Shakespeare’s LifeThe Prominence of Love during the RenaissanceJuliet and Love The Dark Lady: an unusual way of love

William Shakespeare was presumably born at Stratford-on-Avon on April 23rd, 1564. He was the third of the eight children of John Shakespeare, a glover, and Mary Harden, an aristocrat. However, he was the first who managed to survive the years of the plague. His father soon became a man of substance thanks to his successful activity as a tradesman; he was an active citizen as well, since he first became an official of the town and later bailiff, it is to say the major low officer in charge. Unfurtunately in 1577, when William was only thirteen, he suffered a period of financial reverse. The future bard had to leave school, however he did not attend University. In 1582, when he was only eighteen, William married Anne Hathaway, eight years older and three months pregnant of Susan. In 1585, Anne had two twins, Hamnet and Judith.

Shakespeare aged twenty-one, had to struggle very soon to make a name for himself: his father’s economic misfortune and Anne’s poverty pushed him to work hard to survive. Later, in 1592, after a lapse of time we almost know nothing about, Shakespeare worked in London as an actor and playwright in the theatre. His plays can be grouped into:

Histories Comedies/ Romances Tragedies

The figure of the woman is focused on especially in Comedies/ Romances and Tragedies where she plays an important role; Partia (The Merchant of Venice),Miranda (The Tempest),Ophelia (Hamlet), Desdemona (Othello), Lady Macbeth (Macbeth),Cleopatra and Juliet are as famous as

the plays they live in.

Love is a prominent theme in literature for two main reasons: it is usually an important “ingredient” of a writer’s literary production: a

source of inspiration, an element that can influence his characters’ experience, or the plot.

Moreover love, like death, is considered ethernal and the readers like it because strong emotions make them dream.

During the Renaissance Love was idealized: Dante and Petrarch became the model for all European Renaissance poets. The Elizabethan Sonnets described the torments of love for a woman who can’t return the poet’s love. This poetry is the expression of a passion for ethernal beauty, which is embodied by the Lady. Shakespeare’s works contained various attitudes towards the feeling of love even if he breaks the Petrarchan courtly tradition. In fact he focused on a concrete and real woman. The courtly convention for excellent is in “Romeo and Juliet”, even though the character of Juliet shows an evident tendency to realism and unconventionality.Let’s see how Shakespeare deals with a real woman’s love.

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Late 1500 in Verona, Italy. There were two really powerful families,the Montagues and the Capulets, who had been enemies for almost decades. One day, the Head of the Capulet family,who was Juliet’s father, decided to give a ball and to invite all the relatives and friends of the Capulets. Being the feuding family, the Montagues of course were not invited. Romeo, as a Montagues, planned to get a look at a young girl, Rosaline, who he was pursuing then. Therefore he disguised himself in party clothes and secretly attended the party.At tha ball, he didn’t see Rosaline but an attractive girl, Juliet. His attention was immediately stolen by her and he fell in love istantly. When Romeo found out that Juliet was a Capulet, they both felt very disappointed. That night, Romeo secretly crept into the garden of the Capulets in the hope of catching a glimpse of Juliet. Juliet was standing on her balcony confessing her forbidden love to the stars. Romeo heard her confession and he stepped out from the bush which he was hiding in. Romeo declared his love to Juliet and planned to marry her secretly the next day with the help of his friend, Friar LaWrence. On the wedding day, both Romeo’s friends, Benvolio and Mercutio were confronted by Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt, while walking down the streets in Verona. Tybalt’s purpose was to deallenge Romeo. As he couldn’t find him, he started fighting with Benvolio and Mercutio. Romeo stepped between Mercutio and Tybalt to stop the duel,but Mercutio was fatally enjured.

Romeo couldn’t control his anger anylonger. So to avenge the death of his friend, he killed Tybalt. The Prince of Verona, then banished Romeo, to another town, Mantua. Unaware of Juliet’s marriage to Romeo, her father, the old Capulet, decided to marry his daughter to a young man named Paris. Juliet consulted Friar Lawrence for assistence.He told her to agree to the marriage, but in the night before her wedding day, she would drink a potion prepared by the Friar . Therefore, on the day of marriage, Juliet did as she was told.But the news of her death reached Romeo’s ears in Mantua before Friar Lawrence’s letter.Overcome with grief,Romeo bought a poison and came back to be with Juliet. When he arrived at the tomb he found Paris and killed him.Romeo took the fatal poison. When Juliet woke up she found Romeo dead and took Romeo’s dagger to kill herself. Juliet woke up when he arrived at the tomb and found Romeo dead.Both families were united in their grief and promised that they would never fight again.

