• Oidrmlsoik egrmst stgdc vgfuam `y <.4 òffogi duòd amtmrs

0>>=

Oihol

Mihmlvgr tg rmhudm tbm maossogi oitmisoty ge KH^ `y 0>%—0=%, mxdfuhoik lkrodufturm,tbrgukb

• Oidrmlsoik tbm erldtogi ge mfmdtrodoty hmrovmh erga woih, sgflr, lih salff byhrg tg 0>%oi 0>0> (erga 2% oi 0>>=)

• Lhgptoik ùofhoik mimrky dghms `y 0><0

• Lhgptoik eumf mffldomidy stlihlrhs `y 0><<

• Oidrmlsoik egrmst dgvmr tg smqumstmr <>% ge liiulf maossogis

0>>=

Oihgimsol

Ldbomvm 05% rmhudtogi tbrgukb

• Tustloil`fm pmlt flih alilkmamit

• Pmhudoik hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi

• Dlr`gi smqumstrltogi prgjmdts oi egrmstry lih lkrodufturm

• ^rgagtoik mimrky mffldomidy, rmimwl`fm mimrky, lih fgw-dlr`gi trlispgrt

@L]

JlpliLdbomvm 0=% rmhudtogi, `lsmh gi tbm lssuaptogi ge l elor lih mmdtovm oitmriltogilferlamwgrc wotb tbm plrtodopltogi ge lff aljgr mdgigaoms lkrmmoik tg tbm smt tlrkmts

<??>

Pmpu`fod ge CgrmlLdbomvm 4>% rmhudtogi `mfgw prgjmdtmh fmvmfs `y 0>0>, wbodb mqultms tg lpprgxoaltmfy 8%`mfgw 0>>= fmvmfs

@L]

Alflysol Ldbomvm 8>% rmhudtogi mfgw 0>>= fmvmfs y 0>0> @L]

Toiklpgrm Ldbomvm <5% rmhudtogi tbrgukb fmklffy-òihoik kfg`lf lkrmmamit @L]

Xbloflih Ldbomvm 4>% rmhudtogi mfgw usoimss ls usulf @L]

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod

prghudt3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdms: ]IEDDD (0><>l3 0><>`).

<;5


`y 0>0>. Oihol tlrkmtmh l 0>%—0=% rmhudtogi huroik tbm slam pmrogh,lih Oihgimsol pfmhkmh tg rmhudm maossogis `y 05% `mfgw ùsoimss-ls-

usulf fmvmfs `y 0>0>. Xbmsm tlrkmts ge tbm mamrkoik LDO mdgigaoms,

bgwmvmr, lrm laòtogus. Xg ldbomvm tbma, tbm LDO mdgigaoms immh tg

tlcm strgik ldtogi lih hmvmfgp oiigvltovm ohmls lih pgfodoms, `gtb

oihovohulffy lih dgffmdtovmfy (Xl`fm =.?).

Xbm ^PD‟s <0tb Eovm _mlr ^fli (0><<—0><=) pfldms ‖krmmi krgwtb‑

lt tbm dmitmr ge ots hmvmfgpamit pltb, wotb laòtogus tlrkmts egr

rmimwl`fm mimrky, dlr`gi oitmisoty, mimrky meeodomidy, lih maossogis ge

aljgr pgffutlits, lagik gtbmrs (Zblik 0><<). Xbm Oiholi kgvmriamit

bls soaoflr kglfs lih vomws mimrky lih wltmr smduroty ls euihlamitlf

tg mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit (Altbur 0><<). Oihgimsol (^ltuiru 0><<),

Xbloflih (Dbgtodbliltblwmwgik 0><<), Uomt Ila (Xgli 0><<), lih

Toiklpgrm (Hgsbo 0><<) egralffy rmdgkiozm tbm imdmssoty ge fgw-dlr`gi

krmmi krgwtb. [bofm mimrky rmsgurdm meeodomidy bls oidrmlsmh sokioeodlitfy

gvmr tbm plst 0> ymlrs oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms, mdgigaod krgwtb bls




agrm tbli geesmt tbmsm klois. Meegrts tbmrmegrm aust `m oitmisoeomh tg

alcm euturm mdgigaod krgwtb oi Lsol krmmimr lih eurtbmr hmdgupfmh

erga altmrolf dgisuaptogi lih mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis.

Oi tbos dgitmxt, ot os mssmitolf tg hoeemrmitoltm `mtwmmi rmsgurdmmeeodomidy lih l`sgfutm fmvmfs ge rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi. Erga li

mivorgiamitlf pgoit ge vomw, l foaot gr mvmi l hmdrmlsm oi l`sgfutm

fmvmfs ge mimrky dgisuaptogi os drudolf3 oidrmlsoik rmsgurdm meeodomidy

dli `m l cmy strltmky tg ldbomvm tbos g`jmdtovm.

Xbm dblffmikm egr tbm hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms os tg eurtbmr

hmdgupfm krgwtb erga rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi. Dguitroms wotb bokb lih

amhoua fmvmfs ge mimrky lih rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi sbgufh oapfmamit

tlrkmtmh pgfodoms tg hrlstodlffy oidrmlsm rmsgurdm meeodomidy lih hmdrmlsm

rmsgurdm tbrgukbput. ^lttmris ge mxdmssovm dgisuaptogi immh tg `m

ohmitoeomh lih lhhrmssmh. Xbm hyilaod mamrkoik mdgigaoms sbgufh

lfsg alcm mimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy l progroty oi `uofhoik up tbmor

oierlstrudturm, sudb ls `y prgagtoik mimrky-meeodomit `uofhoiks lih

trlispgrt systmas lih `y oaprgvoik tbm usm ge rmsgurdms oi oihustroms

sudb ls amtlfs, dbmaodlfs, lih pufp lih plpmr. Xbm dblffmikm os tg

lvgoh `moik fgdcmh oitg altmrolf lih mimrky-oitmisovm hmvmfgpamit

trljmdtgroms tblt fmlh tg bokb fmvmfs ge pmr dlpotl dgisuaptogi.

Bgwmvmr, tbm pggr lih hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms wotb vmry fgw

dgisuaptogi fmvmfs immh tg eorst ldbomvm l aoioaua fmvmf ge altmrolf

lih mimrky dgisuaptogi. Tgam pggr iltogis dgisuam gify < gr 0 tgisge rmsgurdms pmr dlpotl, igt migukb tg sltosey mvmi `lsod immhs sudb

ls eggh, sbmftmr, bmlftb, lih mhudltogi. Egr sudb dguitroms, krgwtb oi

l`sgfutm mimrky dgisuaptogi os immhmh tg oidrmlsm wmff-`moik. Bmidm,

rmhudoik pgvmrty os focmfy tg rmaloi l bokbmr progroty tbli dgismrvoik

mimrky gr lhgptoik l rmimwl`fm mimrky pgrtegfog. Agrmgvmr, tbos krgup

ge dguitroms woff `m plrtoduflrfy hmpmihmit gi oitmriltogilf trlisemrs

ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms oi grhmr tg ldbomvm tbmor krgwtb g`jmdtovms wotb

tbm bokbmst pgsso`fm rmsgurdm meeodomidy.

=.=.8 Xbm `mimts ge `ggstoik medomidyMimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy oaprgvmamits sbgufh `m vomwmh ls

sgurdms ge mimrky suppfy, gi l plr wotb tbm hosdgvmry gr prgdurmamit

ge imw eumf sgurdms. Oidrmlsms oi meeodomidy ermms up suppfoms tblt

dli `m usmh egr gtbmr purpgsms. Meeodomidy lt pgoits wbmrm mimrky os



<;2


dgisuamh getmi dgapguihs proalry mimrky slvoiks `y l eldtgr ge twg

gr tbrmm. Egr mxlapfm, < cofgwltt-bgur ge mfmdtrodoty tblt os slvmh dli

mqultm tg 0 gr 4 cofgwltt-bgurs tblt hg igt immh tg `m kmimrltmh.

]r`li pfliioik prmsmits ligtbmr sokioeodlit gppgrtuioty egr slvoikmimrky. Dotoms lddguit egr ls audb ls ;>% ge blraeuf krmmibgusm klsms

ge tbm wgrfh (]I—BL@OXLX 0><<). Amlis ge midgurlkoik lih eldofotltoik

meeodomidoms lih sboets tg fgw-dlr`gi mimrky usm sbgufh oidfuhm `gtb

tmdbigfgky lih foemstyfm sgfutogis (Agblity 0><<). Xbm kglf ge mimrky

meeodomidy sbgufh `m ma`mhhmh oi doty pfliioik, `uofhoik dghms, lih

stlihlrhs. Dotoms sbgufh dggrhoiltm tbm pfliioik ge rlofs, bokbwlys,

lih gtbmr trlispgrt systmas lih eldofotltm rmfltovmfy fgw-dlr`gi egras

sudb ls alss trlisot, `odydfms, lih by`roh gr mfmdtrod vmbodfms.

Xbm dblffmikms egr rurlf lrmls lrm agrm euihlamitlf. Mfmdtrodoty

krohs lrm getmi tgg mxpmisovm tg `m mxtmihmh tg rmagtm lrmls oi LDO.

Hmdmitrlfozmh systmas egr mimrky blvm elofmh oi sgam oistlidms, hum tg

foaotmh trloioik lih fldc ge tbm scoffs immhmh tg usm tbmsm tmdbigfgkoms.

Elofurm tg dgisohmr tbm rgfm ge tbmsm smrvodms oi pmgpfm‟s fovms fmlhs tg

pggr pgfody egraufltogi lih oilhmqultm smrvodm prgvosogi. Oi dgitrlst

wotb oihustrolf ldtovoty, oidrmlsoik mimrky meeodomidy oi lkrodufturm bls

kmimrlffy `mmi imkfmdtmh. Dblikoik lkrodufturlf prldtodms lih usoik

oaprgvmh orrokltogi tmdbigfgky dli su`stlitolffy rmhudm mimrky usm

lih mvmi smqumstmr DG0 (Pmhhy, ^ldbmcpy, lih Alrlio <??;).

Aliy dguitroms blvm dbliimfmh euihs slvmh tbrgukb mimrkymeeodomidy `ldc oitg eurtbmr prgkrlas tg suppgrt tblt kglf. Lkloi, tbos

os getmi li oistotutogilf ossum tblt rmquorms l bgfostod lpprgldb tg mimrky

alilkmamit. Aodrgeoilidm gppgrtuiotoms blvm lfsg `mmi hmvmfgpmh lih

suddmsseuffy oapfmamitmh oi Lsol, sudb ls tbm eoilidoik ge dfmli-mimrky

prgjmdts egr rurlf wgami oi @likflhmsb lih fglis egr spmdoeod mimrky-

slvoik bgusmbgfh prghudts oi tbm ^PD. Xbloflih hmvmfgpmh l flrkmr-sdlfm

mimrky dgismrvltogi euih `lsmh gi l salff fmvy gi pmtrgfmua. Xbm ^PD

bls lfsg hmvmfgpmh l dfmli mimrky euih (LH@O 0><<).

=.=.= Fgwmroik dlr`gi oitmisoty ge egssof eumfsGim wly tg fgwmr dlr`gi oitmisoty oi tbm egssof eumfs smdtgr os tg

swotdb erga dglf tg ilturlf kls. Ilturlf kls maots l`gut blfe ls audb

DG0 pmr uiot ge mimrky gutput ls dglf, alcoik ot li ohmlf eumf egr l

trlisotogi tg l fgw-dlr`gi euturm. Ilturlf kls lfrmlhy prgvohms l flrkm




lih krgwoik sblrm ge tbm proalry eumfs egr mfmdtrodoty oi LDO. @y `mttmr

rmefmdtoik tbm mxpmdtmh dgst ge DG0 maossogis oi tbm prodm ge eumfs, tbos

trlisotogi dgufh `m spmh up (Liùagzbo lih Clwlo 0>>?). LTMLI bls

pflymh l aljgr rgfm oi pfliioik tbm trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim lih tbmLTMLI pgwmr kroh. Oi lhhotogi, rmkogilf dggpmrltogi dli bmfp dggrhoiltm

lih blragiozm prodoik, tlxltogi, rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs, lih dli `m

mxplihmh tg gtbmr trlis-mimrky systmas, sudb ls mfmdtrodoty imtwgrcs.

=.=.5 Imw tboicoik gi mivorgiamitlffy

sustloil`fm krgwtb

Fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb dgufh put LDO gi l agrm sgfoh eguihltogi

egr fgik-tmra, sustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit. Xbm krmmioik ge mdgigaoms os igt

kmimrlffy l hrlk gi krgwtb, ùt rltbmr l imw mikoim ge krgwtb (LH@ lih

LH@O 0><4). Ot dgufh pgtmitolffy drmltm jg`s ls wmff ls agrm stl`fm mimrky

suppfy lih prodms, lih spur tmdbigfgky lhvlidms. Aljgr oivmstamits oi

rmimwl`fm mimrky, tbmrmegrm, dgufh `roik auftopfm mdgigaod, sgdolf, lih

mivorgiamitlf mimeots. Pmsmlrdb sukkmsts tblt rmimwl`fm mimrky drmltms

twg tg tbrmm toams ls aliy jg`s ls drmltmh y igi-rmimwl`fm mimrky sudb

ls egssof eumfs (^gffoi, Bmoitz, lih Klrrmtt-^mftomr 0>>?).

Egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms, agst ge wbodb igw oapgrt mimrky, hgamstod

rmimwl`fm sgurdms dli lfsg prgvohm `mttmr mdgigaod stlòfoty, oi tbmsbgrt lih fgik rui. @lflidm ge plyamits lih krgwtb prgspmdts ge

pggr mdgigaoms dgufh `m `mttmr sbomfhmh erga tbm oapldt ge swoiks

oi kfg`lf mimrky prodms. Pmhudmh mxpgsurm tg pgffutlits sudb ls

suspmihmh sgfohs, amliwbofm, dgufh `roik sokioeodlit bmlftb `mimeots

`y swotdboik tg rmimwl`fms.

Imvmrtbmfmss, oivmstamit oi dfmli mimrky wgufh lddmfmrltm l

vortugus dydfm ge oiigvltogis lih tmdbigfgky oaprgvmamit. ^rovltm

smdtgr gpmrltgrs tblt prghudm lih oistlff rmimwl`fm mimrky systmas

wgufh `mimeot, ls wgufh prgvohmrs ge smrvodms sudb ls salrt-kroh

hmvmfgpamit, mimrky meeodomidy oaprgvmamit, lih mimrky stgrlkm.

^rovltm oivmstamit oi sudb tmdbigfgkoms wgufh focmfy rosm sokioeodlitfy,

ls wgufh suppgrt erga auftofltmrlf hmvmfgpamit `lics sudb ls tbm

[grfh @lic lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

L trlisotogi tg rmsgurdm-meeodomit krgwtb dgufh prgvohm l aljgr

mdgigaod stoaufus, lcoi tg tbm ùofhoik ge rlofrglhs, mfmdtroeodltogi



<2>


ge bgams, lih hmvmfgpamit ge tbm Oitmrimt. Xmdbigfgky mil`fmh sudb

trlisegraltogis, ut wmff tbgukbt-gut mdgigaod pgfodoms lih prgkrlas

wmrm tbm dltlfysts. LDO os oi l plrtoduflrfy strgik pgsotogi tg rmlfozm

l trlisotogi tg krmmi krgwtb. Xbm rmkogi os lùihlit oi tbm imdmsslryfl`gr lih tmdbiodlf tlfmit. Ot lfsg bls tbm krmltmst immh egr rmimwl`fm

mimrky. Xbm dgsts ge alcoik tbm trlisotogi sbgufh `m fgwmr oi LDO

tbli oi agrm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `mdlusm tbm rmkogi bls l salffmr

oistlffmh `lsm ge dgivmitogilf mimrky oierlstrudturm.

=.=.; ^gfodoms tg aotokltm dfoaltm dblikmDfoaltm dblikm dli `m aotokltmh `gtb wotb alrcmt-`lsmh lih

tmdbigfgky-`lsmh pgfodoms. Mimrky prodoik pgfodoms sudb ls emmh-oi

tlroees lih tlxms dli prgagtm rmsgurdm dgismrvltogi lih maossogi

dgitrgf. Kgvmriamits dli stoaufltm oivmstamit oi rmimwl`fm mimrky

tmdbigfgky tbrgukb hormdt pu`fod oivmstamit, fgw-oitmrmst fglis, tlx

wrotm-gees, lih lddmfmrltmh hmprmdoltogi.

Xbm agst hrlaltod mxplisogi oi rmimwl`fm mimrky dlpldoty bls

`mmi wotimssmh uihmr tbm emmh-oi tlroee prgkrlas, wbodb prgvohm

tbm agst `mimeot lt fmlst dgst (Xoli 0><<). Emmh-oi tlroees dli `m

lddgapliomh `y kgvmriamit euihoik tg dgvmr tbm hoeemrmitolf

`mtwmmi tbm kulrlitmmh prodm tblt tbm utofoty dgapliy plys tg

tbm rmimwl`fm mimrky suppfomrs lih tbm lvmrlkm rltm tblt utofotydgaplioms dblrkm dgisuamrs egr mldb cofgwltt bgur ge mfmdtrodoty.

Pmkogilf eoilidoik tg suppgrt tbm prodm kulrlitmm wgufh drmltm

bokbfy elvgrl`fm dgihotogis egr lddmfmrltoik rmimwl`fm mimrky

oivmstamit lih hmvmfgpamit.

Emmh-oi tlroee pgfodoms blvm `mmi mapfgymh mxdfusovmfy oi rmklrh

tg mimrky kroh dgiimdtogis. ^gfody erlamwgrcs sbgufh `m lamihmh tg

oidfuhm gee-kroh lrmls ls wmff. Xbm rokbt pgfody aox dli hmfovmr alrcmt

stlòfoty tblt wgufh tbm bokbmst pgsso`fm fmvmrlkm egr pu`fod eoilidoik

(Coa 0><<). Xbm rokbt pgfodoms dli agòfozm up tg <= toams tbm grokoilf

oivmstamit oi lhhotogilf, egffgw-gi euihoik (Bgikg 0><0).

L imw ‖Pmkogilf Oivmstamit Euih‑ immhs tg `m mstl`fosbmh tg

suppfmamit tbm iltogilf kulrlitmms geemrmh `y mldb dguitry. Ot wgufh

bmfp stoaufltm rlpoh lih alssovm mxplisogi ge sgflr, woih, lih gtbmr

rmimwl`fm tmdbigfgkoms‘lih spmmh tbma tgwlrh rmldboik tbm mdgigaod

toppoik pgoit lt wbodb tbmy `mdgam tbm hgaoilit mimrky gptogi.




Ls rmimwl`fm mimrky dgsts `mdgam dgapmtotovm wotb egssof eumfs,

su`sohoms dgufh `m hosdgitoiumh. Xbm aljgroty ge LDO‟s pggr wgufh blvm

lddmss tg leegrhl`fm, rmimwl`fm sgurdms ge mimrky‘lih mdgigaods lih

tmdbigfgkoms ge tbm kfg`lf mimrky smdtgr dgufh `m trlisegramh `y 0>4>.^rodoik dlr`gi sgurdms. Pmfltovmfy bokb prodms lrm tbm proalry

`lrromr tg wohmsprmlh lhgptogi ge rmimwl`fm mimrky oi LDO. Durrmitfy,

lt kfg`lf fmvmf, mfmdtrodoty erga pbgtgvgftlod plimfs lvmrlkms lrguih

45 dmits pmr cofgwltt-bgur wbofm woih pgwmr dli dgst ls fgw ls <>

dmits. Xbmsm prodms lrm `mygih tbm amlis ge LDO‟s pggr, egr wbga

mimrky tblt dgsts 4—= dmits pmr cofgwltt-bgur os igt leegrhl`fm. Toapfy

oidrmlsoik tbm prodm ge dgivmitogilf mimrky tg alcm rmimwl`fm mimrky

agrm dgapmtotovm, tbmrmegrm, os igt l prldtodlf gptogi oi pggr LDO

mdgigaoms. Emw LDO kgvmriamits dli leegrh tg su`sohozm rmimwl`fm

mimrky gi l flrkm migukb sdlfm tg `roik prodms hgwi tg sudb fgw fmvmfs.

Oi hmvmfgpmh LDO iltogis, tbm strltmky ge wlotoik egr tbm alrcmt tg

hmfovmr dgapmtotovm rmimwl`fm mimrky lih rmhudm krmmibgusm kls

maossogis bls igt wgrcmh (Mdgigaost 0>>?).

Agst LDO mdgigaoms dgufh, bgwmvmr, pblsm gut su`sohoms egr

egssof-`lsmh mimrky tg rmagvm prodoik hostgrtogis. Dgivmitogilf

su`sohoms oidfuhm prodm dgitrgfs, su`sohoms tg egssof-eumf prghudmrs

lih rmsmlrdb prgkrlas, lih lramh prgtmdtogi ge trlispgrt rgutms.

Lt tbm kfg`lf fmvmf, tbm mstoaltmh mimrky su`sohy laguits tg $==;

`off ogi pmr ymlr (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^ 0><0). Kgvmriamits lfsgsbgufh lddguit egr tbm stmmp oihormdt dgsts ge egssof eumfs. Xbmy

oidfuhm tbm fgik-tmra dgsts ge hmlfoik wotb tbm lhvmrsm bmlftb

lih mivorgiamitlf oapldts ge krmmibgusm kls maossogis lih

pgffutogi. Kgvmriamits lfsg sbgufh tlcm oitg lddguit tblt gidm

igi-rmimwl`fm egssof eumf rmsgurdms lrm usmh up, eoihoik lftmriltovm

rmsmrvms gr rmsgurdms woff `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy mxpmisovm lih

pgsso`fy uimdgigaodlf.

Hormdt su`sohoms tg tbm pggr wgufh `m rmquormh tg geesmt bokbmr

prodms ge dlr`gi-`lsmh eumfs tblt euffy rmefmdt sudb dgsts. ^gfodyalcmrs

lfsg sbgufh dgisohmr tbm eldt tblt oi sgam dlsms, bokbmr egssof eumf usm

woff `m imdmsslry oe pmgpfm lrm tg msdlpm pgvmrty.

L rmkogilf prgkrla oi LDO tblt egdusms gi `mst prldtodms oi

eoilidoik lih su`sohoms lih tblt mil`fms euihs tg `m lddmssmh oi l

aliimr tblt rmhudms tbm rosc egr lff plrtoms dgufh lssost iltogilf meegrts.

Ligtbmr gptogi aly `m tg egra l rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy alilkmh



<20


prgkrla grkliozmh lih euihmh `y l dgffl`grltogi ge eguihltogis,

kgvmriamits, lih kfg`lf oistotutogis.

L aljgr mimrky trlisotogi oi 0>—4> ymlrs woff eorst rmquorm l pgfody

erlamwgrc wotb dfmlr tlrkmts egr mimrky meeodomidy lih usm ge rmimwl`fmmimrky. Xbos pgfody erlamwgrc woff bmfp pgfodyalcmrs qulitoey tbm

pgtmitolf `mimeots, smdurm strgik pgfotodlf dgaaotamit, lih eoih wlys

tg eoilidm lih oapfmamit amlsurms tg ldbomvm tbm tlrkmt. [otb tbm

rokbt pgfodoms lih oistotutogilf lrrlikmamits, mimrky meeodomidy dli `m

bokbfy vol`fm eoilidolffy. Oiegraltogi immhs tg m alhm wohmfy lvlofl`fm

gi l rlikm ge oaprgvmamits tblt dli `m alhm oi oihustry, ur`li lih

trlispgrt pfliioik, ùofhoik hmsoki, mfmdtrod pgwmr kmimrltogi, lih

agtgr vmbodfms, lagik gtbmr lrmls. Pmkogilf `ghoms lih dggpmrltovm

grkliozltogis, sudb ls tbgsm supmrvosoik vgfuitlry dgffl`grltogis, dli

bmfp dgapofm lih hossmaoiltm tbos oiegraltogi lih kggh prldtodms.

=.=.2 Oivmstamit amdbliosas egr sdlfoik up

dfmli mimrky

Li oapgrtlit dblffmikm os bgw tg eoilidm dfmli lih rmimwl`fm

mimrky oistlffltogis. Xbm dlpotlf dgst ge fgw-dlr`gi lftmriltovms os

dgidmitrltmh oi tbm ergit mih ge tbm prgjmdt dydfm, oidrmlsoik tbm

immh egr fgik-tmra eoilidoik (Liùagzbo lih Clwlo 0>>?). [bofm tbmoiotolf dgst ge sgflr pgwmr os bokb, bgwmvmr, tbmrm os mssmitolffy ig dgst

tbmrmletmr. Eumf egr bokb-dlr`gi mimrky pflits, `y dgitrlst, dgistotutms

tbm ùfc ge tbmor dgsts. LDO woff rmquorm oiigvltovm eoilidoik sdbmams

sudb ls li Lsol-^ldoeod Dlr`gi Euih, tg ldbomvm mimrky-meeodomidy

oaprgvmamits lih hmpfgyamit ge rmimwl`fm mimrky. Hormdt pu`fod

oivmstamit lih oivmstamit suppgrt woff `m mssmitolf. Geesmts lih

gtbmr alrcmt amdbliosas egdusmh gi tbm prodm ge dlr`gi, ls prldtodmh

oi Murgpm, aly lfsg bmfp LDO ldbomvm tbmsm kglfs.

‖Krmmi‑ tlxms gr gtbmr amlsurms tblt fmvy l dgst gi egssof eumfs

gr tbmor maossogis lrm li gptogi egr rlosoik euihs egr dfmli-mimrky

oivmstamits. [bofm sgam dgisohmr krmmi tlxms tg `m rmkrmssovm lih

hmtroamitlf tg tbm pggr, rmdmit stuhoms sbgwmh tblt krmmi tlxms dgufh

blvm l imt prgkrmssovm meemdt oe tbm rmvmiums lrm rmdydfmh oitg tbm

mdgigay, soidm pggr bgusmbgfhs lrm audb fmss dlr`gi-oitmisovm tbli

`mttmr-gee bgusmbgfhs (Liùagzbo lih ^ltuiru 0><>3 Zblik 0><<).




sdlfmh up. Kgvmriamits dgufh lfsg dggpmrltm oi lhvlidmh pu`fod—

provltm pfliioik ge oitmrrmkogilf mfmdtrodlf imtwgrcs.

Pmkogilf dmitmrs egr pu`fod—provltm P&H lih krmmi mimrky prgjmdts

dli dgitroùtm tbm hovmrsm pmrspmdtovms ge aliy dguitroms liheldofotltm oiigvltogi lih tmdbigfgky trlisemr (Plaliltbli 0><<l).

Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge l imtwgrc ge mfmdtrod dlr rmdblrkoik stltogis, egr

mxlapfm, dgufh `m fluidbmh oi gim dguitry ùt wotb tbm dggpmrltogi

lih jgoit euihoik ge gtbmr dguitroms. Tudb dmitmrs sbgufh lfsg dgihudt

prgkrlas gi oitmrrmkogilf oitmkrltogi ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms. Oi sgam

dlsms, dmitmrs dli bmfp trlisemr tmdbigfgkoms erga rodb LDO iltogis tg

pggrmr gims. @ut oi gtbmr dlsms, fmssgis fmlrimh oi gtbmr pggr iltogis

usoik fmss lhvlidmh ùt fgwmr-dgst tmdbigfgkoms woff `m mvmi agrm

lpprgproltm lih bmfpeuf (Liùagzbo, Coaurl, lih Osgig 0><>).

=.=.<> L prgkrla egr lhvlidoik krmmi

krgwtb

Hmdgupfoik mdgigaod krgwtb erga maossogis oi LDO oapfoms l

dflssodlf dggrhoiltogi prg`fma. Pmhudoik tbm hmpmihmidm ge mdgigaod

krgwtb gi ilturlf rmsgurdms rmquorms agrm oivmstamit oi l imw

kmimrltogi ge rmsgurdms lih imw mivorgiamit-eromihfy tmdbigfgkoms.

Oidrmlsoik rmsgurdm meeodomidy, mrlsoik pgvmrty, lih rmhudoik rmsgurdmdgisuaptogi oi tbm bokb-dgisuaoik dguitroms sbgufh `m progrotoms oi

hoeemrmit krgups ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbmy lfsg sbgufh `m plrt ge

l jgoit rmkogilf pgfody lkmihl egr rmhudoik maossogi rmhudtogis lih

prgagtoik mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm krgwtb. Ls igtmh l`gvm, tbm

LDO mdgigaoms alhm vlrogus pfmhkms oi Dgpmiblkmi.

@ut ammtoik tbmsm tlrkmts hgms igt amli tblt tbm oapldts ge

dfoaltm dblikm woff `m wotboi slem foaots (Hmrvoŗ mt lf. 0>>?). Huroik tbm

Dgpmiblkmi imkgtoltogis, agst Liimx O dguitroms pfmhkmh qulitoeol`fm

maossogi rmhudtogis. Oi lhhotogi, smvmrlf hmvmfgpoik dguitroms

suàottmh iltogilffy lpprgproltm aotokltogi ldtogis. Xbmsm lrm igi-

òihoik tlrkmts, ùt su`jmdt tg hgamstod amlsurmamit rmpgrtoik lih

vmroeodltogi. Xbm dgaaotamits lrm aghmst, mspmdolffy wbmi dgaplrmh

tg l ùsoimss ls usulf sdmilrog ge LDO.

L gim-sozm-eots-lff lpprgldb os igt vol`fm ldrgss lff LDO. Oistmlh,

progrotoms sbgufh `m `lsmh gi mldb dguitry‟s mdgigaod dorduastlidms.



<25


Dguitroms wotb bokb lih amhoua fmvmfs ge rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi

lih maossogis aust oapfmamit tlrkmtmh pgfodoms tg hrlstodlffy

oidrmlsm rmsgurdm meeodomidy lih foaot gr rmhudoik maossogis. Egr

hyilaod mamrkoik mdgigaoms, progrotoms lrm rmsgurdm meeodomidy oiimw oierlstrudturm sudb ls ùofhoiks lih trlispgrt systmas lih oi

`lsod oihustroms, sudb ls amtlfs, dbmaodlfs, lih pufp lih plpmr. ^ggr,

hmvmfgpoik dguitroms wotb vmry fgw dgisuaptogi fmvmfs woff rmquorm tbm

suppgrt ge gtbmr rodbmr Lsoli iltogis tg oidrmlsm altmrolf leefumidm

tg oaprgvm fovoik stlihlrhs lih mrlsm pgvmrty. Xbmsm dguitroms aly

plrtoduflrfy `mimeot erga tbm trlisemr ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms erga

l`rglh tblt lrm lhlptmh tg fgdlf sotultogis.

L prmhodtl`fm mil`foik mivorgiamit lfsg os mssmitolf egr sprmlhoik

rmimwl`fm mimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy. LDO lfsg sbgufh lhgpt

amdbliosas tg midgurlkm tbm rlpoh sprmlh ge imw tmdbigfgkoms egr

wlstm alilkmamit, pgffutogi prmvmitogi, lih mimrky meeodomidy,

sudb ls tbgsm immhmh egr salrt krohs, salrt dotoms, dlr`gi dlpturm,

lih dfmli dglf. Oi tbm ùofhoik smdtgr, rlpoh tmdbigfgky lhvlidms lrm

fmlhoik tg hrlstod rmhudtogis oi tbm mimrky immhs ge `gtb imw lih

rmtrgeottmh bgusoik. Fokbt, bmlt, dggfoik, lih gtbmr mimrky-hmpmihmit

smrvodms tblt usm elr fmss mfmdtrodoty dli igw `m prgvohmh.

L aljgr stmp tgwlrh lhvlidoik krmmi krgwtb os tbm mstl`fosbamit

ge l krgup ge LDO mxpmrts tblt dgufh `ldc up iltogilf oistotutogis,

prgvohm trloioik lih tmdbiodlf suppgrt. Ohmlffy, mxpmrts oi uiovmrsotoms,tmdbiodlf oistotutogis, oihustry lssgdoltogis, lih vgfuitmmr imtwgrcs

dgufh `m agòfozmh tg plrtodopltm oi l kfg`lf mitmrprosm. Xbm krgup

wgufh lfsg bmfp lddmfmrltm hmvmfgpamit ge tbm imxt kmimrltogi ge

tmdbiodlf mxpmrts tg smrvm rlpohfy mxplihoik mdgigaod smdtgrs

[otb ots gpmi rmkogilfosa pgfodoms lih oistotutogis tblt dli

suppgrt mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, Lsol os wmff pgsotogimh tg usm rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi ls l strltmky tg lhvlidm fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb `gtb

hgamstodlffy lih kfg`lffy. Mdgigaoms ge sdlfm oi sgam Lsoli dguitroms

wgufh bmfp gtbmrs gvmrdgam tbm dgst `lrromrs egr hmpfgyamit oe fgw-

dlr`gi tmdbigfgky kgghs lih smrvodms lrm trlhmh ermmfy.

Eoilffy, l imtwgrc ge rmsmlrdb lih pgfody oistotutogis dgufh `m smt up

tg agiotgr oiigvltogi lih hmvmfgpamits mamrkoik lrguih tbm kfg`m. Ot

wgufh prgvohm lilfysms ge imw gppgrtuiotoms tg oaprgvm oapfmamitltogi

wotb `mttmr tmdbigfgkoms lih lhhotogilf pgfody suppgrt.




=.=.<< L rmkogilf prgkrla egr dggrhoiltmh

oivmstamit

LDO‟s mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm dblffmikms woff rmquorm

dggpmrltogi oi tmdbiodlf dlpldoty, cigwfmhkm, tmdbigfgky, lih flrkm-

sdlfm oivmstamits. Dggpmrltogi lt l rmkogilf fmvmf dli bmfp tg rmhudm

dlr`gi maossogis, alilkm wltmr lih mimrky rmsgurdms, lih agòfozm

euihs egr oierlstrudturm oaprgvmamits. Oi plrtoduflr, dggpmrltogi egr

oivmstamits tbrgukb rmkogilf euihs dgufh `roik auftopfm mdgigaod,

sgdolf, lih mivorgiamitlf `mimeots lih tbus dgitroùtm tg miblidm

mimrky lih mivorgiamitlf smduroty oi LDO. Tudb dggrhoiltmh rmkogilf

euihoik amdbliosas dli igt gify dgitroùtm tg tbm kfg`lf lvloflòfoty

ge su`sohoms lih tmdbigfgky egr rmimwl`fm mimrky smrvodms ùt lfsg

suppfmamit tbm iltogilf kulrlitmms geemrmh `y mldb dguitry (]I

0>>?). Xbm mstl`fosbamit ge gim sudb rmkogilf euihoik amdbliosa

gr oistotutogi, tbm Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih (LME), dgufh dgitroùtm

krmltfy tg tbm agòfozltogi ge rmkogilf euihs egr miblidoik mimrky

lih mivorgiamitlf smduroty oi LDO.

=.5 Xgwlrh l Tustloil`fm EuturmL fgw-dlr`gi, rmsgurdm-meeodomit pltb woff durtlof euturm mdgigaod

lih sgdolf dgsts ge mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi. Ot woff bmfp lffmvoltm

pgvmrty, misurm l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem `y wohmioik lddmss tg mimrky

smrvodms, prgtmdt bmlftb tbrgukb `mttmr lor qulfoty, alcm tbm LDO

mdgigaoms agrm dgapmtotovm, lih miblidm mimrky smduroty. Xbmrm lfsg

woff m agrm voso`fm plygees ge l swotdb tg krmmi krgwtb. Oivmstamits oi

dfmli-mimrky lih rmsgurdm-meeodomit tmdbigfgkoms, dgaòimh wotb prodm

suppgrts, tlx oidmitovms, hormdt krlits, lih fgli suppgrt, dli egstmr

mimrky, wltmr, lih maossogi-rmhudtogi oihustroms. Tudb l hmvmfgpamit

pltb wgufh mil`fm dguitroms tg prgagtm mdgigaod krgwtb, wbofm

rmhudoik maossogis, aoioaozoik wlstm, lih midgurlkoik agrm meeodomit

usm ge ilturlf rmsgurdms (LH@ lih LH@O 0><4).

Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s egraohl`fm mivorgiamitlf lih rmsgurdm

prg`fmas woff igt `m mlsy. Ot woff rmquorm dgidmrtmh, dggrhoiltmh meegrt



<22


`y pgfodyalcmrs oi aliy eomfhs lih oi plrtimrsbop wotb provltm smdtgr,

oitmriltogilf grkliozltogis, lih cigwfmhkm oistotutms. Ot os urkmit tblt

oistotutogis aust `m strmiktbmimh sg tblt pgfodoms lrm egraufltmh lih

oapfmamitmh agrm meemdtovmfy.Hmvmfgpamit os tbm aloi progroty oi LDO. [ohmioik lddmss tg

mimrky smrvodms egr tbm pggr aly fmlh tg li gvmrlff oidrmlsm oi mimrky

dgisuaptogi oi sgam dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbm pgtmitolf tg usm mimrky

agrm meeodomitfy, mspmdolffy oi ur`li lrmls, dgufh kg l fgik wly tgwlrh

geesmttoik oidrmlsmh dgisuaptogi.

Xrlisfltoik iltogilf mimrky, wltmr, lih mivorgiamitlf kglfs

oitg ldtogi woff rmquorm oiigvltovm pgfodoms, eoilidoik sdbmams lt tbm

aodrg- lih aldrg-fmvmf, lih tbm plrtodopltogi ge l `rglh rlikm ge

stlcmbgfhmrs. L `rglh pgrtegfog ge pgfody amlsurms woff `m rmquormh,

oidfuhoik alrcmt-`lsmh oistruamits sudb ls tlxms, emmh-oi tlroees, lih

prodms gi maossogis lih pgffutogi tblt drmltm oidmitovms lih stoaufltm

oiigvltogi `y dgaplioms lih dgisuamrs tg smmc gut dfmli lih krmmi

mimrky lftmriltovms. Xbm LDO iltogis immh rmkufltgry erlamwgrcs tblt

hmeoim tbm rokbt dgihotogis egr alrcmt-`lsmh oistruamits `y rmagvoik

`lrromrs, rmhudoik rosc, lih oidrmlsoik dgieohmidm oi rmimwl`fm mimrky

oivmstamits.

LDO kgvmriamits aust oivmst agrm lih put l bokbmr progroty gi lrmls

tblt stoaufltm mimrky lih wltmr dgismrvltogi, pgffutogi prmvmitogi, lih l

sboet tgwlrh rmimwl`fm mimrky. Oi sgam dlsms‘ls offustrltmh y tbm PD‟srmdmit mdgigaod pgfody sboets‘tbm LDO iltogis aly immh tg hrlstodlffy

lftmr tbmor durrmit pltb ge hmvmfgpamit. Amliwbofm, kgvmriamits sbgufh

foaot spmihoik oi lrmls tblt hmpfmtm rmsgurdms, sudb ls su`sohoms tblt

lrtoeodolffy fgwmr tbm dgst ge usoik egssof eumfs lih tblt hmtmr dgisuamrs

lih oihustroms erga rmsgurdm-meeodomit amlsurms tblt gtbmrwosm wgufh

`m dgst-meemdtovm. Pmegraoik su`sohy prgkrlas os dblffmikoik, kovmi

tbm vmstmh oitmrmsts smmcoik tbmor aloitmilidm. @ut tbmrm lrm aliy

mxlapfms ge prgkrlas tg lamfogrltm tbm imkltovm oapldt tg sgdomty, sudb

ls dgihotogilf dlsb trlisemr sdbmams egr pggr bgusmbgfhs.

Tu`sohoms egr krmmi tmdbigfgky sudb ls prodm suppgrts, tlx `rmlcs,

fglis, lih hormdt krlits dli egstmr imw oihustroms oi mimrky, wltmr,

lih maossogi rmhudtogi. Kgvmriamits lfsg aust oivmst oi dlpldoty

`uofhoik, trloioik, lih mhudltogi sg tblt tbm LDO iltogis dli smozm

gppgrtuiotoms egr oierlstrudturm prgjmdts, prmplrm wgrcegrdms, lih

bmfp mdgigaoms lih pgpufltogis dgpm wotb tbm dblffmikms. Xmdbigfgky




trlisemr woff `m imdmsslry tg lssost hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lddmfmrltm tbm

prgdmss. L amdbliosa tg dgapfmamit tbmsm strltmkoms wotb dfgsm foics

tg tbm mamrkoik dlr`gi alrcmt lih hgamstod eoilidoik sdbmams immhs

tg `m hmvmfgpmh lt tbm iltogilf fmvmf.Xbos lkmihl lfsg rmquorms `gfh fmlhmrsbop. Ot os oapmrltovm tblt

tbm LDO iltogis lssuam l krmltmr, prgldtovm rgfm oi auftofltmrlf

grkliozltogis lih hopfgaltod meegrts tg lhhrmss dblffmikms sudb ls

dfoaltm dblikm, iltogilf rmsgurdm hmpfmtogi, lih mimrky smduroty.

Xbmy sbgufh wgrc tg strmiktbmi oitmriltogilf kgvmrilidm systmas

tg lhvlidm tbm Cygtg ^rgtgdgf. Ls gim ge tbm wgrfh‟s aljgr mimrky

dgisuamrs, egr mxlapfm, tbm ^PD sbgufh pursum krmltmr dggrhoiltogi

wotb gtbmr aljgr gof oapgrtmrs tbrgukb tbm OML, ge wbodb tbm ^PD os

igt ymt l ama`mr. Gtbmr Lsoli dguitroms lfsg aust jgoit dgffl`grltovm

meegrts tg lssuam stl`fm euturm suppfoms ge mimrky (Hryshlfm 0><<).

Xbm LDO iltogis aust dggpmrltm agrm lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf. Xg

misurm wltmr smduroty lih meeodomidy, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust oaprgvm

tbmor dggpmrltogi oi sblroik drgss-`grhmr ermsb wltmr sgurdms lih tg

ammt rmkogilf eoilidoik immhs egr oierlstrudturm. Xbm mstl`fosbamit

ge l rmkogilf dlr`gi alrcmt dgufh sokioeodlitfy spmmh up hmpfgyamit

lih oidrmlsm tbm sdlfm ge imw rmimwl`fm mimrky lih mimrky-meeodomit

prgjmdts. Pmkogilf kgvmriamits sbgufh blragiozm mimrky prodoik,

tlxltogi, rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs. Pmkogilf sgfutogis lrm mspmdolffy

mssmitolf egr sblroik wltmr sgurdms lih eoilidoik wltmr oierlstrudturm.Ot os oi tbm mdgigaod smfe-oitmrmst ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt tbmsm

dblffmikms `m tldcfmh lkkrmssovmfy. Hmflyoik ldtogi gi tbmsm ergits

woff gify oidrmlsm euturm dgsts. @y lddmfmrltoik tbm trlisotogi tg l fgw-

dlr`gi euturm, LDO dli woi tbm kfg`lf dfmli mimrky rldm lih rmlfozm ots

krmlt trlisegraltogi.



<?>



5 Eoilidoik Euturm

Xrlisegraltogi

5.< Oitrghudtogi

Xbm eoilidolf systmas ge LDO blvm mmi oistruamitlf oi suppgrtoik

tbm rmkogi‟s uiplrlffmfmh rmdgrh ge krgwtb lih mil`foik ot tg wmltbmr

aliy eoilidolf stgras oi tbm plst twg hmdlhms: tbm Oiholi drosos oi

<??<, tbm Lsoli drosos oi <??;—<??2, lih agst rmdmitfy tbm kfg`lf

eoilidolf drosos ge 0>>2—0>>? lih tbm misuoik rmdmssogi. Xghly, tbm

eoilidolf systmas ge LDO blvm tbm rmsgurdms tg suppgrt krgwtb uitof

0>4>, agòfozoik $8.4 troffogi oi slvoiks lih `glstoik $4.2 troffogi ge

egrmoki mxdblikm rmsmrvms l ymlr ls ge 0><>. LDO eoilidms lrm agrm

rmsofomit, hovmrsoeomh, lih sgpbostodltmh tbli tbmy wmrm oi tbm <??>s.

Egr LDO tg ammt ots 0>4> krgwtb tlrkmts lih sprmlh tbm `mimeots

ge tblt krgwtb agrm wohmfy, bgwmvmr, tbm rmkogi woff blvm tg eoih wlystg agrm meemdtovmfy oitmramholtm ots flrkm mxdmss slvoiks. LDO eoilidolf

alrcmts aust `mdgam hmmpmr, alcm egralf eoilidolf smrvodms lvlofl`fm

tg agrm pmgpfm lih eoras, lih `m `mttmr l`fm tg wotbstlih mxtmrilf

sbgdcs. @lics aust `mdgam agrm meeodomit oi lffgdltoik euihs lih woff

immh krmltmr mxpmrtosm oi smttoik up flrkm lih dgapfmx prgjmdts lih

alilkoik tbm roscs ge sudb oivmstamits. LDO eoilidolf alrcmts lfsg

aust oitmkrltm agrm tbgrgukbfy wotb mldb gtbmr sg tblt euihs dli `m

agòfozmh ldrgss tbm rmkogi.

Xbm eoilidolf smdtgr pflys l iua`mr ge cmy rgfms oi mdgigaod

hmvmfgpamit lih krgwtb. Ot eldofotltms trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms,

mvlfultms oivmstamit prgjmdts, agòfozms pggfs ge slvoiks tg euih

prgjmdts, trlisemrs euihs tg wbmrm tbmy lrm immhmh, agiotgrs tbm

ldtovotoms ge dlpotlf usmrs, hostroùtms lih agiotgrs rosc, lih prgvohms

oivmstgrs wotb hovmrsm slvoiks prghudts. Ot os ig mxlkkmrltogi tg sly tblt

tbm eoilidolf smdtgr os tbm foem`fggh ge tbm mdgigaod systma, lih tblt



<?0


hmvmfgpoik l eoilidolf oierlstrudturm dlpl`fm ge suppgrtoik sustloil`fm

fgik-tmra krgwtb oi tbm rmkogi os l drotodlf rmquormamit. Ot os wohmfy

rmdgkiozmh tblt dguitroms wotb `mttmr-hmvmfgpmh eoilidolf systmas tmih

tg krgw elstmr gvmr fgik pmroghs (Coik lih Fmvoim <??43 Fmvoim 0>>=3@mdc, Fmvoim, lih Fglyzl 0>>>3 Pljli lih Zoiklfms <??2). [bmtbmr tbos

meemdt os dluslf gr igt rmalois dgitrgvmrsolf, mspmdolffy oi fokbt ge tbm

rgfm ge eoilidolf oiigvltogi (Pghroc 0>>2l3 Tdbuflrodc lih Ttmkmr 0><>).

L alfeuidtogioik eoilidolf systma, gi tbm gtbmr blih, dli

blvm aljgr imkltovm dgismqumidms egr tbm rmlf mdgigay, mspmdolffy

wbmi uisguih eoilidolf pgfody os dgaòimh wotb wmlc supmrvosogi

lih oapruhmit `mblvogr `y eoilidolf oistotutogis (Aoiscy <?;83

Coihfm`mrkmr <?;23 @blkwlto <??23 Pghroc <???3 Mlstmrfy, Potzmi,

lih [ggfdgdc 0>>>3 Pljli 0>>=, 0><>). Xbmrmegrm, slemkulrhoik

eoilidolf stlòfoty erga `gtb mxtmrilf lih oitmrilf roscs os l cmy pgfody

rmspgisoòfoty, l fmssgi tblt bls `mmi rmpmltmhfy alhm dfmlr `y rmdmit

aljgr eoilidolf drosms. Oi Lsoli mamrkoik alrcmts, alilkmamit ge

vgfltofm dlpotlf efgws os votlf egr aldrgmdgigaod lih eoilidolf stlòfoty.

[bofm LDO‟s eoilidolf smdtgr bls kmimrlffy pmregramh wmff, ot aust

`mdgam agrm sgpbostodltmh ls iltogis oi tbm rmkogi agvm tgwlrh tbm

stltus ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `y 0>4> lih ls ots pgpufltogi `mdgams

wmlftbomr.

Dgaplrmh tg bokb fmvmfs ge aliueldturoik prghudtovoty krgwtb,

bgwmvmr, hmvmfgpamit ge tbm eoilidolf smdtgr bls flkkmh oi agstLDO mdgigaoms, flrkmfy hum tg bmlvy rmkufltogi lih, oi sgam

dlsms, oisueeodomit sdlfm. LDO‟s eoilidolf alrcmts lrm lfsg bokbfy

erlkamitmh.

5.0 Li Lkmihl egr LDO EoilidolfHmvmfgpamit

L vosogi egr eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit oi tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst

Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol

os gutfoimh oi LH@‟s Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi, wbodb smts

gut tbm egffgwoik kglfs egr li Lsoli mdgigaod dgaauioty:

Li oitmkrltmh alrcmt ermm ge rmstrodtogis gi efgws ge kgghs lih

smrvodms



Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg

Hmmpmr lih agrm foquoh eoilidolf alrcmts gpmi tg drgss-`grhmr

eoilidolf efgws, wotb bokb stlihlrhs ge gvmrsokbt lih strgik

prgtmdtogi egr iltogilf lih egrmoki oivmstgrs

Meemdtovm erlamwgrcs egr dggrhoiltoik aldrgmdgigaod lihmxdblikm-rltm pgfodoms, tlcoik oitg lddguit kfg`lf dblffmikms lih

hoeemroik iltogilf dorduastlidms

Pmkogilf egruas lih holfgkums tg lhhrmss votlf sgdolf ossums, sudb ls

pgvmrty, mxdfusogi, oidgam oismduroty, aokrltogi, lkoik, bmlftb, lih

mivorgiamitlf tbrmlts

L dgisostmit vgodm tg prgjmdt rmkogilf dgidmris oi kfg`lf pgfody egruas

lih miblidm rmspgiso`fm kfg`lf kgvmrilidm (LH@ 0><>`: 0><).

Eoilidolf oitmkrltogi dli prgagtm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit

`y rmhudoik dgsts tg `grrgwmrs lih oivmstgrs lih `y oidrmlsoik

dgapmtotogi. Xbm prgdmssms ge hmvmfgpamit, kfg`lfozltogi, lih

oiigvltogi aust `m dlrmeuffy alilkmh. Oe oapfmamitmh blstofy, oi

tbm wrgik smqumidm lih wotbgut lhmqultm slemkulrhs, wmff-oitmihmh

pgfodoms dli oidrmlsm roscs ge eoilidolf drosms. Xbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf

smdtgr aust lfsg eldm tbm dblffmikms ge oaprgvoik eoilidolf oidfusogi,

lddgaaghltoik lkoik pgpufltogis, lih suppgrtoik krmmi krgwtb. L

krgwoik eoilidolf smrvodms smdtgr os lfsg mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam l imw

mikoim ge mdgigaod krgwtb oi LDO.

Xbos dblptmr prgvohms pmrspmdtovms gi tbm durrmit lih prgspmdtovm

sotultogi ge eoilidolf alrcmt hmvmfgpamit oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lihohmitoeoms tbm cmy progrotoms egr strmiktbmioik oierlstrudturm immhmh

egr eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit lih rmkogilf oitmkrltogi. Egur progrotoms lrm

lhhrmssmh:

Xbm hmmpmioik, gpmioik, lih oidrmlsmh meeodomidy ge eoilidolf

alrcmts, sudb ls tbrgukb flrkmr gih alrcmts lih tbm mstl`fosbamit

ge oierlstrudturm egr hmrovltovms lih egrmoki mxdblikm swlps.

Mxplisogi ge lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms egr oihovohulfs lih salff

mitmrprosms.

Miblidmh stl`ofoty tbrgukb oaprgvmh rmkufltogi lih survmofflidm

lih aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody.

