ashrae pocket guide
TRANSCRIPT
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
POCKET GUIDE
for Air Conditioning
Heating Ventilation
Refrigeration (lnch-Pound Edition)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329
1~~~ ..... --------------------------....
wl 93 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and TABLE OF CONTENTS r-Conditioníng Engineers, !ne. Ali ríghts reserved.
IAir Handling and Ductwork Page Air Friction Charts ...................................... 1-3 Velocity versus Velocity Pressure ............................. 4
1 ISBN ()..883413
--0l-X Circular F.quivalcnts of Rectangular Ducts ................... 5-6 \1)esign Vclocitics: Louver Sizing ........................... 7-8 tan Laws ............................................. 9-10
sychromclric Chart ............•..•.••.......•.••...•... 11 Moist Air Data .......................................... 12
of lhis manual may be reproduccd without pennission in writinE,tmperature ~ Altitude Correction · · · · · · · · · · · · ............ 13
f ASHRAE b . h b . f ·,cnthalpy of Air ....................................... 14-15
rom , except y a rev1~r w o may ~uote r.1c passages º'steam Thblc ............................................. 16
iroduce illustrations in a rcview w1th appropnate credit; nor may anf
of this book be reproduced, stored in a r~rieval systc~, or uans~r Con~mlnants and Control ed in any fonn or by any means-electromc, photocopymg, record r Qua?tY ~tandards .................................... 17
ing, or Other-without permission in writing from ASHRAE. !~me Air Cleaners ................................... 18 1 ter Performance ....................................... 19
. RAE has compilcd this publication with carr., but ASHRAE h n~~~!~~~ ~b:~~.; · : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ;~ . invcstigated, and A~HRAE expressly disclain:is any duty_ to inv~ ood Capture Velocities ....................... . .......... 22 tigatr., any product, scrv1ce, process, proccdure, dcs1gn, or the likc whic xbaust Velocity Contours ................................ 23
1 be described hcrein . Thc appcarancc of any technical data, editori ontaminant 1l'ansport Velocities .................. ......... 24
erial, or advcrtiscmcnt in this publication does not constitu tflood Entry Loss ........................................ 25 • orsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, serv¡Gtchen Rangc Hoods .................................. 26-27 1cr., process, procedure, design, orthe like. ASHRAE does not warranf..aboratory H oods · · · · · · · · · · .. · .. · . · ..................... 28
that the information in this publication is free of errors, and ASHRAfwater a nd Steam
I s not nccessarily agrec wíth any statement or opinion in this publipump Turms and Formulas ................................ 29 on. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publicatiofump Affinity Laws ................................... 30-31
1s assumed by the user. fypical Pump Curves .................................. 32-34 Stearn Pipe Capacitics ................................. 35-37
1 ~~m Pipe Capacities-Rcturn Mains ....................... 38 t:t:ncral lnformation on Water ............................. 39
ass Flow and Spccific Heat of Water ...................... 40 freezing Points of Glycols ................................. 40
1 Jizing Formulas for Hcating/Cooling ...................... .41 Vertical Cylindrical Thnk Capacity ......................... .42 Horizontal Cylindrical Thnk Capacity ....................... 43 V'olume of Water in Pipe and Tube .......................... 44 !fot Water Demand per Fixture ............................ 45
~riction Chart-Steel Pipe ................................ 47 lntcd in thc United States of America rlot Water Demand for Buildings ........................... 46
11 ¡¡¡
l .. ·~~~o~n~:~~~¿~;;:~"j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::~~~~r~:o;:~·I~~ ~~~~.e~,~~~~ . .. . .. . .... ... . ..... . . 117 iction Chart- Plastic Pipe . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat Gain from Restaurant and Office Equipment .. . ... . . 118-120
Stccl Pipe Data ............................ .. ....... .. 50- Hcat Gain from Hospital Equipment ............ . ... . ...... Ul Copper Tube Data .................................. ... 52- Hcat Gain from Motors ................. . ......... . .. ... . 122
l operties of Plastic Pipe Materials .......... . ........... 54- Ventilation Rate Data (ASHRAE Std. 62-1989) ... . ....... 123-126 pe, Fitting, and Val ve Applications ............ . .. . .... . 56- Information on Wcather Data ............................. U7 1ermal Expansion of Metal Pipe ................... · · · · . . · Cooling Load Check Values ........................... 128-129
Hanger Spacing and Rod Sizcs ............................ .