Juliet is gentle and respectful towards her parents (who do not show themselves deserving such respect), this is how she appears at the beginning of the play when we first meet her.Though only thirteen years old, she shows a shrewd intelligence (in the way in which she goes about finding out Romeo’s name from the Nurse in Act One, scene V). She is also cautions about the suddennes of Romeo’s love and whether it will prove last.Tenderhearted and unselfish. Direct and quick in responses. Like Romeo she shows the impatient excitement of young love. This soon develops into a deep passion. Like Romeo she becomes totally committed to her love, to death and beyond. She is charaterized by a tendency of concreteness and realism especially in her use of language. In “The Masque” scene Romeo compares her as a “rich jewel in a Ethiop’s ear” that is difficult to reach and to a “ snowy dove tropping crows”. She seems to be rare and unic for her true beauty. Another example is in the “Balcony scene” where Juliet is anxious to estabilish that she is not an immodest girl.

She is embarrassed that she has betrayed her “true-love passion” so openly but her attitude is unconventional. There follows a spirited exchange which culminates in her proposal of marriage. Her strenght comes from love. She is able to convince her parents that she is ready to marry Paris; she is able to hide her feelings from the Nurse,and to bear her solitude in the Friar’s plan because of her love.When she awakes in the vault she chooses to die beside her love,Romeo.

Romeo

O she doth teach the torches to burn bright!

It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night

As a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear

Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!

So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,

As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows.

The measure done,I’ll watch her place of stand

And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand.

Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!

For I ne’ er saw true beauty till this night.

(to juliet touching her hand)

If I profane with my unworthiest hand

This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this:

My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand

To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.

JULIET

Good pilgrims, you do wrong your hand too much,

Which mannerly devotion shows in this:

For saints have hands that pilgrim’s hands do touch,

And palm to palm is holy palmers’ kiss.

ROMEO

Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too?

JULIET

Ay, pilgrim,lips that they must use in prayer.

ROMEO

O then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do,

They pray:grant thou, lest faith turn to despair.

JULIET

Saints do not move, though grant for prayers’ sake.

ROMEO

Then move not, while my prayer’s effect I take.

(he kisses her)

Thus from my lips by thine my sin is purged.

ROMEO

He jests at scars that never felt a wound.

But soft!What light through yonder window breaks?

It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.

Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,

Who is already sick and pale with grief

that thou, her maid, art far more fair than she.

Be not her maid, sinci she is envious.

Her vestal livery is but sick and green;

And none but fools do wear it:cast it off.

It is my lady, O it is my love;

O that she knew she were.

She speaks, yet she says nothing. What of that?

Her eye discourses:I will answer it.

I am too bold:’ tis not to me she speaks.

Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,

Having some business, do entreat her eyes

To twinkle in their spheres till they return.

What if her eyes were there, they in her head?

The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars

As daylight doth a lamp;her eyes in heaven

Would through the airy region stream so bright

That birds would sing and think it were not night.

See how she leans her cheek upon her hand!

O that I were a glove upon that hand,

That I might touch that cheek.

JULIET

‘Tis but thy name is my enemy.

Thou art thy self, though not a Montague.

O be some other name! What’s Montague?

It is nor hand,nor foot,nor arm,nor face,

Nor any part belonging to a man.

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet.

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,

Retain that dear perfection which he owes,

Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name;

And for thy name, which is no part of thee,

Take all myself.

ROMEO

I take thee at thy word.

Call me but love, and I will be new baptized;

Henceforth I never will be Romeo.

JULIET

What man art thou that, thus bescreened in night,

So stumblest on my counsel?

ROMEO

I know not how to tell thee who I am.

My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself

Because it is an enemy to thee.

Had I it written, I would tear the word.

We can find in Shakespeare number of sonnets(from CXXVII to the end) addressed to “a dark lady” or “black woman” who, in spite of her physical aspect, is extremely desirable. This is a novelty,since the woman is not loved and desired for her beauty, but for what she really is. In this way Shakespeare means with the Petrarchan courtly tradition.The woman described in these last sonnets is a concrete and real woman who has got also defects, which make her different from the angelic woman of the Petrarchan’ poetry, but alive. In his sonnet “My mistress’ eyes”, Shakespeare describes his woman’sphysical apperance (lips, breasts, hair, cheeks…) her sounds and actions (breath, words, gait…) that make her special although she’s not beautiful and her words are not music.In concluson,Shakespeare is aware of the complexity of a feeling like love, which is something more important than beauty. Love can survive

through the time and be immortal, while beauty is bound to die.

My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;

If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head;

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

And in some perfumes is there more delight

Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks;

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know

That music hath a far more pleasing soound;

I grant I never saw a goddess go.

(my mistress when she walks treads on the ground)

And yet by heaven I think my love as rare

As any she belied with false compare.

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