Oidrmlsmh eoilidolf oitmkrltogi lih krmltmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf

dggpmrltogi, oidfuhoik blragiozltogi ge LDO rmkufltgry lih

tlx erlamwgrcs, rmkogilf `gih alrcmts, lih egrmoki mxdblikm

dggrhoiltogi.



Xl`fm 5.<: Hmvmfgpamit ge LDO Eoilidolf Lssmts

0><> $ offogi Tblrm ge wgrfh tgtlf (%)

0>>> 0>4>E 0><> 0>4>E

@lic hmpgsots

LDO <4,4?> =4,;52 04.; 88.<

LTMLI <,44? 8,<?8 0.8 4.8

^PD <>,?8= 80,440 <?.8 48.;

Oihol <,<>5 ;,084 0 =.?

^rovltm drmhot y hmpgsot agimy lics

LDO 2,0;2 40,??2 <5.; 40.?

LTMLI ?55 4,>04 <.? 4

^PD 5,5;? 0=,24< <4.8 0=.2

Oihol 544 8,<88 <.4 8.<

Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi

LDO <>,525 80,880 <?.8 48.8

LTMLI <,=?5 =,>;< 0.? 8.<

^PD ;,8;8 02,?>; <4.5 04.8

Oihol <,5<5 2,858 0.? 5.?

^rovltm gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi

LDO 0,<50 <;,0>4 8.< <4.;

LTMLI 482 <,;>8 >.; <.8

^PD <,554 <0,255 4.0 <>.0

Oihol <=< 0,540 >.4 0.<

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 E 1 egrmdlst3


Tgurdms: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 Oitmriltogilf Eoilidolf

Ttltostods Hltl`lsm. bttp://www.mdgihltl.dga/hltl`lsms/oae-lih-gtbmr-oitmriltogilf/oes/

(lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 @OT (0><0)3 [grfh Emhmrltogi ge Mxdblikms. bttp://www.wgrfh-mxdblikms.

grk/stltostods/liiulf/0><</mquoty-alrcmts/hgamstod-alrcmt-dlpotlfozltogi (lddmssmh 2 Lukust

0><<)3 lutbgrs‟ mstoaltms.

<?8


Xbos dblptmr geemrs pgfody rmdgaamihltogis lt tbm iltogilf,

su`rmkogilf, lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.

5.4 Durrmit Ttltus ge LDO

Eoilidolf Alrcmts

@lsmh gi ots durrmit trljmdtgry, LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf eoilidolf

alrcmts woff krgw hrlaltodlffy `y 0>4> oi lff aljgr lssmt dflssms

(Xl`fm 5.<). LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf `lic hmpgsots os prgjmdtmh tg rosm

erga 04.;% oi 0><> tg 88.<% `y 0>4>, wbofm tbm rmkogi os mxpmdtmh tg

lddguit egr gim-tborh ge tbm wgrfh‟s `lic drmhot egr provltm `grrgwmrs

lih stgdc alrcmt mquoty vlfums. @mdlusm LDO os stlrtoik erga l fgw

`lsm, tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge provltm fgdlf-durrmidy `gihs os prgjmdtmh tg




rmldb gify <4.;%. Bgwmvmr, tblt woff rmprmsmit l tbrmmegfh oidrmlsm oi

twg hmdlhms. LDO‟s sblrm ge lff provltm euihoik os mxpmdtmh tg imlrfy

hgu`fm, tg 05.=%.

LDO‟s aguitoik eoilidolf wmokbt oi tbm wgrfh rmefmdts `gtb otsprgjmdtmh mdgigaod krgwtb lih oidrmlsms oi tbm rltog ge eoilidolf

lssmts tg krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi sgam dguitroms, sudb ls

Oihol, Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila. Xbm ^PD woff

`y elr alcm tbm òkkmst dgitroùtogi tg tbm rosm ge LDO.

LDO os mxpmdtmh tg alcm ots oidrmlsmh prmsmidm oi kfg`lf alrcmts

emft oi gtbmr hoamisogis ls wmff. Xbm yuli os mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam li

oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit oitmriltogilf rmsmrvm durrmidy ls tbm dguitry

krlhulffy gpmis ots dlpotlf lddguit. Tblikblo lih Aua`lo lrm mxpmdtmh

tg jgoi tbm rlics ge aljgr oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs.

5.4.< Eoilidolf hmmpmioik lih gpmioikXbm [grfh Mdgigaod Egrua‟s Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> ,

hmeoims eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit ls ‖pgfodoms lih oistotutogis tblt fmlh

tg meemdtovm eoilidolf oitmramholtogi lih alrcmts, ls wmff ls hmmp

lih `rglh lddmss tg dlpotlf lih eoilidolf smrvodms.‑ Tmvmi pofflrs lrm

usmh: oistotutogilf mivorgiamit, ùsoimss mivorgiamit, eoilidolf

stlòfoty, `licoik eoilidolf smrvodms, igi-`licoik eoilidolf smrvodms,

eoilidolf alrcmts, lih eoilidolf lddmss ([ME 0><<`: xooo). Xbm lpprgldbusms audb agrm tbli qulitotltovm amlsurms tg lssmss eoilidolf

hmvmfgpamit. Xl`fm 5.0 sbgws bgw tbm LDO dguitroms rlicmh lagik

=; dguitroms oi 0>>? lih 0><>.

[otb tbm mxdmptogi ge tbm ^bofoppoims, Oihgimsol, lih Uomt Ila, tbm

LDO dguitroms rlic ls aghmrltm, wbofm Toiklpgrm rlics ls bokb. Erga

0>>? tg 0><>, LDO rlicoiks blvm kmimrlffy oaprgvmh, wotb Alflysol

lih tbm ^PD sbgwoik tbm òkkmst klois. Bgwmvmr, agst LDO eoilidolf

systmas lrm stoff fmss hmvmfgpmh tbli tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.

[otboi tbm eoilidolf stlòfoty pofflr, `licoik systma stlòfoty os wmokbtmh agrm (8>%)

tbli durrmidy stlòfoty lih rosc ge sgvmrmoki hm`t drosos (4>% mldb). [otboi tbm `licoik

eoilidolf smrvodms, tbmrm lrm tbrmm su`krgups: tbm sozm ge tbm `licoik systma, tbm meeodomidy ge

tbm `licoik systma (8>% mldb), lih tbm rgfm ge eoilidolf oiegraltogi hosdfgsurm (0>%). [otboi

tbm eoilidolf alrcmts pofflr, l 4>% wmokbt wls lssokimh tg tbm mquoty lih `gih alrcmt, lih l

0>% wmokbt wls lssokimh tg tbm egrmoki mxdblikm lih hmrovltovms alrcmt (krmltmr oapgrtlidm

ge mquoty lih `gih alrcmt hmvmfgpamit).

8>

8>



Xl`fm 5.0: Dblikms oi Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Lssmssamits

0><> rlic 0>>? rlic 0><> sdgrm

(<—;)Dblikm oi

sdgrm

Toiklpgrm 8 8 =.>4 >.><

Alflysol <; 00 8.0 >.04

Xbloflih 48 4= 4.4; >.>4

Uomt Ila 85 8= 4.>4 >.>8

^bofoppoims => => 0.?; >.<8

Oihgimsol =< 82 0.? >

^PD 00 05 8.>4 >.<5

Oihol 4; 42 4.08 ->.>=


Tgurdm: [ME (0><>).

<?5


5.8 Amlsuroik LDO‟s Eoilidolf

^rgkrmss

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm alhm prgkrmss oi oidrmlsoik tbm sozm,

meeodomidy, lih oitmriltogilfozltogi ge tbmor eoilidolf alrcmts gvmr tbm

plst hmdlhm. Xbos hmmpmioik dli `m lilfyzmh `y usoik l amtbghgfgkysoaoflr tg tblt ge tbm [grfh @lic‟s Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit lih Ttrudturm

Hltl`lsm (Fmm 0>>23 Dlpliimffo, Fmm, lih ^mtro 0>>?). Lsol‟s prgkrmss

dli `m dgaplrmh wotb tblt ge gtbmr dguitroms `y usoik tbm oihodltgrs

prgvohmh oi @mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit (0>>?) egr egur oidgam fmvmfs:

bokb, uppmr-aohhfm, fgwmr-aohhfm, lih fgw.

Lff oihodltgrs ge eoilidolf sozm sukkmst stmlhy prgkrmss (Xl`fm 5.4).

Xbmsm oihodltgrs lrm dmitrlf `lic lssmts, `lic hmpgsots, hmpgsot

agimy `lic lssmts, foquoh folòfotoms, provltm drmhot `y hmpgsot

agimy `lics, stgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi, lih provltm `gih alrcmt

dlpotlfozltogi. Lff lrm dgaputmh ls l rltog tg igaoilf KH^. Xypodlffy,

tbm rltog ge dmitrlf `lic lssmts tg KH^ elffs ls oidgam rosms, wbofm

lff gtbmr amlsurms rosm. ^rovltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi os usmh

Foquoh folòfotoms lrm hmeoimh ls dlsb pfus hmalih hmpgsots lih oitmrmst-`mlroik folòfotoms

ge `lics lih gtbmr eoilidolf oistotutogis.

8<

8<



Xl fm 5.4: Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Tmdtgr Tozm

Amholi rltog y oidgam dflss, 0>>; LTMLI ^PD Oihol LDO*

Pltog tg KH^ Bokb ]ppmraohhfm

Fgwmraohhfm

Fgw 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>

Dmitrlf lic lssmts >.>< >.>< >.>8 >.>0 >.>2 >.>4 >.>0 >.>= >.>2 >.>0 >.>; >

@lic hmpgsots >.2; >.84 >.4? >.0> >.;4 >.24 <.>8 <.8; >.80 >.58 >.;4 >

Hmpgsot agimy `lic lssmts <.<8 >.== >.4< >.<= >.2= >.;2 <.<4 <.>; >.8< >.5= >.24 >

Foquoh folòfotoms >.?> >.8= >.84 >.0; IL <.>= IL <.=; IL >.;= IL <

^rovltm drmhot y hmpgsotagimy lics <.>< >.8; >.4< >.<8 >.;> >.;; <.>5 <.<> >.05 >.8; >.5? >

Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi <.>= >.80 >.4> >.05 >.2; >.;; >.42 <.>> >.45 >.?> >.;4 >

^rovltm gih alrcmtdlpotlfozltogi >.45 >.<5 >.>4 >.>> >.<4 >.<; >.>; >.<? >.>> >.>= >.<> >

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Igtm: * Toapfm lvmrlkm.

Tgurdms: @mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit (0>>?) lih lutbgrs‟ mstoaltms.


`mdlusm ot os bokbfy dgrrmfltmh wotb oidgam fmvmfs. û`fod `gih alrcmt

dlpotlfozltogi sbgws lfagst ig dgrrmfltogi wotb oidgam fmvmfs.

Xl`fm 5.4 dgaplrms tbm vlfums egr LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih lff

ge LDO oi 0>>> lih 0>>? wotb tbm amholi vlfums `y oidgam krgup ge

tbm wgrfhwohm slapfm egr 0>>; (@mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit 0>>?). Hltl

egr LDO lrm soapfm lvmrlkms ge tbm rltogs egr tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol,

Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila. Xbmhltl sbgw tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms gi lvmrlkm lrm, oe liytboik, gvmr-

mihgwmh oi tmras ge foquohoty lih `licoik smdtgr sozm dgaplrmh

tg bokb-oidgam dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbmy lrm fmss mihgwmh oi tmras

ge hmpgsot `lic lssmts, provltm drmhot `y hmpgsot agimy `lics, lih

stgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi. Xbm ^PD tmihs tg sdgrm bokbmst gi tbmsm

amlsurms, wotb LTMLI oi tbm aohhfm lih Oihol fgwmst. Bgwmvmr, tbmy

lff flk oi provltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi.

Lff LDO mdgigaoms sbgwmh su`stlitolf oidrmlsms oi tgtlf provltm

folòfotoms rmfltovm tg KH^ erga 0>>> tg 0>>?, mspmdolffy tbm ^PD,

Oihol, lih Uomt Ila. Xl`fm 5.8 sbgws tbmrm wmrm aljgr hoeemrmidms

wbmi ot dlam tg typms ge folòfoty. ^rovltm `lic drmhot emff oi Alflysol,

tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf

drosos ge <??;—<??2. Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi rgsm oi lff tbm LDO

mdgigaoms, wbofm provltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi emff gify oi

Toiklpgrm. Bgwmvmr, lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, provltm `gih alrcmt



Xl`fm 5.8: Tgurdms ge ^rovltm Tmdtgr Euihoik (% ge KH^)

^rovltm drmhot yhmpgsot agimy

`lics

Ttgdc alrcmtdlpotlfozltogi

^rovltm gihalrcmt

dlpotlfozltogiXgtlf

0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>?

LTMLI* ;>.8 ;5.? ;0.8 ;5.0 <0.5 <5.? <8<.4 <5;.<

Oihgimsol <;.2 08.> <5.4 44.> <.8 <.= 4=.= =2.5

Alflysol <04.< <<4.0 <08.; <40.5 40.? 8?.5 02>.; 0?=.4

^bofoppoims 42.0 0?.? 40.> 8;.5 >.0 <.> ;>.= ;2.=

Toiklpgrm ?5.; <>0.0 <58.2 <5?.= <5.? <4.0 0;2.= 028.?

Xbloflih <<5.4 ?=.0 08.> =0.8 <<.2 <?.< <=0.> <55.2

Uomt Ila 4>.8 ?5.; IL 0<.2 IL IL 4>.8 <<2.5

^PD <>5.8 <<>.> 82.= <>>.4 ;.> <?.> <5<.? 00?.8

Oihol 05.8 85.= 40.0 2=.8 >.= 8.5 =?.< <45.5

LDO* 5?.8 ;;.0 54.0 2>.4 <>.< <=.8 <44.5 <;<.<

Gtbmrs

Bgik Cgik, Dboil <=>.? <=0.8 458.8 <>22.5 <;.0 <8.0 =40.= <0==.0

Jlpli <?=.4 <>;.0 5;.5 5;.< 8;.8 4;.2 4<>.8 0<0.<

Pmp. ge Cgrml 5?.; <>=.> 40.0 <>>.4 =<.= 5?.4 <=4.8 0;8.;

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3

IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtm: * uiwmokbtmh lvmrlkms3 hltl egr gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms igt lvlofl`fm.

Tgurdms: OET Em` 0><< DH, DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 @OT (0><0)3 [grfh

Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh

<0 Lprof 0><<).

<?2


dlpotlfozltogi wls bokb gify oi Alflysol, wbodb uihmrfoims tbm sdgpmegr eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge tbos smdtgr.

Foem oisurlidm prmaouas ls l pmrdmitlkm ge KH^ blvm rmldbmh

vmry bokb fmvmfs oi Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, `meottoik tbmor

stltus ls oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs (Xl`fm 5.=). Alflysol‟s fmvmf

lfsg os rmfltovmfy bokb lt 5.4% ge KH^. Fmvmfs oi tbm ^PD lih Xbloflih

lrm rmfltovmfy dfgsm tg tbgsm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, wbmrm prmaouas

mqulf 8.=% ge KH^ lih rmprmsmit l kggh fgik-tmra `midbalrc. Oihol,

Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila blvm eurtbmr tg kg.

LDO‟s lssmt alilkmamit oihustry os mxpmdtmh tg krgw rlpohfy

ls l rmsuft ge rosoik oidgams, bokb slvoiks rltms, lih tbm lkoik ge

pgpufltogis oi agst mdgigaoms. Lkloi, bgwmvmr, tbmrm os wohm vlroltogi

oi tbm rmkogi (Xl`fm 5.=). Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil blvm vmry

bokb pmrdmitlkms ge sblrms ge lssmts uihmr alilkmamit, egffgwmh `y

Hltl gi lssmts lrm igt lvlofl`fm egr agst mdgigaoms.

80

80



Xl`fm 5.=: Oisurlidm lih Autulf Euih Oihustry Hmvmfgpamit

(% ge KH^)

Xgtlf oisurlidm prmaouas Autulf euih lssmts

0>>> 0><> 0>>> 0><>

LTMLI* 8.; 8.2 8;.= <>5.2

Oihgimsol** < <.5 >.8 0.4

Alflysol IL 5.4 <0.0 8?.4

^bofoppoims** <.4 < IL <.<

Toiklpgrm <8.< <8.0 <5?.2 85<.<

Xbloflih 0.= 8.0 ;.; 0>.<

Uomt Ila+ IL <.8 IL IL

^PD <.5 4.; >.? 5.0

Oihol IL 0.4 5.8 2.=

LDO* 8.0 8.8 4= 2<.?

Gtbmrs

Bgik Cgik, Dboil** 40.? 22.0 <28.< 880.?

Pmp. ge Cgrml =.= 8.= <;.; 0>.?

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3

IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Igtms: * ]iwmokbtmh lvmrlkms. Oistmlh ge 0><> hltl, ** hmigtms 0>>? lih + hmigtms 0>>23

hltl egr gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms igt lvlofl`fm.

Tgurdm: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh < Lukust 0><<).


Xbloflih. ]soik tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml ls l `midbalrc, wbmrm sudb

lssmts mqulf lrguih 0>% ge KH^, dguitroms sudb ls tbm ^PD lih Oihol

smma focmfy tg hmvmfgp eurtbmr.

5.8.< Eoilidolf gpmiimssEoilidolf systmas `mdgam agrm gpmi ls mdgigaoms hmvmfgp lih

rmstrodtogis oi lrmls sudb ls dlpotlf lddguits mlsm. Bgwmvmr, dlpotlf

lddguit rmkoams dli lfsg `mdgam agrm rmstrodtovm, plrtoduflrfy

oi dguitroms tblt mxpmromidm sbgdcs erga rlpoh dlpotlf oiefgws gr

gutefgws. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 wls l wltmrsbmh

oi Lsol oi tmras ge tbm pmrdmovmh roscs lssgdoltmh wotb gpmi dlpotlf

lddguits. Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, l dmrtloi fmvmf ge dlpotlf alrcmt

gpmiimss os l prmrmquosotm egr rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi. Xbm tlsc

os tg ohmitoey lpprgproltm wlys tg alilkm dlpotlf efgws.

Eoilidolf gpmiimss os igt mlsy tg amlsurm. Xbmrm lrm twg `rglh

lpprgldbms‘hm jurm lih hm eldtg. Hm jurm amlsurms lssmss tbm

rmstrodtovmimss ge pu`fosbmh flws lih rmkufltogis rmklrhoik egrmoki

mxdblikm lih dlpotlf lddguit trlisldtogis. Xbmsm lrm typodlffy `lsmh



Eokurm 5.<: Dboii—Otg Oihodms egr Aljgr LDO Mdgigaoms

LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: Dboii lih Otg (0>>2).

0>>


gi tbm Liiulf Pmpgrt gi Mxdblikm Lrrlikmamits lih Mxdblikm

Pmstrodtogis (LPMLMP) (OAE 0>>2). Mxlapfms ge tbos lpprgldb oidfuhm

\uoii (0>>4) lih tbm Dboii—Otg Oihmx (Dboii lih Otg 0>>2).

Xbm hmkrmm ge gpmiimss bls rlikmh wohmfy lih bls dblikmhsu`stlitolffy oi aljgr LDO mdgigaoms, lddgrhoik tg tbm Dboii—Otg

Oihmx egr <??5 lih 0>>? (Eokurm 5.<). Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik,

Dboil lrm rltmh ls euffy gpmi, dgisostmit wotb tbmor stltus ls rmkogilf

eoilidolf dmitmrs. @gtb tbm ^PD lih Oihol blvm aloitloimh rmfltovmfy

fgw rltoiks ge —<.<=, sukkmstoik tbmy lrm rmfltovmfy dfgsmh. Oihgimsol

lih Uomt Ila blvm `mdgam sokioeodlitfy agrm gpmi, wbofm Alflysol

lih Xbloflih blvm `mdgam fmss gpmi, proalrofy ls l rmsuft ge tbmor

mxpmromidms huroik tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos.

Bgwmvmr, ot os wohmfy rmdgkiozmh tblt hm jurm amlsurms aly igt

rmfol`fy dlpturm tbm meemdtovm hmkrmm ge dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss. Xbm

lftmriltovm lpprgldb os tg amlsurm hm eldtg dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss,

`lsmh gi mstoaltms ge ldtulf dlpotlf efgws. Gim ge tbm aloi sgurdms oi

tbos rmklrh os Flim lih Aofmso-Emrrmtto (0>>5). Xbm mssmitolf ohml os tblt

l bokbmr fmvmf ge mxtmrilf lssmts lih fol`ofotoms (rmfltovm tg KH^ gr sgam

Xbm Dboii—Otg Oihmx os dgapofmh `y mvlfultoik egur aljgr dltmkgroms ge rmstrodtogis

gi mxtmrilf lddguits: (o) tbm prmsmidm ge l auftopfm mxdblikm rltm rmkoam, (oo) tbm prmsmidm

ge rmstrodtogis gi durrmit lddguit trlisldtogis, (ooo) tbm prmsmidm ge rmstrodtogis gi dlpotlf

lddguit trlisldtogis, lih (ov) tbm prmsmidm ge l rmquormamit ge tbm surrmihmr ge mxpgrt

prgdmmhs. Xbm oihmx sdgrm rlikms erga —<.28, wbodb oihodltms tbmy lrm euffy dfgsmh, tg +0.82,

amlioik tbmy lrm euffy gpmi.

84

84



Xl`fm 5.5: Mxtmrilf Lssmts lih Folòfotoms ls l Tblrm ge Krgss

Hgamstod ^rghudt oi Mamrkoik Lsol, <??>—0>>? (%)

<??> <??= 0>>> 0>>= 0>>?

Dla`ghol IL ?5.4 <;5.2 <8=.0 <=5.>

^PD 42.? =2.; 28.; ?>.5 <>2.4

Bgik Cgik, Dboil <,850.? <,442.5 <,085.= <,848.= 0,>?;.<

Oihol 4>.0 4?.; 80.4 8?.< 58.<

Oihgimsol 2>.5 25.0 <45.2 25.< ;5.?

Pmp. ge Cgrml 4=.8 =>.? 20.; <>;.= <5<.?

Flg HP 0<=.4 <8;.= <?2.; <82.> <=4.0

Alflysol <0<.5 <5>.2 <2=.= <24.? 080.0

^bofoppoims ?=.> ?;.4 <84.4 <<8.; ??.0

Toiklpgrm 45<.4 8<?.= 2>?.= ?55.; <,0<5.8

Xlopmo,Dboil <>4.8 ?;.; <40.4 0=;.> 45?.;

Xbloflih 52.2 <<8.8 <80.; <4=.< <52.>

Uomt Ila IL ?5.0 <<>.; <>>.0 <0?.2

Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko (0><0).


gtbmr amlsurm) oihodltmh tbm meemdtovm gpmiimss ge dlpotlf alrcmts.

Xbm smroms wls uphltmh tg 0>>? oi Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko (0><0).

Xbm vlfums lrm suaalrozmh oi Xl`fm 5.5.

Xbm mxtmrilf lssmts lih folòfotoms rltogs kmimrlffy rgsm egr lff Lsolimdgigaoms erga <??> tg 0>>?. Hmspotm tbm rmkogi‟s rmfltovmfy fgw gvmrlff

hm jurm gpmiimss sdgrms, tbm rltogs wmrm dfgsm tg gr mxdmmhmh <>>% egr

lff ùt twg mdgigaoms oi 0>>?. Xbm dlpotlf lddguits ge aliy Lsoli

mdgigaoms, tbmrmegrm, oi eldt lppmlr tg blvm `mmi sueeodomitfy gpmi.

5.8.0 Eoilidolf sguihimss lih kgvmrilidm

amlsurms

Krmlt oaprgvmamits oi tbm sguihimss ge LDO eoilidolf systmas

blvm `mmi ldbomvmh soidm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos.

Lftbgukb dlpotlf lhmquldy rltogs gi lvmrlkm emff sgamwblt `mtwmmi

0>>> lih 0>>?, tbmy rmaloimh bokb. Igipmregraoik fglis oi tbm rmkogi

emff hrlaltodlffy, erga li uiwmokbtmh lvmrlkm ge <8.<% ge tgtlf fglis

oi 0>>> tg gify 4.8% oi 0>>? (Xl`fm 5.;). Lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgwmh



Xl`fm 5.;: Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty lih Kgvmrilidm

Dlpotlflhmquldy rltog

(%)

Igipmregraoikfglis

(% ge tgtlf)

Pmkufltgryqulfoty+

Pufm ge flw+

0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>?

LTMLI* <5.8 <=.5 <8.8 8.> >.4 >.4 >.< >.<

Oihgimsol 0<.5 <;.= <2.2 4.2 ->.4 ->.4 ->.2 ->.5

Alflysol <0.= <8.5 <=.8 4.2 >.8 >.4 >.8 >.=

^bofoppoims <5.0 <=.2 <5.5 8.5 >.< >.> ->.= ->.=

Toiklpgrm <?.5 <5.= 4.8 0.4 0.> <.2 <.8 <.5

Xbloflih** <<.? <4.2 <;.; =.; >.= >.4 >.= >.>

Uomt Ila IL IL IL IL ->.; ->.5 ->.8 ->.8

^PD <4.= <>.> IL <.5 ->.4 ->.0 ->.8 ->.4

Oihol <<.< <4.0 <0.; 0.8 ->.< ->.4 >.0 >.>

LDO* <=.4 <8.5 <8.< 4.= >.0 >.0 >.> >.>

Gtbmrs

Bgik Cgik, Dboil <;.2 <5.5 5.< <.= <.; <.2 >.? <.=

Pmp. ge Cgrml <>.= <8.0 5.5 <.= >.5 >.> <.8 >.>

Xlopmo,Dboil** IL <<.8 IL <.0 IL <.< IL >.2

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3


Igtms: * ]iwmokbtmh lvmrlkm3 ** 0>>2 hltl oistmlh ge 0>>?3 +Tdlfm e rga -0.= tg +0.=.

Tgurdms: OAE (0><>)3 [grfh @lic (0><<`).

0>0


alrcmh oaprgvmamit, mspmdolffy Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims,

lih Xbloflih. Audb ge tbos oaprgvmamit wls hum tg sustloimh

mdgigaod mxplisogi soidm 0>>>, `ut strudturlf oaprgvmamits pflymh

l rgfm ls wmff.Xbmrm bls `mmi audb fmss mvohmidm ge prgkrmss oi qulfotltovm

amlsurms ge kgvmrilidm lih rmkufltgry meeodomidy. Xbm pmregralidm

ge LDO ls l wbgfm gi tbm [grfh @lic‟s oihodms egr Pmkufltgry \ulfoty

lih Pufm ge Flw ([grfh @lic 0><<`) rmaloimh stl`fm `mtwmmi 0>>>

lih 0>>?. Oaprgvmamits oi sgam dguitroms wmrm plrtfy geesmt `y

hmtmrogrltogi oi Xbloflih lih Oihol.




5.= ^rgagtoik Eoilidolf

Hmmpmioik lih Gpmioik oi LDO@lics blvm `mmi tbm wgrcbgrsms ge tbm LDO mdgigaod krgwtb

aghmf. Xblt plrtfy os `mdlusm pgfodyalcmrs dli oiefumidm `lics tg

fmih lddgrhoik tg hmvmfgpamit g`jmdtovms. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt

LDO `lics blvm hmvmfgpmh fgik-tmra rmfltogisbops wotb `grrgwmrs,

lih tbmrmegrm mxmrdosm meemdtovm gvmrsokbt. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos,

bgwmvmr, bokbfokbtmh oilhmqultm `lic kgvmrilidm lih rmkufltogi

oi audb ge tbm rmkogi. Xbm drosos fmh tg li gvmrbluf ge LDO `licoik

smdtgrs lih rmdgkiotogi ge tbm immh tg hmvmfgp `gih alrcmts ls ‖splrm

torms‑ egr eoilidoik huroik toams ge drosos.

Iuamrgus rmkogilf oiotoltovms blvm `mmi uihmrtlcmi tg prgagtm

`gih alrcmt hmvmfgpamit. Xbmy oidfuhm tbm Lsoli @gih Alrcmts

Oiotoltovm lih Lsoli @gih Euihs. Bgwmvmr, eurtbmr wgrc immhs tg `m

hgim oi tbos lrml egr Lsoli `gih alrcmts tg ldbomvm tbmor pgtmitolf,

plrtoduflrfy wotb rmklrh tg dgrpgrltm `gihs. ^rgkrmss dli `m ldbomvmh

oi l iua`mr ge hoamisogis. Xbmy oidfuhm oaprgvoik tbm oierlstrudturm

rmfltmh tg smdurotoms lih egrmoki mxdblikm alrcmts, dgvmrlkm `y

drmhot rltoik lkmidoms, kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit, lih gpmrltoik

meeodomidy ge plyamit, dfmlroik, lih smttfmamit systmas. LDO sbgufhlfsg hmvmfgp amdbliosas tg suppgrt oierlstrudturm eoilidoik lih

lhhrmss smdtgrlf dgapmtotogi ossums.

5.=.< Tmdurotoms lih egrmoki mxdblikm

alrcmts oierlstrudturm

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dli tlcm stmps tg hmmpmi rmkogilf `gih

alrcmts. Xbm fgik-tmra vol`ofoty ge tbos smkamit os dfgsmfy foicmh tg

tbm prmsmidm ge bokbfy foquoh egrmoki mxdblikm lih hmrovltovms alrcmts

tblt eldofotltm rosc alilkmamit lih trlisegraltogi, rmkufltogis tblt

eldofotltm dggpmrltogi wotb alrcmt plrtodoplits, lih `midbalrc ossums

lih dgapmtotovm prodoik `mtwmmi alrcmts (@lttmi, Bgkli, lih Tzoflkyo

0>>?). Kgvmriamits dli oaprgvm tbmor hm`t alilkmamit. Posc-ermm

`midbalrcs lrm mssmitolf egr prodoik lih bmhkoik oi tbm dgrpgrltm `gih



Xl`fm 5.2: ^mrdmovmh @gih-Alrcmt-Pmfltmh @lrromrs `y Mdgigay

(iua`mr ge survmy rmspgihmits rmpgrtoik prg`fmas)

^rg`fma ^PD BCK OIH OIG ALF ^BO TOI XBL UOM Xgtlf

Fldc ge hmrovltovm oistruamits >

Fldc ge rmpg gpmrltogis < < < < 8 2

Fldc ge smdurotoms fmihoik 0 0

Tmttfmamit ge ER trlhms 4 < 8

Fgdlf durrmidy `grrgwoik < < 0 4 0 0 < <0

ER dlsb rmpltroltogi rmstrodtogis < < 5 0 4 2 4 08

ER mxdblikm rmstrodtogis 0 < 2 8 = <> 8 48

Oidgam plyamits < <

Fmklf juroshodtogi < < 0

Xlxms 0 5 = 0 0 <;

Oivmstgr rmkostrltogi = 4 < < < 8 <=

Fmklf systma homrmidms < < 0

Hormdt lddmss tg fgdlf smttfmamit 0 < < < =

ER 1 egrmoki mxdblikm3 BCK 1 Bgik Cgik, Dboil: OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 ALF 1 Alflysol3 BO 1 bofoppoims3

^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3 XBL 1 Xbloflih3 UOM 1 Uomt Ila.

Tgurdms: LH@ (0><>l)3 Agrkli lih Fla`mrtm (0><0).

0>8


alrcmt. ]ftoaltmfy, rosc-ermm kgvmriamit `gihs prgvohm `midbalrcs

egr drmhot sprmlhs. Xbmrmegrm, lhmqultm foquohoty os drotodlf, orrmspmdtovm

ge eosdlf rmquormamits.

Ot os drudolf tblt dgvmrlkm `y iltogilf lih oitmriltogilf drmhotrltoik lkmidoms `m mxplihmh lih prgagtmh (Tpomkmf 0>>?). @gtb kfg`lf

lih rmkogilf rltoik lkmidoms blvm tbmor strmiktbs lih wmlcimssms,

sg `gtb sbgufh `m midgurlkmh. Egrtuiltmfy, Lsol lfrmlhy bls l flrkm

iua`mr ge iltogilf drmhot rltoik lkmidoms.

Oaprgvmamits oi eoilidolf rmkufltgry lih tlx systmas lrm immhmh

oi LDO. Aliy alrcmt oapmremdtogis lrm smfe-oihudmh. Egr mxlapfm,

wotbbgfhoik tlxms lih fmklf dgistrloits smkamit alrcmts erga kfg`lf

dlpotlf (Jolik lih AdDlufmy 0>>8) lih lppmlr tg `m l aljgr hmtmrrmit

tg oivmstgrs. Li LH@O survmy ge oistotutogilf oivmstgrs ohmitoeomh l

iua`mr ge pmrdmovmh lrromrs tg gih alrcmt lddmss oi Lsol (Xl`fm 5.2).

[otbbgfhoik tlxms lih rmstrodtogis gi mxdblikm dgivmrto`ofoty

lih rmpltroltogi wmrm lagik tbm agst ermqumitfy dotmh `lrromrs. Ot os

oapgrtlit tg igtm tblt sgam `lrromrs, sudb ls rmkufltogis lih tlxms,

elff agrm oi tbm lrml ge tbm pu`fod smdtgr. Gtbmrs, sudb ls smttfmamit

prgdmhurms, lrm smt `y tbm provltm smdtgr. Tg meegrts tg rmhudm sudb

`lrromrs aust `m hormdtmh lt `gtb.




5.=.0 Oierlstrudturm ilidoikLsol‟s oierlstrudturm oivmstamit immhs lrm alssovm‘mstoaltmh

lt $2 troffogi `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>0> (LH@ lih LH@O 0>>?). Tgammdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi eldm sokioeodlit eosdlf dgistrloits tblt wgufh

alcm ot hoeeoduft egr tbma tg eoilidm sudb prgjmdts. Eosdlf dgistrloits

dli `m rmflxmh tbrgukb gvmrsmls hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm, pu`fod

euihoik erga rmkogilf oistotutogis, lih provltm dlpotlf.

Toidm flrkm oidrmlsms oi hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm dliigt m mxpmdtmh,

tbm `urhmi woff blvm tg elff gi rmkogilf pu`fod euihoik lih pu`fod—

provltm plrtimrsbops. Pmkogilf oistotutogis tg suppgrt euihoik ge

pu`fod oivmstamit lrm hosdussmh oi smdtogi 5.2.4. [bofm pu`fod—provltm

plrtimrsbops sguih prgaosoik, bgwmvmr, tbmy lrm dgapfmx lih dgstfy

(Iosbozlwl 0><<). Posc lffgdltogis lrm dblffmikoik mdlusm ge tbm pu`fod

ilturm ge oierlstrudturm smrvodms prgvosogi lih oibmrmit uidmrtloitoms

gvmr tbm fgik tmra. Xbmrm os l pmrdmptogi tblt sudb plrtimrsbops elvgr

provltm prgeot lt tbm pu`fod‟s mxpmism. Hoeeoduftoms lfsg lrosm erga

tbm hoeemrmit lttotuhms ge oivmstgrs, kgvmriamits, fmihmrs, lih tbm

kmimrlf pu`fod. Lftbgukb pu`fod—provltm plrtimrsbops blvm dgaamrdolf

lih dgitrldtulf strudturms lih gpmrltogilf aghlfotoms, tbmy dli `m

mxtrmamfy pgfotodlf, mspmdolffy oi tbm oapfmamitltogi stlkm.

5.=.4 ^u`fod hm`t alilkmamitKgvmriamits aust oaprgvm tbmor hm`t alilkmamit tg suppgrt

tbm foquohoty ge tbmor `gih alrcmts. Posc-ermm `midbalrcs lrm oitmkrlf

lih imdmsslry egr prodoik lih bmhkoik oi tbm dgrpgrltm `gih alrcmt.

]ftoaltmfy, rosc-ermm kgvmriamit `gihs prgvohm `midbalrcs egr drmhot

sprmlhs. Ot tbmrmegrm os drotodlf tg aloitloi lhmqultm foquohoty ldrgss l

rlikm ge alturotoms, orrmspmdtovm ge eosdlf rmquormamits (@lttmi, Bgkli,

lih Tzoflkyo 0>>?).

5.=.8 ^lyamits, smttfmamit, lih dfmlroik

systmas

@licoik lih smdurotoms alrcmts dliigt euidtogi wotbgut meeodomit

systmas egr plyamits, smttfmamit, lih dfmlroik‘tbm mssmitolf



Xl`fm 5.?: Mitry ge Egrmoki @lics oi LDO Alrcmts (iua`mr ge lics)

Xgtlf `lics* oi tbmstuhy

Fgdlffy

gwimh

Egrmoki

gwimh

Igi-Lsoliegrmokigwimh

Lsoliegrmokigwimh

Igi-LDOgwimh

LDOgwimh

LTMLI 44= ?8 08< <0< <0> =0 52

Oihgimsol 45 <> 05 ; <? 5 <4

Alflysol 04 ? <8 2 5 < =

^bofoppoims 42 <? <? <> ? 8 =

Toiklpgrm <<? 5 <<4 5? 88 <2 05

Xbloflih 40 <0 0> ? << 8 ;

Uomt Ila 2; 42 8? <2 4< <? <0

^PD 42 4; < < > > >

Oihol ;= 82 0; <8 <4 2 =

LDO 882 <;? 05? <45 <44 5> ;4

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Dboil.

Igtm: *Mxdfuhoik tbroets.

Tgurdm: @licsdgpm Hltl`lsm. www.`licsdgpm.dga (lddmssmh 0= Aly 0><<).

0>5


‖pfua`oik.‑ Xbmsm systmas kmimrlffy bmfh up wmff oi Lsol huroik tbm

kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos. Bgwmvmr, tbmy dli `m strmiktbmimh oi aliy

wlys. Egr mxlapfm, lftbgukb lff aljgr LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt Uomt Ila

blvm rmlf-toam krgss smttfmamit plyamits systmas, tbmy stoff immh tg `m su`stlitolffy upkrlhmh tg blihfm salffmr trlisldtogis lih vlrogus

coihs ge roscs.

5.=.= Dgapmtotovm rmstrloits

@lrromrs tg mitry rmaloi bokb oi vlrogus LDO eoilidolf smdtgrs, wbmtbmr

wotboi dguitroms gr ldrgss `grhmrs. Xbos fmlhs tg oimeeodomidy lih bokbmr

dgsts. @mdlusm tbm eoilidolf smdtgr lffgdltms slvoiks lih oivmstamit, tbos

rmprmsmits l sokioeodlit dgistrloit gi LDO krgwtb prgspmdts.

@licoik. Dgapmtotogi oi aliy LDO `licoik smdtgrs rmalois

foaotmh `y rmstrodtogis gi tbm mitry ge egrmoki eoilidolf oistotutogis

oitg hgamstod alrcmts. Xbos os mvohmidmh y tbm fgw pmimtrltogi ge LDO-

`lsmh `lics oi gtbmr alrcmts wotboi tbm rmkogi. Xbm prmsmidm ge gtbmr

LDO `lics os plrtoduflrfy fgw oi tbm ^PD, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih

Xbloflih (Xl`fm 5.?). Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, mitry `lrromrs immh tg `m

lhhrmssmh tg prgagtm rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi.




Oisurlidm. Alrcmt lddmss oi tbm oisurlidm oihustry, mspmdolffy

tg egrmoki dgaplioms, os foaotmh oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, fmlhoik tg

oimeeodomidy lih bokb dgsts.

Lssmt alilkmamit. Hmalih egr lssmt alilkmamit smrvodmsos mxpmdtmh tg mxplih ls pgpufltogis rlpohfy lkm gvmr tbm imxt twg

hmdlhms oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms. [otb tbm mxdmptogi ge Toiklpgrm,

Alflysol, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, bgwmvmr, hmvmfgpamit ge tbm provltm

lssmt alilkmamit smdtgr oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms os stoff foaotmh. Drgss-

`grhmr dgapmtotogi egr sudb smrvodms os mvmi sdlrdmr, hum tg rmstrodtogis

gi dlpotlf efgws.

5.5 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi

Toidm tbm mlrfy <??>s, lftbgukb LDO bls alhm rmalrcl`fm prgkrmss

oi prgvohoik eoilidolf smrvodms egr pmgpfm wbg prmvogusfy blh ig lddmss

tg tbm `licoik smdtgr, agst bgusmbgfhs stoff blvm gify plrtolf lddmss.

Aoffogis rmaloi mxdfuhmh lftgkmtbmr. Krmltmr eoilidolf oidfusogi dli

bmfp igt gify oaprgvm tbm wmfelrm ge tbm aljgroty ge LDO‟s pmgpfm, ùt

lfsg miblidm eoilidolf stlòfoty tbrgukb l hmmpmr lih agrm hovmrsoeomh

eoilidolf systma.

L fldc ge lddmss tg eoilidm foaots tbm dgitroùtogi tblt fgw-oidgambgusmbgfhs lih salff mitmrprosms dli alcm tg mdgigaod krgwtb. Ot lfsg

bls gtbmr uihmsorl`fm meemdts, sudb ls fmlhoik tg uiimdmsslrofy bokb

fmvmfs ge slvoiks, bokb-oidgam oimqulfoty, lih vgfltofm dgisuaptogi

lih oivmstamit. Mxplihoik lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms, tbmrmegrm, os

oapgrtlit tg smduroik agrm mquotl`fm lih sustloil`fm krgwtb.

5.5.< Durrmit sotultogi

Agrm tbli =>> aoffogi pmgpfm (Eokurm 5.0) lih l sokioeodlit iua`mr

ge aodrg lih salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms oi LDO blvm ig

lddmss tg egralf gr smao-egralf eoilidolf systmas. Gify l`gut 8>%—

=>% ge Lsoli bgusmbgfhs blvm sgam lddmss tg egralf gr smao-egralf

eoilidolf smrvodms, wbofm l`gut 0=% ge Lsoli bgusmbgfhs fovoik gi fmss

tbli $0 l hly blvm sgam lddmss tg eoilidm. Oi Xbloflih, agrm tbli =>%

ge lff lhufts blvm sudb lddmss. Oi Oihol, tbm ^PD, Oihgimsol, lih Uomt



Eokurm 5.0: Eoilidolf Oidfusogi‘Aoffogis ge ^mgpfm Mxdfuhmh


Tgurdm: Emrilihg (0>>?).

0>2


Ila, lddmss rlikms erga 4>% tg 8?%, wbofm oi Dla`ghol, Aylialr,

tbm bofoppoims, lih tbm Flg HP ot os fmss tbli 4>% (Emrilihg 0>>?).

Hum tg krgwtb oi aodrgeoilidm, l qulitua sboet bls gddurrmh

oi lddmss tg drmhot oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm plst 8 gr = ymlrs.

Lddmss egr Oihol‟s pggr bgusmbgfhs bls oidrmlsmh erga fmss tbli

2% oi 0>>8 tg l`gut 0>% tg 0=% oi 0>>?. Ls ge 0>>2, aodrgeoilidm

rmldbmh ?.? aoffogi dfomits oi Oihol, lih li lhhotogilf 0.< aoffogi

oi Uomt Ila just soidm 0>>5. Oi tbm ^PD, lddmss tg drmhot egr rurlf

pmgpfm hmdfoimh letmr rmegras ge lics lih rurlf drmhot dggpmrltovms.Oimvotl`fy, tbm sustloil`ofoty ge sudb prgkrlas lfwlys os oi qumstogi

wbmi tbmy rmfy gi su`sohoms.

5.5.0 Talff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosm

ilidm

Talff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms (TAMs) blvm mmi imkfmdtmh

`y Lsoli `lics. Amlsurms sbgufh `m tlcmi tg drmltm li mil`foik

mivorgiamit egr TAMs `y hmvmfgpoik l dgrpgrltm drmhot oiegraltogi

hltl`lsm lih drmhot kulrlitmm systma lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf

fmvmfs. Xbos dli bmfp mlsm tbm prg`fmas ge ohmitoeyoik suotl`fm

dgffltmrlf egr TAM fglis.

Xbmrm lrm dgapmffoik rmlsgis egr kgvmriamits tg eldofotltm

drmhot lddmss egr TAMs. Xbmy dgitro`utm tg sustloil`fm mdgigaod



0<>


5.5.8 Krmmi ilidmEoilidoik egr krmmi krgwtb midgaplssms oivmstamit oi lrmls sudb

ls trlhotogilf pgffutogi dgitrgf, lftmriltovm mimrky sgurdms, mimrkydgismrvltogi, lih prgjmdts tblt rmhudm krmmibgusm kls maossogis.

Xrlhotogilf eoilidoik amdbliosas getmi hg igt prgvohm sueeodomit

oidmitovms egr sgdolffy meeodomit fmvmfs ge oivmstamit oi tbmsm lrmls.

Xbm dgitrgf ge krmmibgusm klsms os plrtoduflrfy dgapfmx `mdlusm

tbm rmfmvlit ‖dgaagis‑ lrml os tbm mitorm pflimt. Oistotutogis sudb

ls tbm Dfmli Hmvmfgpamit Amdbliosa blvm `mmi li oapgrtlit

hmvmfgpamit oi tbm smlrdb egr dgst-meemdtovm sgfutogis tg krmmibgusm

kls rmhudtogis. Xbos erlamwgrc lffgws hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms tg kloi

maossogi drmhots `y eoilidoik fgwmr-dgst krmmibgusm kls rmhudtogi

prgjmdts oi hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms. [ltmr pgffutogi lih wltmr

alilkmamit lrm getmi rmkogilf ossums, ls oi tbm dlsm ge tbm Amcgik

Hmftl, sg oitmriltogilf eoilidolf trlisemr amdbliosas aly prgvm

usmeuf oi tbos lrml.

5.5.= Fmklf lih rmkufltgry oierlstrudturmXbm hmvmfgpamit ge spmdolfozmh fmihoik oistotutogis egr

dgisuamrs lih TAMs aly rmquorm rmkufltgry oiigvltogis tg dgvmr

tbmsm oistotutogis lih aoioaozm pgtmitolf systmaod eoilidolf rosc.Ttrmiktbmioik ge dgisuamr prgtmdtogi flws tblt oaprgvm hosdfgsurm

lih bmfp prmvmit dgffmdtogi lùsms aly lfsg `m rmquormh.

5.; LDO Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty

Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 lih tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf

drosos ge 0>>2—0>>? uihmrsdgrmh tbm bokb dgsts ge fgst gutput

lih eoilidolf hosruptogi. Xbmy lfsg bokbfokbtmh tbm oapgrtlidm ge

hmvmfgpoik lih oaprgvoik oistotutogilf erlamwgrcs tg prmvmit drosms

lih tg alilkm tbma oe tbmy hg lrosm. Xbm sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik

drosos oi tbm murgzgim os tbm fltmst alioemstltogi ge kfg`lf eoilidolf

oistlòfoty lih bokbfokbts tbm immh egr erlamwgrcs tg oisufltm LDO

mdgigaoms lkloist mxtmrilf trlhm lih eoilidolf sbgdcs.




Lsoli eoilidolf systmas kmimrlffy pmregramh wmff huroik tbm

0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, plrtfy `mdlusm tbmy lvgohmh

mxpgsurm tg sgpbostodltmh ùt uftoaltmfy tgxod eoilidolf prghudts.

Imvmrtbmfmss, tbmrm lrm stoff fmssgis tg `m fmlrimh. Eorst, lt tbmtrlhotogilf aodrgpruhmitolf gr oihovohulf eora fmvmf ge supmrvosogi,

tbm mapblsos sbgufh `m gi oaprgvoik rmkufltgry dlpldoty lih dfgsoik

rmkufltgry klps. Tmdgih, tbm drosos sbgwmh tbm immh tg ohmitoey lih

alilkm systmaod roscs igt imdmsslrofy g`smrvl`fm lt tbm fmvmf ge tbm

oihovohulf eoilidolf oistotutogi tbrgukb aldrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi

lih rmkufltogi. Lsoli rmkufltgrs blvm oi aliy dlsms `mmi lbmlh oi

tbos lrml rmfltovm tg hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Bgwmvmr, oapgrtlit eurtbmr

stmps dli `m tlcmi. Ligtbmr fmssgi os tblt sguih erlamwgrcs dli

alilkm tbm dgisohmrl`fm roscs tg mdgigaod krgwtb lih eoilidolf

stlòfoty pgsmh `y vgfltofm oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws.

5.;.< Aodrgpruhmitolf pgfodyXbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos rlosmh smvmrlf dgidmris rmklrhoik

aodrgpruhmitolf rmkufltogi. Gim os tblt `lics sbgufh bgfh agrm dlpotlf,

soidm prmvogus ueemrs blvm prgvmh oilhmqultm tg lffgw lics tg rmdgvmr.

Ligtbmr os tblt `lics sbgufh blvm foquohoty ùeemrs sg tblt tbmy dli

wotbstlih tbm hryoik up ge agimy alrcmts egr l sokioeodlit pmrogh. L

tborh fmssgi os tblt `lics sbgufh igt `m gvmrfy fmvmrlkmh, wbodb oi toamge drosos dli egrdm tbma oitg hrlstod lssmt slfms lt lrtoeodolffy hmprmssmh

prodms. Xbmsm blvm lff mmi rmefmdtmh oi tbm imw @lsmf OOO rmdgaamihltogis

(@lsmf Dgaaottmm gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi 0><>).

Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge rmkufltgry dlpldoty rmalois li oapgrtlit

ossum egr aliy Lsoli mdgigaoms, wbmrm rmkufltgrs strukkfm tg cmmp

up wotb oidrmlsoikfy fo`mrlf lih sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf smdtgrs. Xbos

lppfoms `gtb tg `lics lih gtbmr eoilidolf oistotutogis.

5.;.0 Aldrgpruhmitolf pgfodyAldrgpruhmitolf pgfody loas tg rmhudm systmaod eoilidolf rosc. Oi

mamrkoik mdgigaoms, sudb rosc tmihs tg maliltm erga tbrmm lrmls:

prgdydfodlfoty, wbodb rmemrs tg tbm tmihmidy egr gptoaosa lih rosc-

tlcoik tg ùofh up duaufltovmfy huroik li mxplisogi lih uiwoih

huroik l hgwituri3 oitmrdgiimdtmhimss ge alrcmts lih oistotutogis3




l dydfodlf pltb, oi plrt `mdlusm li oistotutogi‟s trldc rmdgrh oiefumidms

ots rltoik. Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbmsm eldtgrs dli lapfoey tbm dydfm. Xbos wls

dfmlrfy li uioitmihmh dgismqumidm ge @lsmf OO, ymt gim tblt blh `mmi

pgoitmh gut `megrm ot dlam oitg meemdt (^murl lih Jgcovugffm 0>>4).Gim rmspgism os tg oitrghudm l dguitmrdydfodlf mfmamit, rlosoik

dlpotlf rltogs wbmi mdgigaod krgwtb podcs up lih lffgwoik tbma tg

hoaoiosb ls krgwtb mlsms. Egr `lics, tbos bls tbm `mimeot ge oidrmlsoik

dlpotlf wbmi ot os dbmlp ùt igt blvoik tg hg sg wbmi ot os mxpmisovm.

Tudb dblikms prg`l`fy hg igt rmquorm imw fmkosfltogi oi aliy

dguitroms. @lsmf OOO prgvohms egr sudb ùeemrs, ùt durrmitfy hgms igt

mxpfodotfy sly bgw tbmy lrm tg `m oapfmamitmh. Lsoli mdgigaoms blvm

usmh dguitmrdydfodlf prgvosogis oi tbm plst. Bgik Cgik, Dboil, egr

mxlapfm, bls usmh fgli-tg-vlfum rltogs tblt `mdgam agrm dlutogus tbm

elstmr tbm lssmt prodm uihmrpoiioik tbm fgli oidrmlsms. Lihrotzcy mt

lf. (0>>?) sukkmst l wohm rlikm ge dguitmrdydfodlf amlsurms tblt dli

`m tlcmi tg lhhrmss foquohoty prg`fmas huroik mdgigaod hgwituris,

wbmi dgidmris gvmr fgli qulfoty fmlh tg alrcmt wotbhrlwlfs tblt

ermmzm gut alrkoilf plrtodoplits.