'
lar CoUector Data ...................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · E ectrical AUowable Ampacitics of lnsulatcd Conductors .......... . 130-131
írigcratloo Charactcristics of AC and OC Motors ................... 132-133 rrcssurc-Enthalpy Chart- R-11 . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · olor Full-Load Amperes .......................... . ..... 134 Pressurc-Enthalpy Chart- R-12 · · .. · · .. · .... · · .. · · .. · · · · · · · Uscful Electrical Formulas ...................... . ..... . .. 135
Esure-Enthalpy Chan- R-22 ........................... .
rigeration Property Thbles- R-22 ......... · · · · · · · · · · · · · 65- cls aod Combustion rcssurc-Enthalpy Chart- R-123 ...................... ... ..
Pressurc-Enthalpy Chart- R-134a .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . ngine Sizing Thbles · · .. · · .. · · · · .. · · .. · .. · .. · ............ 136 Refrigeration Propcrty Thbles- R-134a ........... . .. .. . . . . 70- as Pipe Sizing Thble · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. . ........ 137
lressurc-Enthalpy Chart- R-502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cating Valucs of Fuels ............................. . .. .. 138 ressure-Enthalpy Chart- R-717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uel Oil Pipe Sizing Table · · · · · · · · · .. · · ... . .. . .... . .. . .. .. 139 efrigeration Properly Thbles-R-717 . . ............ . . .. . .. 75-
Refrigeranl Line Capacities-R-22 ... .. .. . ... ... .. . . ..... 78 wning and Operatlng
tction Line Capacities- R-22 ...... . .. .. .. .. ........ ... 82- wning and Operating Cost Data .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. ....... 140-141 ction Riser Capaciúes- R-22 .. . .......... ... . ..... . ... 84-~·re Cycle Cosls and Present Worth Factors .... . .. . .. .. . . . .. 142 frigcrant Line Capacities- Ammonia (R-717) .......... . . 86- uipment Service Life ......... .... . .... . .... . ..... . .... 143 frigerant Line Sizing- R-134a ... . .... .. . ..... .. . ... .. . . . . aintenance Costs .. . ... ................... .. . .. . . ... ... 144
I IVAC Load lníormatlon E und and Vlbrallon urfacc Conductance and Emittance Valucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ceptable HVAC Noise Levels ............. . ..... . . .. .. ... 145 'herma! Resistances of Air Spaces ......... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · C Curves . .......... . ............................ . ... . 146
Heat 'Ilansmission for Fencstration ....... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .f!yp¡caJ Fan Sound Power Levels .................... . .. . . . . 147 Thermal Properti~s .ºr Materials ·: · · · · · · .... · .. · · .. · · · · · · 94-fü.P¡caJ Equipmeot Noise Levels ........................... 148
l hermal Conducuv1ty ~or. lndustnal lnsul · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 100-l~¡vc Duct Sound Attenuators ........................... 149 J-Factors for ~e~ Bu1ld111~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . 102-lfvibration lsolator Sclcction ....................... . ... 150-151 Underground P1p111g lnsulauon ........................... JI Max. and Min. Earth lemperaturcs ............. . ....... . · . Ir:! 1 11 Co trol 152 157
l h 1 C d t. 't r So'ls and Rocks u orna e n s · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -erma on uc 1V1 y 1or 1 ................. .
urnmary of CLTD/CLF Equations ....................... . 11 LTDs for Aat Roofs ................................ 108-lpcoeral
Approximate CLTDs for Sunlit Walls ................. . . . 110-1,(\ir-Coo.ditioning Formulas ............................... 158 Solar Cooling Load for Sunlil Glass ................... . . l13-lf:onvcrs100 Factors · · · · · · · · · · · ....................... 159-162
fhadiog Cocfficients for Olass .............. . .......... . . . 1 efrigerating Effcct from Display Fixturcs ........ . ...... .. .. tlndex ........................................ . .. . .. 163-164
~ V
•
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
PREFACE l This Pocket Guide was developed to serve as a ready reference fo
· engineers whose mobility keeps them from easy access to thc larg~ ASHRAE Handbooks. Much of the information is taken fro the four vol u mes of thc ASHRAE Handbook series and abridged rcduced to fil the smaller page sizc. Other sources includ the Cooling and Heating Load Calcu/ation Manual published bJ ASHRAE in 1991; Industria/ Ventílation: A Manual o/ Recommendel Practice, 21st Edition, published in 1989 by Thc American Conferena of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; and Numbers published il 1985 by W. Holláday and the late C. Otterholm.
This third edition of the Pocket Guide, which was first published it 1987, was compiled by Frcdcrick W. Kohloss and cditcd by Robcrt A Parsons with thc guidance of thc Society's Special Publications Com mittee. Previous major contributors wcre Carl W. MacPhee, Griffitl C. Burr, Jr., and Harry E. Rountree.
vi
0.01 _--;;-~-·-~-:--<'---~-~~J..L....L..L.U:..U 50 100 200 500 1000
AIA QUANTITY, cfm at 0.075 lb/ft3 Frlclion Cbart
.:::
8
.É ui (j)
o -' z
º 0.2 t3 a: 1.1.