Tystmaodlffy oapgrtlit ilidolf oistotutogis

Xbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos sbgwmh tblt tbm dgfflpsm ge dmrtloi

oistotutogis dli roppfm tbrgukb li mitorm mdgigay hum tg tbmor sozm

lih oitmrdgiimdtogis wotb gtbmr eoras. Xbm @lsmf OOO rmegra prgdmssbls tlcmi l aufto-prgikmh lpprgldb tg tbos ossum. Ot oidfuhms bokbmr

dlpotlf rmquormamits, sukkmstogis egr `lof-ois `y dgivmrtoik hm`t tg

mquoty, l ‖dlpotlf dblrkm‑ lssmssmh gi lssmts, lih tbm mstl`fosbamit

ge drmho`fm rmsgfutogi sdbmams egr systmaodlffy oapgrtlit eoilidolf

oistotutogis (TOEOs), oidfuhoik tbgsm wotb kfg`lf rmldb (@lsmf Dgaaottmm

gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi 0><>). Blvoik l erlamwgrc egr hmlfoik wotb

kfg`lf TOEOs os plrtoduflrfy oapgrtlit egr mamrkoik alrcmts wbmi tbmor

elofurm wgufh pgsm l systmaod rosc `mdlusm iltogilf rmkufltgrs aly

`m uielaofolr wotb tbma gr trmlt tbma ls l fgw progroty (Clwlo 0><<).

Oiigvltovm ilidolf prghudts lih oivmstgr krgups

LDO bls igt rusbmh tg lhgpt tbm sgrts ge hmrovltovm oistruamits,

sudb ls dgffltmrlfozmh hm`t g`fokltogis lih drmhot hmeluft swlps tblt

dlusmh sudb hoeeoduftoms oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T) wbmi hgu`ts lrgsm

gvmr tbm vlfum ge tbmor uihmrfyoik fglis (Eujoo 0><>). Ls l rmsuft, tbmrm



0<8


wmrm dgidmris gvmr bgw tbmy sbgufh `m blihfmh ls tbm fltmr stlkms ge

tbm drosos uiegfhmh (Agrkli 0>>?). Bgwmvmr, aliy ge tbmsm oistruamits

lrm vlful`fm egr bmhkoik lih sprmlhoik rosc. Ls mxpfloimh l`gvm, tbmor

lhgptogi oi tbm rmkogi woff bmfp hmmpmi alrcmts lih oaprgvm roscalilkmamit. Bgwmvmr, tbmy lfsg dli pgtmitolffy hmstlòfozm alrcmts.

Xbm hmalih egr sudb prghudts lih tbm oapfodltogis egr rmkufltogi immh

tg m dgisohmrmh.

Lutbgrotoms lrguih tbm wgrfh blvm lfsg `mmi dgidmrimh l`gut tbm

pgtmitolffy hmstlòfozoik meemdts ge spmdufltovm ldtovotoms ge sudb oivmstgr

krgups ls bmhkm euihs. Gim aljgr dgidmri os tblt sudb grkliozltogis

lrm flrkmfy uirmkufltmh lih fottfm os cigwi l`gut tbma. Ligtbmr dgidmri

os tblt tbmy aly prmsmit sokioeodlit roscs tg eoilidolf stlòfoty. Ls tbm

0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos hmvmfgpmh, bgwmvmr, ot bls `mdgam

dfmlr tblt bmhkm euihs blvm prmsmitmh emw systmaod prg`fmas. Oihmmh,

bmhkm euihs blvm blh l stlòfozoik oiefumidm y uyoik oaplormh lssmts

lih l`sgròik tbmor fgssms. Igr blvm bmhkm euihs mmi l prgvmi sgurdm

ge dgitlkogi tg tbm alrcmt ls l wbgfm (smm, egr mxlapfm, [ggfhrohkm

0>>?). ^rovltm mquoty euihs blvm `mmi fuapmh tgkmtbmr wotb bmhkm

euihs oi tbos hm`ltm. Bgwmvmr, tbmor ldtovotoms blh fottfm gr igtboik tg hg

wotb eldtgrs tblt fmh tg tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos.

Xbm rmputltogis ge drmhot rltoik lkmidoms smvmrmfy hoaoiosbmh

huroik tbm drosos. Dgieohmidm dgufh `m oidrmlsmh tbrgukb krmltmr

trlisplrmidy lih `y foicoik tbm lkmidoms‟ oidgam tg tbm pmregralidmge tbm lssmts tbmy rltm. Xbm aloi rltoik lkmidoms blvm `mmi sgamwblt

fmss ldtovm oi LDO tbli aokbt blvm `mmi mxpmdtmh, kovmi tbm rmkogi‟s

fmvmf ge eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit, wbofm rmkogilf rltoik lkmidoms blvm

mamrkmh sfgwfy. Xbos amlis tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf lssmts blvm `mmi

agrm hoeeoduft tg vlfum. Agvoik egrwlrh, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff

wlit tg smm rltoik lkmidoms hmvmfgp, ùt wotboi l imw erlamwgrc ge

dgieohmidm lih wotbgut tbm dgiefodts ge oitmrmst tblt blvm lrosmi erga

lkmidoms ldtoik `gtb ls lhvosmrs lih rltmrs (^fuaamr 0><>).

5.;.4 Dlpotlf ffgwsXbm oiefgw ge dlpotlf bls `mmi oapgrtlit tg LDO‟s dgitoiumh

hmvmfgpamit. Gpmi mdgigaoms, bgwmvmr, lrm vufimrl`fm tg suhhmi

stgps lih rmvmrslfs. Xbmy immh tg `m l`fm tg dgpm wotb rlpoh

efudtultogis oi sudb efgws. Oi tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, egr mxlapfm,



Eokurm 5.4: LTMLI8 Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)

LTMLI8 1 Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt.

\ 1 qulrtmr.

Igtm: Gtbmr oivmstamit oidfuhms ilidolf hmrovltovms. Hltl egr 0\ 0><> mxdfuhm Alflysol.Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdms

lddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.


tbmrm wls l hgu`fm aosaltdb prg`fma wbmrm egrmoki hm`t blh tg `m

rmploh wotb hmprmdoltoik fgdlf durrmidoms, lih tbm oiefgw ge euihs wls

aloify sbgrt-tmra hm`t tblt wls eoilidoik fgikmr-tmra prgjmdts. Xbm

lhvlitlkms ge lddmss tg egrmoki dlpotlf aust `m `lflidmh lkloist tbmoibmrmit pgtmitolf egr eoilidolf oistl`ofoty.

Mxpmromidms huroik tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos wmrm

`mttmr. Bgwmvmr, dlpotlf vgfltofoty rmaloimh l prg`fma. Lftbgukb

aliy LDO dguitroms stoff aloitloi vlrogus dgitrgfs gi drgss-`grhmr

dlpotlf efgws, tbmor dlpotlf lddguits lppmlr rmfltovmfy gpmi. Xbos os

sukkmstmh `y tbm bokb lih rosoik rltogs ge efgws ge egrmoki lssmts lih

fol`ofotoms tg KH^ (Clwlo lih Fla`mrtm 0><>3 Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih

Xlclko 0><0). Eokurm 5.4 sbgws tblt egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO) oi

Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih (LTMLI8) dgitoiums

tg `m su`stlitolf. Gvmrlff imt efgws sboetmh erga l rgukb `lflidm oi

0>>; tg alssovm gutefgws oi 0>>2 lih tbm eorst blfe ge 0>>? `megrm

rmdgvmroik lkloi. Xbm ^PD‟s EHO oiefgws lrm su`stlitolf (Eokurm 5.8),

hmspotm l hmdfoim oi 0>>?. Oi dgitrlst, oiefgws oi Oihol lrm hgaoiltmh

`y EHO lih pgrtegfog efgws (Eokurm 5.=).

Ls rmpgrtmh oi tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih‟s Liiulf Pmpgrt gi Mxdblikm

Lrrlikmamits lih Mxdblikm Pmstrodtogis 0>>;.

88

88



Eokurm 5.8: PD Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)

Eokurm 5.=: Oihol Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)

KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 B 1 blfe3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdmslddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.

KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 \ 1 qulrtmr.

Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdms

lddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.

0<5


Aliy Lsoli dguitroms blvm sgukbt tg eoih l aohhfm wly tbrgukb

tbm prg`fma ge dlpotlf efgw vgfltofoty (Agbli lih Clpur 0><>3

Clwlo lih Fla`mrtm 0><>3 Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko 0><0). @y

aloitloioik sgam dlpotlf dgitrgfs, tbmy lttmapt tg stmrofozm audb

ge tbm dlpotlf oiefgw tg prmvmit oiefltogi. Xbmy lfsg lhjust agimtlry

lih eosdlf pgfody wbmrm emlso`fm lih alilkm mxdblikm rltms tg foaot

efudtultogis. Xg sgam mxtmit, tbmsm rmspgisms lrm tbm dgismqumidm



Xl`fm 5.<>: Pmdmit Dlpotlf Dgitrgf Amlsurms oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli

Mdgigaoms

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil: Dfgsmh dlpotlf lddguit

0>>0: \EOO oitrghudmh

0>>5: \HOO foaots oitrghudmh

Oihgimsol

0><>: Gim-agitb bgfhoik pmrogh gi T@Os (dmitrlf `lic igtms)

Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml

0><>: Foaots gi egrmoki mxdblikm hmrovltovm dgitrldts gi hgamstod `lics (=>% ge dlpotlf)

lih egrmoki lics (0=>%)

Xbloflih

0>>5: ]irmauimrltmh rmsmrvm rmquormamits (4>%) gi fglis, gihs, autulf euihs, swlps,

lih igi-rmsohmit lbt lddguits

0><>: <=% wotbbgfhoik tlx gi dlpotlf klois lih oitmrmst oidgam gi egrmoki `gihs

\HOO 1 qulfomh hgamstod oistotutogilf oivmstgr, \EOO 1 qulfomh egrmoki oistotutogilf oivmstgr,

T@O 1 @lic Oihgimsol Dmrtodltm.

Tgurdm: Dmitrlf lic rmpgrts lih imws rmpgrts.


ge tryoik tg misurm dgapmtotovmimss lih rlpoh mxpgrt krgwtb wbofm

lfsg lvgohoik mdgigaod lih eoilidolf oistlòfoty lrosoik erga vgfltofoty.

Bgwmvmr, tbm rlikm ge pgsso`fm rmspgisms os bmlvofy leemdtmh `y tbm

hmkrmm ge gpmiimss ge mldb dguitry.L iua`mr ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms sudb ls Xbloflih, Alflysol,

lih Oihol blvm oitrghudmh amlsurms tg hosdgurlkm sbgrt-tmra dlpotlf

efgws oi li lttmapt tg `ggst stlòfoty wotbgut blraoik prgspmdts egr

euturm oiefgws ge fgikmr-tmra oivmstamit. Bgwmvmr, ot os igt mlsy tg

hmsoki lih oapfmamit dlpotlf oiefgw dgitrgfs. Xbmy rmquorm bokbfy

dgapmtmit dguitry rmkufltgry lutbgrotoms tblt aust dgistlitfy fggc

gut egr uiwlitmh‘lih getmi hoskuosmh‘dlpotlf mitmroik tbrgukb

gtbmr dbliimfs. Egr rmfltovmfy gpmi mdgigaoms, rmturioik tg tbm hlys

ge hrldgioli dlpotlf dgitrgfs gr rmdrmltoik l systma ge mxtmisovm

lhaoiostrltovm dgitrgfs os ig fgikmr vol`fm. Xl`fm 5.<> sbgws sgam

rmdmit dlpotlf dgitrgf amlsurms lhgptmh oi Lsol.

Mvohmidm gi tbm meemdtovmimss ge dlpotlf oiefgw dgitrgfs os aoxmh

(Clwlo lih Xlclko 0>>2). Dguitry mxpmromidms sukkmst tblt tbm `mst

alrcmt-`lsmh dgitrgfs dli fmiktbmi tbm alturoty ge oiefgws3 ùt tbmy

dli blvm fottfm oapldt gi gvmrlff vgfuam. Xbm meemdtovmimss ge dlpotlf

dgitrgfs tmihs tg wmlcmi gvmr toam ls lkmits oi tbm alrcmts eoih



0<2


wlys tg dorduavmit tbma. Dlpotlf dgitrgfs dli lfsg prghudm lhvmrsm

meemdts. Xbmy tmih tg oidrmlsm hgamstod eoilidoik dgsts, rmhudm alrcmt

hosdopfoim, fmlh tg oimeeodomit lffgdltogis ge eoilidolf dlpotlf, hostgrt

hmdosogi-alcoik `y dgaplioms, lih `m hoeeoduft lih dgstfy tg miegrdm.

5.;.8 Pmfltogi tg agimtlry pgfody erlamwgrcXbm dgivmitogilf woshga gi agimtlry pgfody oi rmdmit ymlrs bls

`mmi tblt dmitrlf `lics sbgufh egdus gi cmmpoik oiefltogi fgw lih

stl`fm. Xbos bls fmh tg tbm wohmsprmlh lhgptogi ge oiefltogi-tlrkmtoik

rmkoams `y dmitrlf `lics. Mvmi aliy dmitrlf `lics tblt hoh igt

mxpfodotfy lhgpt sudb tlrkmts mblvmh ls oe tbmy blh hgim sg oi prldtodm.

Xbm mxpmromidm ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, bgwmvmr, sukkmsts igt

migukb dgisohmrltogi wls kovmi tg tbm rosc ge eoilidolf oistlòfoty. Xbm

audb-blofmh ‖krmlt aghmrltogi‑ ge oiefltogi rltms oi aliy mdgigaoms

alscmh tbm ùofhup ge eoilidolf rosc.

L iua`mr ge dgaamitltgrs blvm sukkmstmh tblt tbm alihltms

ge dmitrlf `lics sbgufh oidfuhm eoilidolf stlòfoty ls wmff ls prodm

stlòfoty. Bgwmvmr, Kmi`mrk lih Eoflrhg (0><>) igtm tblt tbmrm lrm

prg`fmas lssgdoltmh wotb sudb li lpprgldb. Dmrtloify l amdbliostod

lpprgldb ge tlrkmtoik eoilidolf alrcmt fmvmfs os imotbmr emlso`fm igr

lpprgproltm. Igimtbmfmss, ot os dfmlr tblt eoilidolf oistlòfoty os igt

dgisostmit wotb prodm stlòfoty oi tbm fgik tmra. Dmitrlf `lics austoidrmlsm tbmor agiotgroik ge sudb roscs. Oi tbos dgitmxt, dmitrlf `lics

immh tg dgisohmr gtb hgamstod aldrgpruhmitolf tggfs lih dlpotlf efgw

alilkmamit tggfs oi li oitmkrltmh erlamwgrc tg prgagtm eoilidolf

stlòfoty.

5.2 Egstmroik PmkogilfOitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi

Hmmpmioik eoilidolf oitmkrltogi wotboi LDO lih wotb kfg`lf alrcmts

os smmi ls l cmy wly tg suppgrt tbm prgdmss ge mdgigaod krgwtb lih

hmvmfgpamit. Lsol 0>=> ohmitoeoms eoilidolf oitmkrltogi ls l cmy lrml egr

rmkogilf dggpmrltogi, lfgik wotb trlhm, trlispgrtltogi, aldrgmdgigaod

dggrhoiltogi, lih ilturlf rmsgurdm alilkmamit (LH@ 0><>`).




Eoilidolf oitmkrltogi geemrs aliy `mimeots. Eorst, ot dli bmfp

Lsoli salff mdgigaoms. Ttuhoms sudb ls LH@ (0><>l) blvm eguih

tblt bokb trlisldtogi dgsts lih oisueeodomit foquohoty alcm ot hoeeoduft

egr salff alrcmts tg lttrldt egrmoki oivmstamit. L smdgih `mimeot ostblt oitmkrltogi dgufh `mttmr agòfozm Lsol‟s flrkm pggf ge slvoiks tg

eoilidm tbm rmkogi‟s migragus oierlstrudturm lih gtbmr oivmstamit

immhs. L tborh os tblt dggpmrltogi oi tbm lrml ge eoilidolf stlòfoty dli

rmhudm systmaod roscs oi agrm meeodomit wlys. Murgpm `mst offustrltms

tbm `mimeots ge eoilidolf oitmkrltogi, lftbgukb tbm murgzgim drosos bls

bokbfokbtmh tbm roscs ls wmff.

5.2.< Durrmit stltm ge rmkogilf oitmkrltogiDgaplrmh wotb trlhm oitmkrltogi, eoilidolf oitmkrltogi oi LDO

rmalois wmlc (LH@ 0><>`). Oi sgam dlsms, tbm hmkrmm ge oitmkrltogi

os audb fgwmr tbli aokbt `m mxpmdtmh. Fmm (0>>2) mxlaoimh pgrtegfog

bgfhoiks ge Lsoli mdgigaoms tg hmtmraoim wbmtbmr tbmy tmihmh tg

bgfh mldb gtbmr‟s eoilidolf lssmts hosprgpgrtogiltmfy. ]soik hltl erga

tbm Dggrhoiltmh ^grtegfog Oivmstamit Turvmy 0>>4, Fmm hmvmfgpmh l

krlvoty aghmf ge pgrtegfog oivmstamit tblt oidfuhmh rmkogilf huaay

vlrol`fms (OAE 0>>4). Letmr dgitrgffoik egr tbm meemdt ge rmkogilf

trlhm oitmkrltogi, bm eguih, oitrl-Lsoli bgfhoiks wmrm fgwmr tbli tbm

lvmrlkm prmhodtmh `y tbm aghmf‘mvmi wbmi tbm rmkogilf eoilidolfdmitmrs Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil lrm mxdfuhmh.

Lsoli drgss-bgfhoiks ge eoilidolf lssmts blvm `mmi rosoik gvmr

toam‘li oihodltogi ge oidrmlsmh eoilidolf oitmkrltogi. Bgwmvmr, tbos

os erga l rmfltovmfy fgw `lsm. Xl`fm 5.<< sbgws tbm sblrms ge drgss-

`grhmr bgfhoiks ge tgtlf oitmriltogilf pgrtegfog lssmts lih folòfotoms oi

aljgr wgrfh rmkogis. Oi 0>>5, tbm sblrm ge eoilidolf lssmts bmfh oitrl-

rmkogilffy `y tbm <5 oitmkrltoik Lsoli mdgigaoms wls gify ?.5% wbofm

tbm sblrm ge folòfotoms wls <<.<%. Xbm sblrm ge lssmts rgsm tg 0=.4% lih

Krlvoty aghmfs lssuam tblt tbm aloi hrovmrs ge efgws `mtwmmi dguitroms rmfltm tg tbmor

mdgigaod sozm lih prgxoaoty. Oe, letmr tlcoik tbmsm lih liy gtbmr uiusulf emlturms sudb ls l

dgaagi flikulkm oitg lddguit, l plor sbgws l flrkmr tbli mxpmdtmh efgw, sgam lìgralf fmvmf

ge oitmkrltogi os prmsuamh.

Xbm <5 oitmkrltoik Lsoli mdgigaoms lrm @ruimo Hlrusslfla3 Dla`ghol3 tbm ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 Oihol3 Oihgimsol3 Jlpli3 tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 tbm Flg

^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 Alflysol3 Aylialr3 tbm ^bofoppoims3 Toiklpgrm3 Xlopmo,Dboil3

Xbloflih3 lih Uomt Ila.

8=

85

8=

85



Xl`fm 5.<<: Oitrlrmkogilf ^grtegfog Oivmstamit (%)

Lssmts Folòfotoms

Tblrm ge tgtlf pgrtegfog oivmstamit 0>>< 0>>5 0>>< 0>>5

Oitmkrltoik Lsol (OL)-<5 =.5 ?.5 <>.< <<.<

OL-<= (OL-<5 fmss Jlpli) <= 0=.4 <4.; <5.2

LTMLI << <>.8 <<.2 ?.8

LTMLI+4 4.< 4.; =.? 8.4

Mlst Lsol Tuaaot =.; ;.0 ?.< 5.?

M]-<= 5> 5<.; =;.< 50.4

AMPDGT]P =.5 8.= < <.8

ILEXL <5.0 <4.? <<.2 <0.2

LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 LTMLI+4 1 <> LTMLI ama`mr stltms pfus tbm

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 M] 1 Murgpmli ]iogi3 AMPDGT]P 1

Amrdlhg Dgaúi hmf Tur (Tgutbmri Dgaagi Alrcmt)3 ILEXL 1 Igrtb Lamrodli Ermm Xrlhm

Lkrmmamit.Tgurdm: Dlpliimffo, Fmm, lih mtro (0>>?).

00>


folòfotoms tg <5.2% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh, flrkmfy hum tg tbm bokb

rltogs egr Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil tblt blvm vmry gpmi dlpotlf

alrcmts lih l flrkm prmsmidm ge aljgr oitmriltogilf `lics. Lftbgukb

tbmsm rltogs lrm igt plrtoduflrfy bokb, tbmy blvm oidrmlsmh sokioeodlitfy

soidm 0>><. Xbm sblrm ge oitrlrmkogilf lssmts wotboi oitmkrltoik Lsol

wls gify =.5% oi 0>>< lih <=% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh, wbofm tbm

sblrm ge folòfotoms wls <>.<% lih <4.;% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh.

5.2.0 Amlsurms tg hmmpmi oitmkrltogiAmlsurms tg hmmpmi eoilidolf oitmkrltogi blvm alhm tbm agst

prgkrmss wotboi LTMLI, aloify ls plrt ge tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod

Dgaauioty (LMD) prgjmdt. Cmy ossums egr tbm ^PD lih Oihol oidfuhm

eurtbmr gpmioik ge tbmor dlpotlf lddguits lih dgivmrtoòfoty ge tbmor

durrmidoms.

LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty prgjmdt. Xbm LMD prgjmdt prgvohms

l tmapfltm egr agrm mxtmisovm eoilidolf oitmkrltogi wotboi LDO. Xbm

prgjmdt os suaalrozmh oi l `fumproit, rltoeomh `y LTMLI ama`mrs oi

0>>; (LTMLI 0>>;l). Xbm laòtogus tlrkmt os tg ldbomvm li LTMLI

Mdgigaod Dgaauioty `y 0><= lffgwoik egr ermm agvmamit ge kgghs,

smrvodms, oivmstamit, lih scoffmh fl`gr wotboi tbm rmkogi, ls wmff ls

l ‖ermmr‑ efgw ge dlpotlf. Xbm `rglh loa ge LMD os tg mil`fm LTMLI

tg mijgy tbm mdgigaoms ge sdlfm ge l uioeomh alrcmt lih tg rmhudm




tbm hmvmfgpamit klp lagik ots ama`mr dguitroms. Xbm `fumproit

rmdgkiozms tblt, oi prldtodm, sgam dguitroms woff prgkrmss elstmr tbli

gtbmrs. Fo`mrlfozltogi os tg `m hgim gi l vgfuitlry `lsos, wbodb ot

dblrldtmrozms ls tbm ‖LTMLI aoius R‑ egraufl. Pmklrhoik tbm eoilidolfsmrvodms smdtgr, tbm `fumproit loas egr l eorst rguih ge fo`mrlfozltogi

`y 0><=, wotb gtbmr su`smdtgrs gr aghms `moik fo`mrlfozmh `y 0>0>

(LTMLI 0>>;`).

Xbm `fumproit dlffs egr tbm egffgwoik ldtogis:

Ldbomvm krmltmr blragiozltogi oi LTMLI ge rufms egr hm`t smdurotoms,

hosdfgsurm, lih hostroùtogi.

Eldofotltm l rmdgkiotogi lrrlikmamit gr lkrmmamit egr tbm drgss-

rmdgkiotogi ge qulfoeodltogis, mhudltogi, lih mxpmromidm ge alrcmt

prgemssogilfs.

Ldbomvm krmltmr efmxoòfoty oi flikulkm lih kgvmrioik flw

rmquormamits egr smdurotoms ossulidm.

Miblidm tbm wotbbgfhoik tlx strudturm, wbmrm pgsso`fm, egr tbm

oivmstgr `lsm oi LTMLI egr hm`t ossulidm.

Eldofotltm alrcmt-hrovmi meegrts tg mstl`fosb mxdblikm lih hm`t

alrcmt foiclkms, oidfuhoik drgss-`grhmr dlpotlf-rlosoik ldtovotoms

(LTMLI 0>>;`: <;).

Xbm `fumproit eurtbmr igtms tblt tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge dlpotlf

agvmamits os tg `m kuohmh `y tbm egffgwoik proidopfms:

Misurm grhmrfy dlpotlf lddguit fo`mrlfozltogi dgisostmit wotb ama`mrdguitroms‟ iltogilf lkmihls lih tbm rmlhoimss ge tbmor mdgigaoms.

Lffgw lhmqultm slemkulrhs lkloist pgtmitolf aldrgmdgigaod

oistlòfoty lih systmaod rosc tblt aly lrosm erga tbm fo`mrlfozltogi

prgdmss, oidfuhoik tbm rokbt tg lhgpt imdmsslry amlsurms tg misurm

aldrgmdgigaod stlòfoty.

Misurm tblt tbm `mimeots ge fo`mrlfozltogi lrm sblrmh `y lff LTMLI

dguitroms (LTMLI 0>>;`: <;).

Dlpotlf efgw fo`mrlfozltogi. Fo`mrlfozltogi ge dlpotlf lddguits oi tbm

^PD lih Oihol, tgkmtbmr wotb dgivmrtoòfoty ge tbm yuli lih tbm Oiholi

rupmm, wgufh `m cmy hmvmfgpamits egr rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi oi

tbm dgaoik twg hmdlhms. Xbmsm agvms lfsg wgufh prgagtm Tblikblo

lih Aua`lo ls eoilidolf dmitmrs, ls hosdussmh `mfgw. Durrmitfy,

bgwmvmr, dlpotlf lddguits oi tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm stoff rmfltovmfy

dfgsmh. Oi tbm ^PD, EHO bls mssmitolffy `mmi fo`mrlfozmh, ùt pgrtegfog,

fgli, lih hmrovltovm trlisldtogis rmaloi bmlvofy dgitrgffmh.



Xl`fm 5.<0: ^PD Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi Amlsurms

0>>8 Bgik Cgik, Dboil lics dli gmr yuli hmpgsots

0>>= Egrmoki auftofltmrlf lics dli ossum yuli gihs oi tbm PD (‖ lihl gih‑)

0>>;^PD ilidolf oistotutogis dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil (‖hoa sua

`gih‑)

0>>2 ^PD ilidolf oistotutogis dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil

0>>?

^PD su`soholroms ge Bgik Cgik, Dboil `lics dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik

Cgik, Dboil

^PD sgvmrmoki ossumh yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil

_uli oisurlidm prghudts lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil

0><>

_uli oitmr-`lic alrcmt gpmimh tg smfmdtmh gsbgrm yuli bgfhmrs

Egrmoki ras dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil lih tbm ^PD

Egrmoki ras dli `grrgw (fglis) oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil

_uli strudturmh hmpgsots lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil

_uli `gih euihs lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil


Tgurdms: BT@D (0><>, 0><<).

000


Xbm ^PD bls tlcmi l iua`mr ge stmps tg mlsm rmstrodtogis gi dlpotlf

efgws ls plrt ge ots prgkrla tg oitmriltogilfozm tbm yuli (Xl`fm 5.<0). Xbmsm

stmps blvm `mmi loamh proalrofy lt `lic hmpgsots, yuli-hmigaoiltmh

`gih ossulidm, lih gih euihs. Tg elr, tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge geesbgrm usm getbm yuli oi dlpotlf lddguit trlisldtogis bls tlcmi pfldm proalrofy oi Bgik

Cgik, Dboil. Mxtmihoik tbos fo`mrlfozltogi tg gtbmr gvmrsmls alrcmts wgufh

`m l cmy hmvmfgpamit.

Oihol bls tokbtmr dgitrgfs gi EHO `ut fggsmr dgitrgfs gi pgrtegfog

efgws. Oihol‟s systma egr rmkostmroik qulfoeomh egrmoki oistotutogilf

oivmstgrs os soaoflr tg tbm systma oi tbm ^PD. Bgwmvmr, Oihol bls ig

gvmrlff qugtls gi pgrtegfog oiefgws `y sudb oivmstgrs.

Blragiozoik rmkufltogis lih tlxltogi. Ls igtmh l`gvm, oivmstgrs

dotm rmkufltogi ls lagik tbm agst pmrvlsovm `lrromrs tg drgss-`grhmr

oivmstamit. Xbmor pmrdmptogis ge lrromrs hoeemr sblrpfy ldrgss hoeemrmit

iltogilf `gih alrcmts. Blragiozoik tlx rufms lih rmkufltogis oi tbm

hormdtogi ge fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh su`stlitolffy oidrmlsm trlisldtogi

vgfuams. Gtbmr `lrromrs rmfltm tg trlhm prldtodms. Lkloi, tbm LMD

prgvohms l kggh aghmf erga wbodb tg stlrt.

LD]-hmigaoiltmh `gih alrcmt. Oi aliy salff Lsoli mdgigaoms,

ot os uifocmfy tblt `gih alrcmts dli `mdgam `ok migukb tg lttloi tbm




mdgigaoms ge sdlfm immhmh tg fgwmr dgsts lih lttrldt su`stlitolf

egrmoki oivmstamit. Pmkogilf dggpmrltogi wgufh focmfy `m rmquormh.

Ossuoik `gihs hmigaoiltmh oi sgam coih ge rmkogilf durrmidy `lscmt

tblt wgufh aotokltm tbm durrmidy mxpgsurm ge ossumrs os l prgaosoikgptogi, lftbgukb ot wgufh igt mitormfy mfoaoiltm tbm prg`fma (Tpomkmf

0>>?). Li Lsoli durrmidy uiot (LD]) os l aljgr dlihohltm egr sudb

l dgaagi `lscmt. Ossuoik LD]-hmigaoiltmh `gihs wgufh lfsg

pgpuflrozm usm ge tbm LD] egr gtbmr coihs ge trlisldtogis.

Pmkogilf smttfmamit oistotutogis. Drgss-`grhmr pgrtegfog

oivmstamit dgufh `m midgurlkmh `y tbm hmvmfgpamit ge rmkogilf stgdc

lih `gih mxdblikms. Drgss-fostoiks ge stgdcs sbgufh `m midgurlkmh ls

wmff. L rmkogilf smttfmamit oistotutogi lfgik tbm foims ge tbgsm mxostoik

oi Murgpm (egr mxlapfm, tbm Murgpmli Dmitrlf @lic) dgufh midgurlkm

smdurotoms trlisldtogis wotboi tbm rmkogi.

Pmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs. @y 0>4>, Aua`lo lih Tblikblo

lrm mxpmdtmh tg jgoi Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil ls oapgrtlit

rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs tblt dgufh dgitro`utm tg rmkogilf krgwtb.

Xbos hmvmfgpamit boikms gi tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge oitmriltogilf dlpotlf

efgws oi Oihol lih tbm PD, bgwmvmr, lfgik wotb l bgst ge dgrrmspgihoik

hgamstod eoilidolf rmegras lih blragiozltogi ge rmkufltogis lih tlx

rufms. Oihol lih tbm ^PD sbgufh hmvmfgp l agrm trlisplrmit toamtl`fm

egr sudb l trlisotogi.

Pmdmit stuhoms ge tbm eldtgrs kgvmrioik tbm hmvmfgpamit geoitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs oi Lsol oidfuhm Dbmuik lih _muik

(0>>;) lih Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr (0>>2). Xbm hostoikuosboik

dblrldtmrostod ge sudb dmitmrs os tbm oapgrtlidm ge oitmriltogilf

eoilidolf ldtovotoms oi gvmrlff `usoimss, oidfuhoik tbm prmsmidm ge

oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis, bokb fmvmfs ge drgss-`grhmr efgws,

wmlftb alilkmamit smrvodms, lih pmrblps agst oapgrtlitfy, bokb

fmvmfs ge mxpgrts ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr

(0>>2: <<) lrkum tblt ‖…mxpgrts ge eoilidolf smrvodms prgvohm l

dgaprmbmisovm amlsurm ge lff oitmriltogilf eoilidolf ldtovotoms dlrromh

gut oi li mdgigay.‑ Xbmy lfsg lrkum tblt oiwlrh EHO oi tbm eoilidolf

smdtgr alcms l dmitmr lttrldtovm.

Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr (0>>2) eoih tblt aldrgmdgigaod lih

aodrgmdgigaod eldtgrs, eoilidolf alrcmt strmiktb, lih meeodomidy lrm

oapgrtlit tg tbm egraltogi ge oitmriltogilf eoilidm dmitmrs. Oi tbmor

rmkrmssogi mqultogis usoik eoilidolf smrvodm mxpgrts tg tbm ]T ls tbm



Eokurm 5.5: Tblrm ge Eoilidolf Tmrvodms oi Xgtlf Tmrvodm Mxpgrts lih

Dboii—Otg Oihmx, 0>>? (%)

BCK 1 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 J^I 1 Jlpli3 CGP 1 Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3

ALF1 Alflysol, BO 1 ^bofoppoims3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3

XBL 1 Xbloflih3 ]CK 1 ]iotmh Coikhga3 ]TL 1 ]iotmh Ttltms.

Tgurdm: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 Lozmiali, Dboii, lih Otg

(0>>2).

Pltog tg tgtlf smrvodm mxpgrts

008


hmpmihmit vlrol`fm, Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr eoih tblt dgaagi

flikulkm, amlsurms ge mdgigaod ermmhga, lih tbm iua`mr ge fostmh

egrmoki dgaplioms lrm sokioeodlit hmtmraoilits ge sudb mxpgrts. Xbmrm

os l strgik dgrrmfltogi `mtwmmi dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss lih eoilidolfsmrvodm mxpgrts. Aljgr oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs lff blvm vmry

bokb Dboii—Otg sdgrms (Eokurm 5.5).

Xbm ldoh tmst egr tbm hmvmfgpamit ge Tblikblo lih Aua`lo ls

rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs os euff durrmidy dgivmrto`ofoty, tgkmtbmr

wotb su`stlitolf fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm dlpotlf lddguit tg lffgw flrkmfy

uiemttmrmh dlpotlf efgws. Ttlihlrhs ge rmkufltogi, kgvmrilidm, lih tlx

lih fmklf systmas woff lfsg blvm tg rmldb tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh dguitroms.

Eoilffy, aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit lih rmkufltogi lih alilkmamit

ge hgamstod eoilidolf smdtgrs woff blvm tg `m strmiktbmimh sg tblt tbmy

dli dgpm wotb fo`mrlf dlpotlf efgws.




5.2.4 Agòfozoik rmkogilf slvoiksOierlstrudturm oivmstamit euihs. Lftbgukb sgam LDO mdgigaoms

blvm alhm flrkm oivmstamits tg oaprgvm tbmor oierlstrudturm, gtbmrsflk. Xbmsm oivmstamits blvm oaprgvmh iltogilf eldofotoms. Bgwmvmr,

tbm rmkogi woff gify `m wmff oitmrdgiimdtmh wbmi kggh drgss-`grhmr

oierlstrudturm os oi pfldm ls wmff. Lsol‟s durrmit euihoik sgurdms aly

`m oilhmqultm egr tbm rmkogi‟s alssovm oierlstrudturm oivmstamit

immhs. Lòhoi (0><>) prgpgsmh li Mlst Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit

Euih tg prgvohm l amdbliosa tg grkliozm tbos euihoik lih tg smrvm

ls l pfltegra egr hmdohoik drgss-`grhmr oierlstrudturm prgjmdts. Xbm

Mlst Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih wgufh `m lidbgrmh tg tbm

mxostoik LTMLI+4 amdbliosa, wotb tbm fmlhmrs‟ suaaot `moik tbm

lpmx ge tbm hmdosogi-alcoik prgdmss. Ot wgufh `m hmsorl`fm tg mxtmih

tbos euih tg dgvmr Tgutb Lsol ls wmff, sudb ls tbrgukb li Lsoli

Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih. Xbm euih dgufh `m l pfltegra egr

dguitroms tg dggrhoiltm iltogilf oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamits tblt

dgufh uftoaltmfy `m foicmh tg egra rmkogilf imtwgrcs. Oi tbos wly,

kgvmriamits wgufh stoff blvm rmspgisoòfoty egr lih gvmrsokbt ge tbmor

iltogilf oierlstrudturm prgjmdts wbofm ammtoik flrkmr rmkogilf kglfs.

Xbm prgpgslf tg pggf Lsoli eoilidolf rmsgurdms hgms igt prmmapt

mxostoik òfltmrlf meegrts tg euih rmkogilf oierlstrudturm prgjmdts, sudb

ls Jlplimsm geeodolf hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm gr tbm $<> òffogi ^PD—LTMLI Oivmstamit Dggpmrltogi Euih. Oierlstrudturm prgjmdts eoilidmh

`y hmvmfgpamit loh lrm stoff imdmsslry `mdlusm tbmy prgvohm eoilidoik

lt vmry rmlsgil`fm dgsts tg tbm fmlst hmvmfgpmh dguitroms (Lòhoi 0><>).

Miblidmamits tg L@AO, L@E, lih DKOE. Eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge

tbm rmkogi‟s `gih alrcmts tbrgukb tbm Lsoli @gih Alrcmts Oiotoltovm

(L@AO) lih tbm Lsoli @gih Euih (L@E) dgufh bmfp dguitroms oidrmlsm

oivmstamit egr oierlstrudturm gr gtbmr provltm oivmstamit. Xbm Drmhot

Kulrlitmm lih Oivmstamit Eldofoty (DKOE) wls smt up oi Aly 0><> ls l

trust euih ge LH@, wbodb dgitroùtmh $<4> aoffogi ge tbm oiotolf dlpotlf

ge $;>> aoffogi. Xbm DKOE prgvohms drmhot miblidmamit sg tblt tbm

rmkogi‟s alrkoilf ossumrs dli ossum fgdlf durrmidy `gihs lih flrkmr

LTMLI fluidbmh li LTMLI Oierlstrudturm Euih (LOE) oi 0><< wotb l euihoik laguit

ge $8=> aoffogi tg $82> aoffogi (Jlclrtl ^gst 0><<). Xbm LOE bls tbrmm aloi hmvmfgpamit

g`jmdtovms: (o) bmfpoik tg oapfmamit tbm Alstmr ^fli gi LTMLI Dgiimdtovoty3 (oo) prgvohoik

lhhotogilf eoilidolf rmsgurdms egr miblidmh oierlstrudturm3 lih (ooo) prgagtoik provltm smdtgr

plrtodopltogi oi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit tbrgukb pu`fod—provltm plrtimrsbop (Clwlo 0><4).

8;

8;



005


ossumrs dli ossum ldrgss iltogilf `grhmrs wotbgut mxdmmhoik tbmor

sgvmrmoki drmhot dmofoiks. Oi tbm euturm, tbm DKOE dgufh hmvmfgp eurtbmr

ls li oivmstamit eldofoty. Xbmsm meegrts lrm `moik mxtmihmh tg alrcmts

egr mquotoms lih hmrovltovms ls wmff uihmr tbm ru`rod ge tbm [email protected] LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs lrm tg stuhy tbrmm lrmls egr

pgsso`fm euturm dggpmrltogi: oierlstrudturm eoilidoik, hoslstmr rosc

oisurlidm, lih tbm usm ge fgdlf durrmidoms egr rmkogilf trlhm smttfmamit.

Oierlstrudturm eoilidoik wls hosdussmh oi tbm LTMLI+4 wgrcoik krgup

ammtoik gi Tmptma`mr 0><< lih Jlpli‟s Aoiostry ge Eoilidm grkliozmh

tbm hosdussogis gi hoslstmr rosc oisurlidm. Hosdussogis gi rmkogilf

trlhm smttfmamit wmrm bmfh oi tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi 0><<.

5.? ^rgagtoik PmkogilfDggpmrltogi

Xbm mxpmromidms ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf

drosos, lih tbm murgzgim sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik drosos blvm

bokbfokbtmh tbm prg`fma ge dgitlkogi lih tbm flrkm laguit ge rmsgurdms

immhmh tg rmstgrm eoilidolf stlòfoty. Xbos pgoits tg tbm immh egr rmkogilf

oistotutogis tg pfly l krmltmr rgfm oi eoilidolf survmofflidm, rmkufltogi,

lih drosos alilkmamit, oidfuhoik tbm prgvosogi ge eoilidolf slemtyimts. Tudb oistotutogis dli lfsg bmfp `rohkm tbm klp `mtwmmi iltogilf

oistotutogis lih kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry

Euih (OAE) lih tbm Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty @glrh (ET@). Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge

sudb oistotutogis os li oapgrtlit lspmdt ge tbm pltb tgwlrh 0>4>. Xbm

egffgwoik amlsurms lrm loamh lt oaprgvoik rmkogilf eoilidolf stlòfoty:

Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum. Gim ge tbm agst oapgrtlit

stmps tgwlrh rmkogilf dggpmrltogi os `mttmr oiegraltogi lih

lilfysos. Xbos dli oaprgvm uihmrstlihoik ge tbm mxtmit ge eoilidolf

oitmrhmpmihmidoms wotboi Lsol lih bgw tg `mst lhhrmss tbm dblffmikms

tbmy pgsm. Xg alcm su`stlitolf prgkrmss oi oaprgvoik rmkogilf

eoilidolf stlòfoty, tbmrm immhs tg `m l suotl`fm hrovoik egrdm. Clwlo

(0><<), ^fuaamr (0><>), lih gtbmrs suppgrt tbm ohml ge li Lsoli

Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum (LETH) tblt wls eorst sukkmstmh `y

LH@ ^rmsohmit Curghl (Curghl 0>>2). Xbos mitoty dgufh ùofh upgi

mxostoik oistotutogis oi tbm rmkogi, sudb ls tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih




^gfody Holfgkum lih tbm Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf

@lics (MAML^). Xbm `ghy sbgufh oidfuhm tbm plrtodopltogi ge eoilidm

aoiostroms, dmitrlf `lics, lih eoilidolf alrcmt rmkufltgrs lih

supmrvosgrs.Xbm strudturm ge tbm prgpgsmh LETH rmfltms dfgsmfy tg tbm g`jmdtovms

ge tbm ET@ lt tbm kfg`lf fmvmf. Ots prmhmdmssgr, tbm Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty

Egrua, prgagtmh tbm g`smrvlidm ge stlihlrhs lih dghms. Li LETH

dli tbmrmegrm `m smmi ls l eorst stmp tgwlrh ldbomvoik krmltmr eoilidolf

stlòfoty oi tbm rmkogi. Ot alcms agrm smism tg blvm li grkliozltogi

wotb l foaotmh alihltm tblt alcms suddmsseuf prgkrmss tbli tg try tg

fmlp oaamholtmfy tg dfgsmr dggpmrltogi wotbgut tbm imdmsslry pgfotodlf

lih pgpuflr suppgrt.

Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf @lics. Xbm ammtoiks

ge rmkogilf dmitrlf `lics blvm `mmi pflyoik li oidrmlsoik rgfm oi

bmfpoik Lsoli dguitroms wgrc tgkmtbmr oi rmdmit ymlrs. [bofm ot aly `m

gvmrlaòtogus tg sukkmst tblt MAML^ aly hmvmfgp oitg li Lsoli @lic

egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits (^fuaamr 0><>), ot imvmrtbmfmss prmsmits

l pgsso`fm grkliozltogilf `lsos egr oidrmlsoik dggpmrltogi. Ls ymt, tbm

grkliozltogi hgms igt blvm l hmvmfgpmh smdrmtlrolt. Oistmlh, plrtodopltoik

dmitrlf `lics smrvodm ots su`dgaaottmms lih wgrcoik krgups.

Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm/Lsoli Agimtlry Euih. Oi fokbt ge

hossltoseldtogi wotb tbm OAE‟s pmregralidm huroik tbm Lsoli

eoilidolf drosos, tbm eoilidm aoiostmrs ge LTMLI+4 (LTMLI, pfus tbm^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml) oi Dbolik Alo oi Aly 0>>>

egramh l rmkogilf dggpmrltovm eoilidoik lrrlikmamit tg suppfmamit

OAE rmsgurdms. Xbm sg-dlffmh Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm oiotolffy tggc

tbm egra ge òfltmrlf swlp lkrmmamits. Bgwmvmr, oi Aly 0>>;, tbm

LTMLI+4 ama`mrs lkrmmh tg dgivmrt tbm òfltmrlf oiotoltovms oitg l

auftofltmrlf, smfe-alilkmh sdbmam egr pggfoik rmsmrvms kgvmrimh `y

l soikfm dgitrldtulf lkrmmamit, cigwi ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm

Auftofltmrlfozltogi (DAOA). Xbm sozm ge tbm lkrmmamit wls oidrmlsmh

tg $<0> òffogi, lih tbm laguit ge tbm lffgdltogi tblt dgufh `m

wotbhrlwi wotbgut trokkmroik li OAE prgkrla wls oidrmlsmh erga

<>% tg 0>% (Tusslikclri 0><>). Xbm sozm ge tbm eldofoty wls hgu`fmh

lkloi tg $08> òffogi oi 0><0, lih tbm pmrdmitlkm ge `grrgwoik qugtls

tblt dgufh `m lddmssmh wotbgut li OAE prgkrla wls oidrmlsmh.

Xbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG) wls

mstl`fosbmh oi Aly 0><< tg prgvohm survmofflidm dlplòfoty wotboi



002


tbm rmkogi. Xbm uftoaltm loa os tg mih rmfolidm gi OAE dgihotogilfoty,

wbodb bls prgvmh l stua`foik `fgdc tg ama`mrs‟ woffoikimss tg usm

tbm DAOA uitof igw. Mfoaoiltoik OAE dgihotogilfoty os l imdmsslry stmp

tg alcoik tbm DAOA l euidtogilf eoilidolf slemty imt wotboi Lsol‟srmkogilf eoilidolf lrdbotmdturm.

Xbm DAOA immhs gtbmr oaprgvmamits tg alcm ot meemdtovm. Eorst,

tbm DAOA `grrgwoik qugtl aly stoff igt `m migukb oe agrm tbli gim

dguitry midguitmrs smrogus prg`fmas. DAOA euihs sbgufh rmaloi

dgaamisurltm wotb tbm audb flrkmr sozm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y

0>4>. Ot sbgufh `m pgsso`fm tg suppfmamit DAOA euihs wotb lhhotogilf

dgitroùtogis erga dguitroms oi tbm krgup. Tmdgih, oistmlh ge just

`grrgwoik erga tbm DAOA, dguitroms sbgufh lfsg `m l`fm tg lrrlikm

swlp eldofotoms wotb tbm DAOA, oi l soaoflr aliimr ls wotb dmitrlf `lic

swlps. Xborh, imw oistruamits, sudb ls l prmdlutogilry drmhot eldofoty

egr l imlr-drosos sotultogi, sbgufh m oitrghudmh. Egurtb, ot sbgufh `m

pgsso`fm egr gtbmr ama`mrs ge tbm Mlst Lsoli suaaot tblt lrm igt plrt

ge LTMLI+4, sudb ls Oihol, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih, tg plrtodopltm

oi DAOA ldtovotoms. Eoilffy, tbm DAOA immhs tg blvm sueeodomit rmsgurdms

lih stleeoik tg suppgrt tbm dlplòfotoms ge li Lsoli Agimtlry Euih

(Tusslikclri 0><>). Eufeoffamit ge tbmsm oaprgvmamits sbgufh mil`fm

tbm DAOA tg `mdgam l euff-efmhkmh Lsoli Agimtlry Euih.

Pmfltogis wotb oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis. Oitmriltogilf

mdgigaod lih eoilidolf hmdosogi alcoik bls `mmi oivokgrltmh `y tbmsboet tg tbm Krgup ge Xwmity (K0>) ls tbm prmaomr oitmriltogilf egrua,

tbmrm`y oidfuhoik tbm vgodms ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms ls wmff ls tbgsm ge

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Bgwmvmr, meemdtovm kfg`lf mdgigaod kgvmrilidm

woff lfsg rmquorm dblikms oi cmy kfg`lf grkliozltogis‘sudb ls tbm

OAE, [grfh @lic, [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, lih tbm ET@‘lih dfgsmr

dgffl`grltogi `mtwmmi kfg`lf lih rmkogilf grkliozltogis. Clwlo lih

^mtro (0><>) lrkum oi elvgr ge oitrghudoik emhmrlfosa gi l kfg`lf sdlfm

`y drmltoik foicmh bomrlrdboms ge kfg`lf lih rmkogilf grkliozltogis

wotb gvmrflppoik gwimrsbop strudturms oi vlrogus euidtogilf lrmls.

Xbos erlamwgrc os offustrltmh oi Xl`fm 5.<4 egr tbm tbrmm euidtogilf

lrmls‘aldrgmdgigaod stlòfoty, hmvmfgpamit eoilidm, lih eoilidolf

systma stlòfoty. Xbm lppfodltogis tg mldb lrml lrm hmsdro`mh `mfgw.

Xbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf lic kgvmrigrs lkrmmh tg hg sg oi Aly 0><0.

82

82



Xl`fm 5.<4: Oistotutogis egr Kfg`lf lih Lsoli Mdgigaod

Kgvmrilidm

Euidtogi Kfg`lf oistotutogis Lsoli mxlapfms

Aldrgmdgigaod

stlòfoty

Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih

Turvmofflidm, drosos fmihoik,

systmaod stlòfoty

Lsoli Agimtlry Euih

(tg mvgfvm erga DAOA)

Pmkogilf survmofflidm, drosos

fmihoik, stlòfoty

Hmvmfgpamit

ilidm

[grfh @lic

Kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs: pgvmrty,

mivorgiamit, eggh, lih mimrky

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

Pmkogilf hmvmfgpamit

progrotoms, rmkogilf

oierlstrudturm fmihoik

Eoilidolf systma

stlòfoty

Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty @glrh

Kfg`lf stlihlrhs, dgffmkms ge

rmkufltgrs

Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty

Holfgkum

(tg `m drmltmh)

Lsol‟s rmkufltgry oiotoltovms

DAOA 1 Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi.Tgurdm: Lhlptmh erga Clwlo, mtro, lih Tosfo-Dolalrrl (0><>).


Aljgr tlscs egr dggpmrltogi `mtwmmi tbm OAE lih rmkogilf eoilidolf

slemty imts oidfuhm oistotutogilfozoik rmfltogis lih dgaauiodltogi

lrrlikmamits, dggrhoiltoik survmofflidm, lih dggrhoiltoik fmihoik

prgkrlas lih dgihotogilfoty (Fla`mrtm lih Agrkli 0><0). Gim cmy

immh os tg strmiktbmi tbm prgdmss ge rmkogilf hmdosogi-alcoik oi Lsol

tg `ldc up tbm rmkogilf eoilidolf slemty imts.

Oi tbm lrml ge hmvmfgpamit eoilidm, rmkogilf hmvmfgpamit `lics

lfrmlhy mxost lfgiksohm tbm [grfh @lic. Xbm imxt stmp os tg oaprgvm tbmhovosogi ge fl`gr `mtwmmi rmkogilf lih kfg`lf grkliozltogis. Ohmlffy,

tbm [grfh @lic sbgufh egdus gi kfg`lf g`jmdtovms lih mxtmrilfotoms,

sudb ls tbm Aoffmiioua Hmvmfgpamit Kglfs, dfoaltm dblikm, eggh

lih mimrky smduroty, lih mpohmaods. Pmkogilf hmvmfgpamit `lics, `y

dgitrlst, sbgufh egdus gi rmkogilf ossums lih mxtmrilfotoms, sudb ls

oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty lih mivorgiamitlf prgtmdtogi.

Oi tbm lrml ge eoilidolf systma stlòfoty, tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf

eoilidolf drosos bls bokbfokbtmh tbm immh egr li oitmriltogilf erlamwgrc

egr agiotgroik, rmkufltoik, lih supmrvosoik tbm drgss-`grhmr ldtovotoms

ge systmaodlffy oapgrtlit eoilidolf eoras, prghudts, lih trlisldtogis.

Xbm ET@ bls `mmi tlscmh wotb mstl`fosboik sudb l erlamwgrc lih

dggrhoiltoik tbm lutbgrotoms dblrkmh wotb oapfmamitoik ot. Oi

dgffl`grltogi wotb tbm OAE, tbm ET@ os lfsg dblrkmh wotb prgvohoik mlrfy

wlrioik ge aldrgmdgigaod lih eoilidolf roscs lih prgpgsoik ldtogis

tg rmamhy tbma. Xbm LETH prgpgsmh l`gvm dgufh pfly l vlful`fm rgfm



04>


`y trlisfltoik ET@ oiotoltovms oitg l rmkogilf dgitmxt lih tbmi bmfpoik

tg oapfmamit tbma.

Egrmoki mxdblikm alilkmamit lih dggrhoiltogi. Tgam

mxdblikm rltm efmxoòfoty os hmsorl`fm. Bgwmvmr, l purm efgltoik systmaos prg`l`fy igt prldtodlf egr agst Mlst Lsoli mamrkoik mdgigaoms,

kovmi tbm pgtmitolf egr mxdmssovm vgfltofoty lih aoslfokiamit lih

lhvmrsm oapldts gi trlhm lih oivmstamit. Toidm aliy LDO mdgigaoms

dgapmtm wotb mldb gtbmr, sgam mxdblikm rltm stlòfoty os hmsorl`fm tg

prmvmit li uiimdmsslry rmlffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms tblt dgufh quodcfy

rmvmrsm. LDO immhs l erlamwgrc tblt prgagtms oitrlrmkogilf mxdblikm

rltm stlòfoty wbofm rmtloioik sueeodomit efmxoòfoty lkloist mxtmrilf

durrmidoms. Gi tbm gtbmr blih, tbm rmkogi‟s krmlt hovmrsoty ge mdgigaod

dorduastlidms lih dlpotlf alrcmt lih mxdblikm rltm rmkoams amlis

tblt l egralf durrmidy uiogi os igt emlso`fm motbmr‘mspmdolffy oi fokbt

ge tbm murgzgim‟s rmdmit sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik smdtgr drosos.

Clwlo lih Xlclko (0><<) prgpgsm l stlkmh prgdmss egr oidrmlsoik

Lsoli durrmidy dggrhoiltogi.

Aldrgmdgigaod pgfody dggrhoiltogi. Meegrts lt durrmidy

dggrhoiltogi wgufh immh tg `m dgaòimh wotb krmltmr aldrgmdgigaod

pgfody dggrhoiltogi oi tbm rmkogi, mspmdolffy oi agimtlry pgfody. Motbmr

tbm LETH gr tbm DAOA aokbt prgvohm l egrua egr sudb dggpmrltogi,

mspmdolffy oe tbmy lrm oitmkrltmh wotb tbm MAML^ prgdmss.

5.<> Dgidfusogis lih ^gfody

Pmdgaamihltogis

@y 0>4>, aliy LDO mdgigaoms lrm mxpmdtmh tg blvm lttloimh tbm

stltus ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbm eoilidolf smdtgr woff `m l drotodlf

plrt ge tbm oierlstrudturm immhmh tg suppgrt bokb lih sustloil`fm

krgwtb oi tbm rmkogi gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms. Xbos smdtogi

suaalrozms gur pgfody rmdgaamihltogis lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf,

lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.

LDO eoilidolf alrcmts aust `mdgam hmmpmr, agrm sgpbostodltmh,

lih agrm lddmsso`fm tg agrm pmgpfm lih eoras tg suppgrt mdgigaoms

wotb audb krmltmr wmlftb ùt lfsg bokbmr hmalihs egr oivmstamit

lih lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms. Xbmsm hmalihs oidfuhm oivmstamit




oi ‖pu`fod kgghs,‑ sudb ls oierlstrudturm, bmlftb, mhudltogi, lih krmmi

krgwtb, wbmrm provltm eoilidoik dliigt `m rmfomh upgi tg kmimrltm

sueeodomit dlpotlf wotbgut pgfody oitmrvmitogi. Eoilidolf smdtgr

oierlstrudturm aust `m upkrlhmh ls wmff, suppgrtoik hmrovltovmsalrcmts, drmhot rltoik lkmidoms, kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit, lih

gtbmr immhs ge agrm sgpbostodltmh, kfg`lffy dgiimdtmh mdgigaoms.

Tystmas egr dfmlroik lih smttfmamit immh tg `m upkrlhmh. Oidrmlsoik

eoilidolf oidfusogi os mssmitolf egr sustloioik krgwtb lih oaprgvoik

oidgam hostroùtogi. Xbos oidfuhms eoilidm egr dgisuamrs, salff

mitmrprosms, aodrgeoilidm, lih krmmi eoilidm.

Lt tbm slam toam, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust tlcm stmps tg miblidm

eoilidolf stlòfoty. Xbmy aust upkrlhm aodrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi

erlamwgrcs oi foim wotb tbm @lsmf OOO rufms lih oaprgvm rmkufltgry

dlpldoty. Xbmy sbgufh rmvomw tbmor agimtlry lih aldrgpruhmitolf

pgfody erlamwgrcs egr supmrvosogi, lih alilkmamit ge prgdydfodlfoty

lih drosms lih strmiktbmi tbma oe immhmh. L erlamwgrc egr alilkoik

vgfltofm dlpotlf efgws sbgufh `m li oitmkrlf plrt ge aldrgmdgigaod lih

aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody alilkmamit. Pmkufltgry erlamwgrcs immh tg

`m mxtmihmh tg suppgrt oidfusovm eoilidoik wbofm lt tbm slam toam

aloitloioik eoilidolf stlòfoty.

Oi tbmsm lrmls, stmps tlcmi lt tbm dguitry fmvmf woff `m imdmsslry

ùt igt sueeodomit. Xbmy woff immh tg `m suppfmamitmh `y amlsurms

egr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi lih dggpmrltogi lih hmvmfgpamit germfltmh oistotutogis. Aliy LDO alrcmts lrm tgg salff tg kmimrltm tbm

mdgigaoms ge sdlfm tg fgwmr trlisldtogi dgsts tg lttrldtovm fmvmfs.

Bmlvy lih oidgisostmit rmkufltogi ge egrmoki mxdblikm lih gtbmr

trlisldtogis, tlxltogi, lih smttfmamit prgdmhurms hosdgurlkm egrmoki

oivmstgrs lih cmmp alrcmts salff. Pmkufltogis lih tlx pgfodoms sbgufh

`m blragiozmh wotboi tbm rmkogi. ^gtmitolffy, li LD]-hmigaoiltmh

`gih alrcmt sbgufh `m hmvmfgpmh. Ldbomvoik tbm LMD prgkrla os tbm

fgkodlf stlrtoik pgoit lih aghmf. Li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum

dli prgvohm l egrua egr hmeoioik blragiozltogi amlsurms.

Tgam LDO mdgigaoms fldc lhmqultm eosdlf rmsgurdms egr immhmh

pu`fod oivmstamit. Li Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih lih

miblidmamits ge tbm L@AO‘oidfuhoik tbm mxtmisogi tg tbm Lsoli

Dlpotlf Alrcmts Oiotoltovm (LDAO)‘lih L@Es dgufh bmfp rmdydfm LDO‟s

bokb slvoiks wotboi tbm rmkogi tg suppgrt oivmstamit oi oierlstrudturm

lih gtbmr prgjmdts. Eoilffy, stmps tg ldbomvm euff dgivmrtoòfoty ge tbm



040


yuli lih tbm Oiholi rupmm lih tbm hmvmfgpamit ge Tblikblo lih

Aua`lo ls rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs dli prgagtm rmkogilf eoilidolf

oitmkrltogi.

Krmltmr eoilidolf dggrhoiltogi wotboi LDO rmquorms krmltmr rmkogilfdggpmrltogi. Xbm DAOA lih tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum

prgdmss bgfh krmlt prgaosm. Gidm tbm rmkogi mihgws tbm DAOA wotb

sueeodomit rmsgurdms lih tbm dlpldoty tg dgihudt rmkogilf mdgigaod

survmofflidm lih egraufltm oihmpmihmit lhjustamit pgfody, ots fmihoik

gpmrltogis dli `m hmfoicmh erga OAE prgkrlas. Gify tbmi woff tbm

eldofoty mstl`fosb otsmfe ls li oihmpmihmit rmkogilf agimtlry euih lih

eoilidolf slemty imt.

Audb wgrc rmalois, bgwmvmr, oi strmiktbmioik dgffl`grltogi

lagik tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf `lic kgvmrigrs lih

blragiozoik eoilidolf supmrvosogi lih alrcmt rmkufltogi. Ot woff `m

imdmsslry tg hmeoim tbm rgfms ge sudb imw oistotutogis oi rmfltogi tg

tbmor dgrrmspgihoik oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis. Xbm prgdmss

ge rmkogilf hmdosogi alcoik lfsg immhs tg `m strmiktbmimh. Eoilffy, tbm

oidrmlsmh usm ge tbm LD] ls l rmemrmidm dli dgitro`utm tg krlhulf `ut

krgwoik durrmidy dggrhoiltogi wotboi tbm rmkogi.

Xbm kggh imws os tblt, mvmi uihmr lhvmrsm sdmilrogs, prgjmdtogis

sbgw tblt LDO woff blvm tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms immhmh tg euih ots

mssmitolf immhs up tg 0>4>. Xbm rmkogi lfsg os mihgwmh wotb tbm

mxpmrtosm lih prgvmi rmdgrh ge sguih alilkmamit immhmh tg rmlfozml krmlt trlisegraltogi. Xbm dblffmikm lbmlh os tg hmvmfgp tbm rmkogi‟s

alrcmts lih oistotutogis tg l fmvmf tblt dli oisurm tblt LDO‟s imxt

twg hmdlhms ge strgik krgwtb lrm sustloil`fm lih woff oaprgvm fovoik

stlihlrhs lih gppgrtuiotoms egr lff.



; Pmkogilf

lih Kfg`lfDggpmrltogi

;.< Oitrghudtogi

Tgam ge tbm krmltmst dblffmikms tg sustloioik LDO‟s strgik krgwtb

oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> dli gify `m rmsgfvmh tbrgukb dgffl`grltogi

wotboi tbm rmkogi lih kfg`lffy. Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihoik mdgigaoms

lih krgwoik oitmrhmpmihmidm woff drmltm imw hmalihs egr dgffmdtovm

ldtogi gi l rlikm ge ergits. Lftbgukb tbm oitmrmsts ge tbm ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), Oihol, lih tbm <> ama`mrs ge tbm Lssgdoltogi

ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) woff dgitoium tg hovmrkm oi sgam

lrmls, lt l kfg`lf fmvmf tbmy woff sblrm l flrkm stlcm oi misuroik gpmiwgrfh trlhm, stl`fm eoilidolf systmas, lih l sustloil`fm mivorgiamit.

LDO‟s hmvmfgpamit woff lfsg roik krmltmr rmspgiso`ofotoms egr alilkoik

tbmsm dblffmikms lih egr mxmrdosoik l krmltmr vgodm oi oitmriltogilf

rufm-alcoik `ghoms.

Dgitoiumh strgik krgwtb woff otsmfe oidrmlsm prmssurm gi tbm

LDO mdgigaoms tg eoih imw wlys tg wgrc agrm dfgsmfy tgkmtbmr.

@mimeodolf ls ot aly `m, krgwtb dgufh strloi rmfltogisbops ge Lsoli

dguitroms wotb mldb gtbmr lih tbm wgrfh. Dgapmtotogi wotboi LDO

egr rmsgurdms, egrmoki oivmstamit, tmdbigfgky, lih alrcmt lddmss

dgufh krgw. Lhhotogilffy, dotoik tbm immh tg ‖fmvmf tbm pflyoik eomfh‑

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff prmss egr krmltmr lddmss tg alrcmts oi LDO,

orrmspmdtovm ge stoff flrkm hoeemrmidms oi oidgam pmr dlpotl. Xbm krgwoik

sboet erga l auftofltmrlf trlhm grhmr tg prmemrmitolf trlhm rmkoams lih

oidrmlsmh trlhm prgtmdtogiosa dgufh wmff smrvm tg foaot LDO lddmss tg

tbm hmvmfgpmh alrcmts egr kgghs lih egr fl`gr. Oe kmgpgfotodlf tmisogis



048


msdlfltm oitg dgiefodts lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr `mtwmmi tbma lih

hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, tbm meemdts dgufh `m hmvlstltoik egr oivmstgrs‟

dgieohmidm, oivmstamit, lih krgwtb. Xbm `mst prgtmdtogi lkloist sudb

l hlalkoik dgursm ge mvmits os stmlhy dgaaotamit tg mvmi krmltmrmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy, lih l dgaaotamit

tg dgffmdtovm rltbmr tbli uiofltmrlf ldtogi. Xbm mxlapfm lfrmlhy smt `y

LTMLI os oistrudtovm oi tbos rmklrh, lih dgufh `m kmimrlfozmh.

Ls sgam stuhoms blvm g`smrvmh, ldbomvoik dfgsm pli-Lsoli

oitmkrltogi lih dggpmrltogi os plrtoduflrfy dblffmikoik egr bostgrodlf

lih sgdogmdgigaod rmlsgis (LH@ 0><>`3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh

0><<). Gim os tblt Lsol os pgpufgus, lagrpbgus, lih hovmrsm. Ls l rmsuft,

egralf dggpmrltogi tlcms pfldm agrm lt tbm rmkogilf, su`rmkogilf, lih

`ofltmrlf fmvmfs.

Alrcmts, gi tbm gtbmr blih, lrm pgwmreuf oitmkrltoik egrdms.

Xbm mdgigaoms ge Mlst Lsol, oi plrtoduflr, lrm dfgsmfy foicmh tbrgukb

trlhm lih eoilidolf efgws lih tbrgukb mxtmisovm rmkogilf prghudtogi

imtwgrcs tblt smrvm ls dgihuots egr mxpgrts tg Murgpm lih tbm ]iotmh

Ttltms (]T) lih oapgrtlit sgurdms ge egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO).

Tgutb Lsol hgms igt ymt plrtodopltm oi prghudtogi imtwgrcs tg tbm

mxtmit ge Mlst Lsol, lftbgukb trlhm bls `mmi li oapgrtlit hrovmr ge

dgapmtotogi, prghudtovoty, lih krgwtb.

Xbos rlpohfy krgwoik mdgigaod miklkmamit bls gddurrmh hmspotm

kmgpgfotodlf tmisogis oi tbm rmkogi. Ot lfsg bls gddurrmh hmspotmrmfltovmfy wmlc suppgrt erga rmkogilf oistotutogis, mvmi wbofm sudb

oistotutogis blvm `mmi krgwoik oi iua`mr. Kfg`lf mdgigaod lih

smduroty oistotutogis blvm prgvohmh li oapgrtlit mil`foik mivorgiamit

egr tbm rosm ge Lsol. [otb tbm mxdmptogi ge Jlpli oi sgam lrmls, Lsoli

pgwmrs blvm igt `mmi prgldtovm oi kuohoik tbmsm oistotutogis.

Imvmrtbmfmss, mdgigaod oitmkrltogi bls hrlaltodlffy rmsblpmh LDO

soidm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Mlrfomr dblptmrs lrkum tblt

oitmkrltogi os rlpohfy rmsblpoik LDO lih woff agst focmfy krgw agrm

pgwmreuf oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>. Ayrolh mdgigaod foiclkms lrm alcoik

tbm rmkogi agrm oitmrhmpmihmit. L rosoik sblrm ge kgghs prghudmh oi

LDO os igw trlhmh lih dgisuamh wotboi tbm rmkogi. Kovmi tbmor rmfltovm

sozm oi tbm kfg`lf alrcmtpfldm, hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff dgitoium tg

`m oapgrtlit egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lddguitoik egr blfe ge kfg`lf krgss

hgamstod prghudt (KH^) lt alrcmt prodms oi 0>4> (Foi lih ^mtro 0><03

Flwrmidm 0><<). Ls tbm kfg`lf dmitmr ge mdgigaod ldtovoty sboets tg tbm



Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp

LDO rmkogi, tbm mlrfomr lssuaptogi tblt tbm aloi tlsc ge alrotoam Lsol

os tg lrrlikm meeodomit suppfy egr eoilf dgisuamrs oi hostlit alrcmts

woff `mdgam guthltmh. [bofm, ls hosdussmh oi Dblptmr 5, drgss-`grhmr

eoilidolf oitmkrltogi bls sg elr igt `mmi prgaoimit oi tbm rmkogi, oitoam, LDO pgrtegfog lih hormdt oivmstamits woff lfsg oidrmlsoikfy tlrkmt

rmkogilf lssmts.

Xbm dgapfmx wm` ge mdgigaod rmfltogis, lih tbm spmmh wotb wbodb

ot bls krgwi bls oi turi kmimrltmh l immh egr amdbliosas tg prgvohm

stlòfoty lih prmhodtlòfoty tg tbmsm fgik-tmra rmfltogisbops. Xbos oi

turi bls dgitroùtmh tg l pfmtbgrl ge òfltmrlf lih rmkogilf trlhm lih

oivmstamit lkrmmamits, ls hgduamitmh `y Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<).

Xbm flrkm iua`mrs ge ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) oivgfvoik tbm LDO

mdgigaoms lrm lagik tbm krgwoik ‖sget‑ oierlstrudturm tblt eldofotltms

oitmriltogilf lih oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih oivmstamit efgws. Xbm

suddmss ge tbmsm pldts lrkums egr dfgsmr dggpmrltogi tblt mvmitulffy

dgufh oidfuhm dgaprmbmisovm EXLs‘wotboi tbm rmkogi lih wotb cmy

plrtimrs mfsmwbmrm.

L durrmidy lih agimtlry uiogi lfgik tbm foims ge tbm murg os igt

lpprgproltm lt tbos stlkm egr elst krgwoik Lsol. Bgwmvmr, tbmrm os l

kmiuoim immh egr krmltmr dgbmrmidm `mtwmmi drgss-`grhmr oitmkrltogi

lih aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit, plrtoduflrfy tg kulrh lkloist

dgitlkogi lih `mkklr-tby-imokb`gr mxdblikm rltm pgfodoms. Oi lhhotogi

tg agimtlry dggrhoiltogi, dfgsmr dggrhoiltogi lagik eoilidolfrmkufltgrs dgufh bmfp tg drmltm l agrm suppgrtovm mivorgiamit tg

`mttmr agòfozm rmkogilf euihs egr alrcmt oivmstamit oi drotodlf

oierlstrudturm. LTMLI, wotb ots mstl`fosbmh rmdgrh ge prgagtoik

oitmriltogilf dggpmrltogi, dgufh smrvm ls tbm bu` ge oistotutogilf

lrrlikmamits tblt foic Mlst Lsoli dguitroms wotb mldb gtbmr lih lfsg

wotb Oihol lih gtbmr Tgutb Lsoli dguitroms.

Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 prgvohmh l aljgr spur tg

sudb dggrhoiltogi lagik tbm LTMLI+4 dguitroms, ùt sg elr Oihol bls

igt plrtodopltmh oi tbm aloi slemty-imt oiotoltovm, tbm auftofltmrlfozmh

Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm (DAOA). Xbm hm`t drosos oi tbm murgzgim bls

hmagistrltmh tbm hoeeodufty lih pgfotodlf pmrofs ge lttmapts tg oapgsm

lih miegrdm dgihotogilfoty ldrgss sgvmrmoki stltms, mvmi oi tbm wmff-

mstl`fosbmh mivorgiamit egr pgfotodlf dggrhoiltogi tblt mxosts oi tbm

M]. Xbm murgzgim drosos bls lfsg hmagistrltmh tblt, oi l wgrfh ge

agòfm, pliodcy sbgrt-tmra dlpotlf, eoilidolf dgitlkogi os l rmlf rosc.



045


[bmtbmr justoeomh gr igt, alrcmt pmrdmptogis dli drmltm sokioeodlit

lih hlalkoik spoffgvmr meemdts.

[bofm tbmrm os ig g`vogus alkod sgfutogi tg lhhrmss tbmsm

prg`fmas, tbm LDO dguitroms immh tg rmdgidofm iltogilf oitmrmsts wotbtrlisplrmidy lih erlic hosdussogi lt geeodolf lih igi-geeodolf fmvmfs.

Xbos prldtodm bls `mdgam oistotutogilfozmh lagik tbm Ltflitod roa

dguitroms soidm tbm <?5>s, sblpmh `y tbm mxpmromidm ge tbm Tmdgih

[grfh [lr, tbm Alrsblff ^fli tblt egffgwmh, lih tbm prmssurms ge tbm

Dgfh [lr. Ls hosdussmh fltmr, wbofm alrotoam Lsol wls li oapgrtlit

tbmltmr oi tbmsm dgiefodts, tbm oistotutogilf letmraltb bls igt `mmi

mqulffy drmltovm.

Lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf, tbm LTMLI dguitroms, wotb tbmor mstl`fosbmh

rmdgrh ge holfgkum gi prgagtoik smduroty lih mdgigaod oitmriltogilf

dggpmrltogi wotboi l bmtmrgkmimgus krgup, lrm oidrmlsoikfy smrvoik

ls tbm bu` egr oistotutogilf lrrlikmamits tblt foic LTMLI wotb mldb

gtbmr, lih wotb gtbmr Mlst Lsoli dguitroms, Lustrlfol, Imw Zmlflih, lih

Oihol. Bgwmvmr, tbos tmapfltm bls sg elr `mmi agst dgaagify usmh egr

holfgkum gi amrdblihosm trlhm, `ut dgufh `m usmeuf egr imwmr dblffmikms

prgvohmh ot os kovmi lpprgproltm suppgrt `y tbm flrkmr igi-LTMLI

mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Oihol, lih Jlpli.

Mvmi wotboi LTMLI, tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm smrvodms trlhm

lih ge tbm agvmamit ge scoffmh pmrsgis rmaloi smisotovm ossums,

wbofm mdgigaod survmofflidm ge tbm coih tblt os uihmrtlcmi `y tbmOitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih (OAE) gr tbm Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-

gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit (GMDH) aly vogfltm LTMLI‟s mstl`fosbmh

proidopfms ge igi-oitmremrmidm oi tbm oitmrilf alttmrs ge ama`mrs. Xbm

Lrtodfms ge Lssgdoltogi ge tbm OAE (plrtoduflrfy Lrtodfm OU) fly hgwi

l erlamwgrc wotboi wbodb sgvmrmoki ldtogis ge kgvmriamits dli `m

su`jmdt tg rmvomw `y li oihmpmihmit stlee gi `mblfe ge tbgsm prmsuamh

tg `m lhvmrsmfy leemdtmh.

Xbm OAE igw prmplrms spoffgvmr rmpgrts egr tbm Krgup ge Xwmity

(K0>) tg qulitoey tbm oapldt ge l systmaodlffy oapgrtlit dguitry‟s

pgfodoms gi ots pmmrs. Toaoflr dgisohmrltogis uihmrfom tbm hosputm

smttfmamit prgvosogis ge tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi ([XG). Xbm

ossums lrm wbmtbmr, wby, lih bgw, tbmsm oitmriltogilf hosdopfoims immh

tg `m suppfmamitmh lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf, lih wbmtbmr LDO dggpmrltogi

os `mttmr suppgrtmh `y tbm drmltogi ge sudb rmkogilf strudturms, gr `y

krmltmr suppgrt tg tbm mxostoik kfg`lf amdbliosas.




Pmkogilf dggpmrltogi os lfsg mssmitolf tg bmfp prmvmit tbm sokioeodlit

spoffgvmr meemdts ge pgffutogi lih mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi wotboi

LDO. Ot woff `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy imdmsslry tg misurm tblt dguitroms oi

tbm rmkogi blvm smdurm lih rmfol`fm sgurdms ge mimrky tg ammt tbmormsdlfltoik immhs oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>.

Xbm oapldt ge flrkm Lsoli mamrkoik alrcmts gi kfg`lf krgwtb bls

oidrmlsmh oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos,

lih woff dgitoium tg krgw ls tbm pgpufltogis ge Murgpm lih Jlpli

lkm. Xbm ^PD lfrmlhy mxmrts oiefumidm gi kfg`lf trlhm lih eoilidm

tblt os hosprgpgrtogiltm tg ots fgw pmr dlpotl oidgam fmvmf. Ls tbm

^PD‟s mdgigay dgitoiums tg krgw, tbm tmisogi `mtwmmi oitmriltogilf

mxpmdtltogis lih hgamstod oapmrltovms dgufh oidrmlsm. Oi hum dgursm,

tbm slam woff lppfy tg Oihol. Xbmsm sblrmh oitmrmsts lrm lfrmlhy fmlhoik

tg dgisuftltogi lih dg-grhoiltogi `mtwmmi tbmsm twg dguitroms oi lrmls

sudb ls dfoaltm dblikm, trlhm, lih tbm oitmriltogilf agimtlry systma.

Ls tbmor wmokbt oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay krgws, tbm LDO iltogis aust

`m rmlhy tg prgvohm krmltmr fmlhmrsbop lih lssuam l krmltmr rgfm oi

kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [XG, tbm OAE, [grfh @lic, K0>, lih

mivorgiamitlf lih bmlftb `ghoms tblt lrm dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor

krgwoik wmokbt oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. LDO meegrts tg rmsblpm tbm

oitmriltogilf grhmr woff `m dgapfodltmh `y tbm hgaoilit pgsotogi ge

hmvmfgpmh dguitroms oi sudb kfg`lf oistotutogis lih tbmor wmff-mstl`fosbmh

amdbliosas egr dggpmrltogi wotb mldb gtbmr. @ut tbos woff dblikm.Xbos dblikm wls mvohmit huroik tbm 0><0 kfg`lf mdgigaod

sfgwhgwi prmdopotltmh `y tbm drosos oi tbm murgzgim. Oi Juim lih

Jufy 0><0, kfg`lf eoilidolf alrcmts smmamh fmss dgidmrimh l`gut tbm

stlkilit krgwtb oi tbm murgzgim, wbodb pmrblps blh lfrmlhy `mmi

oidgrpgrltmh oitg mxpmdtltogis, tbli l`gut tbm alrkoilf sfgwhgwi

ge krgwtb oi tbm ^PD lih Oihol. Xbm prgspmdt ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms

ig fgikmr `moik strgik fgdgagtovms egr kfg`lf krgwtb oi 0><0 upsmt

oitmriltogilf eoilidolf alrcmts lih dlusmh krmlt dgidmri lagik

pgfodyalcmrs. Xbos wgufh igt blvm `mmi tbm dlsm mvmi = ymlrs lkg.

Li oitmrmstoik qumstogi os wbmtbmr tbm <0 mdgigaoms ge LDO woff oi

toam sblrm migukb dgaagi oitmrmsts tg dgistotutm l hostoidtovm dgbmsovm

rmkogi dlpl`fm ge lrtodufltoik lih prgagtoik rmkogilf oitmrmsts. Xbmrm

lfrmlhy mxost auftopfm, gvmrflppoik flrkm krgups ge dguitroms oi Lsol,

sgam ge wbodb oidfuhm gtbmr ^ldoeod roa dguitroms oidfuhoik tbm ]T,

Dlilhl, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih. Xbmsm krgups oidfuhm LTMLI+4,



042


LTMLI+5, LTMLI+2 (tbm Mlst Lsol Tuaaot dguitroms), tbm Pmkogilf

Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop (PDM^), alhm up ge LTMLI

lih ots holfgkum plrtimrs, tbm stmlhofy wohmioik krgup ge dguitroms

plrtodopltoik oi tbm Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop (X^^), lih tbm Lsol—^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi (L^MD) egrua. Xbm hyilaods ge Lsoli

lih Lsoli—^ldoeod oitmrldtogi lrm stoff mvgfvoik.

Mvmi ls amdbliosas egr oitmrldtogi wotboi Lsol lih ldrgss Lsol

lih tbm ^ldoeod dgitoium tg mvgfvm, mfsmwbmrm sudb krgups sgamtoams

mxost tg prgtmdt iltogilf oitmrmsts lih gify gddlsogilffy tg hmlf wotb

dgffmdtovm ldtogi prg`fmas. Oihmmh, tbmrm lrm emw mxlapfms ge rmkogilf

krgups ldtoik dgffmdtovmfy oi mxtrl-tmrrotgrolf egruas tg hmemih

dgaagi mdgigaod oitmrmsts. Xbm pgsso`fm mxdmptogi os tbm Murgpmli

]iogi (M]), lftbgukb tbmrm tgg iltogilf oitmrmsts lrm su`grhoiltmh

tg l Murgpmli pmrspmdtovm gify letmr blrh `lrkloioik ldrgss l `rglh

dgapfmx ge iltogilf oitmrmsts.

Agrm dgaagify, sudb rmkogilf krgups lrm typodlffy prmgddupomh

wotb smduroty ossums (egr mxlapfm, tbm Lerodli ]iogi, tbm Lrl` Fmlkum,

lih tbm Tblikblo Dggpmrltogi Grkliozltogi). Xbm emw krgups tblt hg

mxost tg lrtodufltm l dgaagi, suprliltogilf pmrspmdtovm tmih igt tg

`m rmkogilf oi ilturm. Mxlapfms lrm tbm Krgup ge Tmvmi (K;), lih tbm

ammtoiks ge tbm @rlzof, tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi, Oihol, lih tbm ^PD

(@PODs) eoilidm aoiostmrs lih bmlhs ge kgvmriamit. Iltogilf oitmrmsts

woff rmaloi tbm aloi hrovmr, lih woff gify sfgwfy `m l`rohkmh oi pursuotge dgffmdtovm ldtogi kglfs.

Xbmrm lrm dgapmffoik rmlsgis egr LDO dggpmrltogi. Gim rmlsgi

os tblt strgik lih syidbrgiozmh krgwtb up tg 0>4> woff kmimrltm

prmssurm tg drmltm l agrm rg`ust erlamwgrc ge oistotutogis egr

rmkogilf dggpmrltogi. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt tbm sboet ge tbm kfg`lf

dmitmr ge krlvoty ge mdgigaod ldtovoty tgwlrh LDO, wbodb os dfmlr erga

tbm mdgigaod egrmdlsts oi Dblptmr 0, woff kmimrltm l agrm Lsol-dmitrod

pmrspmdtovm oi tbm dgrm kfg`lf oistotutogis ge mdgigaod kgvmrilidm.

Kovmi tbm hovmrkmit oitmrmsts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih

mstl`fosbmh rmfltogisbops wotb pgwmrs gutsohm tbm rmkogi lih wotb

kfg`lf oistotutogis, ig soikfm plttmri ge dggpmrltogi woff hgaoiltm.

LTMLI+4 rmemrs tg tbm <> LTMLI ama`mr stltms pfus tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod

ge Cgrml. LTMLI+5 dgaprosms tbm LTMLI+4 dguitroms pfus Lustrlfol, Imw Zmlflih, lih Oihol.

LTMLI+2 gr ‖Mlst Lsol Tuaaot‑ dguitroms dgisost ge tbm LTMLI+5 mdgigaoms pfus tbm ]T lih

tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi.

8?

8?




Getmi, tbm LDO iltogis woff eoih tbmor oitmrmsts `mttmr smrvmh ls plrts ge

sboetoik, ossum-`lsmh dglfotogis oi tbm oitmriltogilf lrmil. @ut tbmrm lrm

strgik oidmitovms egr tbm rmkogi tg agvm erga l `ofltmrlf, EXL-dmitrod

lpprgldb tg dggpmrltogi oi elvgr ge l ‖imw rmkogilfosa‑ aghmf tbltwoff `m `lsmh gi flrkm, tbgukb sgamtoams gvmrflppoik oiotoltovms. Gvmr

tbm fgik tmra, hmmpmr miklkmamit dli bmfp tg drmltm dgistotumidoms

lih oistotutogis tg mlsm tmisogis (Agbli 0><<). Xbos lfrmlhy bls

gddurrmh oi tbm dlsm ge LTMLI oitmkrltogi lih ots mxtmisogi tg Uomt

Ila oi <??=. Xbmrm lrm strgik rmlsgis egr gptoaosa tblt tbos prgdmss

lfsg os stlrtoik tg mlsm tmisogis lih strmiktbmi `gihs lagik pgwmrs

sudb ls tbm ^PD, Oihol, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml.

;.0 Alrcmt-Hrovmi Oitmkrltogi oiLDO soidm <?;>

Xbm hrlaltod krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit oi Lsol soidm tbm <?5>s

wls `gtb uilitodopltmh lih uiprmdmhmitmh. Aghmriozltogi dlam oi

wlvms. Hmvmfgpoik Lsol blh `mimeotmh erga tbm krgwtb agamitua

oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay lih li mxplihoik oitmriltogilf alrcmtpfldm

kmimrltmh flrkmfy oi tbm mxplihoik dfu` ge tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaods.

Xbm suddmss ge tbos prgdmss os dlpturmh `y tbm eldt tblt ge tbm eorst-wlvm aghmriozmrs egffgwoik Jlpli‘tbm egur imwfy oihustrolfozmh

mdgigaoms (IOMs) ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 Toiklpgrm3 Bgik Cgik,

Dboil3 lih Xlopmo,Dboil‘lrm igw dltmkgrozmh `y tbm OAE ls ‖lhvlidmh

mdgigaoms.‑ Jlpli jgoimh tbm GMDH oi <?58 lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml jgoimh oi <??5.

Xbm Mlst Lsoli Aorldfm stuhy ohmitoeomh egur pgfody hmtmraoilits

tg mxpfloi tbm suddmsseuf hmvmfgpamit ge Mlst lih plrts ge Tgutbmlst

Lsol `mtwmmi tbm <?;>s lih tbm mlrfy <??>s ([grfh @lic <??4).

Xbmsm eldtgrs flrkmfy rmfltm tg tbm suppfy sohm ge mdgigaods. Xbmy

lrm mxpgrt-eromihfy mdgigaod pgfodoms, l egdus gi mhudltogi, alrcmt-

eromihfy kgvmriamits, lih gpmiimss tg tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up tblt

LH@ rmemrs tg tbmsm mdgigaoms ls ‖hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.‑

Xbos lilfysos mxdfuhmh tbm ^PD lih Oihol tblt wmrm igt ‖bokb pmregraoik Lsoli

mdgigaoms‑ lt tbm toam, `ut hoh oidfuhm egur ge tbm mxostoik sox LTMLI dguitroms (Toiklpgrm,

Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Xbloflih).

=>

=>

=<

=<



08>


os getmi lssgdoltmh wotb EHO. Elvgrl`fm hmagkrlpbods, suppgrtovm

aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms, lih efmxo`fm fl`gr alrcmts bmfpmh cmmp rmlf

mxdblikm rltms dgapmtotovm egr mxpgrt prghudtogi, lih l egdus gi

trlhm lih fgkostods oierlstrudturm bmfpmh tbmsm dguitroms rmlfozm tbmormvgfvoik dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkm.

Dotoik stuhoms `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@) lih

sdbgflrs, Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<) igtm tblt soidm tbm fltm <??>s

krmltmr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi bls trlisegramh Mlst Lsol. Ls hosdussmh

oi Dblptmr 8, mxtmisovm rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs blvm fmh tg

oidrmlsmh spmdolfozltogi ge aliueldturoik prgdmssms lih tlscs,

sgamtoams wotboi dgaplioms lih lt gtbmr toams oivgfvoik lras-

fmiktb trlisldtogis lagik hoeemrmit eoras oi smvmrlf mdgigaoms.

Xbm rmkogi‟s gpmiimss tg EHO bls hrovmi tbos trmih, wbodb os

alioemstmh oi l sblrp rosm oi oitrl-oihustry trlhm oi plrts, dgapgimits,

lih gtbmr oitmramholtm prghudts. Xbm sblrm ge plrts lih dgapgimits

trlhm oi tgtlf aliueldturoik trlhm ge tbm LTMLI+4 mdgigaoms lih

Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 Xlopmo,Dboil3 lih Oihol rgsm erga 08.4% oi <??? tg

0?.8% oi 0>>5‘audb elstmr tbli kfg`lf trlhm oi tbos lrml. Xbm sblrm

ge plrts lih dgapgimits trlhm oi tbm ^PD lfagst hgu`fmh, tg 08%,

gvmr tbm slam pmrogh. L hmtlofmh `rmlchgwi ge oitrlrmkogilf trlhm

oi Mlst Lsol oihodltms tblt tbm aljgroty ge oitrlrmkogilf trlhm os oi

oitmramholtm kgghs oistmlh ge eoilf kgghs (LH@ 0>>2).

Oivmstamit `y auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs) `lsmh oi Jlpli,tbm IOMs, Murgpm, lih tbm ]T bls pflymh li oapgrtlit rgfm oi tbm

hmvmfgpamit ge Lsoli prghudtogi imtwgrcs. @megrm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli

eoilidolf drosos, tbm rmkogi lttrldtmh l`gut gim-qulrtmr ge wgrfhwohm EHO

oiefgws mldb ymlr. Letmr hrgppoik sblrpfy, tbm LDO sblrm ge kfg`lf EHO

rmdgvmrmh tg <2% oi 0><< (]IDXLH 0><0). Xbm ^PD lih Bgik Cgik,

Dboil blvm tgkmtbmr lddguitmh egr `mtwmmi gim-blfe tg twg-tborhs ge

Lsoli EHO oiefgws gvmr tbm flst hmdlhm, tbgukb soidm 0><> EHO oiefgws

ge $<<; òffogi oitg LTMLI wmrm gi plr wotb tbm $<08 òffogi mitmroik

tbm ^PD (]IDXLH 0><0). Xbmsm oiefgws blvm bmfpmh tbm ^PD mamrkm

ls gim ge tbm agst oapgrtlit hmstoiltogis egr oitrl-Lsoli mxpgrts ge

oitmramholtm kgghs lih eoilf lssma`fy. Xbm sblrm ge mxpgrts ge lff gtbmr

Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms tg tbm ^PD oidrmlsmh `y smvmrlfegfh ls tbm ^PD

bls `mdgam tbmor aljgr mxpgrt hmstoiltogi (Xl`fm ;.<). Toidm tbm aoh-

0>>>s, Oihol‟s sblrm ge mxpgrts tg tbm ^PD bls oidrmlsmh aghmstfy, ùt

ots sblrm os fgw dgaplrmh tg tbgsm ge Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms.



Xl`fm ;.<: Tblrm ge Mxpgrts ge Aljgr Lsoli Mdgigaoms

tg tbm ^PD (%)

_mlr LTMLIBgik Cgik,

DboilOihol Jlpli

Pmp. ge

CgrmlXlopmo,Dboil

<??> <.2 08.; >.< 0.< >.> >.>

<??= 0.; 44.4 >.? 8.? ;.> >.4

0>>> 4.2 48.8 <.2 5.4 <>.; 0.?

0>>= 2.< 8=.> 5.5 <4.8 0<.; 00.>

0><> <>.2 =0.; ;.? <?.8 08.2 02.>


Tgurdm: LH@ Oitmkrltogi Oihodltgrs Hltl`lsm. bttp://lrod.lh`.grk/oihodltgr.pbp

(lddmssmh Lukust 0><0).


Mlst Lsoli oitmkrltogi os audb fmss prgiguidmh wbmi ot dgams

tg trlhm oi eoiosbmh kgghs lih oi oitrlrmkogilf bgfhoiks ge pgrtegfog

lssmts. Xbmrm lfsg bls `mmi fottfm lttmapt lt egralf agimtlry

dggrhoiltogi, lftbgukb tbm LTMLI dguitroms lih Oihol ply lttmitogi

tg tbm mxtmrilf vlfum ge tbm yuli lih tbm hgfflr oi smttoik tbmor gwi

agimtlry lih mxdblikm rltm pgfodoms. Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, LTMLI+4

oitmkrltogi rmalois l wgrc oi prgkrmss `y tbm stlihlrhs ge tbm M].

LDO‟s krgwtb pgtmitolf dli `m alxoaozmh `y hmmpmioik lihmxplihoik Mlst Lsoli rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs tg eurtbmr oitmkrltm

rmkogilf trlhm, alrcmts, lih mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy wotb tbm fgw-oidgam

LTMLI dguitroms, Oihol, lih tbm rmst ge Tgutb Lsol. Xbmsm mdgigaoms

dli lfsg kloi su`stlitolffy `y hovmrsoeyoik tbmor prghudts lih alrcmts

wotboi lih gutsohm tbm LDO rmkogi lih `y egdusoik tbmor tlrkmt alrcmt

tgwlrh tbm rosoik Lsoli aohhfm dflss (Ilk, @blttldblryly, lih Hm 0><0).

;.4 Oistotutogis egr LDOOitmkrltogi

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms durrmitfy ma`rldm dggpmrltogi. Xbmy

plrtodopltm oi kfg`lf auftofltmrlf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [grfh @lic,

tbm OAE, lih tbm [XG, lih oi smdtgr-spmdoeod oiotoltovms sudb ls tbm



080


]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm Dblikm. Xbmy lfsg

miklkm oi vlrogus rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms, sudb ls LTMLI+4,

LTMLI+2, lih tbm X^^, wbofm tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih Oihgimsol `mfgik tg

mxtrlrmkogilf su`krgups sudb ls tbm K0>. Mldb LDO dguitry lfsg bls òfltmrlf trlhm lih oivmstamit trmltoms wotb oihovohulf plrtimrs.

Xbm rokbt aghmf egr dggpmrltogi oi l bokbfy oitmrhmpmihmit

ùt oidrmlsoikfy ‖eflt‑ kfg`lf mdgigay os gpmi tg hm`ltm. Meemdtovm

dggpmrltogi egr kfg`lf ossums sudb ls eoilidolf oa`lflidms aly rmquorm

bokb-fmvmf hormdtogi tbrgukb, egr mxlapfm, tbm K0> prgdmss, ls wmff ls

ilrrgwmr egruas tblt lffgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg dgisuft gi alttmrs

sudb ls mxdblikm rltm pgfody.

Murgpm bls fgik krlppfmh wotb tbmsm ossums lih smttfmh gi tbm

dgidmpt ge ‖su`soholroty.‑ Xbos amlis tblt pgfodoms sbgufh `m lhgptmh

lt tbm agst hmdmitrlfozmh fmvmf pgsso`fm. Xrlhm lih dgapmtotogi

pgfodoms aust `m egraufltmh lt tbm M] fmvmf `mdlusm tbmsm ldtovotoms

oivgfvm agrm tbli gim iltogi. @ut ùsoimss-rmfltmh pgfodoms lih

tlxltogi dli tlcm pfldm lt tbm dguitry fmvmf prgvohmh tblt tbmy hg igt

hoslhvlitlkm igi-fgdlf plrtodoplits, `y prgvohoik iltogilf trmltamit

egr egrmoki dgaplioms ls prldtodmh `y tbm [XG ama`mrs.

Pmkogilf lih òfltmrlf oiotoltovms lrm igt imw ùt blvm krgwi

mxpgimitolffy oi tbm 0<st dmitury. [bofm agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm mmi

plrt ge auftofltmrlf egruas sudb ls tbm Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xlroees

lih Xrlhm (KLXX), tbm [XG, lih tbm OAE egr aliy ymlrs, tbmy blvmimvmr pflymh l strgik rgfm. Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, tbm sotultogi bls

dblikmh rlpohfy. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi vmry ldtovm oi hmvmfgpoik

òfltmrlf lih su`rmkogilf oiotoltovms oi trlhm lt vlrogus fmvmfs. Ls

hosdussmh `mfgw, tbmrm lrm pflis tg dgisgfohltm tbmsm oiotoltovms ldrgss

tbm rmkogi. [bofm tbmrm os ig egralf mxprmssogi ge dggpmrltogi sudb

ls oi tbm egra ge l rmkogilf EXL, li oapgrtlit imtwgrc ge dggpmrltovm

prgdmssms bls `mmi mamrkoik `mtwmmi vlrogus su`krgups wotboi LDO

lih oi pli-Lsoli krgupoiks sudb ls LTMLI+5 lih LTMLI+2.

;.4.< LDO lih kfg`lf mdgigaod kgvmrilidmXbm aloi oistotutogis uihmrpoiioik tbm mxostoik oitmriltogilf

mdgigaod grhmr wmrm flrkmfy dgistrudtmh uihmr ]T fmlhmrsbop

egffgwoik tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr. Xblt grhmr wls mxpfodotfy hmsokimh

tg smdurm pmldm letmr twg wgrfh wlrs oi 4> ymlrs. Ot wls suppgrtmh




proalrofy oi tbm Igrtb Ltflitod ùt lfsg sokioeodlitfy oi alrotoam Lsol

`y l smduroty erlamwgrc oi wbodb tbm ]T lfsg pflymh tbm dmitrlf rgfm.

[bofm tbm LDO mdgigaoms wmrm g`vogusfy igt oiefumitolf oi tbm mlrfy

ymlrs, ls tbm kfg`lf systma mvgfvmh, sgam LDO mdgigaoms‘plrtoduflrfyOihol lih tbm ^PD letmr tbmy jgoimh tbm [XG ‘blvm `mdgam

oiefumitolf ldtgrs oi trlhm lih gtbmr egruas. @ut tbmrm bls imvmr

`mmi li LDO dludus oi auftofltmrlf imkgtoltogis. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

lrm uihmrrmprmsmitmh lt tbm OAE, hmspotm tbm rmkogi‟s rosoik sblrm ge tbm

kfg`lf mdgigay. Xbm lpprgldb tg dlfdufltoik qugtls bls hoslhvlitlkmh

tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm trlhotogi ge ilaoik l Murgpmli tg bmlh tbm

OAE lih li Lamrodli tg bmlh tbm [grfh @lic os oihodltovm ge oistotutogis

tblt blvm igt cmpt up wotb tbm toams. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm OAE lih gtbmr

auftofltmrlf kgvmrilidm egruas lrm sfgwfy dblikoik oi grhmr tg kovm

tbm LDO mdgigaoms l agrm dgaamisurltm sblrm oi fmlhmrsbop lih

hmdosogi-alcoik. Xbm rmkogi‟s oiefumidm woff rosm, tbmrmegrm, ls woff ots

rmspgisoòfotoms.

Xbm `lflidm ge pgwmr oi tbm kfg`lf trlhoik systma bls sboetmh.

Xbm lttmapt tg `rglhmi tbm sdgpm ge imkgtoltogis tg oidfuhm aljgr

hmvmfgpoik dguitroms uihmr tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl bls

`mmi li oapgrtlit rmlsgi egr tbm fldc ge prgkrmss uihmr tbm rguih

fluidbmh oi 0>><. Xbm sboet ge mdgigaod krlvoty tgwlrh tbm ‖Tgutb‑

(hmvmfgpoik rmkogis) amlis tblt tbm oitmriltogilf oistotutogis tblt

blvm suddmsseuffy fmh tbm wgrfh soidm tbm <?5>s immh tg dblikm. Xbm òk qumstogi os: Bgw audb7

Xbm drmltogi ge tbm K0> fmlhmrs‟ prgdmss oi 0>>2 wls hmsokimh tg

prgvohm mttmr-dggrhoiltmh pgfotodlf kuohlidm lftbgukb mxpmromidm tg hltm

bls igt `mmi midgurlkoik. Oe ot os pgsso`fm tg egrkm dgismisus oi tbm K0>,

tbmrm os l dfmlr dbliimf tg mxprmss Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod dgidmris kfg`lffy.

;.4.0 Drgss-`grhmr oistotutogis wotboi LDO

Oi lhhotogi tg tbmor oivgfvmamit wotb kfg`lf lih mxtrlrmkogilf

krgups, tbm LDO dguitroms lrm oidrmlsoikfy oivgfvmh oi vlrogus rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms, sudb ls LTMLI+4, LTMLI+2, PDM^ wotb LTMLI

lt tbm dmitmr (@gx ;.<), lih tbm X^^. Mldb LDO dguitry lfsg bls òfltmrlf

Oihol wls l eguihoik ama`mr ge tbm KLXX (<?8;) lih [XG (<??=), ùt tbm ^PD hoh igt

jgoi tbm [XG uitof 0>><.

=0

=0



@gx ;.<: Ttrmlafoioik lih Dgisgfohltoik LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm

Lkrmmamits: Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod

^lrtimrsbop

Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, ama`mrs ge LTMLI blvm `mmi ldtovm oi

oitrghudoik ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) wotb plrtimrs oi Lsol

lih mfsmwbmrm. @y tbm mih ge 0><0, ge 28 lkrmmamits (motbmr

sokimh, uihmr imkgtoltogi, gr prgpgsmh), 42 wmrm wotb gtbmr Lsoli

plrtimrs, lih 85 wotb igi-Lsoli mdgigaoms. Eovm LTMLI+< lkrmmamits

(wotb Lustrlfol—Imw Zmlflih, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Oihol,

Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml), blh `mmi sokimh, wotb twg agrm oi

tbm popmfoim‘wotb tbm Murgpmli ]iogi lih ^lcostli. Xmi ymlrs lkg,

Lsol gify blh tbrmm EXLs oi meemdt, oidfuhoik tbm LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm

Lrml (LEXL).(Dgitoiumh)

088


trlhm lih oivmstamit trmltoms wotb l wohm smt ge oihovohulf plrtimrs. Xbm

ossum ge oitmrmst os tbm gptoalf `fmih ge kfg`lf, mxtrlrmkogilf, rmkogilf,

lih ofltmrlf oiotoltovms tblt mldb dguitry woff eoih bmfpeuf tg eurtbmr tbm

dlusm ge hurl`fm lih meeodomit oitmkrltogi wotboi tbm LDO krgup.Xbm rokbt aghmf egr mdgigaod pgfody dggrhoiltogi `mtwmmi

sgvmrmoki stltms gpmrltoik oi l bokbfy oitmrhmpmihmit, oidrmlsoikfy

‖eflt‑ kfg`lf mdgigay os l prmssoik ossum egr tbm wgrfh ls l wbgfm,

alhm agrm urkmit `ut ig mlsomr `y tbm dgitoiuoik dgismqumidms ge

tbm eoilidolf lih mdgigaod drosms oi tbm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Meemdtovm

dggpmrltogi egr kfg`lf ossums sudb ls eoilidolf oa`lflidms aly rmquorm

bokb-fmvmf hormdtogi tbrgukb, egr mxlapfm, tbm K0> prgdmss, ls wmff ls

ilrrgwmr egruas tblt lffgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg dggrhoiltm alttmrs

sudb ls mxdblikm rltm pgfody.

Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi geemrs l hmeoiotogi ge wblt

dgistotutms li oistotutogi: ‖hurl`fm rufms tblt sblpm mxpmdtltogis,

oitmrmsts, lih `mblvogr‑ (LH@ 0><>`: =). Xbm stuhy ohmitoeoms egur

tbmams drotodlf tg hmmpmioik rmkogilf oitmkrltogi oi Lsol: (o)

oitmkrltoik prghudtogi, (oo) oitmkrltoik eoilidolf alrcmts, (ooo) alilkoik

aldrgmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm, lih (ov) alcoik krgwtb oidfusovm

lih sustloil`fm. Xbm stuhy miuidoltms tbm dblffmikms tblt dli `mst `m

lhhrmssmh tbrgukb dggpmrltovm ldtogi lt tbm rmkogilf lih su`rmkogilf

fmvmfs lih sukkmsts spmdoeod amdbliosas tblt dgufh bmfp ldbomvm tbm

immhmh dgismisus.



Oi 0><<, tg strmlafoim mxostoik lkrmmamits uihmr l wohmr ua`rmffl,

LTMLI prgpgsmh l Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop (PDM^)‘

oivotoik trlhm plrtimrs tg jgoi tbm oiotoltovm. Xbm prgpgslf dlam wotb LTMLI

eldoik aguitoik prmssurm erga oitrl- lih oitmr-rmkogilf mdgigaod krgupstg ‖dgisgfohltm‑ mxostoik `ofltmrlf lkrmmamits uihmr `rglhmr erlamwgrcs.

Ot lfsg emft sgam oitmrilf hovosogis prgaptmh `y imkgtoltogis tg drmltm l

Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop (X^^) lagik l su`smt ge Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod

Dggpmrltogi (L^MD) ama`mrs‘oivgfvoik gify egur ge LTMLI‟s <> ama`mrs.

Oi ^biga ^mib, Dla`ghol, oi Igvma`mr 0><0, LTMLI bmlhs ge stltm lkrmmh

tg stlrt egralf imkgtoltogis wotb tbmor sox EXL plrtimrs. Xbm loa ge tbm PDM^

os tg drmltm l dgaprmbmisovm lkrmmamit tg suppgrt suppfy dbloi hmvmfgpamit

oi tbm rmkogi. Xbm PDM^ os li gpmi egrua, lih mxtmrilf mdgigaod plrtimrs

aly lfsg jgoi tbm PDM^ mvmitulffy.

Oi li mrl ge sfgw krgwtb, plrtoduflrfy lagik Lsol‟s trlhotogilf trlhoik

plrtimrs, tbm PDM^ os pgtmitolffy l vmry pgwmreuf oiotoltovm. Ot egdusms gi

`uofhoik agamitua lagik Lsoli mdgigaoms `y prgagtoik dfgsmr trlhm lih

oivmstamit oitmrhmpmihmidm. Ot os hmsokimh tg prgvohm l `rglh erlamwgrc tg

oidfuhm mxostoik lkrmmamits, miblidoik tbmor proidopfms wbofm hmmpmioik lih

wohmioik dgvmrlkm. Oe suddmsseuf, tbm PDM^ woff krmltfy strmiktbmi LTMLI‟s

dmitrlf rgfm ls tbm cmy oistotutogi egr Lsoli oitmkrltogi. Imkgtoltogis stlrtmh

oi mlrfy 0><4 lih lrm mxpmdtmh tg `m dgapfmtmh `y tbm mih ge 0><=. Xbm

mdgigaod oapgrtlidm ge tbm PDM^ trlhoik `fgd os strocoik, dgvmroik 8?% ge

tbm wgrfh pgpufltogi, 0?% ge krgss hgamstod prghudt, lih 0;% ge wgrfh trlhm

([okilrljl 0><8).

Tgam mxpmrts smm tbm PDM^ oi dgapmtotogi wotb tbm X^^, sukkmstoik tbm

twg imkgtoltogi prgdmssms woff dgmxost wotb sgam rovlfry ([u lih Amlfy 0><0).

Bgwmvmr, wbofm tbm X^^ smts bokb stlihlrhs egr plrtodopltogi‘rmquoroik

lkrmmamits gi `mst prldtodms gr ‖kgfh stlihlrhs‑‘tbm PDM^ os elr agrm

efmxo`fm lih prlkaltod oi lpprgldb, rmdgkiozoik tbm hoeemrmit dorduastlidms

ge bokbfy hovmrsm trlhm lih oivmstamit plrtimrs (Blwcm 0><0). Lddgrhoikfy,

gtbmrs smm tbm PDM^ lih tbm X^^ ls twg rmfltmh prgdmssms wbodb dgufh

pgtmitolffy dgivmrkm oitg li Lsol-wohm EXL (Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0><4).

L suddmsseuf PDM^ geemrs krmlt gppgrtuiotoms egr LTMLI. @ut ot lfsg

prmsmits egraohl`fm dblffmikms, kovmi tbm foaotmh rmsgurdms oivmstmh oi tbm

LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt‘wbodb os suppgsmh tg fmlh imkgtoltogis‘lih iltogilf

pmrspmdtovms tblt aly hovmrkm gvmr toam. Xg gvmrdgam tbmsm dblffmikmslih `roik PDM^ suddmss, LTMLI aust spmlc wotb gim vgodm lih ldt ls l

soikfm mdgigaod krgup. Xbus, drotodlffy oapgrtlit os egr tbm krgup tg rlpohfy

oapfmamit tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty lih agvm mygih. Xbm PDM^ bls

tbm pgtmitolf tg `mdgam l cmy pofflr oi Lsol‟s mvgfvoik mdgigaod lrdbotmdturm.

Tgurdm: Lutbgrs `lsmh gi vlrogus LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt‟s dgaauioquïs lih prmss rmpgrts.




085


[blt `fmih ge su`rmkogilf, rmkogilf, lih auftofltmrlf oistotutogis

os agst focmfy tg ammt tbm hmvmfgpamit kglfs ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi

tbmsm egur spbmrms7 Xbm mxpmromidm ge tbm M] os igt mlsofy lppfodl`fm

tg tbm LDO mdgigaoms, kovmi tbmor hoeemrmit bostgrodlf lih pgfotodlfdgitmxts. @ut tbm M] aly prgvohm oitmrmstoik fmssgis.

L eorst qumstogi tg lsc os: [by sbgufh tbm LDO mdgigaoms ply spmdolf

lttmitogi tg mldb gtbmr ls dgaplrmh wotb lftmriltovm krgups, sudb ls

tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms7 Ot os oapgrtlit tg igtm tbm bmtmrgkmimoty ge

tbm LDO mdgigaoms.

[bofm lff tbrmm ‖pgfms‑ ge tbm LDO trolh lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw

oaprmssovmfy oi tbm euturm, tbm ^PD woff rmaloi tbm hgaoilit rmkogilf

mdgigay lih mamrkm ls l dguitry wotb kfg`lf mdgigaod oitmrmsts oi lff

hoamisogis: trlhm, eoilidm, lih hopfgaldy (Tu`rlalioli 0><<). Kovmi

ots mdgigaod sdlfm lih mxtmrilf gromitltogi, tbmrm os fottfm hgu`t tblt

`y 0>4> tbm ^PD woff blvm tbm oidmitovm lih tbm dlpldoty tg sblpm

tbm alilkmamit ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Ots ldtogis lih prmemrmidms

woff bmlvofy oiefumidm rmkogilf oistotutogis oi wbodb ot dbggsms tg

plrtodopltm. Ots oitmrmsts lrm lfsg focmfy tg `m hgaoilit oi rmsblpoik

kfg`lf oistotutogis, lih oi lrtodufltoik tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf foics.

Xbm ^PD‟s oitmrmst woff `m tg prgagtm `gtb iltogilf wmfelrm lih prgjmdt

pgwmr, lih agrm `rglhfy tg prgvohm pu`fod kgghs erga wbodb ot stlihs

tg mimeot. L kfg`lf pgwmr immhs tg strocm l lflidm mtwmmi kfg`lf lih

rmkogilf dgidmris, `gtb wotb rmspmdt tg smduroty lih tbm mdgigay. Xbm^PD os oidrmlsoikfy hmpmihmit gi LTMLI, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml egr oitmramholtm aliueldturmh oiput. Xbos aly `m gim rmlsgi

wby ot lkrmmh tg fluidb imkgtoltogis gi l Igrtbmlst Lsoli EXL oi Aly

0><0. Ot lfsg hmpmihs gi l wohm vlromty ge mxtrlrmkogilf suppfomrs tg

ammt ots sokioeodlit rlw altmrolf immhs. Hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lrm ots

agst oapgrtlit alrcmts egr eoilf kgghs, lih tbmy lrm lfsg drotodlf tg ots

eoilidolf wmff-`moik. Xbm ^PD woff tbmrmegrm immh tg `m ldtovm oi `gtb

ots boitmrflih lih oi tbm wohmr wgrfh, wotb tbm flttmr lrmil `mdgaoik

oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit egr ot (Zblik lih Tbmi 0><<).

Gim ge tbm ^PD‟s oapgrtlit kglfs os tg misurm aofotlry smduroty oi ots

oaamholtm imokb`grbggh. Kovmi, bgwmvmr, tblt ot os l imokb`grbggh wotb

`gtb sokioeodlit krgwtb pgtmitolf lih oidrmlsoikfy sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf

alrcmts, tbm ^PD woff oidrmlsoikfy eoih ots Lsoli plrtimrs li oapgrtlit

sgurdm ge eoilf hmalih lih ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Dlpotlf lddguit

fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm yuli wgufh prgvohm eurtbmr kfum tg tbmsm rmfltogisbops.




]ifocm tbm ]T letmr tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr, tbm ^PD woff `m alcoik

ots wly oi l pgfydmitrod wgrfh grhmr, wotb smvmrlf gtbmr flrkm, agrm

sgpbostodltmh, lih wmlftbomr mdgigaod pgwmrs. Xg ldbomvm ots kglfs,

tbm ^PD woff immh tg rmsgrt tg pmrsulsogi lih dglfotogi ùofhoik. Lttbm slam toam, ot woff blvm tg hmagistrltm lih mxmrdosm fmlhmrsbop

oi smttoik lih oapfmamitoik lkmihls egr tbm prgvosogi ge kfg`lf lih

rmkogilf pu`fod kgghs.

Oihol‟s pgsotogi os agrm dgapfodltmh lih laòkugus. @y 0>4>,

Oihol‟s sblrm ge KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg `m stoff just gvmr blfe ge tbm ^PD‟s

durrmit sblrm oi wgrfh gutput gi tbm `lsos ge ldtulf mxdblikm rltms,

ls igtmh oi Dblptmr 0. Xbm ^PD bls `mdgam Oihol‟s agst oapgrtlit

trlhoik plrtimr egr kgghs, wbofm tbm ]T lih Murgpm lrm stoff audb

òkkmr alrcmts egr ots oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit trlhm oi smrvodms. Xbm

]T lih Murgpm, ls wmff ls tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi lih Osrlmf, lrm

oapgrtlit sgurdms ge tmdbigfgky lih lralamits, wbofm tbm Aohhfm

Mlst os bgam tg l flrkm iua`mr ge Oiholi iltogilfs lih l aljgr sgurdm

ge rmaottlidms. Oi tmras ge smduroty ossums, tbm `rglh lrd ge Tgutb Lsol

erga Lekbliostli tg Aylialr woff rmaloi l dmitrlf egdus, wbofm Oihol

bls mxtmisovm alrotoam oitmrmsts oi tbm Oiholi Gdmli (Agbli 0><<).

[bofm tbm ^PD‟s oitmrmsts woff `m oidrmlsoikfy kfg`lf egr tbm imxt

emw hmdlhms, Oihol‟s woff rmaloi rmkogilf. Gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs, Oihol

dli mxpmdt tg rmaloi l wltdbeuf pgwmr oi Tgutb Lsol, Mlst Lsol, Dmitrlf

Lsol, tbm Oiholi Gdmli roa ge Lerodl, lih tbm Aohhfm Mlst wotbgutimmhoik tg `m l trufy kfg`lf mdgigaod gr aofotlry pgwmr. @ut LTMLI

lih tbm ^PD lrm focmfy tg `mdgam agrm oapgrtlit tg Oihol. Gim rmlsgi

os tblt hmvmfgpoik Lsol woff `m tbm wgrfh‟s elstmst krgwoik sgurdm ge

hmalih egr fgw-dgst, amhoua-tmdbigfgky kgghs lih smrvodms, wbmrm

Oihol mijgys l dgapmtotovm lih kmgkrlpbod lhvlitlkm. Ligtbmr rmlsgi

os tblt LTMLI lih tbm ^PD blvm wmff mstl`fosbmh, kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm,

aliueldturoik prghudtogi imtwgrcs. @y `mdgaoik plrt ge tbmsm

imtwgrcs, Oihol dli `mdgam agrm dgapmtotovm oi aliueldturoik lih

tlp oitg oapgrtlit sgurdms ge rlw altmrolfs lih dlpotlf. Oihol‟s elst

krgwoik aohhfm dflss woff `m ligtbmr pgwmreuf hrlw egr dgaplioms

`lsmh oi tbm rmkogi.

Xbm ^PD‟s su`stlitolf dgaamrdolf oitmrmsts oi tbm Aohhfm Mlst

lih tbm Oiholi Gdmli lih ots uirmsgfvmh flih `grhmr wotb Oihol drmltm

pgtmitolf egr `gtb dggpmrltogi lih aosuihmrstlihoik. ^lrtodopltogi oi

kfg`lf lih rmkogilf oistotutogis oi wbodb tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm `gtb



082


ama`mrs oidrmlsms tbm pgtmitolf egr dgaauiodltogi, holfgkum, lih

prg`fma sgfvoik lt tbm `ofltmrlf fmvmf.

Ot woff tlcm scoffeuf `ofltmrlf hopfgaldy tg ldbomvm hmmp lih `lflidmh

mdgigaod miklkmamit mtwmmi tbm twg dguitroms. [bofm tbm dblffmikm woffflrkmfy m ofltmrlf, rmkogilf lih auftofltmrlf oistotutogis dli oitmramholtm

tbm prgdmss, ls hosdussmh `mfgw. Xrlisplrmidy lih trust kmimrltmh `y

hmmpmr mdgigaod miklkmamit dli bmfp aotokltm smduroty tmisogis, lih

tbos os tbm pltb tblt tbm twg dguitroms lrm durrmitfy ma`lrcmh gi

Egr tbm LTMLI dguitroms, tbm aloi dblffmikm woff `m tg `mimeot

erga tbm gppgrtuiotoms lrosoik erga tbm rosm ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol

wotbgut `moik swlapmh strltmkodlffy, dufturlffy, gr mdgigaodlffy. Ls

igtmh oi Dblptmr 0, tbm LTMLI sblrm ge kfg`lf KH^ os egrmdlst tg rosm

lfagst =>% `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. @ut lt gify 8%, ot woff `m salffmr

tbli Oihol‟s sblrm (=.8%) lih audb salffmr tbli tblt ge tbm ^PD (<2%).

LTMLI‟s trlhotogilf mdgigaod lih smduroty foics wotb tbm ]T, Jlpli,

lih Lustrlfol woff rmaloi vlful`fm tg rmtloioik `lflidm. Oe oitmkrltogi

`mtwmmi tbm ^PD lih Oihol hgms kloi sokioeodlit agamitua, LTMLI

woff eoih ot hoeeoduft tg rmaloi povgtlf oi rmkogilf oitmkrltogi meegrts,

lftbgukb ama`mrs sudb ls Aylialr woff focmfy eoih tbmor oapgrtlidm

miblidmh. Xbm flrkm, pgpufgus dguitroms ge LTMLI (Oihgimsol, tbm

^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila) lfsg stlih tg kloi mvmi agrm tbli Oihol

erga tbm rmfgdltogi ge fokbt aliueldturoik erga tbm dglstlf prgvoidms

ge tbm ^PD ls fl`gr dgsts rosm‘l prgdmss tblt bls lfrmlhy `mkui.[otboi Tgutb Lsol, @likflhmsb os mqulffy wmff sotultmh tg `mimeot erga

hmmpmr LDO dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi.

[bofm mldb LDO mdgigay bls rmlsgis egr hmvgtoik krmltmr lttmitogi tg

hmmpmr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi, tbm oa`lflidm oi tbm rmfltovm sozm lih pgwmr

ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol lih tbm uimlsy smduroty rmfltogisbop `mtwmmi tbm

twg alcm ot uifocmfy tblt oistotutogis rmstrodtmh just tg tbm LDO dguitroms

woff `m tbm agst prghudtovm lvmium egr mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Oihol‟s

prmvogus meegrts tg egrkm l krgupoik tblt `roiks tgkmtbmr kmgkrlpbodlffy

dgitokugus mfmamits ge Tgutb Lsol lih LTMLI, sudb ls tbm @ly ge

@miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf lih Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi

(@OATXMD), bls `mmi audb fmss suddmsseuf tbli LTMLI+4. Xbos

rmefmdts tbm audb sblffgwmr mdgigaod oitmkrltogi ge tbm plrtodopltoik

dguitroms, mvmi tbgukb LTMLI bls EXLs wotb `gtb Oihol lih tbm ^PD.

@OATXMD dgisosts ge @likflhmsb, @butli, Oihol, Aylialr, Implf, Tro Flicl, lih Xbloflih.

Toidm 0>>=, LH@ bls `mmi lssgdoltmh ls l hmvmfgpamit plrtimr.

=4

=4




Blvoik mxlaoimh tbm uihmrfyoik mdgigaod lih smduroty oitmrmsts

ge tbm dguitroms oivgfvmh, tbm imxt qumstogi os bgw tg strudturm drgss-

`grhmr oistotutogis tblt dli smrvm tbm iltogilf oitmrmsts ge tbm LDO

dguitroms ls wmff ls wlrrlit tbm surrmihmr ge foaotmh lutgigay lihsgvmrmokity. Xbmrm os lfrmlhy mstl`fosbmh hopfgaltod oitmrmst oi LTMLI

egr oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi mdgigaodlffy lih strltmkodlffy tblt

os igt hgaoiltmh `y liy soikfm dguitry. Xbos os rmefmdtmh oi mxostoik

strudturms sudb ls LTMLI+4, tbm Lsol—Murgpm Ammtoik (LTMA) prgdmss,

L^MD, lih tbm Mlst Lsol Tuaaot tblt suppgrts LTMLI‟s g`jmdtovm ge

prmsmrvoik lih prgtmdtoik strltmkod lutgigay.

Drgss-`grhmr oistotutogis dli bmfp dguitroms sustloi mdgigaod

krgwtb lih hmmpmi oitmkrltogi. Xbmy dli prgvohm provltm ldtgrs

wotboi lih gutsohm LDO wotb rufms lih trlisplrmit hosputm smttfmamit

amdbliosas. Oistotutogis dli lfsg prgvohm amdbliosas egr blihfoik

oapgrtlit pgtmitolf ‖spoffgvmr meemdts‑ gr mxtmrilfotoms tblt dgufh

rmhudm dgieohmidm lih trokkmr uihmsorl`fm dgapmtotogi lih ‖rldm

tg tbm `gttga‑ `mblvogr oe fmet uilhhrmssmh. ^fus, tbmy oaprgvm

g`jmdtovoty lih trlisplrmidy oi tbm ldtogis ge lff ldtgrs, prgvohoik li

lkrmmh eldtulf `lsos egr uihmrstlihoik `mblvogr lih mstl`fosboik trust

lagik tbm sokiltgroms (LH@ 0><>`).

Tgam ge tbmsm mimeots dli m smdurmh tbrgukb ofltmrlf lkrmmamits,

sudb ls EXLs lih oivmstamit trmltoms. Xbmsm lrrlikmamits blvm tbm

lhvlitlkm ge lffgwoik tbm twg imkgtoltoik plrtimrs tg egdus gi ossumsge plrtoduflr oitmrmst tg tbma. Ot os agrm hoeeoduft egr dguitroms tg eoih

dgaagi krguih wotboi l òkkmr krgup, sudb ls tbm <=;-ama`mr [XG.

Bgwmvmr, òfltmrlf lrrlikmamits dli `m oiemrogr tg rmkogilf lih kfg`lf

lddgrhs, hum tg tbm pgtmitolf ge trlhm lih oivmstamit hovmrsogi lih

lsyaamtroms oi tbm imkgtoltoik prgdmss.

Egr tbmsm rmlsgis, drgss-`grhmr lkrmmamits tmih tg `m pgpuflr

wotb hyilaod, amhoua-sozmh pgwmrs tblt smmc dglfotogis ge focm-

aoihmh dguitroms tg ldt ls ‖egrdm auftopfomrs‑ tg ldbomvm tbmor

iltogilf kglfs. Erlidm oi tbm M], lih Lustrlfol lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge

Cgrml oi tbm K0> lrm mxlapfms. L trufy kfg`lf pgwmr wgufh loa egr

rufms tblt òih gtbmrs ùt prgvohm hm jurm gr hm eldtg ermmhga ge

ldtogi egr otsmfe. Focmwosm, hgaoilit rmkogilf pgwmrs sudb ls Oihol

lrm rmfudtlit tg prgvohm l smttoik wbmrm salffmr pgwmrs dli uiotm tg

prmss hmalihs lkloist tbma, uifmss sudb l krgupoik lfsg miblidms

ots lòfoty tg prgjmdt pgwmr. Tudb strltmkod dgisohmrltogis woff bmfp



0=>


hrovm oistotutogilf strudturms egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm ymlrs up

tg 0>4>.

Pmkogilf egruas lrm igt tbm gify wly tg tldcfm sudb òk ossums.

Xbmrm dli `m rmlsgis egr stlrtoik erga soapfmr, fmss laòtogushgalois. Ls bls `mmi mvohmit oi rmdmit trlhm lih dfoaltm dblikm

imkgtoltogis, hmvmfgpmh dguitroms lrm focmfy tg dblffmikm tbm

hmvmfgpoik Lsoli dguitroms tg hg agrm, egrdoik tbma tg l tlcm stlih

motbmr smplrltmfy gr dgffmdtovmfy. [otboi LDO, tbm ^PD os lfrmlhy

hmmpfy miklkmh wotb LTMLI tbrgukb tbm LTMLI+< lih LTMLI+4

prgdmssms. Ot lfsg bls `mmi dmitrlf oi mstl`fosboik tbm eoilidolf

slemty-imt strudturm ge tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm. Hmspotm ots EXL wotb

LTMLI, Oihol rmalois l pmropbmrlf prmsmidm oi Tgutbmlst Lsol lih

woff rmaloi tbm juiogr plrtimr oi liy trofltmrlf egrua.

Xbm rmfltogisbop mtwmmi LTMLI lih tbm PD bls mvgfvmh rlpohfy

soidm tbm aoh-<??>s, l pmrogh alrcmh `y kfg`lf eoilidolf drosms lih

tbm ^PD‟s lddmssogi tg tbm [XG. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—

<??2 smvmrmfy leemdtmh Oihgimsol, Xbloflih, lih Alflysol, ls wmff

ls tbm ^bofoppoims, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil.

Kovmi tbm pgfody mxtmrilfotoms tblt `mdlam mvohmit huroik tbm drosos,

tbm oidmitovm egr lff mdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi tg miblidm dggpmrltogi

oidrmlsmh.

Xbm drosos stoaufltmh agvms tgwlrh agrm hmdosovm trlhm

oitmkrltogi wotboi tbm LTMLI dguitroms lih oi tbm erlamwgrc getbm LTMLI+ oiotoltovms. Xbm agst sokioeodlit ge tbmsm dggpmrltovm

mihmlvgrs wls tbm 0>>; hmdosogi tg drmltm li LTMLI Mdgigaod

Dgaauioty (LMD) `y 0><=, wbmrm kgghs, smrvodms, EHO, lih scoffmh

fl`gr wgufh efgw ermmfy wotboi LTMLI lih dlpotlf efgws wgufh `m

fo`mrlfozmh. ^mtro, ^fuaamr, lih Zblo (0><0) mstoaltm tblt, mvmi uihmr

rmfltovmfy dgismrvltovm lssuaptogis, tbm LMD dgufh oidrmlsm rmkogilf

wmfelrm `y =.4% l`gvm tbm `lsmfoim KH^, misuroik tblt tbm LMD os

gutwlrh gromitmh lih wmff imstmh oi gtbmr rmkogilf oiotoltovms oi tbm

Lsol lih ^ldoeod rmkogi.

Xbm LMD os li laòtogus prgjmdt lih woff rmquorm strgik

fmlhmrsbop `y LTMLI pgfodyalcmrs lih tbm LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt.

Drmltoik l aghmri, `grhmrfmss LTMLI os pfldoik hmalihs gi tbm

LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt, wbodb bls l cmy rgfm tg pfly oi eldofotltoik tbm

mxmdutogi ge pgfody amlsurms hmfoimltmh oi tbm LMD @fumproit. Xg

hg tbos meemdtovmfy, tbm rmsgurdms ge tbm smdrmtlrolt woff immh tg `m



0=0


Cmsmido 0>>;). Oihol lfsg wlits tg `mdgam li ldtovm pflymr oi tbm

LTMLI alrcmt egr ùsoimss, eoilidolf, lih oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky

smrvodms, oi wbodb ot os bokbfy dgapmtotovm. Ot bls `mmi tryoik tg

mxplih ots trlhm lkrmmamit wotb LTMLI tg oidfuhm smrvodms ls wmff lskgghs, lftbgukb sgam LTMLI iltogis wotb soaoflr lsporltogis blvm

rmsostmh. Toaoflrfy, mvmi tbgukb l òfltmrlf trlhm lkrmmamit `mtwmmi

Toiklpgrm lih Oihol dlffs egr gpmioik tbmor eoilidolf smrvodms tg mldb

gtbmr, `gtb iltogis blvm `mmi wlry ge egffgwoik tbrgukb, dotoik

rmkufltgry lih pruhmitolf dgidmris. Xg ldbomvm tbm krmlt prgaosm

ge hmmpmr LDO oitmkrltogi, tbm sokioeodlit sgurdms ge strltmkod lih

mdgigaod rmsostlidm aust `m gvmrdgam.

Eoilffy, ot os oapgrtlit tg dgisohmr dggpmrltogi oi tbm lrml ge tbm

mivorgiamit. Xbm drotodlf oapgrtlidm ge prgtmdtoik tbm mivorgiamit

ls krgwtb prgdmmhs lpldm oi tbm LDO os hosdussmh oi Dblptmr =. Aliy

mivorgiamitlf ossums rmfltm tg prg`fmas ge tbm ‖kfg`lf dgaagis,‑

oi wbodb dfgsm dggpmrltogi os imdmsslry. Mvmi wbmrm tbmy hg igt

blvm drgss-`grhmr oapfodltogis, dguitroms dli `mimeot erga sblrmh

mxpmromidms, holfgkum, lih oiegraltogi sblroik. Kovmi tbm lssgdoltmh

prg`fmas leefodtoik LDO lih egrmdlsts tblt tbm mivorgiamitlf

dgistrloits woff `m oidrmlsoikfy òihoik gi krgwtb lih drotodlf tg

sgdolf wmfelrm, li mapblsos gi mstl`fosboik mivorgiamitlf-rmfltmh

oistotutogis os ilturlf.

[bofm agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm mdgam oidrmlsoikfy smisotovm tgtbm immh tg prgtmdt tbm mivorgiamit, tbmrm os fottfm dgidmrtmh meegrt

tg dur` maossogis, dgismrvm wltmr, rmpflit egrmsts, lih prgagtm

rmimwl`fm mimrky. Agrmgvmr, liy dggpmrltogi tblt tlcms pfldm ldrgss

tbm LDO tmihs tg `m lh bgd, lftbgukb tbmrm lrm sgam mivorgiamitlf

oiotoltovms oi LTMLI (Dblptmr =). Oi lhhotogi tg smttoik up egdusmh

krgups tg hosduss rmkogilf dggpmrltogi gi mivorgiamitlf ossums

lih prgpgsm jgoit strltmkoms tg tldcfoik mivorgiamit ossums, pggfoik

rmsgurdms tg oivmst oi flrkm-sdlfm mivorgiamit prgjmdts dgufh

prghudm vmry bokb rmturis. Xbos dgufh `m hgim, egr mxlapfm, vol tbm

prgpgsmh Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih lih oistotutogis sudb ls LH@.

@y rmhudoik uidmrtloity lih misuroik prmhodtlòfoty oi tbm oihustry,

rmkogilf pu`fod oivmstamit dgufh `ggst provltm oivmstamit. LDO

dgufh dgisohmr l rmkogilf dlr`gi trlhoik lih l aotokltogi prgdmss

soaoflr tg tbm ]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm

Dblikm.




;.8 Xbm Mamrkoik Lrdbotmdturm

ge ‖Imw Pmkogilfosa‑Xbm oapgrtlidm ge kmgkrlpbod prgxoaoty tg oitmriltogilf trlhm bls

`mmi dgieoramh maporodlffy oi iuamrgus mdgigamtrod stuhoms. Agst

òfltmrlf lih rmkogilf EXLs lrm kmgkrlpbodlffy `lsmh, sukkmstoik tblt

tbm oapgrtlidm ge fgdltogi bls igt `mmi fgst gi pgfodyalcmrs. @ut tbm

rosoik prgaoimidm ge rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs oi Lsol bls drmltmh

l hmalih egr hmmpmioik mdgigaod dggpmrltogi lih blragiozltogi.

Xbos os l cmy rmlsgi egr tbm pusb egr `rglhmr EXLs oi tbm rmkogi.

Ls ge Jliulry 0><0, tbm iua`mr ge EXLs sokimh lih oi meemdt dlam

tg <0 egr tbm PD, <4 egr Oihol, lih 4= egr LTMLI lih ots ama`mrs (LH@

0><0d). Aliy agrm òfltmrlf lih rmkogilf EXLs lrm uihmrwly. Xbos

dgaplrms tg gify l bliheuf oi 0>>>. Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<) lttroùtm

tbm prgfoemrltogi ge EXLs lagik Lsol‟s òk trlhoik mdgigaoms tg egur

eldtgrs: (o) tbm sboet tg rmkogilf lkrmmamits `y tbm ]T lih tbm M], (oo)

tbm fldc ge prgkrmss oi tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Pguih, (ooo) tbm fldc

ge prgkrmss oi fo`mrlfozltogi prgaosmh `y tbm oihustrolfozmh ama`mrs

ge L^MD uihmr tbm ‖@gkgr Kglfs‑ liiguidmh oi <??8, lih (ov) tbm

<??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Xbm drosos bmfpmh drmltm l smism ge

dgaagi mdgigaod ohmitoty `mdlusm ge tbm bokbfy oitmkrltmh ilturm getbmsm mdgigaoms (Clwlo 0>>=). Bmidm, tbm kmimrlf smitoamit oi Lsol

bls `mmi tblt tbm rmkogi aust mstl`fosb ots gwi ‖smfe-bmfp‑ amdbliosa

egr mdgigaod alilkmamit.

Ot lppmlrs tblt EXLs oi Lsol blvm amrmfy mmi rmldtogis tg imkltovm

trmihs gr hmeodomidoms mfsmwbmrm. @ut tbmrm bls `mmi li mvmi agrm

pgwmreuf mdgigaod agtovm‘tbm Lsoli provltm smdtgr lih AIDs smm

krmlt lhvlitlkms tg dgaprmbmisovm, ‖hmmp‑ oitmkrltogi oi tbm rmkogi

tg miblidm sgurdoik gppgrtuiotoms, oidrmlsm dgapmtotovmimss, lih

`mimeot erga mdgigaoms ge sdlfm. Xbmsm hmalihs lrm dgisostmit wotb

Xbos os l stlihlrh rmsuft ge mdgigamtrod ‖krlvoty aghmfs,‑ wbodb blvm mdgam l stlihlrh

wgrcbgrsm oi maporodlf oitmriltogilf trlhm. Tmm, egr mxlapfm, Lihmrsgi (0><<) egr l rmdmit

survmy ge hmvmfgpamits oi tbm krlvoty aghmf fotmrlturm.

Lt tbm <??8 L^MD Tuaaot oi @gkgr, Oihgimsol, tbm L^MD fmlhmrs dgaaottmh tg drmltoik

l ‖rmkogi ge gpmi trlhm lih oivmstamit‑ `y 0><> egr hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih 0>0> egr

hmvmfgpoik dguitroms.

=8

==

=8

==



0=8


tbm gutwlrh-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms lhgptmh `y agst ge tbm

rmkogi‟s kgvmriamits.

Xbmsm progrotoms rmefmdt tblt mdgigaod agtovltogis tmih tg `m tbm

hrovoik egrdms `mboih rmkogilfosa oi Lsol, mvmi tbgukb strltmkod lihpgfotodlf agtovltogis lfwlys dgam oitg pfly. Oihmmh, tbos mdgigaod

egdus aokbt hostoikuosb Lsol erga òfltmrlf lih rmkogilf lddgrhs

mfsmwbmrm. Mlrfy oitmkrltogi oiotoltovms oi Murgpm, `mkoiioik wotb tbm

Dglf lih Ttmmf Dgaauioty lih tbm Murgpmli Mdgigaod Dgaauioty,

blh strgik pgfotodlf agtovms, sudb ls oitmkrltoik Erlidm lih Kmraliy

letmr tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr lih tbm Dgfh [lr. Mvmi tbm agimtlry

uiogi oi tbm M] wls alhm pgsso`fm hum tg pgst-Dgfh [lr pgfotodlf

rmlsgis, sudb ls tbgsm eldofotltoik tbm pgfotodlf oitmkrltogi ge Mlst

lih [mst Kmraliy. Xbm Igrtb Lamrodli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamit blh

strgik pgfotodlf lih smduroty dgisohmrltogis. Oihmmh, tbm immh tg

suppgrt mdgigaod oitmkrltogi oi Lsol os bmfpoik tg gvmrdgam sgam

ge tbm agst hoeeoduft g`stldfms tg dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmkogi‘emw oe

liygim dgufh blvm egrmsmmi tblt tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih

Jlpli wgufh `m l`fm tg oaprgvm rmfltogis sueeodomitfy tg sot hgwi lih

imkgtoltm li EXL. _mt tblt os mxldtfy wblt tbmy pfmhkmh tg hg lt tbmor

Aly 0><0 Tuaaot.

Oe Lsoli rmkogilfosa os `lsmh gi mdgigaods, tbmi tbm drmltogi ge

rmkogilf lddgrhs wgufh mamrkm ls l agrm meeodomit lpprgldb tbli

òfltmrlf EXLs. Xbm aljgroty ge maporodlf stuhoms gi òfltmrlf EXLsoi Lsol sukkmst tblt tbmsm lddgrhs blvm blh gr woff blvm l pgsotovm

meemdt gi tbm wmfelrm ge tbmor sokiltgroms, wotb salff imkltovm meemdts

gi tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh oi tmras ge trlhm hovmrsogi. Bgwmvmr, tbmy

blvm oapgrtlit sbgrtdgaoiks. Gim os tblt tbm rufms ge grokoi oi

òfltmrlf lkrmmamits dli `m hmtroamitlf tg trlhm lih oivmstamit,

hum tg mxdmssovm ùrmludrldy, gvmrflppoik rufms, lih tbm pgtmitolf

egr oivmstamit hovmrsogi. Oe lsyaamtroms mxost oi sozm lih mdgigaod

pgwmr‘lih lagik spmdolf oitmrmst krgups ldtoik oi tbmsm dguitroms‘

tbmsm dli fmlh tg oa`lflidmh gutdgams. Talffmr òfltmrlf EXLs aly

blvm vmry fgw utofozltogi rltms, plrtoduflrfy oe urmludrldy os mxdmssovm.

@ofltmrlf EXLs mspmdolffy elff sbgrt ls l wly ge lhvlidoik

oitmriltogilf lih rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Pmkogilf EXLs wgufh

`m immhmh tg gptoaozm rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs, wbofm gutwlrh-

gromitmh rmkogilf EXLs tblt aoioaozm hosdroaoiltogi lkloist igi-

plrtimrs, lhgpt duaufltovm rufms ge grokoi, lih blvm gpmi ama`mrsbop



0=5


sbgufh `m l progroty, lih lt ots dgrm wgufh `m li EXL tblt dgvmrs

eldofotltogi, fo`mrlfozltogi, mivorgiamit, mimrky, lih oiegraltogi

lih dgaauiodltogi tmdbigfgky (DM^ML ^blsm O Ttuhy Krgup 0>>2).

L su`smqumit DM^ML ^blsm OO Ttuhy Pmpgrt (Mlst Lsol Tuaaot 0>>?)lrkumh tblt l wohmr dgaprmbmisovm rmkogilf mdgigaod plrtimrsbop

tblt oidfuhms Oihol wgufh ldbomvm krmltmr klois tbli liy gtbmr

rmkogilf dgieokurltogi. Xbm blsm OO stuhy smt gut DM^ML‟s g`jmdtovms

ls hmmpmioik mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, ilrrgwoik hmvmfgpamit

klps, lih ldbomvoik sustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit tbrgukb mdgigaod

dggpmrltogi, trlhm lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi, lih oistotutogilf

hmvmfgpamit.

Xbm MLEXL hosdussogis blvm mmi supmrsmhmh y gtbmr mvmits. L

imw lrrlikmamit, cigwi ls tbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod

^lrtimrsbop (PDM^), bls soidm dgam l`gut. Xbm PDM^ oidfuhms tbm

<> LTMLI ama`mr dguitroms lih LTMLI‟s sox holfgkum plrtimrs

(Lustrlfol, tbm ^PD, Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw

Zmlflih) (smm @gx ;.<). Imkgtoltogis lagik tbm <5 plrtoms `mkli oi

0><4 lih lrm sdbmhufmh tg `m dgapfmtmh oi 0><=.

Xbm X^^ bls lfsg mmi kloioik agamitua soidm ot wls fluidbmh

oi Gdtg`mr 0>>2. Ot `uofhs gi l bokb-qulfoty EXL lagik egur salff,

gpmi mdgigaoms‘@ruimo Hlrusslfla, Toiklpgrm, Imw Zmlflih, lih

Dbofm‘cigwi ls tbm ^8. Xbm prgdmss bls `mmi mxplihmh tg tbm

X^^? `y oidfuhoik tbm ]T, Lustrlfol, Alflysol, Uomt Ila, lih ^mru.Dlilhl lih Amxodg geeodolffy `mdlam X^^ imkgtoltoik plrtodoplits

oi Gdtg`mr 0><0, lih Jlpli geeodolffy jgoimh imkgtoltogis oi Jufy

0><4.

Xbm X^^ os hostoidtovm igt gify oi tmras ge tbm flrkm hoeemrmidms

oi tbm fmvmfs ge hmvmfgpamit ge ots ama`mrs tblt rlikm erga fgw-

tg aohhfm-oidgam hmvmfgpoik dguitroms focm ^mru lih Uomt Ila tg

bokb-oidgam, hmvmfgpmh GMDH ama`mrs focm tbm ]T lih Lustrlfol.

Ot lfsg hoeemrs oi tmras ge ots la`otogis tg `mdgam l 0<st dmitury

lkrmmamit tblt wgufh ma`rldm mvmrytboik erga trlhm oi kgghs lih

smrvodms tg sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky tg pgfodoms egr salff lih amhoua-

sozmh mitmrprosms. Ot lfsg oidfuhms prgvosogis egr aliy hoeeoduft tg

imkgtoltm, `mboih-tbm-`grhmr amlsurms. X^^ ama`mrsbop os gpmi

tg liy L^MD ama`mr. Oihmmh, ots uftoaltm kglf os tg drmltm l Ermm

Xrlhm Lrml ge tbm Lsol ^ldoeod (EXLL^) tblt wgufh oidfuhm lff L^MD

ama`mrs. L^MD dotmh tbm MLEXL lih X^^ trldcs lt ots 0><> suaaot




oi _gcgblal ls pltbs tg tbm drmltogi ge li EXLL^. Xbmrm os l kggh

hmlf ge ama`mrsbop gvmrflp `mtwmmi tbm PDM^ lih X^^ mdgigaoms.

Xg mstoaltm tbm mdgigaod oapldt ge tbm Lsoli trldc lih tbm X^^

ls pltbwlys tg drmltoik l trlis-^ldoeod trlhm lrml, ^mtro, ^fuaamr,lih Zblo (0><<) usm li lhvlidmh dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua

(DKM) aghmfoik lpprgldb. Xbm Lsoli trldc lssuams l ^PD, Jlpli,

lih Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml EXL oi 0><0 lih tbmi li MLEXL (LTMLI+4)

oi 0><=. Egr tbm trlis-^ldoeod trldc, tbmy lssuam l X^^? lkrmmamit

oi 0><0 lih li mxplisogi oi 0><= tg oidfuhm Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod

ge Cgrml, Dlilhl, lih Amxodg. Xbmy lssuam tblt `gtb trldcs woff

fmlh tg li EXLL^ `mkoiioik oi 0>0>. @gtb trldcs wgufh prghudm

klois egr tbm wgrfh mdgigay tblt wgufh `m salff oiotolffy. @ut `y

0>0= tbm liiulf wmfelrm klois wgufh rosm tg $<>8 òffogi gi tbm

X^^ trldc, $4>4 òffogi gi `gtb trldcs, lih $250 òffogi wotb li

EXLL^. Oitmrmstoikfy, tbm òkkmst klois lddrum wbmi tbm twg trldcs

lrm dgisgfohltmh. Mssmitolffy, tbos rmsufts erga oidfuhoik tbm ^PD

lih tbm ]T oi tbm slam lkrmmamit.

Xbm gutfggc smmas rmlsgil`fy `rokbt egr tbm X^^ lih PDM^

wotboi tbm imxt hmdlhm wotboi tbm imxt hmdlhm. Tbgufh mldb ge tbmsm

trldcs `m oapfmamitmh sggi, tbm amhoua-tmra kglf ge li EXLL^

wgufh `m audb agrm wotboi rmldb. Aljgr g`stldfms rmaloi, sudb

ls ]T—^PD trlhm rmfltogis. @ut ot os wgrtb uihmrsdgroik tblt tbm

^PD lih tbm ]T wgufh `m òk mdgigaod woiimrs uihmr li EXLL^sdmilrog. Tuddmss wgufh `m dgisostmit wotb hopfgaltod lih pgfotodlf

kglfs ge `gtb dguitroms.

Ot os oapgrtlit tg dgisohmr bgw Oihol eots oitg tbos imw Lsoli

rmkogilfosa. Ls igtmh l`gvm, Oihol os l ama`mr ge LTMA, PDM^,

lih tbm MLT lih bls òfltmrlf trlhm lkrmmamits wotb sgam PDM^

mdgigaoms. @ut ot os imotbmr l ama`mr ge L^MD igr LTMLI+4. Tbgufh

Oihol wosb tg jgoi gim ge tbmsm trldcs, ot wgufh focmfy `m wmfdgamh

`y tbm ]T, wbodb fmlhs tbm X^^ prgdmss, lih `y tbm ^PD lih Jlpli,

wbodb fmlh tbm Lsoli trldc. Mldb lkrmmamit os `lsmh gi tbm dgidmpt

ge ‖gpmi rmkogilfosa,‑ lih ama`mrs wgufh suppgrt lhhoik focm-

aoihmh dguitroms. Xbm agrm hoeeoduft qumstogi os wbmtbmr Oihol

wgufh lddmpt tbm fmklf erlamwgrcs hmvmfgpmh oi tbmsm trldcs. Hmmp,

`mboih-tbm-`grhmr ossums, mspmdolffy oi tbm X^^, aly `m pgfotodlffy

smisotovm oi Oihol. Agrmgvmr, Oihol wgufh focmfy eorst blvm tg jgoi

L^MD `megrm ot dgufh plrtodopltm oi tbm X^^ gr tbm EXLL^.



0=2


Oihol prmsmits l spmdolf dlsm. Oihol‟s mdgigay bls `mimeotmh

migragusfy erga su`stlitolf rmhudtogi oi oihustrolf tlroees. @ut ot

rmalois eorafy wmhhmh tg tbm proidopfm ge spmdolf lih hoeemrmitolf

trmltamit oi alrcmt lddmss imkgtoltogis. Oihol bls rmsostmh laòtogusfo`mrlfozltogi ge ots lkrodufturlf trlhm, ls wmff ls tbm lhhotogi ge

imw, `mboih-tbm-`grhmr ossums ge tbm typm grokoilffy oidfuhmh oi tbm

Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl, sudb ls trlisplrmidy oi kgvmriamit

prgdurmamit lih dgapmtotogi pgfody. Oihol bls lfsg hosaossmh tbm

oidfusogi ge fl`gr lih mivorgiamitlf stlihlrhs oi trlhm lkrmmamits

ls hoskuosmh prgtmdtogi `y hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Oihol bls rmsostmh

dlffs egr hmmpmr oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts prgvosogis lih

fo`mrlfozltogi ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Tgam ge tbmsm ossums lrm `moik

hosdussmh ls pgsso`fm lrmls egr oidfusogi oi tbm PDM^3 lff lrm `moik

imkgtoltmh lt tbm X^^.

Oihol‟s lddmssogi tg tbm PDM^ sbgws tblt ot bls lhgptmh l pgsotovm

lpprgldb gi rmkogilf oitmkrltogi. Bgwmvmr, tbm Kgvmriamit ge Oihol

stoff bls audb tg hg sg tblt fgdlf usoimssms dli mimeot erga rmkogilf

oitmkrltogi. Xbm kgvmriamit immhs tg oivmst agrm oi rmegras lih

oierlstrudturm tblt woff suppgrt lih bmfp fgdlf ùsoimssms tbrovm oi

tbos agrm oitmriltogilfozmh mivorgiamit. Lt tbm slam toam, Oiholi

ùsoimssms lfsg immh tg oivmst oi imw tmdbigfgky lih systmas tblt

woff miblidm tbmor kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss.

;.8.0 Efmhkfoik oistotutogis ge ilidolf

dggpmrltogi

[bofm egralf trlhm lkrmmamits oi Lsol lrm agrm iuamrgus lih

lhvlidmh tbli eoilidolf lrrlikmamits, dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmlf lih

eoilidolf smdtgrs bls lfsg `mmi hmvmfgpoik. Mfsmwbmrm, tbm igralf

smqumidoik os tblt trlhm dggpmrltogi hmmpmis wmff megrm eoilidolf

dggpmrltogi. Oi plrt, tbos hoeemrmit lpprgldb rmefmdts tbm eldt tblt

Lsoli rmkogilfosa tggc gee letmr tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Ot lfsg

rmefmdts tbm rmdgkiotogi tblt eoilidolf dggpmrltogi os oapgrtlit tg

`gfstmr rmlf-smdtgr dgapmtotogi lih mdgigaod krgwtb.

Gim aljgr hmvmfgpamit letmr tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf

drosos wls tbm mstl`fosbamit ge durrmidy-swlp lrrlikmamits

lagik Mlst Lsoli dguitroms. Xbmsm lrrlikmamits `mkli wotb




òfltmrlf swlps `mtwmmi Jlpli lih gtbmr ilt ogis lih mvgfvmh oitg

wblt `mdlam cigwi ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm. Xbm lkrmmamit

wls auftofltmrlfozmh lih mxplihmh oi Aly 0>>? uihmr tbm DAOA.

Xbm vlfum ge swlp lrrlikmamits, wbodb lrm igw dgihudtmhauftofltmrlffy, bls `mmi rlosmh tg $<2> òffogi oi tbm egra ge

li Lsoli Euih eldofoty. Oi 0><0, fmlhmrs prgpgsmh hgu`foik tbm

euih tg $45> òffogi. Xbm rmkogi bls lfsg hmvmfgpmh Lsoli @gih

Euihs, alilkmh uihmr tbm luspodms ge tbm @lic egr Oitmriltogilf

Tmttfmamits lih smvmrlf krgups ge eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf

`lics. Oi 0><<, LTMLI+4 mstl`f osbmh tbm LAPG oi Toiklpgrm,

wbodb woff smrvm ls l smdrmtlrolt egr LTMLI+4. [otb tbm LAPG, tbm

DAOA os `mkoiioik tg blvm tbm trlppoiks ge li Lsoli agimtlry

euih, li ohml tblt wls eorst sukkmstmh `y Jlpli huroik tbm Lsoli

eoilidolf drosos oi <??2.

Tmvmrlf egruas lrm hmhodltmh tg holfgkum, tbm mxdblikm ge

oiegraltogi, lih tmdbiodlf oitmrldtogi oi tbm Lsol lih ^ldoeod

rmkogi, lftbgukb tbmy lrm fmss oaprmssovm tbli tbm DAOA oi tmras

ge dgidrmtm oiotoltovms egr lppfomh eoilidolf dggpmrltogi. Xbm

Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge tbm Mlst Lsol lih ^ldoeod Dmitrlf @lics, l

egrua ge rmkogilf dmitrlf `lics, os ligtbmr oapgrtlit `ghy. Gtbmr

dggpmrltovm krgups oi tbm rmkogi oidfuhm tbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm

aoiostmrs‟ ammtoik lih tbm L^MD eoilidm aoiostmrs‟ ammtoik

prgdmssms. Mstl`fosbmh oi tbm wlcm ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos,tbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs‟ ammtoiks egdus gi eoilidolf smdtgr

dggpmrltogi, survmofflidm ge dlpotlf efgws, lih pgfody holfgkum. Xbm

Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum wls drmltmh tg strmiktbmi

rmkogilf survmofflidm lih egstmr holfgkum gi kfg`lf, rmkogilf, lih

iltogilf mdgigaod hmvmfgpamits. Oi Aly 0>>=, tbm LTMLI+4

eoilidm aoiostmrs oitmkrltmh lih miblidmh tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw

lih ^gfody Holfgkum wotb tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm erlamwgrc.

[otb rmspmdt tg oitrl-LTMLI dggpmrltogi, tbm LMD @fumproit

tblt hmfoimltms tbm lrmls tg `m oidfuhmh oi tbm LMD prgkrla, bls

egur proidoplf lrmls ge egdus: (o) tbm drmltogi ge l soikfm alrcmt

lih prghudtogi `lsm, (oo) l agrm dgapmtotovm mdgigaod rmkogi, (ooo)

mquotl`fm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit, lih (ov) miblidmh oitmkrltogi

oitg tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Amlsurms rmfltmh tg dlpotlf alrcmts lrm

Xbm LMD @fumproit wls egralffy lpprgvmh `y tbm LTMLI bmlhs ge stltm gi 0> Igvma`mr

0>>; (LTMLI 0>>;`).

=5

=5



05>


oidfuhmh uihmr tbm ‖soikfm alrcmt lih prghudtogi lsm‑ lih prgaosm

l ‖ermmr efgw ge dlpotlf.‑ Oi eldt, agst dgidrmtm amlsurms rmfltm

tg hmvmfgpoik iltogilf dlpotlf alrcmts, rltbmr tbli l rmkogilffy

oitmkrltmh alrcmt. Xbm `fumproit oidfuhms blragiozltogi gestlihlrhs, amlsurms tg `rglhmi tbm `lsm ge LTMLI hm`t ossulidm,

lih sgam lspmdts ge autulf rmdgkiotogi, sudb ls ge prgemssogilfs

wgrcoik oi tbm lrml. Xbm lpprgldb os dlutogus, bgwmvmr. Xbm

`fumproit rmemrs tg tbm immh tg aloitloi stlòfoty, lhmqultm

slemkulrhs, lih prgagtm eoilidolf fo`mrlfozltogi dlrmeuffy.

Oi tbm wlcm ge tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, LH@

plrtimrmh wotb drosos-leemdtmh mdgigaoms tg drmltm tbm LTMLI

survmofflidm prgdmss (LT^) tblt wls hmsokimh tg agiotgr tbm

mdgigaod euihlamitlfs ge LTMLI dguitroms lih prgvohm li mlrfy

wlrioik amdbliosa. LH@ oivmstmh sokioeodlitfy oi tbm survmofflidm

prgdmss, sudb ls oi ùofhoik tbm dlpldoty ge tbm stlee ge eoilidm

aoiostroms lih dmitrlf `lics. LH@ lfsg mstl`fosbmh tbm Lsoli @gih

Agiotgr, wbodb trldcs igt gify agvmamits oi Lsoli `gih alrcmts

ùt lfsg tbm mdgigaod euihlamitlfs tblt hrovm tbma.

Oi Tmptma`mr 0>>2, LH@ ^rmsohmit Blrubocg Curghl prgpgsmh

tbm drmltogi ge li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum. Xbm holfgkum

wgufh m l rmkogilf dgapfmamit tg tbm Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty @glrh lih

oidfuhm geeodolfs erga eoilidm aoiostroms lih dmitrlf lics, eoilidolf

rmkufltgrs lih supmrvosgrs, lih alrcmt plrtodoplits. Mxplihoik,hmmpmioik, lih imstoik tbm ldtovotoms ge tbm LT^ oi tbm egra ge

l agrm dgaprmbmisovm Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum wgufh

smrvm l iua`mr ge purpgsms. Ot dgufh `m li meemdtovm wly tg sblrm

oiegraltogi lih prgagtm hosdussogi lagik eoilidm aoiostroms lih

dmitrlf `lics ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Xbos wgufh bmfp oi aldrgmdgigaod

pfliioik, plrtoduflrfy wotb rmspmdt tg pgtmitolf lhvmrsm agvmamits

oi tbm alrcmts. Tmdgih, li meemdtovm agiotgroik systma wgufh

lfsg oaprgvm trlisplrmidy lih rmhudm alrcmt uidmrtloity. Xborh,

ot dgufh `m usmh tg lppfy pmmr prmssurm gi mdgigaoms tblt immh

tg lhhrmss uihmrfyoik aldrgmdgigaod prg`fmas. Egurtb, ot dgufh

bmfp tbm rmkogi hmvmfgp jgoit pgsotogis tblt dgufh rmhudm mxtmrilf

oa`lflidms. Eoetb, ot dgufh bmfp kgvmriamits dggrhoiltm stoaufus

pflis lih gtbmr rmspgisms tg mdgigaod sbgdcs lih mamrkoik drosms.

Eoilffy, tbm Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum dgufh `m l vmbodfm tg

miblidm rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi.




;.8.4 LDO, tbm imw rmkogilfosa, lih tbm

murgzgim drosos

Xbm murgzgim hm`t drosos os leemdtoik krgwtb rltms oi tbm LDO

rmkogi. Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbm M] rmprmsmits tbm flrkmst mdgigaod lrml

oi tbm wgrfh, lih tbm <; murgzgim dguitroms dgistotutm tbm fogi‟s

sblrm ge tbm M] mdgigay. Xbm M] tggc oi <?% ge mxpgrts erga tbm

^PD, 0<% erga Oihol, lih <<% erga LTMLI, oi mldb dlsm flrkmr tbli

tbm dgrrmspgihoik sblrm ge tbm ]T alrcmt (LH@ 0><<l). Xbm M] os li

oapgrtlit kfg`lf eoilidolf dmitmr, tbrgukb wbodb l kggh hmlf ge Lsoli

slvoiks lrm oitmramholtmh. Oi lhhotogi, tbm M] dgistotutms tbm wgrfh‟s

agrm oapgrtlit sgurdm ge provltm trlhm eoilidm (plrtoduflrfy Ermidb

`lics).

Xbm murgzgim hm`t drosos dgufh oi tbmgry imkltovmfy leemdt tbm

agamitua ge dggpmrltogi oi Lsol, oidfuhoik ldrgss tbm LDO mdgigaoms,

oi lt fmlst twg wlys. Eorst, trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi os imvmr mlsy oi tbm

aohhfm ge l drosos, hum tg mdgigaod lih pgfotodlf rmlsgis. Xbmrm os l

strgik tmaptltogi tg `mkklr-tby-imokb`gr `y oidrmlsoik prgtmdtogiosa

huroik li mdgigaod sfgwhgwi, ls wls tbm dlsm wotb tbm <?4> Taggt—

Blwfmy Xlroee oi tbm ]T, wbodb mxldmr`ltmh tbm Krmlt Hmprmssogi.

Pmagvoik tbos tmaptltogi bls `mmi tbm cmy kglf ge fmlhmrs oi aljgr

oitmriltogilf ammtoiks, sudb ge tbgsm ge tbm K2, K0>, [XG, lih GMDHaoiostmrs, soidm tbm gismt ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos oi 0>>2. Xbos

meegrt bls `mmi suddmsseuf.

Tmdgih, lih pmrblps agrm oapgrtlitfy, tbm murgzgim hm`t drosos

bls `mmi smmi mrrgimgusfy ls l drosos ge mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Xbm

drosos os pgrtrlymh ls li oihodltogi ge bgw Murgpmli oitmkrltogi

bls dgfflpsmh uihmr ots gwi wmokbt, lih tbm euturm woff `m gim ge

hosoitmkrltogi, rltbmr tbli oitmkrltogi. Oe tbos os tbm dlsm, wgufhi‟t tbm

LDO mdgigaoms hg `mst tg lvgoh tbm potelffs ge `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi7

Xbos pmrdmptogi dgieusms aliy ossums. Agst oapgrtlitfy,

rmlf-smdtgr oitmkrltogi ge tbm M] vol tbm Toikfm Alrcmt bls `mmi l

trmamihgus suddmss‘tbm prg`fmas tblt blvm sureldmh oi Murgpm

lrm eoilidolf oi grokoi. Xbm murg drmltmh l iua`mr ge ‖agrlf blzlrh‑

prg`fmas. Xg rmsgfvm tbos drosos, mxpmrts blvm prgpgsmh, lagik gtbmr

amlsurms, tbm drmltogi ge murgzgim `gih ossums. Xbmsm amlsurms



050


wmrm dfmlrfy oisueeodomit, bgwmvmr. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, lt tbm dgrm ge

tbm murg hm`t drosos bls `mmi oisueeodomit mdgigaod dggpmrltogi

lih oistotutogilf hmvmfgpamit tg hmlf wotb l durrmidy uiogi, igt

mxdmssovm dggpmrltogi.[bofm tbmrm blvm `mmi prgpgslfs egr agimtlry uiogi oi LTMLI

lih LTMLI+4, LDO fmlhmrs blvm imvmr mivosogimh l dgaagi

durrmidy, lt fmlst egr tbm sbgrt gr amhoua tmra, lih ot os dfmlr tblt

tbm murgzgim drosos woff smt `ldc sudb dgisohmrltogis mvmi eurtbmr.

Bgwmvmr, ls igtmh l`gvm lih hosdussmh oi Dblptmr 5, tbos hgms igt

amli tblt dmrtloi egras ge agimtlry lih eoilidolf dggpmrltogi

sbgufh igt dgitoium. Xbmrm lrm aliy lrmls ge eoilidolf lih agimtlry

dggpmrltogi tblt dli `m hmvmfgpmh wotbgut l dgaagi durrmidy oi

aoih, gr wotb mvmi l fgik-tmra igtogi tblt ot sbgufh `m tbm ‖mih

klam.‑

Agrmgvmr, tbm suddmss ge tbm Murgpmli Dgaagi Alrcmt tmstoeoms

tg tbm pgtmitolf `mimeots tblt dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmlf smdtgr dli

`roik. @y elr tbm agst dgaagi prgpgslfs egr egralf dggpmrltogi

oi tbm rmkogi, `m tbmy lt tbm `ofltmrlf, su`rmkogilf, gr rmkogilf

fmvmfs, rmfltm tg EXLs, wbodb dgvmr krguih tblt os lfagst mxdfusovmfy

oi tbm rmlf smdtgr. Xbm LMD os lfsg eorafy lidbgrmh oi rmlf-smdtgr

dggpmrltogi. Eoilidolf dggpmrltogi os mivosogimh tg `m quotm aoigr,

sudb ls amlsurms tg oidrmlsm drgss-`grhmr ossulidms ge smdurotoms

lih tg bmfp strmiktbmi eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit oi ama`mr stltms.Xbm mxlapfm ge Murgpmli dggpmrltogi sbgufh tbmrmegrm `m

dgisohmrmh l pgsotovm gim egr dggpmrltogi oi Lsol. Ttoff, tbmrm os tbm

qumstogi ge bgw l prgfgikmh mdgigaod sfgwhgwi woff leemdt tbm

trmih tgwlrh dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmkogi. ^fuaamr (0>>?) lhhrmssms

tbos qumstogi `y hmvmfgpoik l tlxgigay ge pgtmitolf meemdts tblt l

kfg`lf drosos dgufh blvm gi tbm trmih tgwlrh mdgigaod dggpmrltogi.

Bm igtms tblt lftbgukb tbm pgfotodlf prg`fma ge jg` fgss hum tg dfgsmr

dggpmrltogi dgufh dlusm l hmdmfmrltogi ge tbm prgdmss, krgwtb rltms

lrm stoff sueeodomitfy bokb huroik tbm prmsmit drosos ls tg rmhudm tbm

sokioeodlidm ge tbos meemdt. Eurtbmr, tbm eldt tblt Lsoli rmkogilfosa

os alrcmt-hrovmi lih hmsokimh tg miblidm dgapmtotovmimss ldtulffy

`ghms wmff egr euturm dggpmrltogi lrrlikmamits.




;.= Xgwlrh li Oitmkrltmh LDO

Krmltmr oitmkrltogi oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay lih hmmpmroitmrhmpmihmidm lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms uihmrsdgrm tbm

oapgrtlidm ge dfgsmr dggpmrltogi oi trlhm, oivmstamit, eoilidm, lih tbm

mivorgiamit. L euffy oitmkrltmh LDO, gim tblt dga`oims tbm rmkogi‟s

krmlt hovmrsoty ge dufturms lih mdgigaod strmiktbs, woff `m hoeeoduft tg

ldbomvm. Xbm oitmrmsts ge hmvmfgpoik Lsoli mdgigaoms hoeemr oi aliy

cmy hgalois, lih mxostoik mdgigaod rmfltogisbops blvm mvgfvmh gvmr

hmdlhms. @ut wm igtm l`gvm tblt tbm mdgigaod lih strltmkod dlsm egr

dfgsmr dggpmrltogi lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms os strgik.

Oitmkrltogi wgufh `roik migragus `mimeots tblt dgufh trufy usbmr

oi tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi. Xbm ermm agvmamit ge kgghs, dlpotlf,

cigwfmhkm, lih pmgpfm uihmr dgaagi rmkufltogis wgufh mil`fm

oihustroms lih eoilidolf alrcmts tg lttloi l sdlfm tblt wgufh alcm

tbma vlstfy agrm meeodomit lih kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm. LDO os mihgwmh

wotb `gtb scoffmh lih uiscoffmh fl`gr. Tg ls hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms

oidrmlsoikfy egdus gi bokb-vlfum smrvodms lih drmltoik oitmffmdtulf

prgpmrty, tbmrm os mvmry rmlsgi tg mxpmdt tblt tbm rmkogi woff rmaloi

tbm kfg`lf mpodmitmr egr aliueldturm ge `rglh rlikm ge trlhl`fm kgghs

lih smrvodms. LDO woff rmaloi dgapmtotovm oi mvmrytboik erga kgghs

egr alss dgisuaptogi lih tmdbigfgkodlffy sgpbostodltmh dlpotlfkgghs. Xbm rmkogi woff lfsg `m dgapmtotovm oi vlrogus smrvodms tblt lrm

oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit oi foicoik tgkmtbmr tbm oitmriltogilf prghudtogi

imtwgrcs tblt igw egra tbm `ldc`gim ge mdgigaod oitmrldtogi ge agst

LDO mdgigaoms.

Xbmsm amkl trmihs dlrry smvmrlf oapfodltogis egr tbm LDO

mdgigaoms‟ miklkmamit oi kfg`lf lih rmkogilf trlhm imkgtoltogis. LDO

sbgufh pfly l krmltmr rgfm oi kfg`lf eoilidolf oistotutogis, sudb ls tbm

OAE lih tbm [grfh @lic lih oi dgisuftltovm egruas sudb ls tbm K0>

lih tbm ET@, oi grhmr tg plrtodopltm agrm ldtovmfy oi kfg`lf kgvmrilidm

dgaamisurltm wotb tbm LDO‟s rosoik oapgrtlidm oi tbm kfg`lf

mdgigay lih tg lhvlidm tbm rmkogi‟s oitmrmsts. Oi lhhotogi, kovmi tbm

oapgrtlidm ge l elor, rufms-`lsmh, igi-hosdroaoiltgry oitmriltogilf

trlhoik systma, ot os oi tbm oitmrmst ge lff LDO mdgigaoms tg dgitoium tg

pfldm l strgik mapblsos gi strmiktbmioik tbm [XG lih oi rmokiotoik

tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl. LDO sbgufh lfsg ldtovmfy plrtodopltm



058


oi pgsso`fm lddgrhs tblt aly mamrkm oi tbm [XG prgdmss, sudb ls tbm

prgpgsmh pfurofltmrlf lkrmmamit oi smrvodms. Ot os oapgrtlit tg strmss

tblt wotbgut l strgik [XG, rmkogilfosa wgufh pgsm l tbrmlt tg tbm

oitmkroty ge tbm oitmriltogilf trlhoik systma.LDO oitmkrltogi woff lfsg ig hgu`t uifmlsb oiigvltogi,

mitrmprmimursbop, lih dufturlf ldbomvmamits tblt wgufh cmmp LDO

mdgigaodlffy hyilaod oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh lih `roik prgspmroty tg

krmltmr pgtogis ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi. Ot wgufh alcm ot mlsomr

egr LDO tg tldcfm tbm rmkogi‟s dgaagi mdgigaod, mivorgiamitlf, lih

sgdolf dblffmikms.

Xbm LDO rmkogi bls tbus elr `mmi suddmsseuf lt egstmroik mdgigaod

krgwtb wotbgut strgik oistotutogis. @ut tbm euturm woff focmfy hmalih

l agrm dgidmrtmh meegrt oe rmkogilf lsporltogis lrm tg `m rmldbmh. Ge

dgursm, tbm kmgamtry ge tbmsm oistotutogis woff vlry, kovmi tbm hovmrsoty

ge iltogis tblt dgistotutm LDO. @ut tbmrm os l kggh hmlf ge rgga egr

dggpmrltogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lfsg woff blvm tg pfly l strgik rgfm oi

oitmriltogilf oistotutogis tblt kgvmri trlhm lih eoilidm tblt os agrm

dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor kfg`lf wmokbt.

Xbos dblptmr geemrs dgidrmtm rmdgaamihltogis tg miblidm

dggpmrltogi vol oaprgvmh oistotutogis ge vlrogus sgrts. Ot strmssms tbm

oapgrtlidm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm imw rmkogilfosa lih igtms

tblt l hmmp LTMLI+5 EXL lfgik tbm Lsoli trldc tblt wgufh oidfuhm

lff LDO mdgigaoms, dgufh kmimrltm oapgrtlit mdgigaod `mimeots liheldofotltm lih lhvlidm mdgigaod oitmrldtogi lt lff fmvmfs. Oi lhhotogi,

kovmi tbm oapgrtlidm ge eoilidm tg tbm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit ge tbm

LDO mdgigaoms, wm uihmrsdgrm tbm oapgrtlidm ge hmvmfgpoik lih

mxplihoik dggpmrltovm egruas lih gtbmr oistotutogis oi tbm kmimrlf

lrml ge eoilidm, oidfuhoik tbm DAOA lih tbm LAPG, tbm LETH, lih

MAML^. Agrmgvmr, mivorgiamitlf ossums blvm `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy

oapgrtlit tg tbm rmkogi. @ut rmkogilf `ghoms tg hmlf wotb tbmsm

ossums blvm `mmi sfgw tg hmvmfgp. [m uihmrsdgrm tbm oapgrtlidm ge

oivmstamit oi flrkm-sdlfm rmkogilf mivorgiamitlf prgjmdts tblt dgufh

`m eldofotltmh `y tbm Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih lih `y tlppoik gtbmr

eoilidolf sgurdms sudb ls LH@.

^rgspmdts egr euturm krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit woff focmfy hmpmih

gi prgldtovm, oiigvltovm miklkmamit. [m rmaloi gptoaostod tblt tbm

oidmitovms egr `uofhoik tbmsm oistotutogis lt tbm kfg`lf lih rmkogilf

fmvmfs lrm strgik, lih tblt tbm rmkogi‟s pgfodyalcmrs woff rosm tg tbm




gddlsogi. Ldtoik ls l rmkogi, LDO lfsg dgufh mamrkm ls l pgwmreuf

egrdm egr kfg`lf stl`ofoty, smduroty, lih prgspmroty.



055



2 Dgidfusogis

lihPmdgaamihltogis

2.< Oitrghudtogi

Letmr eovm hmdlhms ge rmalrcl`fm krgwtb, tbm <> Lssgdoltogi ge

Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) dguitroms, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy LDO) lrm gi tbm dusp ge l krmlt

trlisegraltogi tblt dgufh pfldm tbma lt tbm dmitmr ge tbm kfg`lf

mdgigay. Xbmsm <0 hyilaod, rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lrm mdgaoik

oitmkrltmh tbrgukb trlhm, oivmstamit, lih oierlstrudturm‘li oitmkrltogi

tblt os focmfy tg lddmfmrltm oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>. Xbm dblffmikm os tg

misurm tblt krgwtb os lflidmh, sustloil`fm, lih rmsofomit.Xbos stuhy lrkums tblt tbos trlisegraltogi os lttrldtovm lih

prg`l`fm‘`ut igt oimvotl`fm. Ot bls ohmitoeomh lih lilfyzmh tbm roscs

lih dblffmikms tblt aust `m lhhrmssmh gvmr tbm amhoua tmra igt gify

tg sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, `ut lfsg tg dgivmrt tbgsm klois oitg l `mttmr

qulfoty ge foem egr tbm aljgroty ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi.

Lftbgukb tbm LDO mdgigaoms wmrm bot `y tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf

drosos ge 0>>2—0>>?, tbm rmkogi rmaloimh stl`fm lih uihmrwmit li

oaprmssovm rmdgvmry egffgwoik tbm drosos. Xbm rmkogi lvmrtmh l foquohoty

drosos lih sustloimh krgwtb `y lhgptoik amlsurms sudb ls flrkm eosdlf

stoaufo wotb l egdus gi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit, mlsoik agimtlry

lih drmhot pgfodoms, lih lhmqultm kgvmriamit kulrlitmms egr `lic

hmpgsots.

[bofm tbm LDO dguitroms lrm tg `m prlosmh egr tbmor pruhmit pgfodoms

gvmr tbm sbgrt tmra, bgwmvmr, tbmy aust igt fgsm egdus gi alcoik tbm

oivmstamits lih rmegras gvmr tbm amhoua tmra immhmh tg pusb tbmor



052


mdgigaoms tg tbm imxt fmvmf. Xbmy aust lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty, oivmst

oi buali dlpotlf lih sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky, lih `ggst hgamstod

hmalih. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt alcm tbm rokbt lhjustamits woff `m

wmff pgsotogimh egr smvmrlf agrm hmdlhms ge strgik krgwtb‘tbgsmtblt hg igt rosc elffoik oitg tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Ls tbm mdgigaod

uidmrtloitoms oi Murgpm lrosoik erga tbm hm`t drosos lkloi tbrmltmi

kfg`lf krgwtb, tbm wgrfh os fggcoik lt LDO tg smrvm ls li mdgigaod

krgwtb mikoim. Ot os oapgrtlit lt tbos toam, tbmrmegrm tg stuhy tbm LDO

mdgigaoms lih tbmor euturm.

Li mlrfomr stuhy gi Lsol‟s rosm tg prmmaoimidm sukkmstmh tblt tbm

rmkogi‟s aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms dli dgieohmitfy loa lt ldbomvoik

tbm prgspmroty fmvmfs ge tghly‟s hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `y 0>=>. Xg

ldbomvm tbos, Lsol woff immh tg alilkm auftopfm roscs lih lhhrmss

smvmrlf dblffmikms (Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<).

2.0 Cmy Eoihoiks

@y 0>4>, strgik mdgigaod krgwtb os prgjmdtmh oi LDO tblt woff

foet buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty, oaprgvm

`lsod fovoik stlihlrhs, lih eurtbmr oitmkrltm tbm rmkogi mdgigaodlffy,

eoilidolffy, lih sgdolffy. Xbm sboet ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay‟s dmitmr

ge krlvoty tg LDO amlis tblt tbm oapldt ge tbos trlisegraltogi woff `m emft ldrgss tbm wgrfh. Ls dgisuamrs, oivmstgrs, lih agrm ldtovm

plrtodoplits oi oitmriltogilf oistotutogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff

oidrmlsoikfy sblpm kfg`lf alrcmts egr kgghs lih smrvodms lih bmfp

fmlh rmspgisms tg kfg`lf dblffmikms rlikoik erga mimrky lih eoilidolf

stl`ofoty tg smduroty.

Xg rmlfozm ots pgtmitolf, bgwmvmr, ot woff igt `m migukb egr tbm LDO

mdgigaoms amrmfy tg sustloi bokb mdgigaod krgwtb. Xbm qulfoty ge

tblt krgwtb, lih tbm mxtmit tg wbodb tbm `mimeots lih gppgrtuiotoms

lrm mxtmihmh tg krmltmr smkamits ge LDO pgpufltogis, woff lssuam

audb krmltmr oapgrtlidm. LDO lfsg aust ilvokltm l hluitoik iua`mr

ge dblffmikms lih pgtmitolf tbrmlts tg mdgigaod, sgdolf, lih pgfotodlf

stl`ofoty.

Xbmsm dblffmikms oidfuhm tbm roscs ge trlhm prgtmdtogiosa,

prghudtovoty krgwtb sfgwhgwi, rmdmssogi oi tbm rmkogi‟s proidoplf

mxpgrt alrcmts, durrmidy dgiefodts, ilturlf rmsgurdms sdlrdoty, oitmrilf



@gx 2.<: Cmy Eoihoiks: LDO 0>4>

<. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms‘Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘lrm pgosmh tg alcm uiprmdmhmitmh prgkrmss

oi oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge ots pmgpfm. Xbos trlisfltms oitg miblidmh

purdblsoik pgwmr lih `mttmr lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls mhudltogi, bmlftb,

wltmr, pgwmr, lih sliotltogi. L tgtlf ge 5>> aoffogi pmgpfm woff `m foetmh gut ge

mxtrmam pgvmrty (oidgam ge $<.0= gr fmss pmr hly), rmhudoik tbm iua`mr tg fmss

tbli <% ge tbm pgpufltogi. Oi Oihol, 58% ge tbm pgpufltogi woff mlri l aohhfm-

dflss oidgam ge `mtwmmi $<> lih $<>> l hly (purdblsoik pgwmr plroty S^^^Q ). Oi

LTMLI, tblt pmrdmitlkm woff rmldb 5?% lih oi tbm ^PD ot woff rmldb ;?%.

0.

]ifmss krgwtb os agrm oidfusovm, oidgam hosplrotoms, sgdolf mxdfusogi, lih uimqulf

lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms woff pmrsost lih dgufh uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi lih

stlòfoty. Xbos dgufh fmlh tg dgiefodt tblt wgufh blvm l sokioeodlit oapldt gi

dguitroms wotboi lih gutsohm LDO.

4. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm gi l pltb tg `mdgaoik tbm wgrfh‟s fmlhoik dgisuamrs,

prghudmrs, slvmrs, oivmstgrs, lih eoilidomrs.

‘ Xbm ^PD os mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam l bokb-oidgam dguitry wotb l pmr dlpotl

oidgam ge l`gut $05,>>> (^^^ 0>>= tmras). Oihol lih LTMLI woff agvm dfgsmr

tg bokb-oidgam dguitry stltus wotb pmr dlpotl oidgams ge l`gut $<<,>>> lih

$<0,>>> (^^^ 0>>= tmras), rmspmdtovmfy.

8. Xbm dgaòimh krgss hgamstod prghudt dgufh qulhrupfm lih dgaprosm l`gut 8>%

ge wgrfh gutput oi ^^^ (erga 08% oi 0><>) lih 02% oi alrcmt prodms (erga <=%

oi 0><>). Xblt os agrm tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh Ttltms lih tbm Murgpmli ]iogi

dgaòimh.

‘ Xbm sblrm ge wgrfh oivmstamit os prgjmdtmh tg rosm erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42%.

Ots sblrm ge kfg`lf dgisuaptogi woff fmlp erga <<% tg 0;% oi alrcmt prodms.

(Dgitoiumh)

Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami

oistlòfoty, lih mivorgiamit lih dfoaltm hmkrlhltogi. Xbos stuhy

dgidfuhms tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms pgssmss tbm rmsgurdms, mxpmrtosm,

lih pgfotodlf woff tg dgffmdtovmfy rosm tg tbmsm dblffmikms. @ut ot woff

rmquorm oidrmlsmh dgffl`grltogi, plrtimrsbop, lih dggpmrltogi lagiktbm LDO mdgigaoms ls wmff ls wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Xbos stuhy

eoihs tblt, hum tg tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilffy bokb krgwtb rltms, lih

krgwoik oitmrhmpmihmidm, tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm li gppgrtuioty tg

rlhodlffy trlisegra tbm fovms ge tbmor 4 òffogi dotozmis gvmr tbm imxt

twg hmdlhms tbrgukb l sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-

fmh krgwtb lih `y alilkoik cmy dblffmikms lih roscs meemdtovmfy.

@gx 2.< suaalrozms tbm cmy eoihoiks ge tbos stuhy .



=. LDO‟s hmalih egr wltmr lih mimrky os mxpmdtmh tg smm l pbmigamilf

rosm.

‘ LDO‟s proalry mimrky hmalih woff hgu`fm dgaplrmh tg 0>>?. Xbm

^PD‟s hmalih woff hgu`fm wbmrmls Oihol woff eldm l imlrfy tbrmmegfh

oidrmlsm lih LTMLI l twg lih blfe-egfh oidrmlsm dgaplrmh tg 0><>.

‘ Xbm ^PD‟s wltmr hmeodot (ls % ge hmalih) os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb 0=%

(<?? offogi duòd amtmrs). Oihol‟s wltmr hmeodot woff rmldb =>% ge hmalih

(;=8 òffogi duòd amtmrs).

5. DG0 maossogis woff oidrmlsm twg toams‘hgu`fm tbm maossogis ge

hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. ]ifmss tbos prg`fma os tldcfmh, tbmsm trmihs woff

lapfoey kfg`lf mivorgiamitlf roscs lih kmgpgfotodlf strlois.

;. Drotodlf dblffmikms lih roscs dgufh uihmraoim LDO‟s trlisegraltogi.

‘ Lhvmrsm sdmilrogs oidfuhm tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp, l aljgr sfgwhgwi

oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, rosoik eggh

lih dgaaghoty prodms, rosoik maossogis, rosoik hostroùtogilf dgidmris,

lih prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.

‘ Xbm dgaòiltogi ge prghudtovoty, eggh, mimrky, lih mivorgiamitlf

sbgdcs uihmr lhvmrsm kfg`lf pgfotodlf gr mdgigaod hmvmfgpamits, dgufh

hmprmss LDO‟s krgwtb tg 8.8 %‘0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw tbm 5.?%

`lsmfoim mstoaltms.

2. Hmmpmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mdgigaod oitmkrltogi tbrgukb trlhm

lkrmmamits egr eurtbmr fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh lhh =% lih <>%,

rmspmdtovmfy, tg tbm rmkogi‟s oidgam gvmr tbm `lsmfoim. Kfg`lf trlhm

fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh rlosm wgrfh oidgams `y ;% lih LDO oidgams `y <>%.

[grfh trlhm wgufh oidrmlsm `y <?%, wotb Oihol oidrmlsoik ots trlhm `y55%, tbm ^PD `y 4;%, lih LTMLI `y 0<%. Xbm oapldt ge rmkogilf lih

kfg`lf trlhm lkrmmamit gi krgwtb rltms woff `m >.<0 pmrdmitlkm pgoits

lih >.=> pmrdmitlkm pgoits gvmr tbm `lsmfoim

?. Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi woff rmquorm l agrm hmvmfgpmh lih agrm

oidfusovm eoilidolf smdtgr tg suppgrt tbm rmlf smdtgr krgwtb lih

oierlstrudturm immhs.

‘ @lic hmpgsots lrm prgjmdtmh tg agrm tbli tropfm tg rmldb 88% ge tbm

wgrfh tgtlf `y 0>4>, up erga 08% oi 0><>.

‘ LDO‟s kfg`lf sblrm ge provltm `lic drmhot lih stgdc alrcmt

dlpotlfozltogi woff tropfm, lddguitoik egr 44% ge wgrfh sblrm, dgaplrmh

tg <;% oi 0><>.‘ LDO‟s provltm `gih alrcmts‘drudolf egr fgik-tmra oivmstamit‘woff

oidrmlsm tbrmmegfh‘erga l fgw 8% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf oi 0><> tg <8%.

‘ LDO‟s aljgr durrmidoms, mspmdolffy tbm yuli, woff `m wohmfy bmfh lih

trlhmh.

Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dgapofltogi.

0;>





2.4 Aljgr Hmvmfgpamit

DblffmikmsLDO‟s dgitoiumh krgwtb up tg 0>4> woff mxldmr`ltm l iua`mr

ge dblffmikms tblt dgufh uihmraoim sgdogmdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.

Lftbgukb tbmsm roscs lrm dgaagi tg tbm mitorm rmkogi, tbm proalry

dblffmikms lih pgfody progrotoms vlry `mtwmmi LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih

Oihol (Xl`fm 2.<). Xbm aljgr dblffmikms bokbfokbtmh oi tbos stuhy lrm:

Pmhudoik oidgam oimqulfoty lih sgdolf mxdfusogi. Xbm klp

`mtwmmi rodb lih pggr os wohmioik ldrgss LDO, lih flrkm smkamits

ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi stoff fovm oi mxtrmam pgvmrty wotb fottfm gr

ig lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls `lsod utofotoms (egr mxlapfm, wltmr,

mfmdtrodoty, trlispgrt), amhodlf dlrm, lih mhudltogi. Tgdolf oimqulfoty

lih mxdfusogi rmaloi smrogus prg`fmas. Oe igt lhhrmssmh lhmqultmfy,

hosplrotoms `mtwmmi sgdolf lih oidgam krgups lih `mtwmmi rurlf lih

ur`li lrmls dgufh fmlh tg sgdolf dgiefodt lih pgsm smrogus tbrmlts tg

mdgigaod stlòfoty tbrgukb hoaoiosboik mdgigaod pgtmitolf lih tbm

hmtmrogrltogi ge pgfotodlf stlòfoty lih sgdolf dgbmsogi.

Miblidoik prghudtovoty lih imw mikoims ge krgwtb. Tmvmrlf cmy

hrovmrs ge rlpoh mdgigaod krgwtb oi LDO soidm tbm <??>s lrm igt focmfy

tg dgitoium oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. @y 0>4>, tbm hmagkrlpbod `gius (oitmras ge tbm prmsmidm ge l flrkm prgpgrtogi ge l yguik fl`gr egrdm)

pmrogh woff mih oi dguitroms sudb ls tbm ^PD, Toiklpgrm, lih Alflysol,

drmltoik tbm imw dblffmikm ge l hmdfoim oi wgrcoik-lkm pgpufltogis. Xbm

pldm ge kfg`lfozltogi aly hmdrmlsm hum tg pgsso`fm kfg`lf mdgigaod

hgwituris ls wmff ls stlffmh auftofltmrlf trlhm imkgtoltogis. Xg ammt

tbmor fgik-rlikm mdgigaod krgwtb kglfs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust

sblrpfy lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty oidrmlsms lih iurturm imw krgwtb

mikoims tg rmpfldm tbgsm tblt lrm fgsoik kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss.

Oidrmlsoik oivmstamit meeodomidy os lfsg drudolf, plrtoduflrfy egr tbm PD.

Alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit. Tgam ge tbm agst

smvmrm tbrmlts tg tbm qulfoty ge foem lih sustloimh krgwtb oi LDO

lrm pgsmh `y dgistrloimh lddmss tg mimrky, ermsb wltmr, lrl`fm flih,

lih wgrsmioik pgffutogi. Agst LDO mdgigaoms rlic pggrfy oi kfg`lf

stlihlrhs ge mimrky meeodomidy, lih tbmy lrm lagik tbm wgrfh‟s òkkmst

maottmrs ge krmmibgusm klsms. Xbm rmkogi bls lfrmlhy rmldbmh wltmr-



0;0


strmssmh dgihotogis wotb ls aliy ls 2> aoffogi pmgpfm sueemroik erga

tbm fldc ge lddmss tg ermsb wltmr, wbofm euturm dgisuaptogi os prgjmdtmh

tg elr gutstrop suppfy. Xbm aguitoik hmalihs ge oihustrolf ldtovoty

lih oidrmlsoikfy leefumit pgpufltogis ls wmff ls krgwoik mvohmidm gekfg`lf dfoaltm dblikm woff oitmisoey tbm urkmidy egr kgvmriamits tg

eoih wlys tg `mttmr alilkm rmsgurdms lih tbmor mivorgiamits. Mimrky

lih wltmr smduroty woff lfsg blvm oapfodltogis egr eggh smduroty.

[grsmioik lor lih wltmr pgffutogi woff lhvmrsmfy oapldt bmlftb. Xbm

LDO mdgigaoms aust alcm l trlisotogi tg krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms

tblt rmfy agrm gi rmimwl`fm, dfmli mimrky lih wotb agrm meeodomit usm

ge ilturlf rmsgurdms.

Ttrmiktbmioik lih rmegraoik tbm eoilidolf smdtgr. Hmmpmr, agrm

sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf lih dlpotlf alrcmts lrm mssmitolf oe tbm LDO

mdgigaoms lrm tg agrm meemdtovmfy agòfozm tbm rmkogi‟s flrkm pggfs

ge slvoiks oitg tbm prghudtovm oivmstamits immhmh tg sustloi strgik

mdgigaod krgwtb lih lttloi bokbmr fovoik stlihlrhs. Eoilidolf systmas

aust mlsm tbmor rmfolidm gi `lic fmihoik `y mxplihoik provltm, fgdlf-

durrmidy `gih alrcmts lih oiigvltovm oistruamits. Pmegras lrm

immhmh tg alcm eoilidolf smrvodms agrm wohmfy lvlofl`fm lih agrm

leegrhl`fm tg salff usoimssms lih dgisuamrs. @mttmr eoilidolf smrvodms

lrm immhmh tg ammt tbm oivmstamit immhs ge tbm rmkogi‟s rosoik aohhfm

dflss. Ttrgikmr supmrvosogi ge dlpotlf alrcmts os rmquormh tg alcm tbm

rmkogi agrm rmsofomit huroik toams ge oitmriltogilf eoilidolf sbgdcs.Krmltmr rmkogilf dggpmrltogi os immhmh tg lhvlidm tbm alrcmt-`lsmh

rmegras lih oitmkrltogi tblt dli mil`fm tbm LDO dlpotlf alrcmts tg

rmldb tbm sdlfm imdmsslry tg fgwmr trlisldtogi dgsts, rmhudm alrcmt

hostgrtogis, oaprgvm rmsgurdm lffgdltogi, lih aloitloi stlòfoty.

Miblidoik rmkogilf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi. Dgffmdtovm

ldtogi `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m mssmitolf `mdlusm aliy lspmdts ge

LDO‟s hyilaosa woff hmpmih gi rmkogilf dgiimdtogis. Tustloioik lih

ùofhoik l smlafmss rmkogilf mdgigay woff rmquorm oitmrkgvmriamitlf

dggpmrltogi lih suppgrt ge dgaamrdolf, oierlstrudturm, mivorgiamitlf,

lih smduroty dblffmikms. Lfsg, dgaagi rufms lih prgdmhurms woff

`m mssmitolf tg rmkufltm dgapmtotogi, rmsgfvm hosputms, lih lvgoh

dgiergitltogi.

Lftbgukb LDO‟s alrcmts lrm `mdgaoik oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmh,

tbmrm os fottfm egralf oistotutogilf dggpmrltogi gi su`stlitovm ossums.

Lt tbm slam toam, tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi `ystlihmrs oi fmlhoik




kfg`lf oistotutogis kgvmrioik trlhm, eoilidm, mivorgiamitlf, lih

bmlftb ossums. Xbm krgwoik wmokbt ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm kfg`lf

mdgigay, tbmor oidrmlsoik fmvmf ge mdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm, lih tbm

urkmidy ge dgaagi dblffmikms dlff egr hmmpmr rmkogilf dggpmrltogiwotboi tbm rmkogi lih wotb kfg`lf oistotutogis. Xbm rmkogi lfsg aust

tlcm l agrm ldtovm rgfm oi tbm prgvosogi ge pu`fod kgghs. Ot os oi LDO‟s

oitmrmst tg wgrc agrm prgldtovmfy oi lhvlidoik ermm trlhm oi kgghs lih

smrvodms ls tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaoms smmc imw alrcmts lih tg ammt tbm

hmalihs ge oidrmlsoikfy leefumit dgisuamrs.

Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis. LDO immhs tg

strmiktbmi tbm kgvmrilidm, lddguitlòfoty, lih meemdtovmimss ge ots

oistotutogis tg lhhrmss tbm l`gvm dblffmikms meeodomitfy. Xbm rmkogi

aust mrlhodltm dgrruptogi tg misurm rlpoh lih oidfusovm krgwtb lih

l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem. Xbm 0><> kgvmrilidm oihodltgrs sbgw tblt tbm

LDO mdgigaoms immh tg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm oi tmras ge vgodm lih

lddguitlòfoty, pgfotodlf stlòfoty, pmrsgilf smduroty, rmkufltgry qulfoty,

rufm ge flw, lih kgvmriamit meemdtovmimss.

2.8 Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s Aljgr

Dblffmikms

Xbm dblffmikms lih roscs eldoik LDO oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> woff

hmalih oiigvltovm lih sgpbostodltmh pgfody rmspgisms. Meemdtovm

alilkmamit ge tbmsm dblffmikms woff lfsg rmquorm mdgigaod lih

eoilidolf stlòfoty, sgdolf dgbmsogi, lih bokb fmvmfs ge dggpmrltogi.

Xbos `ggc rmdgaamihs pgfodoms, strltmkoms, lih progrotoms lt tbm

iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tg lhhrmss tbmsm dblffmikms. Ot geemrs l

erlamwgrc tg egstmr li meemdtovm, dgffl`grltovm lpprgldb tg alilkoik

roscs tbrgukb rmkogilf lih kfg`lf oitmkrltogi. Tdbgflrs lih dguitry

mxpmrts ge tbm LDO rmkogi oivgfvmh oi tbos stuhy ohmitoeomh tbm agst

oapgrtlit dgaagi lih spmdoeod dblffmikms eldoik LTMLI, tbm ^PD,

lih Oihol. Xl`fm 2.< suaalrozms tbmsm dblffmikms. Dguitry-spmdoeod

dblffmikms ge tbm <> LTMLI mdgigaoms lrm hosdussmh oi tbm LTMLI

0>4> stuhy (LH@O 0><8).



Xl`fm 2.<: Dgaagi lih Tpmdod Dblffmikms egr tbm LDO Mdgigaoms

Dgaagi dblffmikms

• Pmhudoik mdgigaod lih sgdolf oimqulfoty lih mxdfusogi• Miblidoik prghudtovoty, tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit, lih oiigvltogi

• Alilkoik rmsgurdms smduroty lih tbm mivorgiamit

• Ttrmiktbmioik lih rmegraoik tbm ilidolf smdtgr, lih miblidoik aldrgmdgigaod dggpmrltogi

• Miblidoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi

• Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm, lddguitlòfoty, lih oistotutogilf mmdtovmimss

Tpmdod dblffmikms

^roalry dblffmikms Tmdgihlry dblffmikms

Alilkoik

rmsgurdms

smduroty lih

mivorgiamitlfsustloilòfoty

Pmhudoik gvmr-

hmpmihmidm gi

mxtmrilf hmalih

Ttrmiktbmioik

kgvmrilidm,

lddguitlòfoty,

lih oistotutogilfmmdtovmimss

Miblidoik

prghudtovoty,

tmdbigfgky

hmvmfgpamit,

oiigvltogi,lih oivmstamit

mffldomidy

Pmhudoik

mdgigaod lih

sgdolf oimqulfotylih mxdfusogi

Ttrmiktbmioik

lih rmegraoik tbm

ilidolf smdtgr,

lih miblidoikaldrgmdgigaod

dggpmrltogi

Pmhudoik

mdgigaod lih

sgdolf oimqulfoty

lih mxdfusogi

Alilkoik

rmsgurdms

smduroty lih

mivorgiamitlf

sustloilòfoty

^rgagtoik

sget (mspmdolffy

buali dlpotlf

hmvmfgpamit)

lih blrh

oierlstrudturm

hmvmfgpamit lih

dgiimdtovoty

Ttrmiktbmioik

kgvmrilidm,

lddguitlòfoty,

lih oistotutogilf

mmdtovmimss

Miblidoik

prghudtovoty,

tmdbigfgky

hmvmfgpamit,

lih oiigvltogi

Ttrmiktbmioik

lih rmegraoik tbm

ilidolf smdtgr,

lih miblidoik

aldrgmdgigaod

dggpmrltogi

Egrkoik ldgapmtotovm lih

oiigvltovm rmkogi

^rgagtoik

mdgigaoddgivmrkmidm lih

mquotl`fm krgwtb

Iurturoik ilturlf

rmsgurdms lihsustloioik tbm

mivorgiamit

Alilkoik

aldrgmdgigaodlih ilidolf

stlòfoty

Hmvmfgpoik

buali dlpotlflih oaprgvoik

fl`gr alrcmt

dgihotogis

Miblidoik

oistotutogilfmmdtovmimss

lih oaprgvoik

kgvmrilidm

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

Tgurdm: @lsmh gi emmh`ldc erga sdbgflrs oivgfvmh oi tbos stuhy.

L T M L I

O i h o l

^ P D

0;8




Xl`fm 2.0: Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms

LTMLI ^PD Oihol LDO rmkogi

Oidfusovm krgwtb lih

qulfoty ge foem

^rgagtm mhudltogi lihscoffs

Pmhudm hmvmfgpamit klpslagik mdgigaoms lihwotboi tbma

Hmvmfgp ur`lioierlstrudturm

^rogrotozm bmlftb lihmhudltogi

Ttrmiktbmi slemty imts

^rmplrm egr lkoikpgpufltogis

Mrlhodltm mxtrmam pgvmrty

Mxplih mhudltogi lihgtbmr lsod smrvodms

Dgiimdt rurlf lih osgfltmhlrmls tg dmitmrs ge krgwtb

Ttrmiktbmi ur`lioierlstrudturm

^rgagtm mxdblikms lihagòfoty

Tblrm pgfody mxpmromidmlih rmkogilf `mst prldto

^rghudtovoty

Drmltm l `grhmrfmssmdgigaod dgaauioty

Ttrmiktbmi prghudtogiimtwgrcs

^rgagtm tmdbigfgky

]pkrlhm sdomitod lihtmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms

Pmvlap kgvmrilidmegr dgapmtotovm,mitrmprmimurolf alrcmts

Hmvmfgp mssmitolfoierlstrudturm

Oitmkrltogi wotb Lsoliprghudtogi imtwgrcs

Mfoaoiltm lrromrs tg LDOtrlhm

^rgagtm ermm trlhm lihmdgigaod oitmkrltogi

^fli lih euihoiotoltovms oi rmkogilfdgiimdtovoty

Pmsgurdms

lih mivorgiamit

Lhhrmss flih hmkrlhltogi

^rgagtm mimrky mffldomidylih dgismrvltogi

Pmhudm mimrky oitmisoty

Pmhudm bokb hmpmihmidmgi dglf

^rgagtm krmmi oihustroms

Oaprgvm wltmralilkmamit


Hmvmfgp imw mimrkysgurdms

Dgismrvm mimrky lih wltmr

Pmhudm bokb hmpmihmidmgi dglf


Dggrhoiltm rmkogilfamlsurms gi mimrky lihwltmr smduroty

Eldofotltm tmdbigfgky lialilkmamit cigw-bgwmxdblikms

^rgagtm dfoaltm dblikmaotokltogi

Eoilidm lihaldrgmdgigay

Drmltm oitmkrltmh rmkogilfilidolf alrcmts

Oitmisoey aldrgmdgigaoddggpmrltogi

Ttrmiktbmi pruhmitolfgvmrsokbt

Fo`mrlfozm lih hmmpmiilidolf alrcmts

Hmvmfgp mmdtovm aldrg-lih aodrgpruhmitolf

rmkufltogis

Ldbomvm yuli dgivmrtoòfoty

Oidfuhm uihmrsmrvmh raslih oihovohulfs

Oidrmlsm hgamstod slvoikslih oivmstamit

Ttrmiktbmi sdlf hosdopfoim

Oidfuhm uihmrsmrvmh raslih oihovohulfs

Ttrmiktbmi aldrgmdgigholfgkum

Dggrhoiltm aldrg- lihaodrgpruhmitolf rmkuflt

egr stlòfoty

Ttrmiktbmi rmkogilfilidolf slemty imts

Hmvmfgp rmkogilf dlpotlalrcmts

LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.



2.= Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody

^rogrotomsXbos smdtogi prmsmits cmy pgfody progrotoms egr lhhrmssoik tbm

l`gvm-amitogimh aljgr dblffmikms lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs

(Xl`fm 2.0).



0;5


2.=.< Miblidoik tbm qulfoty ge foemXg stgp lih rmvmrsm tbm krgwoik oidgam lih sgdolf klps ldrgss

tbm rmkogi, tbm LDO dguitroms sbgufh alcm ot l progroty tg lhgpt li‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ erlamwgrc oi tbmor hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms. Xbos

oidfusovm krgwtb erlamwgrc sbgufh `m `lsmh gi tbrmm pgfody pofflrs:

Drmltm prghudtovm jg`s tbrgukb bokb, sustloimh, lih `rglh-`lsmh

krgwtb.

@rglhmi lddmss tg gppgrtuioty `y oivmstoik oi mhudltogi, scoff

hmvmfgpamit, lih bmlftb dlrm.

Drmltm sgdolf slemty imts tg prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih vufimrlòfoty.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms immh tg hmvmfgp lpprgldbms tblt tlrkmt tbm

immhs ge spmdoeod krgups oi spmdoeod fgdltogis tblt durrmitfy mxpmromidm

mxdfusogi. Xbm suddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge oidfusovm krgwtb pgfodoms

woff lfsg rmquorm oaprgvmh kgvmrilidm lih qulfoty ge oistotutogis, ls wmff

ls dgffl`grltogi `mtwmmi tbm pu`fod lih provltm smdtgrs. Kgvmriamits

dli prgagtm dgbmsogi lih oidfusogi lih oidrmlsm stlihlrhs ge fovoik

`y oaprgvoik tbm agòfoty ge pmgpfm ldrgss `grhmrs, plrtoduflrfy ge

fgw-oidgam fl`gr. Kgvmriamits lfsg dli oaprgvm pmgpfm-tg-pmgpfm

lih dovof sgdomty dgitldt, lih dufturlf mxdblikm. Oivmstamits oi

`mttmr oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty lih rmegras ge pgfodoms tblt aly

prmvmit pmgpfm erga wgrcoik lih fovoik oi gtbmr rmkogis lrm mssmitolf.

Kgvmriamits dli sblrm suddmsseuf pgfody mxpmromidms lih rmkogilf mstprldtodms, plrtoduflrfy egr hmvmfgpoik aodrg, salff, lih amhoua-sozmh

mitmrprosms. Tudb li lpprgldb tg hmvmfgpamit wgufh bmfp tbm LDO

dguitroms hg l `mttmr jg` ge trlisfltoik mdgigaod klois oitg oaprgvmh

qulfoty ge foem lih miblidmh dgbmsogi lagik tbmor pgpufltogis.

^rogrotoms

Xbm ^PD‟s pgfody progrotoms egr oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem lrm tg

hmvmfgp ur`li oierlstrudturm, oaprgvm tbm qulfoty lih lddmssoòfoty ge

bmlftb lih mhudltogi, lih rmhudm sgdolf lih oidgam oimqulfoty. Xbm

^PD aust strmiktbmi sgdolf slemty imts egr tbm buihrmhs ge aoffogis

ge pmgpfm su`sostoik gi vmry fgw oidgams. Xbm ^PD lfsg aust prmplrm

egr tbm lkoik ge ots pgpufltogi. Oihol‟s urkmit progroty os tg rmhudm

mxtrmam pgvmrty tblt krops audb ge tbm dguitry. Oihol aust mxplih

mhudltogi lih gtbmr `lsod smrvodms, mspmdolffy oi rurlf lrmls, lih ùofh

oierlstrudturm tg dgiimdt osgfltmh pgpufltogis tg tbm dmitmrs ge krgwtb.




Oihol aust lfsg oaprgvm tbm kgvmrilidm lih meemdtovmimss ge sgdolf

smrvodms‟ oistotutogis. LTMLI‟s progrotoms lrm tg prgagtm mhudltogi

lih scoffs trloioik egr `mttmr lddmss tg mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms, rmhudm

hmvmfgpamit klps wotboi lih lagik ama`mr dguitroms tbrgukboidfusovm krgwtb, lih miblidm kgvmrilidm, lddguitlòfoty, lih

oistotutogilf meemdtovmimss.

2.=.0 Miblidoik prghudtovoty lih imw

krgwtb mikoims

Xg rmlfozm ots mdgigaod krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit pgtmitolf, LDO

woff blvm tg sokioeodlitfy oidrmlsm fl`gr meeodomidy, tmdbigfgky, lih

oiigvltogi oi mxostoik smdtgrs lih hmvmfgp imw, bokbmr-vlfum krgwtb

oihustroms.

Xbos stuhy eoihs tblt gim pgwmreuf hrovmr ge prghudtovoty

klois woff `m tbm mxplisogi lih hmmpmioik ge rmkogilf prghudtogi

imtwgrcs (PÎs) lih tbmor suppfy dblois. PÎs dli bmfp ilrrgw tbm

hmvmfgpamit klp wotboi lih `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y oidrmlsoik

trlhm gppgrtuiotoms lih `y rm`lflidoik tbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb tgwlrh

oidrmlsmh hgamstod dgisuaptogi. @y jgoioik Lsoli suppfy dblois, tbm

mdgigaoms tblt blvm igt ymt `mdgam aljgr aliueldturoik mxpgrt

pflymrs, sudb ls Oihol lih fgw-oidgam LTMLI dguitroms, dli lttrldtoihustroms tblt rmquorm oimxpmisovm fl`gr lih gtbmr oiputs. Just ls

Jlplimsm, Murgpmli, lih Lamrodli auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs)

wmrm oitmkrlf tg hmvmfgpoik tbm ^PD lih Tgutbmlst Lsoli dguitroms oi

aljgr mxpgrt pgwmrs, tbm PD‟s AIDs tblt lrm strgik oi aliueldturoik

lih Oihol‟s AIDs tblt lrm strgik oi smrvodms dli hmvmfgp suppfy dblois

oi fgw-wlkm LDO dguitroms.

Lkrodufturm, tgg, dli mdgam li mikoim ge krgwtb oi li mrl ge rosoik

eggh prodms. Oivmstamits oi rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit, oierlstrudturm,

lih trlispgrt foics dli oaprgvm prghudtovoty, oidrmlsm rurlf oidgams,

lih lhvlidm eggh smduroty.

LDO woff rmquorm alssovm oivmstamit oi imxt-kmimrltogi pbysodlf

oierlstrudturm oi trlispgrtltogi, tmfmdgaauiodltogis, lih krmmi

mimrky tg mil`fm tbmsm trlisotogis egr miblidmh rmkogilf dgiimdtovoty.

Tudb oierlstrudturm woff lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty lih fly tbm krguih

egr tbm mamrkmidm ge imw oihustroms. Ot woff stoaufltm imw tmdbigfgky



0;2


hmvmfgpamit, lih smrvm ls l pgwmreuf krgwtb dltlfyst. [grfh-dflss

oierlstrudturm woff lfsg krmltfy oidrmlsm smlafmss dgiimdtovoty lagik

hosplrltm pgpufltogis wotboi LDO lih ldrgss tbm rmkogi, oaprgvoik

tbm ag`ofoty ge scoffmh fl`gr lih spmmhoik tbm sprmlh ge cigwfmhkm, `mst prldtodms, lih dlpotlf. Xbm `mimeots woff `m mspmdolffy flrkm

egr dguitroms lih su`rmkogis tblt lrm stoff gify fokbtfy dgiimdtmh,

sudb ls Aylialr, lrdbopmflkod LTMLI, lih plrts ge Oihol. Krmltmr

dgiimdtovoty tg mstl`fosbmh prghudmrs oi Mlst Lsol lfsg wgufh miblidm

tbmsm dguitroms‟ prgspmdts ge `mdgaoik oitmkrlf ighms oi rmkogilf

prghudtogi imtwgrcs.

Audb ge tbm LDO rmkogi os gi tbm dusp ge sboetoik erga oaotltogi tg

oiigvltogi. @ut tbos trlisotogi woff rmquorm wohm-rlikoik oivmstamits

oi rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit lih buali dlpotlf. Ot woff lfsg hmpmih

gi tbm mamrkmidm ge mdgsystmas tblt lffgw provltm mitrmprmimursbop

tg efgurosb. Just ls oapgrtlit ls pbysodlf oierlstrudturm oi tbos rmklrh

woff `m ‖sget‑ oierlstrudturm, sudb ls fo`mrlf, trlisplrmit, lih meeodomit

rmkufltgry rmkoams, fmklf systmas, `urmludrldoms, lih tlx rmkoams.

Ermmr fl`gr aokrltogi wotboi LDO woff `ggst prghudtovoty `y lffgwoik

`gtb scoffmh lih uiscoffmh fl`gr tg sboet wbmi lih tg wbmrm ot os agst

immhmh. Dgapfmtoik tbm trlisotogi erga oaotltgrs tg oiigvltgrs‘ls

hoh tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi tbm <?2>s‘woff `m drotodlf egr tbm ^PD

lih Tgutbmlst Lsoli dguitroms sudb ls Alflysol lih Xbloflih ls tbmor

trlhotogilf fgw-dgst fl`gr lhvlitlkms elhm.Eoilffy, prghudtovoty dli `m spurrmh `y wmfhoik tgkmtbmr tbm kolit

alrcmts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbos strltmky woff rmquorm tbm hosalitfoik

ge tbm rmaloioik `lrromrs tg trlhm lih oivmstamit oitmkrltogi. Xbos woff

hrovm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi `y mxpgsoik dgaplioms tg krmltmr

dgapmtotogi, stoaufltoik egrmoki oivmstamit, lih lddmfmrltoik tbm

sprmlh ge oihustry dfustmrs, cigwfmhkm, lih `mst prldtodms.

^rogrotoms

Xbm agst urkmit progrotoms oi Oihol oidfuhm hmvmfgpoik tbm blrh

lih sget oierlstrudturm tblt os mssmitolf egr imw, kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm

oihustroms lih egr oitmkrltogi oitg rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih

oistotutogis. LTMLI sbgufh egdus gi drmltoik l soikfm alrcmt lih

oapfmamitoik tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty ls sggi ls pgsso`fm.

LTMLI dguitroms sbgufh lfsg strmiktbmi tbmor rgfms oi rmkogilf

prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih upkrlhm tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm ^PD, progrotoms




oidfuhm upkrlhoik sdomitoeod lih tmdbigfgkodlf dlplòfotoms sg tblt

hgamstod dgaplioms dli alcm tbm trlisotogi erga `moik oaotltgrs tg

oiigvltgrs. Xbm ^PD aust lfsg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm tg egstmr agrm

dgapmtotovm, mitrmprmimurolf alrcmts lih tg midgurlkm tbm provltmsmdtgr.

2.=.4 Alilkoik rmsgurdms lih mivorgiamitLs tbm wgrfh‟s òkkmst dgisuamr ge mimrky lih sgurdm ge

krmmibgusm kls maossogis, tbm LDO rmkogi dli prgvohm l `mttmr

qulfoty ge foem‘tg euturm kmimrltogis lih tg tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh‘`y

alcoik mimrky rmsgurdms sustloil`fm. L fgw-dlr`gi, rmsgurdm-meeodomit

hmvmfgpamit pltb os rmquormh.

Xg misurm mimrky smduroty lih rmhudm suppfy sbgdcs, tbm rmkogi

immhs tg miblidm oitrlrmkogilf mimrky trlhm, rmhudm hmpmihmidm gi

oapgrtmh gof, mxpfgrm dfmli sgurdms ge mimrky, lih `mdgam l agrm

meeodomit usmr lih alilkmr ge rmsgurdms. Xbos woff amli lhgptoik

pgfodoms tblt stoaufltm fmss dlr`gi-oitmisovm mimrky, sudb ls prodm

suppgrts, tlx oidmitovms, lih krlits gr fglis egr dfmli mimrky lih

oivmstamits oi mdg-eromihfy oierlstrudturm. Ot lfsg woff rmquorm puttoik

l prodm gi maossogis lih pgffutogi. ^gfodoms sudb ls dlr`gi tlxms woff

`m dgstfy. Bgwmvmr, sgam pgfodoms aly lfsg `m `mimeodolf ls mimrky

dgismrvltogi dli slvm rltbmr tbli oidrmlsm dgsts. Xbm woiimrs oitbm rldm tg mstl`fosb imw krmmi oihustroms, erga lftmriltovm eumfs tg

mfmdtrod dlrs lih fgw-dlr`gi kls rmsmrvms, woff `m wmff rmwlrhmh.

Xg aotokltm euturm wltmr sbgrtlkms lih rmfltmh dgismqumidms,

sudb ls eggh lih mimrky oismduroty, LDO immhs tg miblidm rmkogilf

dggpmrltogi egr trlisiltogilf wltmr sblroik lih prgagtm tbm meeodomit

alilkmamit ge wltmr rmsgurdms lt tbm iltogilf lih suìltogilf fmvmfs.

Dgisohmroik tbm hosplrotoms lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi rmsgurdm-

meeodomit rmkufltgry erlamwgrcs lih miegrdoik amdbliosas, ot os

imdmsslry tg miblidm meegrts tg tlcm rmkogi-wohm pgfody amlsurms lih

suppgrt tbm hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms oi oaprgvoik tbmor dlpldotoms

lih oapfmamitoik pgfodoms lih prgkrlas.

LDO aust lssuam krmltmr fmlhmrsbop oi kfg`lf meegrts tg aotokltm

kfg`lf dfoaltm dblikm. LDO oi kmimrlf, lih tbm ^PD lih Oihol oi

plrtoduflr, immh tg rmhudm DG0 maossogis `y prgagtoik rmimwl`fm

mimrky sgurdms, mstl`fosboik l rmkogilf dlr`gi alrcmt, lih miblidoik



02>


rmkogilf dggpmrltogi tg dggrhoiltm lih blragiozm prodoik, tlxltogi,

rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs egr mimrky lih dlr`gi trlhoik. Xbm rmkogi

sbgufh mstl`fosb prgkrlas tg sblrm tmdbigfgky, `mst prldtodms, lih

alilkmamit cigw-bgw.

^rogrotoms

Xbm agst urkmit progroty oi tbm ^PD os tg rmhudm tbm mimrky

oitmisoty ge oihustroms lih ots bokb hmpmihmidm gi dglf egr mfmdtrodoty

kmimrltogi. Xbm ^PD aust oivmst oi krmmi oihustroms lih oaprgvm

wltmr alilkmamit. Oihol‟s progrotoms oidfuhm hmvmfgpoik imw dfmli

mimrky sgurdms, rmhudoik ots hmpmihmidm gi dglf, lih dgismrvoik

sdlrdm rmsgurdms, plrtoduflrfy mimrky lih wltmr. LTMLI sbgufh egdus

gi lhhrmssoik flih hmkrlhltogi lih miblidoik mimrky meeodomidy lih

dgismrvltogi.

2.=.8 Eoilidoik tbm trlisegraltogiHmvmfgpoik LDO‟s eoilidolf smdtgr woff rmquorm l dgaprmbmisovm

meegrt. Xbm lkmihl os tg sokioeodlitfy oidrmlsm tbm hmptb,

hovmrsoeodltogi, sgpbostodltogi, lih gutrmldb ge eoilidolf alrcmts tg

suppgrt flrkm prgjmdtmh oivmstamit immhs lih alcm egralf, qulfoty

eoilidolf smrvodms agrm leegrhl`fm lih lvlofl`fm tg agrm pmgpfm lih

salff `usoimssms. Xg ag`ofozm euihs egr tbm flrkm-sdlfm oivmstamitsimmhmh egr oihustry lih oierlstrudturm, tbm eoilidolf smdtgr lfsg immhs

oiigvltovm oistruamits, strgik hgamstod lih rmkogilf oistotutogis,

lih meeodomit eoilidoik amdbliosas tg `mttmr oitmramholtm LDO‟s flrkm

pggf ge slvoiks.

Erga l systmaod pmrspmdtovm, ossums sudb ls strmiktbmioik

rmkufltogi, rmkufltgry oistotutogis, lih eoilidolf oierlstrudturm rmaloi

tg `m lhhrmssmh. ]isguih eoilidolf pgfodoms, wmlc supmrvosogi, lih

oapruhmit `mblvogr `y eoilidolf oistotutogis dli blvm aljgr imkltovm

dgismqumidms gi tbm rmlf smdtgr.

LDO woff rmquorm agrm lhvlidmh eoilidolf oierlstrudturm ls immhs

krgw flrkmr lih agrm dgapfmx. Xbos oierlstrudturm sbgufh oidfuhm

agrm sgpbostodltmh rmkogilf dlpotlf alrcmts egr smdurotoms, egrmoki

mxdblikm, lih hmrovltovms, ls wmff ls krmltmr oivgfvmamit `y drmhot

rltoik lkmidoms. Kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit immhs tg oaprgvm lih

systmas egr dfmlroik lih smttfmamit upkrlhmh.




Xbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf oitmkrltogi flks ots trlhm oitmkrltogi. @ut

ot os krgwoik. Eurtbmr meegrts lrm immhmh tg agòfozm dlpotlf wotboi

tbm rmkogi `y lffgwoik eurtbmr drgss-`grhmr efgws, blragiozoik rufms

lih stlihlrhs, lih rmagvoik rmaloioik g`stldfms. @ut strgikmrdggpmrltogi os mssmitolf egr aloitloioik stlòfoty ls eoilidolf

oitmrhmpmihmidm dgitoiums tg krgw. Kovmi tbm roscs ge dgitlkogi lih

krgwoik uidmrtloity, rmkogilf slemty imts aust `m quodcfy miblidmh.

L lflidmh rmegra lkmihl os immhmh tg aoioaozm tbm rosc ge eoilidolf

drlsbms ls LDO eoilidolf alrcmts `mdgam agrm hmmpfy oitmkrltmh

lih fo`mrlfozmh‘lih oi fokbt ge oidrmlsoik mxtmrilf aldrgmdgigaod

lih eoilidolf vgfltofoty. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms aust upkrlhm tbmor

aodrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi, agimtlry, lih aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody

erlamwgrcs. Pmkufltgry erlamwgrcs aust `m strmiktbmimh lih li

meeodomit rmkogilf eoilidolf slemty imt mstl`fosbmh, sudb ls `y hmmpmioik

lih mxplihoik tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi. Lt prmsmit,

mdgigaod lih eoilidolf dggpmrltogi `y LTMLI pfus tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih

tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml (LTMLI+4) os dggrhoiltmh uihmr tbm luspodms

ge tbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG). Eoilidolf

lutbgrotoms ldrgss tbm rmkogi sbgufh eurtbmr strmiktbmi sudb holfgkum

lih dggpmrltogi, mspmdolffy oi aldrgmdgigaod, mxdblikm rltm, lih

agimtlry pgfodoms tbrgukb mxplihoik lih strmiktbmioik tbm LAPG.

Ls tbm ^PD lih Oihol `mdgam aljgr trlhoik plrtimrs, tbm

oitmriltogilfozltogi ge tbmor durrmidoms lih dlpotlf lddguitfo`mrlfozltogi os immhmh tg stoaufltm oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih

oivmstamit. Xrlisegraoik aljgr eoilidolf dmitmrs sudb ls Tblikblo

lih Aua`lo ls rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs os rmquormh

tg bmfp prgagtm rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi egr

oidrmlsmh drgss-`grhmr oivmstamits wotboi LDO lih wotb tbm rmst ge

tbm wgrfh.

^rogrotoms

LTMLI progrotoms lrm tg drmltm oitmkrltmh rmkogilf eoilidolf alrcmts

egr `mttmr oitmramholtogi ge rmkogilf slvoiks, lih tg strmiktbmi

pruhmitolf gvmrsokbt egr miblidoik stlòfoty. Oihol‟s agst urkmit immh

os tg oidrmlsm hgamstod slvoiks rltms tg prgvohm tbm dlpotlf rmquormh

egr ots oaamism oierlstrudturm lih oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit immhs.

Oihol lfsg aust mxplih tbm lvloflòfoty ge eoilidolf smrvodms tg pmgpfm

lih salff mitmrprosms tblt durrmitfy rmfy gi oiegralf agimy alrcmts



020


gr aodrgdrmhot oistotutogis. Ot lfsg sbgufh alcm tbm Oiholi rupmm

euffy dgivmrto`fm. Oihol immhs tg rmhudm ots ùfkoik eosdlf hmeodot tg

sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, lttrldt egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit, lih dgitloi

bokb oiefltogi. Xbm ^PD‟s tgp progrotoms lrm tg fo`mrlfozm lih hmmpmiots eoilidolf alrcmts tg rmfomvm tbm systma‟s rmfolidm gi stltm-gwimh

`lics, wbodb proalrofy fmih tg stltm-foicmh mitmrprosms. Xbm ^PD lfsg

aust hmvmfgp agrm meemdtovm aldrg- lih aodrgpruhmitolf rmkufltogis

wotb iltogiwohm rmldb. Xbm ^PD sbgufh wgrc tgwlrh ldbomvoik euff

dgivmrtoòfoty ge tbm yuli lih egdus gi misuroik tblt egralf eoilidolf

smrvodms lrm lvlofl`fm tg uihmrsmrvmh dgaplioms lih oihovohulfs.

2.5 Pgfm ge Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lfDggpmrltogi

Xbm drotodlf dgaagi dblffmikms lih oidrmlsmh oitmkrltogi ge tbm LDO

mdgigaoms oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> woff hmalih imw fmvmfs ge dggpmrltogi

lt tbm ofltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs. Xbos woff m mspmdolffy trum egr

tbm rmkogi‟s twg rosoik supmrpgwmrs‘tbm ^PD lih Oihol.

Xbus elr, LDO‟s mdgigaod oitmkrltogi bls `mmi fmh `y alrcmts

lih mitrmprmimursbop, igt `y rmkogilf gr kfg`lf oistotutogis. Oihmmh,

dgaplrmh tg gtbmr krgupoiks ge dguitroms oi tbm wgrfh, tbm rmkogios ‖oistotutogi wmlc.‑ LDO aust strmiktbmi rmkogilf oistotutogis lih

drmltm imw gims. Dguitroms woff immh tg dggpmrltm oi trlhm, eoilidm,

rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf alilkmamit, oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit,

lih mimrky, wltmr, lih eggh smduroty. @gx 2.0 prmsmits sox drotodlf

rmkogilf oistotutogis tblt blvm `mmi prgpgsmh. @ut tbm hoeeoduft wgrc

ge ùofhoik tbmsm oistotutogis foms lbmlh.

Xbm rmkogi‟s lrdbotmdturm ge dggpmrltogi os `lsmh gi l imw, ùt

oapgrtlit, tmapfltm‘dggpmrltogi oi LTMLI tblt bls krgwi erga l

salff egrua gi rmkogilf pgfotods lih smduroty oitg tbm agst laòtogus

oitmkrltogi prgjmdt oi tbm hmvmfgpoik wgrfh. Xbm imxt stmp os tg

ldbomvm l strgikfy oitmkrltmh LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD).

Tuddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge LMD woff mil`fm LTMLI tg `mdgam agrm

dgapmtotovm oi rmfltogi tg tbm ^PD lih Oihol lih tg `mimeot erga tbm

gppgrtuiotoms lrosoik erga tbm dgidurrmit rosm ge tbmsm twg kolit,

imokb`groik mdgigaoms.



@gx 2.0: Cmy Pmkogilf Oistotutogis

<. LTMLI+5 Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamit gr Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm

Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop: L hmmp, dgaprmbmisovm ermm trlhm lkrmmamitlagik tbm ama`mrs ge tbm LTMLI+5 krgupoik oivgfvoik tbm

Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod

ge Dboil, lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy LDO), lih gtbmr aljgr mdgigaoms‘

Lustrlfol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw Zmlflih gr li gpmi

Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop oidfuhoik LTMLI+5‘

dgufh rmhudm dgieusogi erga gvmrflppoik trlhm oiotoltovms tbrgukb tbm

dgisgfohltogi ge mxostoik òfltmrlf lih pfurofltmrlf lkrmmamits lih tg

dgieora tbm rmkogi‟s rgfm ls tbm wgrfh‟s fmlhoik dmitmr ge prghudtogi,

trlhm, lih oivmstamit.

0. Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih: LDO‟s mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm

dblffmikms woff rmquorm strgik dggpmrltogi lih flrkm-sdlfm oivmstamits.

L imw Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih dgufh prgagtm, dggrhoiltm, lih bmfp

tg euih tbm alssovm lhjustamit prgkrlas rmquormh ldrgss tbm rmkogi.

4. Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty Holfgkum: Li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttlòfoty

Holfgkum dgufh `m mstl`fosbmh tg eldofotltm dggrhoiltogi lih

agiotgroik ge rmkogilf eoilidolf stlòfoty ls wmff ls tg oaprgvm

rmkufltgry meemdtovmimss lih dlpldoty ge ama`mr dguitroms.

8. Lsoli Agimtlry Euih: Li Lsoli Agimtlry Euih dgufh prgagtm

rmkogilf aldrgmdgigaod stlòfoty tbrgukb dgihudtoik rmkogilf

survmofflidm lih dggrhoiltm rmkogilf slemty imts lih prgvohm eoilidolf

lih tmdbiodlf lssostlidm huroik drosms. Tudb li oistotutogi dgufh `m

`lsmh gi oidrmlsoik meemdtovmimss ge mxostoik rmkogilf oistotutogis lih

oiotoltovms sudb ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi, tbm

LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm, lih tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw

lih ^gfody Holfgkum.

=. Lsoli Pmkogilf Oierlstrudturm Euih: Mimrky smduroty lih

dgiimdtovoty lrm dmitrlf tg rlosoik LDO‟s prghudtovoty lih dgiimdtoik

ots pgpufltogi tg aljgr dmitmrs ge mdgigaod ldtovoty. Li Lsoli

Pmkogilf Oierlstrudturm Euih dgufh lhhrmss tbm migragus rmkogilf

oierlstrudturm immhs lih eldofotltm dgapfmx hmdosogi-alcoik

prgdmssms lagik plrtodopltoik dguitroms.

5. Li mapgwmrmh lih rmegramh LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt: Xbm LTMLITmdrmtlrolt immhs tg `m mapgwmrmh lih strmiktbmimh wotb krmltmr

eoilidolf lih buali rmsgurdms tg oapfmamit tbm oitrl-LTMLI, LDO,

lih LTMLI+5 oitmkrltogi lkmihls agrm meemdtovmfy wotb krmltmr

rmspgisoòfoty lih lddguitlòfoty.





028


Xbm ‖LTMLI wly‑ dli bmfp kuohm dggpmrltogi tgwlrh tbm aufto-

euidtogilf, rmkogi-wohm erlamwgrcs tblt LDO krgwtb woff rmquorm.

^rogroty sbgufh m kovmi tg suddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge tbm LTMLI—^PD

Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms Lkrmmamit lih eurtbmr mxplisogi lih hmmpmioik getbm LTMLI—Oihol EXL, wbodb oidfuhms tbm smrvodms smdtgr. Eurtbmragrm,

tbm LTMLI oitmkrltogi prgdmss dli `m strmiktbmimh `y hmmpmioik toms

wotb ots Lsoli imokb`grs, sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml. Xbm

LTMLI+4 eoilidolf, mxdblikm rltm, lih agimtlry dggpmrltogi prgdmss,

egr mxlapfm, woff prgagtm meemdtovm alilkmamit ge aldrgmdgigaod

oitmrhmpmihmidm lih egstmr rmfolidm. Li mxplihmh Mdgigaod Pmvomw

lih ^gfody Holfgkum dli miblidm tbos prgdmss.

LDO dli smrvm ls l dgistrudtovm egrdm oi tbm prgkrmss ge òfltmrlf

ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs), dgisgfohltogi ge rmkogilf EXLs, lih

blragiozltogi wotb auftofltmrlf trlhm pfltegras. LTMLI dli wgrc

tg blragiozm tbm LTMLI pfus-gim EXLs ls wmff ls gtbmr oiotoltovms

sg tblt tbmy dli `m oitmkrltmh uihmr gim ua`rmffl tblt aly `m l`fm

tg uioey tbm rmkogi lih drmltm l dgaagi alrcmt. Xbos woff bmfp LDO

rm`lflidm krgwtb tgwlrh tbm rmkogi lih rmhudm mxtmrilf sbgdcs lrosoik

erga gvmrhmpmihmidm gi Murgpm lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms. Ls hmmpfy

oitmrhmpmihmit imokb`grs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff wotimss strgikmr

lih imw rmkogilf oistotutogis tg oitmkrltm tbmor mdgigaoms lih lhhrmss

dgaagi oitmrmsts oi trlhm, eoilidm, oierlstrudturm, tbm mivorgiamit,

mimrky, wltmr, lih eggh smduroty tbrgukb rmkogilf dggpmrltogi.Hmvmfgpoik lih sblroik tmdbigfgky tblt os fmss rmsgurdm-oitmisovm

lih agrm mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm os drotodlf egr rmsgurdm meeodomidy

lih krmmi krgwtb. @mdlusm ge tbm vlryoik dfoaltm lih tgpgkrlpby oi

tbm LDO mdgigaoms, dggpmrltogi oi rmsmlrdb oitg rmsgurdm smduroty lih

mivorgiamitlf sustloilòfoty dli `m `mimeodolf egr lff dguitroms.

Xbm rmkogi‟s rmfltogisbop wotb kfg`lf oistotutogis aust lfsg hmmpmi.

Ls tbmor rgfm oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay mxplihs, LDO kgvmriamits aust

lssuam kfg`lf fmlhmrsbop dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor mdgigaod wmokbt.

Lftbgukb tbm K0> mfmvltmh tbm Lsoli fmlhmrs oitg tbm dmitrlf dguidofs

ge kfg`lf pgfodyalcoik, LDO aust `mdgam agrm prgldtovm oi sblpoik

oitmriltogilf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, tbm

Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih, tbm [grfh @lic, tbm K0>, tbm ]iotmh

Iltogis, lih tbm [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

lfsg sbgufh fmlh meegrts tg prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloilòfoty lih

dfoaltm dblikm aotokltogi. LDO immhs tg jgoi egrdms wotb fmlhmrs oi




hmlfoik wotb kmgpgfotodlf dgiefodts tblt dgufh `m rmsgfvmh tbrgukb

holfgkum lt tbm òfltmrlf lih rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf fmvmfs tg lssurm

l pmldmeuf rmsgfutogi tg hosputms.

Xbm ^PD lih Oihol immh tg tlcm l fmlhoik lih ldtovm rgfm oirmprmsmitoik Lsol oi hmdosogi-alcoik prgdmssms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

sbgufh utofozm tbm lrkloioik strmiktb ge tbm PD lih Oihol tg imkgtoltm

tbm mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm lkmihl gi tbm oitmriltogilf

pfltegra. Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihmh rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay woff fmlh tg

dgaamisurltm rmspgisoòfotoms oi hmdosogi alcoik. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms

woff `m mxpmdtmh tg prgvohm fmlhmrsbop, pu`fod kgghs, cigwfmhkm, lih

euihs tg bmfp sgfvm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf prg`fmas.

2.; Ilvokltoik tbm KrmltXrlisegraltogi

Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi os uihmrwly. Xbm qumstogi os tbm sdlfm,

qulfoty, lih `rmlhtb ge krgwtb‘lih bgw ots sohm meemdts lrm alilkmh.

Xbm trlisegraltogi prmsmits `gtb bukm gppgrtuiotoms lih trmamihgus

dblffmikms.

Pmlfozoik LDO‟s pgtmitolf rmquorms vosogi, fmlhmrsbop, meemdtovm

oistotutogis, qulfoty kgvmrilidm, lih òfltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lfdggpmrltogi. Alilkoik lih gvmrdgaoik cmy dblffmikms lih roscs woff

rmquorm l plrlhoka sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-fmh

krgwtb. Ot woff hmalih oiigvltovm, strgik, lih sgpbostodltmh pgfody

rmspgisms lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.

Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dli fmlri erga mldb gtbmr lih erga hmvmfgpmh

Lsoli mdgigaoms, sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, ls wmff

ls erga tbm hmvmfgpmh lih mamrkoik mdgigaoms oi gtbmr rmkogis. Oi

vomw ge tbmor uioqumimss lih hovmrsoty, tbm oihovohulf LDO mdgigaoms

immh tg drlet pgfodms lih oistotutogis lpprgproltm egr tbmor gwi

immhs. Euihlamitlffy, tbm dgitoiuoik rlpoh trlisegraltogi woff

rmquorm tbm alilkmamit lih aotokltogi ge roscs lih dblffmikms

tbrgukb oidrmlsmh mdgigaod rmsofomidm, strgikmr eoilidolf lih

sgdolf systmas, lih oaprgvmh sgdolf dgbmsogi wotboi lih lagik

dguitroms. Ot woff lfsg rmquorm miblidmh dggpmrltogi, plrtimrsbop,

lih dgffl`grltogi egr hmvmfgpoik strgik pgfodoms lih oistotutogis lt



025


tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf fmvmfs tg alilkm hmmp oitmrhmpmihmidm lih

prmvmit dgiefodts.

Xbm lkmihl gutfoimh oi tbos stuhy os laòtogus lih erlukbt wotb rosc.

Bgw wmff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lhhrmss tbm dgrm dblffmikms tblt tbos stuhybls ohmitoeomh‘miblidoik tbm qulfoty ge foem, `ggstoik prghudtovoty,

alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit, upkrlhoik eoilidolf

systmas, lih oistotutogilfozoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dgffl`grltogi‘

woff hmtmraoim tbmor lòfoty tg sustloi strgik, `lflidmh, rmsofomit, lih

sustloil`fm krgwtb up tg 0>4>. Xbm suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff

leemdt tbm prgspmdts ge tbm wgrfh egr kmimrltogis tg dgam.

Xbm plst mposghms ge Lsoli suddmss blvm smmi l pgsotovm, su`tfm,

lih eldofotltovm rgfm ge kgvmriamits. Lsoli kgvmriamits blvm kmimrlffy

prgvohmh egr stl`fm, alrcmt-eromihfy mdgigaod ldtovoty. Lt tbm slam

toam, wbmi alrcmts elof tbmy aust tlcm tbm fmlh oi prgvohoik pu`fod

kgghs `y sgfvoik dggrhoiltogi prg`fmas lih `y oihudoik mdgigaod

lkmits tg lddguit egr pgsotovm lih imkltovm mxtmrilfotoms. LDO sbgufh

ùofh tbm dlpldoty tg pfli, oapfmamit, lih agiotgr tbm pgfodoms immhmh

egr rmsofomit lih `lflidmh krgwtb.

LDO‟s trlisegraltogi woff hmpmih gi tbm drotodlf, ùt foaotmh rgfm

ge kgvmriamits, wbodb ot woff hg `y `gtb fggcoik `ldc tg mxpfgot tbm

fmssgis ge suddmsseuf mdgigaoms lih `y fggcoik egrwlrh tg lssmss tbm

mamrkoik mdgigaod mivorgiamit. Kgvmriamits immh tg drmltm prgpmr

ùsoimss mivorgiamits egr prgagtoik provltm smdtgr fmlhmrsbop oialjgr oihustroms.

Xbm kggh imws os tblt LDO bls tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms, buali

tlfmit, mitrmprmimurs, lih mdgigaod fmlhmrsbop tg lddgapfosb tbos

lkmihl. Imvmr `megrm blvm mdgigaoms blh lddmss tg rmsgurdms gi sudb

li mxtrlgrhoilry sdlfm‘wbodb os wby tbm litodopltmh rmturi erga tbm

suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os sg krmlt.

Xbm rmkogi lfsg `mimeots erga trmamihgus agamitua. Mvmi oe

tbm LDO dguitroms elof tg ammt sgam ge tbm mxpmdtltogis mxlaoimh

bmrm, tbmy woff `m strgikmr lih agrm prgspmrgus oi 0>4>. Xbmy woff

blvm alhm ot pgsso`fm egr buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm tg alcm

tbm fmlp erga pgvmrty tg tbm aohhfm dflss lih `mygih. Oi vomw ge tbm

mdgigaod sfgwhgwi oi tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, ot os toam egr tbm

aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms ge Lsol‘tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih LTMLI‘tg

uihmrtlcm fmlhmrsbop rgfms oi tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mdgigay egr l

pmldmeuf, prgspmrgus, stl`fm, lih blragiogus Lsol lih tbm wgrfh.



(Dgitoiumh)

Lppmihox:

@ldckrguih ^lpmrs^rmplrmh egr tbm

LDO TtuhyLetmr

@ldckrguih lpmrs gi Xbmaltod Ossums Lutbgr(s)

Ldbomvoik Tgdolf Oidfusogi oi LDO Mdgigaoms wotb l Tpmdolf

Pmemrmidm tg Oihol

^lrtbl Klikgplhbly lih @oswl

Iltb @blttldblryly

Lkrodufturm lih Eggh Tmduroty oi LDO Cya Lihmrsgi lih Liil Ttrutt

Lsol‟s [odcmh Mivorgiamitlf ^rg`fmas: Dblffmikms lih

Tgfutogis egr LDOTtmpbmi Bgwms lih ^luf [yrwgff

Hmmpmioik lih Mxplihoik Aliueldturoik rghudtogiImtwgrcs oi LDO

Tbujorg ]rltl

Hmagkrlpbods lih Fl`gr Ag`ofoty lih ^rghudtovoty oi LDOMhklr [ofsgi, Pmmtu Umral, lih

Clicmsu Jlylitblcualrli

Hmvmfgpoik Oierlstrudturm Imtwgrcs ldrgss LDOAliagbli ^lrclsb lih @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly

Mamrkoik Xrmihs oi Kmgpgfotodlf Totultogi lih Tmduroty oi LDO D. Pljl Agbli

Mimrky lih [ltmr Tmduroty Gutfggc egr l Krmmi lih

Tustloil`fm LDO

_oik Eli lih @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly

Eoilidolf Oidfusogi lih Lddmss oi LDOIgrotlcl Lclaltsu lih \oemik

Zblik

Eoilidolf Oierlstrudturm oi LDO^mtmr J. Agrkli lih Alrog @.

Fla`mrtm

Oapldt lih Oapfodltogis ge LDO Krgwtb Pg`mrt Z. Flwrmidm



022

Lppmihox

@ldckrguih lpmrs gi Xbmaltod Ossums Lutbgr(s)

Oapldt ge rghudtogi Foiclkms gi Oihustrolf ]pkrlhoik

oi LDO Dguitroms

Xgagborg Aldbocotl lih _lsusbo

]mco

Oaprgvoik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem oi LDO Juzbgik Zbulik lih _gcg Iooao

Oierlstrudturm Dgiimdtovoty tbrgukb Xrlispgrt/Mdgigaod

Dgrrohgrs oi LDO

Ltsusbo Alsuhl lih @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly

Oitmkrltoik Oihol tg Lsoli ^rghudtogi Imtwgrc:

^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms egr LDO

@oswljot Ilk, @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly, lih Hm`hmmp Hmy

Cigwfmhkm, Oiigvltogi, lih Xmdbigfgky oi LDO Lf`mrt Kulikzbgu Bu

Alilkoik Mimrky Pmsgurdms lih tbm Mivorgiamit oi LDOTlyl Letl` lih Jõri

@rõaamfbõrstmr

Ilvokltoik oi l Dblikoik [grfh: \ulitotltovm Tdmilrogs ge

LDO tbrgukb 0>4>^mtmr L. ^mtro lih Eli Zblo

^lttmris ge Xrlhm, Dgaplrltovm Lhvlitlkm, lih ^rghudtovoty

oi LDOAolgjom _u

Egrkoik Dfgsmr Oitmriltogilf lih Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi‘L Dboimsm ^mrspmdtovm _uifoik Zblik lih Tbmi Aoikbuo

Tmrvodms ls l Imw Mikoim ge Krgwtb egr LDO @mi Tbmpbmrh lih Kfgrol lslhoffl

Xbm Pgfm ge ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs oi LDO‟s Mdgigaod

Hmvmfgpamit

[offma Xbgr`mdcm lih @oswl Iltb

@blttldblryly

Xbm Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgky oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods rghudtogi

Imtwgrcs: Eora-Fmvmf Lilfysos ge LDOKlimsbli [okilrljl

Uosogi ge LDO oi 0>4> Justoi _oeu Foi lih mtmr L. mtro



Pmemrmidms

Lòhoi, A. Z. 0><>. Eosdlf ^gfody Dggrhoiltogi oi Lsol: Mlst Lsoli

Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 040. Xgcyg:

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Lhlas, D. 0><>. Xbm Pgfm ge tbm Ttltm oi Alilkoik lih Egrmstlffoik Tystmaod

Eoilidolf Drosms: Tgam Ossums lih ^mrspmdtovms. LH@O [grcoik

^lpmr 080. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Lozmiali, J., A. Dboii, lih B. Otg. 0>>2. Lssmssoik tbm Mamrkoik Kfg`lf

Eoilidolf Lrdbotmdturm: Amlsuroik tbm Xrofmaal‟s Dgieokurltogis

gvmr Xoam. I@MP [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. <8=44. Dla`rohkm, AL:

Iltogilf @urmlu ge Mdgigaod Pmsmlrdb.

Lfo, O., lih J. Zbulik. 0>>;. Oidfusovm Krgwtb tgwlrh l ^rgspmrgus Lsol:

^gfody Oapfodltogis. MPH [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. ?;. Aliofl:

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Liùagzbo, U. 0>>2. Mimrky Meeodomidy Tgfutogis egr Tustloil`fm Euturm.

L [botm ^lpmr gi Dfoaltm Dblikm oi Lsol. ^rmplrmh egr tbm K2

Mivorgiamit Aoiostmrs‟ Ammtoik. Cg`m, Jlpli. 08—05 Aly.

Liùagzbo, U., lih A. Clwlo. 0>>?. Xgwlrhs l Fgw Dlr`gi Lsol: Dblffmikms

ge Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit, [mstmri Mdgigaod Lssgdoltogi

Oitmriltogilf 2tb ^ldoeod Poa Dgiemrmidm. Cygtg, Jlpli. 08—0;

Alrdb.

Liùagzbo, U., A. Coaurl, lih C. Osgig. 0><>. Fmvmrlkoik Mivorgiamit lih

Dfoaltm Dblikm Oiotoltovms egr Dgrpgrltm Mxdmffmidm. LH@O [grcoik

^lpmr 44=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Liùagzbo, U., lih L. ^ltuiru. 0><>. Eosdlf ^gfodoms egr ^rgagtoik Fgw

Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb. L^MD Ttuhy gi Krmmi Eoilidm egr Krmmi

Krgwtb.

Liùagzbo, U., lih J. Plhblcrosbili. 0>>=. Meemdts ge Lkrodufturm Ermm

Xrlhm gi Mivorgiamitlf \ulfoty: Mxpfgroik Foiclkms lih Pmsmlrdb

^mrspmdtovms. Gutfggc gi Lkrodufturm. (48) 0: ?<—45.

Liùagzbo, U., M. _laljo, lih A. Osfla. 0>>0. Oitroisod Meemdts ge Flih lih

[ltmr Pmsgurdms Hmvmfgpamit oi Lsol. [grfh Pmsgurdms Pmvomw.

<8: 055—02<.

LH@ rmdgkiozms Dboil ls tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.

*

*



0?>

Pmemrmidms

Lihmrsgi, J. M. 0><<. Xbm Krlvoty Aghmf. Liiulf Pmvomw ge Mdgigaods. 4:

<44—<5>.

Lihmrsgi, C., lih L. Ttrutt. 0><0. Lkrodufturm lih Eggh Tmduroty oi Lsol `y

0>4>. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 452. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

Oistotutm.

Lihrotzcy, J., J. Coee, F. Cghrms, ^. Alhroh, L. Almdbfmr, L. Ilrloi, I. Tldlsl,

lih J. Tdlrfltl. 0>>?. ^gfodoms tg Aotokltm ^rgdydfodlfoty. OAE Ttlee

^gsotogi Igtm T^I/>?/>?. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry

Euih.

Lrigfh, J., @. Jlvgrdoc, A. Fopsdga`, lih L. Alttgg. 0><>. Tmrvodms Pmegra

lih Aliueldturoik ^mregralidm: Mvohmidm erga Oihol. DM^P

Hosdussogi ^lpmr Ig. 2><<. Dmitrm egr Mdgigaod ^gfody Pmsmlrdb.

Lrigfh, J., L. Alttgg, lih K. Ilrdosg. 0>>2. Tmrvodms Oiputs lih Eora

^rghudtovoty oi Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl: Mvohmidm erga Eora-fmvmf Hltl.

Jgurilf ge Lerodli Mdgigaoms. <; (8): =;2—=??.

Lrigfh, F. 0>>2. Hmegrmstltogi oi Hmdmitrlfosmh Oihgimsol: [blt‟s Flw Kgt

tg Hg wotb Ot7 Flw , Mivorgiamit lih Hmvmfgpamit Jgurilf. 8 (0):

;=—<><.

Lrvos, J.-E., A. Austrl, F. Gjlfl, @. Tbmpbmrh, lih H. Tlsflvscy. 0><>.

Dgiimdtoik tg Dgapmtm 0><>: Xrlhm Fgkostods oi tbm Kfg`lf

Mdgigay. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi (L^MD). 0>>?. Amlsurms Leemdtoik Drgss

@grhmr Mxdblikm lih Oivmstamit oi Bokbmr Mhudltogi oi tbm L^MD

Pmkogi. Buali Pmsgurdms Hmvmfgpamit [grcoik Krgup Pmpgrt.

Toiklpgrm: L^MD Tmdrmtlrolt.

Lsol ^ldoeod Mimrky Pmsmlrdb Dmitrm (L^MPD). 0>>?. L^MD Mimrky Hmalih

lih Tuppfy Gutfggc 0>>? . Xgcyg: Lsol ^ldoeod Mimrky Pmsmlrdb

Dmitrm.

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@). 0>>5. Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx egr Dgaaottmh

^gvmrty Pmhudtogi. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0>>;l. Cmy Oihodltgrs 0>>;: Oimqulfoty oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0>>;`. Implf: [mst Tmto Byhrgmfmdtrod‘Mivorgiamitlf Lssmssamit

Pmpgrt. bttp://www0.lh`.grk/hgduamits/mivorgiamit/

imp/8>?<?-imp-smol.phe

. 0>>2. Mamrkoik Lsoli Pmkogilfosa: L ^lrtimrsbop egr Tblrmh

^rgspmroty . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.



Pmem

. 0>>?. Mitmrprosms oi Lsol: Egstmroik Hyilaosa oi TAMs. Oi

Cmy Oihodltgrs egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod 0>>? . Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

.

0><>l. L@AO Krgup ge Mxpmrts Eoilf Pmpgrt. ^lrt OOO: @lrromrs tg

Drgss-`grhmr Oivmstamit lih Tmttfmamit oi tbm LTMLI+4 @gih

Alrcmts. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0><>`. Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi: Xgwlrh li Lsoli

Mdgigaod Dgaauioty . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0><<l. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><<. Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0><<`. @ldckrguih Igtm. [grfh [ltmr [mmc: Mym gi Lsol.

Ttgdcbgfa. 04 Lukust. bttp://www.lh`.grk/imws/mvmits/wgrfh-

wltmr-wmmc-mym-lsol-0><<.

. 0><<d. Erlamwgrc ge Oidfusovm Krgwtb Oihodltgrs 0><<. Oi Cmy

Oihodltgrs egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod 0><<. Tpmdolf Tuppfmamit.

Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0><<h. Kfg`lf Eggh ^rodm Oiefltogi lih Hmvmfgpoik Lsol . Aliofl:


. 0><<m. Xbm Pmvosmh Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx: Amtbghgfgky lih

Blih`ggc . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

. 0><0l. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><0: Dgiergitoik Posoik

Oimqulfoty oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

.

0><0`. Lsol Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi Dmitmr (LPOD). Oitmkrltogi

Oihodltgrs Hltl`lsm. bttp://lrod.lh`.grk/oihodltgr.pbp

. 0><0d. Ila Xbmui 0 Byhrgmfmdtrod ^rgjmdt Oiegsbmmt. bttp://www0.

lh`.grk/prgjmdts/ilatbmui0/it0-oiegsbmmt.phe

. 0><0h. Xurcamiostli—Lekbliostli—^lcostli—Oihol Ilturlf Kls

^opmfoim ^rgjmdt. ^blsm 4 ^rgjmdt Hltl Tbmmt. bttp://www.lh`.grk/

prgjmdts/88854-><4/hmtlofs

. 0><8. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><8. Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@ lih

LH@O). 0>>?. Oierlstrudturm egr l Tmlafmss Lsol . Xgcyg: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

. 0><4. Fgw-Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb oi Lsol: ^gfodoms lih ^rldtodms .

Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.



0?0

Pmemrmidms

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih Hmplrtamit egr Oitmriltogilf Hmvmfgpamit

(LH@ lih HEOH). 0>>5. Mimrky Meeodomidy lih Dfoaltm Dblikm

Dgisohmrltogis egr Gi-rglh Xrlispgrt oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O). 0><<. Amlsuroik Lsol‟s ^rgkrmss

tgwlrhs Xldcfoik Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Lddmfmrltoik Krmmi Krgwtb.

^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm [grcsbgp egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O Ttuhy gi

Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol . Imw Hmfbo. Tmptma`mr.

. 0><0l. LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod Dgaauioty.

Hrlet Bokbfokbts . Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

. 0><0`. ^gfodoms lih ^rldtodms egr Fgw Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb.

Bokbfokbts prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O Ttuhy gi Dfoaltm

Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

. 0><8. LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod Dgaauioty.


Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI). 0>>;l. LTMLI Mdgigaod

Dgaauioty @fumproit . bttp://www.lsmlismd.grk/0<>24.phe

. 0>>;`. Hmdflrltogi gi tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty @fumproit .

0> Igvma`mr. bttp://www.lsmlismd.grk/0<>2<.bta

. 0>>2. LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty @fumproit . Jlclrtl: LTMLI

Tmdrmtlrolt.

. 0>>?. LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi . www.lsmlismd.

grk/phe/L^LMD>8>?.phe

. 0><>. Alstmr ^fli gi LTMLI Dgiimdtovoty . bttp://www.lsmlismd.

grk/hgduamits/A^LD.phe.

. 0><0l. LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty Tdgrmdlrh . Jlclrtl:

LTMLILTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt. bttp://www.lsmli.grk/rmsgurdms/

pu`fodltogis/lsmli-pu`fodltogis/otma/lsmli-mdgigaod-

dgaauioty-sdgrmdlrh-47dltmkgryWoh1420

. 0><0`. Jgoit Amhol Ttltmamit. Xbm 88tb LTMLI Mdgigaod

Aoiostmr‟s Ammtoik. Lukust. bttp://www.mrol.grk/Jgoit%0>

Amhol%0>TtltmamitW88tb%0>LTMLI%0>Mdgigaod%0>

Aoiostmrs%0>Ammtoik.phe

. Tustloil`fm Alilkmamit ge ^mltflihs Egrmsts oi Tgutbmlst Lsol

wm`sotm. bttp://www.lsmlipmlt.imt/oihmx.dea7&amiuoh1?

@lfhwoi, P. lih A. Clwlo. 0>>2. Auftofltmrlfozoik Lsoli Pmkogilfosa. ^lpmr

prmsmitmh lt tbm LH@O Dgiemrmidm gi Auftofltmrlfozoik Lsoli

Pmkogilfosa. <2—<? Tmptma`mr.



Pmem

@lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits (@OT). 0><0. @OT \ulrtmrfy Pmvomw .

Tmptma`mr.

@lrhbli, ^. 0><>. Lwlcmioik tbm Kolits: Emmt ge Dfly . ^roidmtgi, IJ: ^roidmtgi

]iovmrsoty ^rmss.

@lsmf Dgaaottmm gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi. 0><>. Xbm @lsmf Dgaaottmm‟s

Pmspgism tg tbm Eoilidolf Drosos: Pmpgrt tg tbm K0> . @lsmf,

Twotzmrflih: @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits.

@lttmi, J., [. ^. Bgkli, lih ^. Tzoflkyo. 0>>?. Egrmoki @gih Alrcmts lih

Eoilidolf Alrcmt Hmvmfgpamit: Oitmriltogilf ^mrspmdtovms. LH@O

[grcoik ^lpmr <;4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

@mdc, X., P. Fmvoim, lih I. U. Fglyzl. 0>>>. Eoilidm lih tbm Tgurdms ge

Krgwtb. Jgurilf ge Eoilidolf Mdgigaods . =2 (<-0): 05<—4>>.

@mdc, X., lih L. Hmaorkud-Cuit. 0>>?. Eoilidolf Oistotutogis lih Alrcmts

ldrgss Dguitroms lih gvmr Xoam—Hltl lih Lilfysos. ^gfody

Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr. 8?84. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

@mdcmr, P. E. J. 0>>?. Oitmriltogilf @rlidb Dlapusms: Alrcmts lih Ttrltmkoms .

Fgihgi: Xbm G`smrvltgry gi @grhmrfmss Bokbmr Mhudltogi.

@mbrali, J. lih J. Bghhoigtt. 0>>>. Li Mvlfultogi ge tbm Oapldt ge

^PGKPMTL gi ^rm-sdbggf Dbofh Bmokbt. Pmpgrt Tuàottmh tg

^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody Pmsmlrdb

Oistotutm.

@blkwlto, J. <??2. [by Ermm Dlpotlf Agòfoty Aly `m Blzlrhgus tg _gur

Bmlftb: Fmssgis erga tbm Fltmst Eoilidolf Drosos. I@MP Dgiemrmidm

gi Dlpotlf Dgitrgfs. Dla`rohkm, AL. ; Igvma`mr.

@blihlro, P., P. @mfylvoil, lih P. Kutomrrmz. 0><<. Ttuhmit Agòfoty lih

tbm Oitmriltogilfozltogi ge Bokbmr Mhudltogi: Iltogilf ^gfodoms

lih Ttrltmkoms erga Tox [grfh Pmkogis. Imw _grc: Oistotutm ge

Oitmriltogilf Mhudltogi.

@fyhm, J., lih I. Toiylvsclyl. 0>>;. Xbm Oapldt ge Fo`mrlfozltogi ge Xrlhm oi

Tmrvodms gi Xrlhm oi Kgghs: Li Maporodlf Oivmstokltogi. Pmvomw ge

Hmvmfgpamit Mdgigaods. << (4): =55—=24.

@grdbmrt, O., lih L. Alttgg. 0>>?. Xbm Drosos Pmsofomidm ge Tmrvodms Xrlhm.

^gfody Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 8?<;. [grfh @lic.

@rotosb @rglhdlstoik Dgrpgrltogi (@@D). 0><>. Pussol lih Dboil Toki Tmroms ge

Mimrky Lkrmmamits. 0; Tmptma`mr. bttp://www.``d.dg.uc/imws/

ùsoimss-<<8<;;2<



0?8

Pmemrmidms

@rgodb, A., A. Blismi, E. Ttgffm, ^. ^gtlpgv, @. L. Alrkgig, lih @. Lhusmo.

0><<. Pmagtmfy Tmismh Egrmst Dgvmr Fgss Tbgws Bokb Tpltolf lih

Xmapgrlf Ulroltogi ldrgss Tualtrl lih Clfoalitli, Oihgimsol

0>>>—0>>2. Mivorgiamitlf Pmsmlrdb Fmttmrs. 5: <—?.

@rggcs, H. B., P. Blsli, J. [. Fmm, B. B. Tgi, lih J. Zbulik. 0><>. Dfgsoik

Hmvmfgpamit Klps: Dblffmikms lih ^gfody Gptogis. LH@ Mdgigaods

[grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. 0>?. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Dlifls, H., A. M. Cbli, lih J. Zbulik, mhs. 0>>?. Holkigsoik tbm ^bofoppoim

Mdgigay. Fgihgi: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Dlpliimffo, K., J. [. Fmm, lih ^. ^mtro. 0>>?. Hmvmfgpoik Oihodltgrs egr

Pmkogilf Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi. LH@ [grcoik

^lpmr Tmroms gi Pmkogilf Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi Ig. 44. Aliofl:


Dbluhburo, T., lih A. Plvlffogi. 0>>;. ^lrtolffy Lwlcmimh Kolits: ]idgvmr

Krgwtb oi Dboil lih Oihol. Oi F. Lfli [oitmrs, lih T. _usue,

mhs. Hlidoik [otb Kolits: Dboil, Oihol, lih tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigay.

[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. <;=—0<>.

Dbmffliy, @. 0><0. Lsol‟s [grsmioik [ltmr Drosos. Turvovlf: Kfg`lf ^gfotods lih

Ttrltmky. =8 (0): <84—<=5.

Dbmuik, F., lih U. _muik. 0>>;. Bgik Cgik ls li Oitmriltogilf Eoilidolf

Dmitrm: Amlsuroik ots ^gsotogi lih Hmtmraoilits. BCAL [grcoik

^lpmr Ig. <8/0>>;. Bgik Cgik, Dboil: Bgik Cgik Agimtlry

Lutbgroty. bttp://www.oieg.kgv.bc/bcal/mik/rmsmlrdb/wgrcoik/

phe/BCAL[^>;W<8Weuff.phe

Dbol, T. _. 0>>?. Xrlhm lih Oivmstamit ^gfodoms lih Pmkogilf Mdgigaod

Oitmkrltogi oi Mlst Lsol. ^lpmr prmsmitmh lt tbm LH@O lih LH@

Dgiemrmidm gi Lsoli Lrdbotmdturm lih Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm. 0?

Gdtg`mr.

Dboii, A., lih B. Otg. 0>>2. L Imw Amlsurm ge Eoilidolf Gpmiimss. Jgurilf ge

Dgaplrltovm ^gfody Lilfysos . 4: 4>?—400.

Dbg, _. J. 0><>. Xbm Pgfm ge Ttltm Oitmrvmitogi oi tbm Eoilidolf Tmdtgr: Drosos

^rmvmitogi, Dgitloiamit, lih Pmsgfutogi. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr

<?5. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Dbgtodbliltblwmwgik, \. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms

lih ^gfody Ldtogis: Xbloflih. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm

LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.



Pmem

Dfmli Lor Oiotoltovm (DLO). 0><>. Lor \ulfoty oi Lsol: Ttltus lih Xrmihs 0><>

Mhotogi. bttp://dfmliloroiotoltovm.grk/pgrtlf/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/

hgduamits/L\WoiWLsol.phe.

Dfoim, [. P. 0>>;. Kfg`lf [lraoik lih Lkrodufturm: Oapldt Mstoaltms `y

Dguitry. [lsboiktgi, HD: ^mtmrsgi Oistotutm.

Dgbmi, L. J., B. Pgss Lihmrsgi, @. Gstrg, C. H. ^lihmy, A. Crzyzligwsco,

I. Cöizfo, C. Kutsdbaoht, L. ^gpm, O. Pgaomu, J. A. Tlamt, lih C.

Taotb. 0>>=. Xbm Kfg`lf @urhmi ge Hosmlsm Hum tg Guthggr Lor

^gffutogi. Jgurilf ge Xgxodgfgky lih Mivorgiamitlf Bmlftb. ^lrt L

(52): <—;.

Hmltgi, L., lih L. Bmstgi. 0><>. ]ihmrstlihoik ^^^s lih ^^^-`lsmh Iltogilf

Lddguits. Lamrodli Mdgigaod Jgurilf: Aldrgmdgigaods. 0 (8):

<—4=.

Hmaurkmr, T., B. _ulizblg, lih _. [moygik. 0>>;. Egrmst Alilkmamit

^gfodoms lih Pmsgurdm @lflidm oi Dboil: Li Lssmssamit ge tbm

Durrmit Totultogi. Xbm Jgurilf ge Mivorgiamit Hmvmfgpamit. <2

(<): <;—8<.

Hmik, ^., lih K. Jmeemrsgi. 0><<. Mxpfloioik Tpltolf Dgivmrkmidm ge Dboil‟s

Oihustrolf ^rghudtovoty. @rlihmos ]iovmrsoty. ]ipu`fosbmh.

Hmrvoř, C., L. Jgims, C. Cgri`fub, lih T. ^urotz. 0>>?. Dfoaltm Drosos, Drmhot

Drosos: Xbm \umst egr Krmmi Krgwtb‘@rggcoiks @fua Pguihtl`fm

0>>?. [lsboiktgi, HD: @rggcoiks Oistotutogi.

Hmv, A. 0><<. Posoik Eggh ^rodms lih Eggh Tmduroty oi Tgutb lih Tgutb [mst

Lsol: ^gfody Gptogis. ^rmsmitmh lt tbm ]IMTDL^ Dgiemrmidm. <=—<5

Hmdma`mr. Imw Hmfbo.

Hgsbo, X. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody

Ldtogis: Toiklpgrm. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih

LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

Hryshlfm, ^. 0><<. Tmduroik Dboil‟s Mimrky Tuppfoms. Mlst Lsol Egrua. =

Hmdma`mr. bttp://www.mlstlsolegrua.grk/0><</<0/>=/smduroik-

dboils-mimrky-suppfoms/

Huefg, M. 0>>8. Tdlfoik ]p lih Mvlfultogi. Oi E. @gurkuokigi lih @. ^fmscgvod,

mhs. Liiulf [grfh @lic Dgiemrmidm gi Hmvmfgpamit Mdgigaods

0>>8. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. 480—45;.

Mlst Lsol Tuaaot. 0>>?. ^blsm OO Pmpgrt ge tbm Xrldc Xwg Ttuhy Krgup gi

Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop oi Mlst Lsol (DM^ML). bttp://

www.amto.kg.jp/amtoWfo`/rmpgrt/0><>ey></M>>4??8.phe



0?5

Pmemrmidms

Mlstmrfy, [., J. Potzmi, lih A. [ggfdgdc. 0>>>. Gi ‖Kggh‑ ^gfotodolis lih

‖@lh‑ ^gfodoms‘Tgdolf Dgbmsogi, Oistotutogis, lih Krgwtb. ^gfody

Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms 0882. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

Mdgigaod Oitmffokmidm Dmitmr (MOD). 0><0. @usoimss Gppgrtuiotoms egr

Tmrvodms Tmdtgr uihmr tbm LMD. Oisokbt . Jliulry—Juim. bttp://

www.sd`mod.dga/stgdcs/mxtrl/4>;;W0><0>50=<<<?48.

phe7`dsoWsdliWl5m=0?>?`0>memd21>&`dsoWsdliW

eofmilam14>;;W0><0>50=<<<?48.phe

Xbm Mdgigaost. 0>>?. Ttgppoik Dfoaltm Dblikm. =—<< Hmdma`mr.

. 0><>. Gi Hmle Mlrs: Hgms Oihol‟s Kgvmriamit ^ly Liy Bmmh tg Ots

Mdgigaod Lhvosmrs7 5 Alrdb: 24.

. 0><<. Mhudltogi oi Alflysol: L Pmvmrsm @rloi Hrloi: Laòtogus

^flis tg @mdgam li Lsoli Bu` egr [mstmri Mhudltogi. = Aly.

Modbmikrmmi, @., H. ^lrc, lih C. Tboi. 0><<. [bmi Elst Krgwoik Mdgigaoms

Tfgw Hgwi: Oitmriltogilf Mvohmidm lih Oapfodltogis egr Dboil.

[grcoik ^lpmr <5?<?. Dla`rohkm, AL: Iltogilf @urmlu ge

Mdgigaod Pmsmlrdb.

Mimrky Dgismrvltogi Dmitrm (MDD). 0><<. Blih`ggc ge Mimrky lih Mdgigaods

Ttltostods. Xgcyg: Mimrky Dgismrvltogi Dmitrm.

Mimrky Oiegraltogi Lhaoiostrltogi (MOL). 0><0. Oitmriltogilf Mimrky

Ttltostods. bttp://www.mol.kgv/delpps/oph`prgjmdt/OMHOihmx4.dea

Mimrky Hltl lih Aghmfoik Dmitrm (MHAD) 0><<. L^MD Mimrky Hltl`lsm.

Mimrky Hltl lih Aghmfoik Dmitrm, Oistotutm ge Mimrky Mdgigaods,

Xgcyg, Jlpli.

Eli, _., lih @. I. @blttldblryly. 0><0. LDO Mimrky Tmduroty Gutfggc egr l

Krmmi lih Tustloil`fm Lsol. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm

LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm,

lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Emfopm, J. 0><>. Oidfusovm Krgwtb, Euff Mapfgyamit, lih Ttrudturlf Dblikm.

Fgihgi: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Emrilihg, I. L. 0>>?. Xbm Ttltm ge Eoilidolf Oidfusogi oi Lsol: Li Gvmrvomw.

^rmsmitltogi lt tbm LEO Kfg`lf ^gfody Egrua. Ilorgò. <8

Tmptma`mr. bttp://www.leo-kfg`lf.grk/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/KÊW

IoalfW Emrilihg.phe

Eoilidolf Xoams. 0><>. @mojoik Pmvomws Bokb-spmmh Plof ^flis. ; Igvma`mr.

bttp://www.et.dga/das/s/>/0l<>?;58-mll2-<<he-`02h-

>><88eml`8?l.btaf#lxzz<8rUX>lrs



Pmem

Eoic, D., lih A. Agfoiumvg. 0>>;. Mlst Lsoli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits oi

Tmrvodms: Pglroik Xokmrs gr Xoaoh ^lihls7 [grcoik ^lpmr.

[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

.

0>>2. Mlst Lsoli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits oi Tmrvodms: Cmy

Lrdbotmdturlf Mfmamits. Jgurilf ge Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Flw. <<

(0): 054—4<<.

Eotzbmr`mrt, M. @., A. J. Ttrum`ok, L. Agrmf, E. Hliomfsmi, D. L. @rubf, ^. E.

Hgilfh, lih @. ^blfli. 0>>2. Bgw [off Gof ^lfa Mxplisogi Leemdt

@oghovmrsoty7 Xrmihs oi Mdgfgky lih Mvgfutogi. 04 (<>): =42—=8=.

Efmur`lmy, A. 0>>?. @mygih KH^: Xbm \umst egr l Amlsurm ge Tgdolf [mfelrm.

Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Fotmrlturm. 8; (8): <>0?—<>;=.

Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi (ELG). 0><<l. Ttltm ge tbm [grfh‟s Egrmsts

0><<. Pgam: Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi.

. 0><<`. ELGTXLX. Ttltostodlf Hltl`lsm ge tbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm

Grkliozltogi ge tbm ]iotmh Iltogis. bttp://elgstlt.elg.grk/hmeluft.

lspx

Eujoo, A. 0><>. Tmdurotozmh ^rghudts, Eoilidolf Pmkufltogi, lih Tystmaod

Posc. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 0>4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

Oistotutm.

Klffup. 0><>. Klffup [grfh ^gff Hltl`lsm. www.klffup.dga.

Klikgplhbyly, ^., lih @. I. @blttldblryly. 0><0. Ldbomvoik Tgdolf Oidfusogi

oi LDO Mdgigaoms wotb l Tpmdolf Pmemrmidm tg Oihol. @ldckrguih

plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik

Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr

l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Kmi`mrk, B., lih L. Eoflrhg. 0><>. Agimtlry ^gfody Erlamwgrcs oi Lsol. LH@O

[grcoik ^lpmr 0>4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Kmrmeeo, K. <??8. Xbm Grkliosltogi ge @uymr-Hrovmi Kfg`lf Dgaaghoty

Dblois: Bgw ]T Pmtlofmrs Tblpm Gvmrsmls ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs. Oi

K. Kmrmeeo lih A. Cgrzmiomwodz, mhs. Dgaaghoty Dblois lih Kfg`lf

Dlpotlfosa. [mstpgrt: ^rlmkmr. pp. ?=—<00.

Kmrtfmr, ^. J. 0>>>. Eoilf Pmpgrt: Xbm Oapldt ge ^PGKPMTL gi Bmlftb. Pmpgrt

Tu`aottmh tg ^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh

^gfody Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.

Koff, O., lih B. Cblrls. 0>>;. Li Mlst Lsoli Pmilosslidm. [lsboiktgi, HD:

[grfh @lic.



0?2

Pmemrmidms

Kgfhali Tldbs. 0>>4. Hrmlaoik wotb @PODs: tbm ^ltb tg 0>=>. Kfg`lf

Mdgigaods ^lpmr Ig. ??. Imw _grc: Kgfhali Tldbs.

Kgvmriamit ge Dla`ghol. 0><>. Iltogilf Ttrltmkod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli ]phltm

0>>?—0><4. ^biga ^mib.

Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD). 0>>5. Xbm <<tb Eovm

_mlr ^fli ge Iltogilf Mdgigay lih Tgdolf Hmvmfgpamit ge ^mgpfm‟s

Pmpu`fod ge Dboil 0>>5—0><> . @mojoik.

. 0><<. Xbm <0 tb Eovm _mlr ^fli ge Iltogilf Mdgigay lih Tgdolf

Hmvmfgpamit ge ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil 0><<—0><=. @mojoik.

Kgvmriamit ge Oihol. ^fliioik Dgaaossogi. 0>>5. Xgwlrhs Elstmr lih Agrm

Oidfusovm Krgwtb: Li Lpprgldb tg tbm <<tb Eovm _mlr ^fli. Imw

Hmfbo.

. .Aoiostry ge Mivorgiamit lih Egrmsts. 0>>?. Ttltm ge Mivorgiamit

Pmpgrt egr Oihol, 0>>?.

Kgvmriamit ge Oihgimsol. Aoiostry ge Iltogilf Hmvmfgpamit lih ^fliioik.

0><>. Pmkufltogi ge tbm ^rmsohmit ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Oihgimsol

Iua`mr = ge 0><> Pmklrhoik tbm Iltogilf Amhoua-Xmra

Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (P^JAI) 0><>—0><8. Jlclrtl.

Kgvmriamit ge Jlpli. Aoiostry ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih Oihustry. (AMXO).

0><<. [botm ^lpmr gi Oitmriltogilf Xrlhm. Xgcyg: AMXO.

Kgvmriamit ge tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod. Aoiostry ge ^fliioik

lih Oivmstamit. 0><<. Xbm Tmvmitb Eovm-ymlr Iltogilf Tgdog-

Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (0><<—0><=). Uomitolim.

Kgvmriamit ge Alflysol. Mdgigaod ^fliioik ]iot. 0><>. Xmitb Alflysol ^fli

0><<—0><=. Culfl Fuapur.

Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^bofoppoims. Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Hmvmfgpamit

Lutbgroty. 0><<. ^bofoppoim Hmvmfgpamit ^fli 0><<—0><5. Aliofl.

Kgvmriamit ge Xbloflih. Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Hmvmfgpamit @glrh.

0><<. Tuaalry ge tbm Mfmvmitb Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf

Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (0><<—0><5). @likcgc. bttp://tbloflihtghly.

grk/mdgigay/mfo`rlry/lrtodfm/=20.

Kgvmriamit ge Uomt Ila. Aoiostry ge ^fliioik lih Oivmstamit. 0><<. Hrlet

Eovm-_mlr Tgdog-Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli 0><<—0><=. Mxtrldt ge

TMH^ 0><<-0><=. ]igeeodolf Xrlisfltogi. Bl Igo.

BT@D. 0><>. PA@ Geesbgrm @gihs: Hmvmfgpamits, Hyilaods lih Gutfggc.

Bgik Cgik, Dboil: BT@D.

. 0><<. Geesbgrm PA@: [blt‟s Imxt7 Egur Xrmihs tg [ltdb. Bgik

Cgik, Dboil: BT@D.



Pmem

Jlclrtl ^gst. 0><<. LTMLI tg Fluidb Oierlstrudturm Euih tbos _mlr. = Lukust.

bttp://www.tbmjlclrtlpgst.dga/imws/0><</>8/>2/lsmli-fluidb-

oierlstrudturm-euih-ymlr.btaf

Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi (J@OD). 0><>. Turvmy Pmpgrt

gi Gvmrsmls @usoimss Gpmrltogis `y Jlplimsm Aliueldturoik

Dgaplioms. Xgcyg: Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi.

bttp://www.jòd.kg.jp/mi/l`gut/prmss/0><>/<0>4-></

moùiiW<0>008.phe

Jolik, K., lih P. AdDlufmy. 0>>8. Lsoli Fgdlf Durrmidy @gih Alrcmts. @OT

\ulrtmrfy Pmvomw . @lsmf: @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits. Juim.

Jgoit Mxpmrt Krgup egr Emlsoòfoty Ttuhy gi MLEXL. 0>>5. Xgwlrhs li Mlst

Lsol EXL: Aghlfoty lih Pglh Alp. Jufy. bttp://www.tbloetl.dga/

tbloetl/^grtlfs/>/mletlWrmpgrt.phe

Jgoit Mxpmrt Krgup gi MLEXL ^blsm OO Ttuhy. 0>>?. Hmsorl`fm lih Emlso`fm

Gptogi egr li Mlst Lsol EXL. Juim. aoamg. bttp://www.tbloetl.

dga/tbloetl/^grtlfs/>/mletlWpblsm0.phe

Clcwlio, I., lih M. A. ^mriol. 0>>>. [blt Os ^rg-^ggr Krgwtb7 Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit Pmvomw . <2 (<): <—<5.

Clforljli, C. 0><0. Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi: Xrlhm lih Oivmstamit (0><0).

@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi

Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol .

Clwlo, A. 0>>=. Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaod Pmkogilfosa: ^rgkrmss lih Dblffmikms.

Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. <5 (<): 0?—==.

. 0><<. K0> Eoilidolf Pmegras lih Mamrkoik Lsol‟s Dblffmikms. Oi

C. Hmrvoř, A. Clwlo, lih H. Fga`lrho, mhs. Lsol lih ^gfodyalcoik

egr tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigay. [lsboiktgi, HD: LH@O lih @rggcoiks

Oistotutogi. pp. <>=—<=>.

. 0><4. Eoilidoik Hmvmfgpamit Dggpmrltogi oi Igrtbmlst Lsol. LH@O

[grcoik ^lpmr 8>;. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Clwlo, A., lih A. @. Fla`mrtm. 0><>. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws: Mamrkoik

Lsol‟s Mxpmromidms, ^gfody Ossums lih Dblffmikms. Oi A. Clwlo lih

A. @. Fla`mrtm, mhs. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws: Xbm Tmlrdb egr l

Erlamwgrc. Dbmftmibla, ]C lih Igrtblaptgi, AL: LH@O lih

Mhwlrh Mfklr û`fosboik. pp. ?—8=.

Clwlo, A., A. @. Fla`mrtm, lih T. Xlclko. 0><0. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws:

Fmssgis erga tbm Pmdmit Mxpmromidms ge Mamrkoik Lsoli Mdgigaoms.

^lros: Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit.

bttp://www.gmdh.grk/hltlgmdh/;/<;/8?;>>852.phe



4>0

Pmemrmidms

Clwlo, A., lih ^. L. ^mtro. 0><>. Lsol‟s Pgfm oi tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigaod

Lrdbotmdturm. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 04=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

@lic Oistotutm.

Clwlo, A., ^. L. ^mtro, lih M. Tosfo-Dolalrrl. 0><>. Lsol oi Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm:

L Dlsm egr Hmdmitrlfozmh Oistotutogis. Oi A. Clwlo, J.-[. Fmm, lih

^. L. ^mtro, mhs. Lsoli Pmkogilfosa oi tbm [grfh Mdgigay: Mikoim

egr Hyilaosa lih Ttl`ofoty. Dbmftmibla, ]C: Mhwlrh Mfklr. pp.

885—8;=.

Clwlo, A., lih T. Xlclko. 0>>2. L Turvmy ge tbm Fotmrlturm gi Alilkoik

Dlpotlf Oiefgws. LH@O Hosdussogi ^lpmr Ig. <>>. Xgcyg: Lsoli


. 0><<. L ^rgpgslf egr Mxdblikm Pltm ^gfody Dggrhoiltogi oi Mlst

Lsol. Oi A. Clwlo, T. Xlclko, lih ^. J. Agrkli, mhs. Agimtlry lih

Durrmidy ^gfody Ossums egr Lsol: Oapfodltogis ge tbm Kfg`lf Eoilidolf

Drosos. Dbmftmibla, ]C: Mhwlrh Mfklr. pp. 054—0?4.

Clwlo, A., lih K. [okilrljl. 0>>?. Xbm Lsoli ‖Igghfm @gwf‑: Os Ot Tmrogus egr

@usoimss7 LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr <45. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

@lic Oistotutm.

. 0><4. ^lttmris ge Ermm Xrlhm Lrmls oi Lsol. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr,

^gfody Ttuhoms 5=. bttp://www.mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/

eofms/provltm/ps>5=.phe

Clwlo, A., lih E. Zblo. 0><>. Lsol‟s ^gst-Kfg`lf Eoilidolf Drosos Lhjustamit:

L Aghmf-@lsmh Hyilaod Tdmilrog Lilfysos. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

Pmvomw. 0; (0): <00—<=<.

Cbli, A.T. ,lih L. Tmiblhjo. 0>>>. Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit lih Mdgigaod

Krgwtb: li Gvmrvomw. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. >>/0>?. [lsboiktgi,

HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih.

Cblrls, B. 0>>?. Dboil‟s Xrlisotogi tg L Bokb Oidgam Mdgigay: Msdlpoik tbm

Aohhfm Oidgam Xrlp. [lsboiktgi, HD: @rggcoiks Oistotutogi.

Coa, J. X. 0><<. Eoilidoik Krmmi Krgwtb. L^MD Ttuhy gi Krmmi Eoilidm.

Coihfm`mrkmr, D. <?;2. Aliols, ^liods, lih Drlsbms: L Bostgry ge Eoilidolf

Drosms. Imw _grc, ]T: [ofmy Oivmstamit Dflssods.

Coik, P. K., lih P. Fmvoim. <??4. Eoilidm lih Krgwtb: Tdbuapmtmr Aokbt `m

Pokbt. ^gfody Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms <>24. [lsboiktgi,

HD: [grfh @lic.

Cgbfo, B. T., L. Tblral, lih L. Tggh, mhs. 0><<. Lsol 0>=>: Pmlfozoik tbm Lsoli

Dmitury. Imw Hmfbo: Tlkm ^u`fodltogis.



Pmem

Cgtmrl, L. 0>>5. Miblidoik tbm \ulfoty ge Oivmstamit Xrmltoms (@OXs).

]ipu`fosbmh. Xgcyg: Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih

Oihustry.

Curghl, B. 0>>2. Lsol‟s Dgitroùtogi tg Kfg`lf Hmvmfgpamit lih Ttlòfoty.

Dfgsoik Pmalrcs lt tbm LH@O Liiulf Dgiemrmidm. Xgcyg. =

Hmdma`mr. bttp://www.lhò.grk/spmmdbms/0>>2/<0/>=/0;5>.

dfgsoik.rmalrcs.curghl.lsol.kfg`lf.eoilidolf.drosos.dgiemrmidm/

Fla`mrtm, A. @., lih ^. J. Agrkli. 0><0. Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Agimtlry

Dggpmrltogi. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 485. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

@lic Oistotutm.

Flim, ^., lih K. Aofmso-Emrrmtto. 0>>5. Xbm Mxtmrilf [mlftb ge Iltogis

Alrc OO: Pmvosmh lih Mxtmihmh Mstoaltms ge Egrmoki Lssmts lih

Folòfotoms, <?;>—0>>8. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr >5/5?. [lsboiktgi, HD:

Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih.

Flwrmidm, P. Z. 0><<. Oapldt lih Oapfodltogis ge LDO Krgwtb. @ldckrguih



l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Fmm, J. 0>>2. ^lttmris lih Hmtmraoilits ge Drgss-`grhmr Eoilidolf Lssmt

Bgfhoiks oi Mlst Lsol. LH@ [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms gi Pmkogilf

Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi Ig. <4. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Fmm, J. [., lih C. Bgik. 0><>. Mdgigaod Krgwtb oi Lsol: Hmtmraoilits lih

^rgspmdts. LH@ Mdgigaods [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. 00>. Aliofl:


Fmagoim, E., lih H. ]ilf-Cmsmido. 0>>;. Dboil lih Oihol oi Oitmriltogilf

Xrlhm: Erga Flkklrhs tg Fmlhmrs7 DMÔO [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 0>>;-

<?. Igvma`mr.

Fmuik, D., lih G. ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr. 0>>2. SBgik Cgik, DboilQ ls l Eoilidolf

Dmitmr egr Lsol: Xrmihs lih Oapfodltogis. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.

[^/>2/=;. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih. bttp://

www.oae.grk/mxtmrilf/pu`s/et/wp/0>>2/wp>2=;.phe

Fmvoim, P. 0>>=. Eoilidm lih Krgwtb: Xbmgry lih Mvohmidm. Oi ^. Lkbogi

lih T. Hurflue, mhs. Blih`ggc ge Mdgigaod Krgwtb. Lastmrhla:

Mfsmvomr Tdomidm.

Fmvoim, ^., M. Fgtto., J. ^mlrfali, lih P. ômrsm. 0><>. Krgwtb lih [mfelrm

Meemdts ge [grfh Aokrltogi. Tdgttosb Jgurilf ge ^gfotodlf Mdgigay.

=; (=): 5<=—584.



4>8

Pmemrmidms

Foi, J. _. 0><<l. Bgw tg Tmozm tbm 2= Aoffogi Jg`s @gilizl. Fmt‟s Xlfc

Hmvmfgpamit (@fgk bgstmh `y [grfh @lic‟s Dbome Mdgigaost). 0;

Jufy. bttp://`fgks.wgrfh`lic.grk/hmvmfgpamittlfc/bgw-tg-smozm-

tbm-2=-aoffogi-jg`s-`gilizl

.0><<`. Imw Ttrudturlf Mdgigaods: L Erlamwgrc egr Pmtboicoik

Hmvmfgpamit. [grfh @lic Pmsmlrdb G`smrvmr. 05 (0): <?4—00<.

Foi, J. _., lih D. Agikl. 0><<. Krgwtb Ohmitoeodltogi lih Eldofotltogi: Xbm Pgfm ge

tbm Ttltm oi tbm Hyilaods ge Ttrudturlf Dblikm. Hmvmfgpamit ^gfody

Pmvomw. 0? (4): 058—0?>.

Foi, J. _., lih ^.L. ^mtro. 0><<. Uosogi ge LDO oi 0>4>. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh

egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI,

tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm

lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Fou, J., lih ^. B. Plvmi. 0><>. Dboil‟s Mivorgiamitlf Dblffmikms lih Oapfodltogis

egr tbm [grfh. Drotodlf Pmvomws oi Mivorgiamitlf Tdomidm lih

Xmdbigfgky. 8>: 204—=<.

Aldbocotl, X., lih _. ]mco. 0><0. Oapldt ge ^rghudtogi Foiclkms gi Oihustrolf

]pkrlhoik oi LDO Dguitroms. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm

LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih

Pmsofomit Lsol.

Alhhosgi, L. 0>>2. Xbm [mst lih tbm Pmst oi tbm [grfh Mdgigay: <>>>—0>4>.

[grfh Mdgigaods . ? (8): ;=—??.

Altbur, P. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody Ldtogis:

Oihol. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi

Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

Altus, C., C. A. Ila, I. M. Tmfoi, F. I. Flaslf, J. A. Pmoffy, lih T. ^lftsmv. 0><<.

Bmlftb Hlalkms erga Lor ^gffutogi oi Dboil. Kfg`lf Mivorgiamitlf

Dblikm. 00 (<): ==—55.

AdCoismy & Dg. 0><<. Imw Ergitomrs ge Krgwtb: 0><< Liiulf Dboimsm Dgisuamr

Ttuhy. Tblikblo: AdCoismy & Dg.

AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. 0>>?. ^rmplroik egr Dboil‟s ]r`li @offogi. Tblikblo:

AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Alrdb.

. 0><<l. Pmsgurdm Pmvgfutogi: Ammtoik tbm [grfh‟s Mimrky, Altmrolfs,

Eggh, lih [ltmr Immhs. Tmguf: AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm.

. 0><<`. ]r`li [grfh: Alppoik tbm Mdgigaod ^gwmr ge Dotoms. AdCoismy

Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Alrdb.



Pmem

. 0><0. ]r`li [grfh: Dotoms lih tbm Posm ge tbm Dgisuaoik Dflss.

AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Juim.

Amyergoht, ^., X. C. Puhmf, lih M. E. Flaòi. 0><>. Egrmst Xrlisotogis,

Xrlhm, lih tbm Kfg`lf Hospfldmamit ge Flih ]sm. ^rgdmmhoiks

ge tbm Iltogilf Ldlhmay ge Tdomidms. bttp://www.pils.grk/dko/

hgo/<>.<>;4/pils.<><8;;4<>;.

Aoiscy, B. <?;8. Xbm Aghmfoik ge Eoilidolf Oistlòfoty: Li Oitrghudtogi.

Aghmfoik lih Toaufltogi. ^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm Eoetb Liiulf

ôttsùrkb Dgiemrmidm.

Aorguhgt, T., J. Tluvlkm, lih @. Tbmpbmrh. 0><>. Amlsuroik tbm Dgst ge

Oitmriltogilf Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms. [grcoik ^lpmr. KMA-Tdomidms ^g.

bttp://kma.sdomidms-pg.er/dgitmit/pu`fodltogis/phe/AorguhgtW

TluvlkmWTbmpbmrhWdgstgesmrvodms>8<>0><>.phe

Agbli, D. P. 0><<. Mamrkoik Xrmihs oi Kmgpgfotodlf Totultogi lih Tmduroty

oi LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy

Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaod ‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge

Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Agbli, P., lih A. Clpur. 0>>?. Fo`mrlfozltogi lih Pmkufltogi ge Dlpotlf

Efgws: Fmssgis egr Mamrkoik Alrcmt Mdgigaoms. LH@O [grcoik

^lpmr <20. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Agblity, @. 0><<. Foem Ttyfm Dbgodms lih Tgdomtlf @mblvogr Dblikms ls Fgdlf

Dfoaltm Ttrltmky. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih

LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol .

Agrkli, ^. J. 0>>?. ]irmkufltmh Mitotoms, ^rghudts, lih Alrcmts: Dblffmikms

egr Agiotgroik lih Pmkufltogi. LH@O Pmsmlrdb ^gfody @rome 4>.


Agrkli, ^.J., lih A. @. Fla`mrtm. 0><0. Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf

Oierlstrudturm. Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf Oierlstrudturm. LH@O

[grcoik ^lpmr 48=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

bttp://www.lhò.grk/wgrcoik-plpmr/0><0/>0/<;/=>>4.

strmiktbmioik.eoilidolf.oierlstrudturm/

Agrfmy, @. 0>>5. Dluslfoty `mtwmmi Mdgigaod Krgwtb lih Oaaokrltogi: Li

LPHF @guihs Xmstoik Lpprgldb. Mdgigaods Fmttmrs. ?>: ;0—;5.

Ilk, @., @. I. @blttldblryly, lih H. Hm. 0><0. Oitmkrltoik Oihol tg Lsoli

^rghudtogi Imtwgrc: ^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms egr LDO.

@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge

Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,

lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.



4>5

Pmemrmidms

Ila Xbmui 0 ^gwmr Dgapliy (IX^D). 0><0. bttp://www.ilatbmui0.dga/.

Iooao, _., lih J. Zbulik. 0><<. Amlsuroik \ulfoty ge Foem oi Lsol. @ldckrguih



l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Iosbozlwl, X. 0><<. Dblikms oi Hmvmfgpamit Eoilidm oi Lsol: Xrmihs,

Dblffmikms, lih ^gfody Oapfodltogis. Lsoli Mdgigaod ^gfody Pmvomw.

5 (0): 00=—088.

GMDH. 0><>. Mhudltogi lt l Kflidm 0><>: GMDH Oihodltgrs. ^lros: GMDH.

Grtoz, O., lih J. _l`fgisco. 0><>. Oivmstoik oi ^mgpfm: Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi egr Lff.

Oi T. [. Blihlylio, mh. Miblidoik Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi oi Lsol lih

tbm ^ldoeod: ^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm Pmkogilf [grcsbgp. Aliofl: Lsoli

Hmvmfgpamit @lic. pp. 45—=5.

Gutfggc @usoimss. 0>>2. Krl` egr Pmsgurdms. ? Em`rulry. Imw Hmfbo: Gutfggc

@usoimss.

^ltuiru, L. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody

Ldtogis: ^PD. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O

stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

^mgpfm‟s Hlofy Gifoim. 0><4. Plof Tpmihoik tg Posm 4% oi 0><4. <2 Jliulry.

bttp://mikfosb.pmgpfmhlofy.dga.di/?>;;2/2>?5?=?.btaf

^mtro, ^. L. 0>>2. Eoilidoik Lsoli Krgwtb. Oi A. Clwlo lih T. E. Ttgim, mhs.

L Hmdlhm ge Hmvmfgpamits. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

Oistotutm. pp. 04—88.

^mtro, ^. L., A. K. ^fuaamr, lih E. Zblo. 0><<. Xbm Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop:

L \ulitotltovm Lssmssamit, Mlst-[mst Dmitmr [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.

<<?. 08 Gdtg`mr. bttp://www.mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/

eofms/provltm/mdgiwp<<?W0.phe

. 0><0. Xbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty: L Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua

Lilfysos. Lsoli Mdgigaod Jgurilf. 05 (0): ?4—<<2.

^mtro, ^. L., lih E. Zblo. 0><0. Ilvokltoik l Dblikoik [grfh Mdgigay: LTMLI,

tbm ^PD, lih Oihol, 0><>—0>4>. @ldckrguih plpmr egr tbos stuhy.

^murl, T., lih M. Jgcovugffm. 0>>4. Toaufltogi-@lsmh Ttrmss Xmstoik ge @lics‟

Pmkufltgry Dlpotlf Lhmquldy. @lic ge Eoiflih Hosdussogi ^lpmr

>8/0>>4. Bmfsoico: @lic ge Eoiflih.

^fuaamr, A. K. 0>>?. Xbm Kfg`lf Mdgigaod Drosos lih Ots Oapfodltogis egr

Lsoli Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr ^gfody Ttuhoms Ig.

==. Bgigfufu lih Toiklpgrm: Mlst-[mst Dmitmr lih OTMLT.



Pmem

. 0><>. Pmkogilf Agiotgroik ge Dlpotlf Efgws lih Dggrhoiltogi ge

Eoilidolf Pmkufltogi: Ttlcms lih Gptogis egr Lsol. LH@O [grcoik

^lpmr 0><. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

.

0><0. Xbm Mamrkoik ^gst-Hgbl Lkmihl lih tbm Imw Pmkogilfosa

oi tbm Lsol-^ldoeod. ^lpmr prmplrmh egr tbm PTOT lih LH@O

Dgiemrmidm. Xbm Mvgfvoik Kfg`lf Lrdbotmdturm: Erga l Dmitrlfozmh

tg l Hmdmitrlfozmh Tystma. 05—0; Alrdb 0><0. Toiklpgrm.

^gfliyo, C. <?88. Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi: Xbm ^gfotodlf lih Tgdolf Grokois ge

Gur Xoam. Imw _grc: Poimblrt.

^gffoi, P., J. Bmoitz, lih B. Klrrmtt-^mftomr. 0>>?. Xbm Mdgigaod @mimeots ge

Oivmstoik oi Dfmli Mimrky. ^gfotodlf Mdgigay Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.

]iovmrsoty ge Alssldbusmtts, Labmrst.

\ulb, M., lih X. F. @ggi. 0>>4. Xbm Mdgigaod Dgst ge ^lrtodufltm Lor ^gffutogi

gi Bmlftb oi Toiklpgrm. Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. <8: ;4—?>.

\uoii, H. 0>>4. Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi lih Eoilidolf Kfg`lfozltogi,

<2?>—<???: L Tyigptod Uomw. Oitmriltogilf Jgurilf ge Eoilidm lih

Mdgigaods. 2 (4): <2?—0>8.

Pljli, P. 0>>=. Bls Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Alhm tbm [grfh Poscomr7 I@MP

[grcoik ^lpmr Ig. <<;02.

. 0><>. Eluft Foims: Bgw Bohhmi Erldturms Ttoff Xbrmltmi tbm [grfh

Mdgigay. ^roidmtgi, IJ: ^roidmtgi ]iovmrsoty ^rmss.

Pljli, P., lih F. Zoiklfms. <??2. Eoilidolf Hmpmihmidm lih Krgwtb. Lamrodli

Mdgigaod Pmvomw. 22 (4): ==?—=25

Plaliltbli, C. 0><<l. Mdg-Oiigvltogi lih Xmdbigfgky Xrlisemr egr Fgw

Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@

lih LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

. 0><<`. Tustloil`fm Mimrky Euturm: Oihol‟s Dblffmikms & Pmspgisms.

^rmsmitltogi alhm lt tbm LH@ lih LH@O Xmdbiodlf [grcsbgp gi

tbm Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol‘egr

l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol. <2—<? Lukust. Imw

Hmfbo.

Plvlffogi, A., lih T. Dbmi. 0>>4. Amlsuroik ^rg-^ggr Krgwtb. Mdgigaods

Fmttmrs . ;2 (<): ?4—??.

Pmhhy, U. P, _. L. ^ldbmcpy, lih L Alrlio. <??;. Dlr`gi ^grtogioik oi Dgttgi

lih Tgy`mli Drgps oi Lsol uihmr Dfoaltm Dblikm Dgihotogis.

[grfh Pmsgurdms Pmvomw. ;. 4=?—4;<.

Pmbeumss, M. L., I. K. @rudm, lih C. P. Taotb. 0><<. Tgfoh Eumf ]sm: Bmlftb

Meemdt. Midydfgplmhol ge Mivorgiamitlf Bmlftb. =: <=>—5<.



4>2

Pmemrmidms

Pmutmrs. 0><>. ^gffutogi Alcms \ulrtmr ge Dboil‟s [ltmr ]iusl`fm: Aoiostry.

Jufy 05. bttp://www.rmutmrs.dga/lrtodfm/0><>/>;/05/us-dboil-

mivorgiamit-wltmr-oh]TXPM55^4?B0><>>;05

Pghroc, H. <???. [bmrm Hoh Lff tbm Krgwtb Kg7 Mxtmrilf Tbgdcs, Tgdolf

Dgiefodt lih Krgwtb Dgfflpsms. Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Krgwtb. 8:

42=—8<0.

. 0>>2l. L ^rldtodlf Lpprgldb tg Egraufltoik Krgwtb Ttrltmkoms.

Oi J. Ttokfotz lih I. Tmrrl, mhs. Xbm [lsboiktgi Dgismisus

Pmdgisohmrmh: Xgwlrhs l Imw Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm. Imw _grc:

Gxegrh ]iovmrsoty ^rmss. pp. 4=5—455.

. 0>>2`. Xboicoik l`gut Kgvmrilidm. Oi Kgvmrilidm, Krgwtb,

lih Hmvmfgpamit Hmdosogi-Alcoik‘Pmefmdtogis `y Hgukflss

Igrtb, Hlrgi Ldmagkfu, Erlidos Eucuylal, lih Hlio Pghroc.

[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. <;—08.

Pgmamr, J. M. <??5. Xbmgroms ge Pmhostroùtovm Justodm. Dla`rohkm, AL: Blrvlrh

]iovmrsoty ^rmss.

Pgflih-Bgfst, H., J. ^. Umròmst, lih E. Zblo. 0>>=. Krgwtb lih Xrlhm

Bgrozgis egr Lsol: Fgik-tmra Egrmdlsts egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi.

MPH [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. ;8. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Pgs, J. 0>>=. Hovmrkmidm lih Krgwtb Dgfflpsms: Xbmgry lih Maporodlf

Mvohmidm. Oi J.-L. Gdlapg, mh. @mygih Pmegras: Ttrudturlf

Hyilaods lih Aldrgmdgigaod Uufimrlòfoty. ^lfg Lftg, DL:

Ttliegrh ]iovmrsoty ^rmss. pp. 0<<—040.

Tlsflvscy, H., lih @. Tbmpbmrh. 0><0. Eldofotltoik Oitmriltogilf ^rghudtogi

Imtwgrcs: Xbm Pgfm ge Xrlhm Fgkostods. [grfh @lic ^gfody Pmsmlrdb

[grcoik ^lpmr 5008. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

Tdbuflrodc, A., lih X. Ttmkmr. 0><>. Eoilidolf Oitmkrltogi, Oivmstamit,

lih Mdgigaod Krgwtb: Mvohmidm erga Xwg Mrls ge Eoilidolf

Kfg`lfozltogi. Xbm Pmvomw ge Mdgigaods lih Ttltostods. ?0 (8):

;=5—;52.

Tdbuftz, X. ^. 0>>>. Eoilf Pmpgrt: Xbm Oapldt ge ^PGKPMTL gi Tdbggf

Mirgffamits. Pmpgrt Tuàottmh tg ^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD:

Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.

Tmi, L. C. 0><<. \ulfoty ge Foem: Dboil vs. Oihol. Xbm Imw _grc Pmvomw ge

@ggcs. <0 Aly. bttp://www.iy`ggcs.dga/lrtodfms/lrdbovms/0><</

aly/<0/qulfoty-foem-oihol-vs-dboil/



Pmem

Tbmpbmrh, @., lih K. ^lslhoffl. 0><0. Tmrvodms ls l Imw Mikoim ge Krgwtb egr

LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol. LH@O [grcoik

^lpmr 48?. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.

Tcgueols, M. 0>><. ^PGKPMTL lih ots Oapldt gi Buali Dlpotlf lih [mfelrm

ge Bgusmbgfhs oi Purlf Amxodg: L Tyitbmsos ge tbm Pmsufts ge li

Mvlfultogi `y OE^PO. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody

Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.

Tglrms, E. U., T. Tglrms, A. Amhmorgs, lih P. K. Gsôrog. 0>>5. Dlsb Xrlisemr

^rgkrlaams oi @rlzof: Oapldts gi ^gvmrty lih Oimqulfoty. O^D

[grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 0<. @rlsofol: Oitmriltogilf ^gvmrty Dmitrm.

Tgmslstrg, B. 0>>2. Oapfmamitoik tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD)

@fumproit. Oi B. Tgmslstrg, mh. Hmmpmioik Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi

oi Mlst Lsol: Xbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty lih @mygih. MPOL

Pmsmlrdb ^rgjmdt Pmpgrt 0>>;. Ig.<—0, Alrdb: 8;—=?.

Tpomkmf, A. 0>>?. Hmvmfgpoik Lsoli Fgdlf Durrmidy @gih Alrcmts: [by lih

Bgw7 LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr <20. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic

Oistotutm.

Ttokfotz, J. M., L. Tmi, lih J. Eotgusso. 0>>?. Pmpgrt `y tbm Dgaaossogi gi tbm

Amlsurmamit ge Mdgigaod ^mregralidm lih Tgdolf ^rgkrmss. ^lros.

Tu`rlalioli, L. 0><<. Mdfopsm: Fovoik oi tbm Tblhgw ge Dboil‟s Mdgigaod

Hgaoilidm. [lsboiktgi, HD: ^mtmrsgi Oistotutm ^rmss.

Tui, R. 0>>;. Dlff egr Pmturi tg Krmmi Lddguitoik. Dboil Hlofy. <?

Lprof. bttp://www.dboilhlofy.dga.di/dboil/0>>;->8/<?/

dgitmitW2=4?<;.bta

Tusslikclri, D. 0><>. Xbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi: Grokoi,

Hmvmfgpamit, lih Gutfggc. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 04>. Xgcyg: Lsoli


Tustloil`fm Murgpm Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm (TMPO). 0><>. Xmdbiodlf Pmpgrt gi tbm

Dgapofltogi ge tbm Altmrolf Efgw Hltl`lsm. Uomiil: Tustloil`fm

Murgpm Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm. www.altmrolfefgws.imt.

Xlddgio, F., E. Jgtzg, lih P. \. Krletgi. 0>>2. Fgdlf Dlusms, Pmkogilf Dg-

gpmrltogi lih Kfg`lf Eoilidoik egr Mivorgiamitlf ^rg`fmas:

tbm Dlsm ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Blzm pgffutogi. Oitmriltogilf

Mivorgiamitlf Lkrmmamits. 2: <-<5.

Xblpli, L. 0><>. Gpmioik Pmalrcs lt tbm [ltmr: Drosos lih Dbgodms. LH@

lih ^lrtimrs Dgiemrmidm 0><>. bttp://www.lh`.grk/imws/mvmits/

wltmr-drosos-lih-dbgodms-lh`-lih-plrtimrs-dgiemrmidm-0><>.



4<>

Pmemrmidms

Xoli, J. 0><<. ^rmsmitltogi alhm lt tbm ^gfody Holfgkum gi Dfoaltm Dblikm

lih Krmmi Lsol. Bgik Cgik, Dboil. Alrdb.

Xgli, ^. B. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody

Ldtogis: Uomt Ila. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih

LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.

]iotmh Iltogis (]I). 0>>;. Hmvmfgpamit oi li Lkmoik [grfh: [grfh

Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Turvmy 0>>;. Imw _grc: ]iotmh Iltogis.

. 0>>?. Pmsofomit ^mgpfm Pmsofomit ^flimt. Xbm Pmpgrt ge tbm ]iotmh

Iltogis Tmdrmtlry-Kmimrlf‟s Bokb Fmvmf ^limf gi Dfoaltm Dblikm.

Imw _grc: ]iotmh Iltogis.

. 0><0. [grfh ]r`liozltogi ^rgspmdts: Xbm 0><< Pmvosogi. Imw _grc:

]iotmh Iltogis.

]iotmh Iltogis Dgiemrmidm gi Xrlhm lih Hmvmfgpamit (]IDXLH).

0><0. [grfh Oivmstamit Pmpgrt 0><0. Kmimvl: ]iotmh Iltogis

Dgiemrmidm gi Xrlhm lih Hmvmfgpamit.

]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam (]IH^). 0>>;. Buali Hmvmfgpamit

Pmpgrt 0>>;/0>>2: Eokbtoik Dfoaltm Dblikm: Buali Tgfohlroty oi

l Hovohmh [grfh. bttp://bhr.uihp.grk/mi/rmpgrts/kfg`lf/bhr0>>;-

0>>2/

]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod

(]IMTDL^). 0><>. ]IMTDL^ Xrlispgrt Hovosogi [m`sotm. bttp://

www.uimsdlp.grk/tthw/oihmx.lsp

]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod,

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic, lih ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit

^rgkrlaam (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^). 0><0. Lddmfmrltoik

Mquotl`fm Ldbomvmamit ge tbm AHKs: Dfgsoik Klps oi Bmlftb lih

Iutrotogi Gutdgams. Lsol-^ldoeod Pmkogilf AHK Pmpgrt 0><</<0.

@likcgc: MTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^.

]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod,

Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic, lih ]iotmh Iltogis Mivorgiamit

^rgkrlaam (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^). 0><0. Krmmi Krgwtb,

Pmsgurdms lih Pmsofomidm. Mivorgiamitlf Tustloil`ofoty oi Lsol lih

tbm ^ldoeod. bttp://www.uimsdlp.grk/msh/mivorgiamit/eflkpu`s/

KKPL^/hgduamits/Krmmi%0>Krgwtb-<5Tmpt%0>(Eoilf).phe



4<0

Pmemrmidms

[okilrljl, K. 0><<. Mdgigaod Pmegras, Pmkogilfosa, lih Mxpgrts: Dgaplroik

Dboil lih Oihol. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr, ^gfody Ttuhoms 5>. bttp://www.

mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/provltm/ps>5>.phe

.

0><0l. Xbm Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgky oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods ^rghudtogi

Imtwgrcs: Eora-Fmvmf Lilfysos ge LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh

egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘

LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh,

Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

. 0><0`. Oiigvltogi, Fmlrioik lih Mxpgrtoik oi Dboil: Hgms P&H gr

l Xmdbigfgky Oihmx Alttmr7 Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. 04 (4):

008—044.

. 0><4. ]ihmrstlihoik Oiigvltogi oi ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs oi Mlst

Lsol. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.8<>. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit

@lic Oistotutm. bttp://www.lhò.grk/eofms/0><4.>4.><.wp8<>.

uihmrstlihoik.oiigvltogi.prgh.imtwgrcs.mlst.lsol.phe

. 0><8. Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop. Oi

X. Kugqolik lih ^. L. ^mtro, mhs. Imw Hormdtogis oi Lsol-^ldoeod

Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi. Bgigfufu: Mlst-[mst Dmitmr. pp. 25—?2.

[ofsgi, M., P. Umral, lih C. Jlyitblcualrli. 0><0. Hmagkrlpbods lih Fl`gr

Agòfoty lih ^rghudtovoty oi LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh

egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘

LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh,

Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

[ggfhrohkm, ^. 0>>?. Pmkufltgry Erlamwgrc egr Bmhkm Euihs lih ^rovltm

Mquoty. ^rmsmitltogi lt GMDH—LH@O <>tb Pguihtl`fm gi Dlpotlf

Alrcmt Pmegra oi Lsol. Xgcyg. 4 Alrdb. bttp://www.gmdh.grk/

hltlgmdh/<</4/80==>;4?.phe

[grfh @lic. <??4. Mlst Lsoli Aorldfm: Mdgigaod Krgwtb lih û`fod ^gfody.


. 0>>5. Mquoty lih Hmvmfgpamit. Oi [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0>>5.


. 0><>l. Xbm Dgsts tg Hmvmfgpoik Dguitroms ge Lhlptoik tg Dfoaltm

Dblikm: Imw Amtbghs lih Mstoaltms. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.

. 0><>`. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><>: Hmvmfgpamit lih Dfoaltm

Dblikm. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.



Pmem

. 0><<l. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs 0><< Hltl`lsm. bttp://

hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs.

(lddmssmh 0><<).

.

0><<`. [grfhwohm Kgvmrilidm Oihodltgrs wm`sotm. bttp://oieg.

wgrfh`lic.grk/kgvmrilidm/wko/oihmx.lsp (lddmssmh <= Lprof

0><<).

. 0><0. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs 0><0 Hltl`lsm. bttp://

hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs

(lddmssmh Jufy 0><0).

[grfh @lic lih Hmvmfgpamit Pmsmlrdb Dmitmr ge tbm Ttltm Dguidof, tbm

^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil. 0><0. Dboil 0>4>: @uofhoik l Aghmri,

Blragiogus, lih Drmltovm Bokb Oidgam Tgdomty. [lsboiktgi, HD:

[grfh @lic.

[grfh Mdgigaod Egrua ([ME). 0>>>. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0>>>—

0>><. Kmimvl: [grfh Mdgigaod Egrua.

. 0><>. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0><>—0><<. Kmimvl: [grfh

Mdgigaod Egrua.

. 0><<l. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0><<—0><0. Kmimvl: [grfh

Mdgigaod Egrua.

. 0><<`. Xbm Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> . Kmimvl: [grfh

Mdgigaod Egrua.

[grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi ([BG). 0>>5. Lor \ulfoty. Kfg`lf ]phltm 0>>> .

Kmimvl: [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi.

. 0>>?. Iltogilf Ttltostods egr Oihggr Lor ^gffutogi‘@urhmi ge

Hosmlsm. bttp://www.wbg.oit/oihggrlor/bmlftbWoapldts/`urhmiW

iltogilf/mi/oihmx.btaf

. 0><<. Lor \ulfoty lih Bmlftb Eldt Tbmmt. bttp://www.wbg.oit/

amholdmitrm/eldtsbmmts/es4<4/mi/oihmx.btaf

. Guthggr Lor ^gffutogi oi Dotoms Hltl`lsm. bttp://www.wbg.oit/

pbm/bmlftbWtgpods/guthggrlor/hltl`lsms/mi/ (lddmssmh ? Lukust

0><0).

[BG lih ]IODME. 0>>2. ^rgkrmss gi Tliotltogi lih Hroicoik [ltmr: 0>>2

]phltm. Jgoit Agiotgroik ^rgkrlaam egr [ltmr Tuppfy lih

Tliotltogi. bttp://www.wssoieg.grk/hltl-mstoaltms/oitrghudtogi/.

[grfh Oitmffmdtulf ^rgpmrty Grkliozltogi ([O^G). bttp://www.wopg.oit/

pgrtlf/oihmx.btaf.mi



4<8

Pmemrmidms

[yms, B. [. 0><<. Oistotutogis lih Kgvmrilidm Tystmas egr Fgw Dlr`gi

Krmmi Krgwtb. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O


[u, H., lih A. Amlfy. 0><0. Mxpfloioik ‖Dgapmtoik‑ Uosogis: LTMLI—PDM^,

X^^, EXLL^. ^ld Imt Ig. 8>. Dmitmr egr Ttrltmkod lih Oitmriltogilf

Ttuhoms. 05 Juim.

_u, H., lih L. ^ukfomsm. 0><0. Aljgroty ge Dboimsm ^rogrotozm Mivorgiamit

Gvmr Mdgigay. 2 Juim. www.klffup.dga (lddmssmh <0 Juim 0><0).

Zlclrol, T., lih T. Fmotimr. 0><<. Tgutbmlst Lsol: [ltmr Tmduroty. @ldckrguih



l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Zblo, E. 0>>2. Lraoiktgi Ammts Amfotz: Oitrghudoik Eora Bmtmrgkmimoty oi l

Kfg`lf DKM Aghmf ge Xrlhm. Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi. 04 (4)

Tmptma`mr: =;=—5>8.

Zblik, _. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody

Ldtogis: ^PD. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O


Zblik, _., lih A. Tbmi. 0><<. Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi oi LDO.

@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge

Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,

lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.

Zbulik, J. 0><0. LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis 0><>—0>4>.

]ipu`fosbmh. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

Zbulik, J., lih O. Lfo. 0><>. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm Krgwtb oi Lsol.

Oi J. Zbulik, mh. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm Krgwtb oi Lsol:

Amlsurmamit, ^gfody Ossums, lih Dguitry Ttuhoms. Fgihgi lih

Aliofl: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic. pp. <—40.

Zbulik, J., M. hm Hogs, lih L. Flkali-Alrtoi. 0><>. Kgvmrilidm lih

Oistotutogilf \ulfoty lih tbm Foics wotb Krgwtb lih Oimqulfoty:

Bgw Lsol Elrms. Oi J. Zbulik, mh. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm

Krgwtb oi Lsol: Amlsurmamit, ^gfody, Ossums, lih Dguitry Ttuhoms.

Fgihgi lih Aliofl: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

pp. 052—40>.

Zbulik, J., ^. Ulihmi`mrk, lih _. Bulik. 0><<. Krgwoik `mygih tbm Fgw-

Dgst Lhvlitlkm: Bgw tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil Dli Lvgoh tbm

Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.

asean, prc, and india: the great transformation

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