1
2000 5000 10,000 AIR QUANTITY, cfm at 0.0751bflt3
Fricllon Chart
2
.::: 8 -o:: CD ;¡ ~ o 0.5
.s gf o -'
~ 0.2 (.)
a: 1.1.
50,000 100,000 400,000 AIR OUANTITY, cfm al 0.075 lb/ft3
Friclion Chart
3
• - - - - -...... -- .... ~~---~I
1 ~
11 ~§~§~ ~§§~~ ~§~~~ ~§§§~ ~§~~~ ~§§88 8§888 j~
1 t-li ¡ ~ [
ººººº \" -e:.
o ººººº ????? ????? e:.- . ºº = ~ 19
º º º º º ? ? P P P P P PE .., .., .., .., ¡..,¡ i5 - - - - = ~ ~ ~ g ~ ... s s - - w0 j :::. .. • • ~:.._i°' ~gv.v-• .,.._ .i:.. ~Q\W O-.lVtt-l 000'\-.N '< ~ ~~O\NOO Q\tJ\iO \.AN
t-o a. .,. 1 ... ~tt r § ~§§~§ ~§~~§ ~§§~~ ~§~§~ ~§§~i ~§~~8 8§§88 -; ! ~ a "O~
- - ---oo 1=ª o N to.>-------- - :-:-~ ... o· \o" ""• n '-"' ~~~~':' ~~~~~ ~~~~N ;...\QOoOo~ ~~~~t ~~~~~ 0""8v-8 º' .; ~ ~~~::Ó~ ~g~~g ~""""'º'°'" ov.'ONV\
cuturar r;¡¡u1.aienuól R.ectaneufar Duct ror Equa1 t riction -;;,d &°paclty•
Lgth. Lmgll1 of O.• Ski• of R.Ktangular Oaet (o), in.
Adj.º 4.8 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 a.o 9.0 10.0 11.0 u.o 13.0 14.0 lS.O 16.0
J.0 J.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 S.I 5_2 s.s S.1 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 4.0 4.4 u 4.9 S.I 5.J 5.5 S.1 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.) 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.3 S.O 4.9 S.2 s.s S.1 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.3 u S.9 9.1 9.4
l.gtll. Lcagtll ot Oo• Slde of lttttut•lsr Doct (o), la. Lg1-.
Adj.• 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 Adj.º
6 6.6 6 8 7.6 8.2 8.7 8
10 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.4 10.9 10 12 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.3 12.0 12.6 ll.I 12
(11 14 9.8 10.8 11.4 12.2 12.9 13.S 14.2 14.7 IS.l 14
16 10.4 11.J 12.2 13.0 IJ.7 14.4 IS.I IS.7 16.4 16.9 11.S 16 18 11.0 11-9 12.9 13.7 14 .S IS.3 16.0 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.S 19.1 19.7 18 20 11.S 12.6 13.S 14.4 IS.2 16.0 16.8 17.S 18.2 18.9 19.5 20.1 2()_7 21.3 21.9 20 24 12.4 13.S 14.6 IS.6 16.S 17.4 18.) 19.1 19.9 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.7 2J.J )4.9 25.1 26.2 24 28 13.2 14.S 15.6 16.7 17.7 18.7 19.6 20.S 21.3 22.1 22.9 2).7 24.4 25.1 25.8 27.1 28.3 29.S 30.6 28
32 14.0 IS.3 16.S 17.7 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.7 23.5 24.4 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.S 28.9 30.2 31.S 32.7 33.9 32 J6 14.7 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.8 20.9 21.9 22.9 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.6 27.4 28.2 29.0 30.S 32.0 33.3 34.6 JS.9 36 40 15.3 16.8 18.2 19.5 20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.6 30.5 12.1 33.6 35.1 36.• 37.8 40 44 IS.9 17.5 18.9 20.J 31.S 22.7 23.9 2S.0 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.0 30.9 31.8 33.S 35.1 36.7 38.1 39.S 44 48 16.S 18.1 19.6 21.0 22.3 23.6 24.8 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2 31.2 32.2 33.1 34.9 36.6 38.2 39.7 41.2 48
52 17.1 18.7 20.2 21.7 23.1 24.4 25.7 26.9 28.0 29.2 30.3 JI.) 32.3 33.3 34.3 36.2 37.9 39.6 41.2 42.8 52 56 17.6 19.3 20.9 22.4 23.8 2S.2 26.S 27 .7 28.9 30.1 31.2 32.3 3J-4 34.4 35.4 37.4 39.2 41.0 42 .7 44.3 56 60 18.1 19.8 21.5 23.0 24.S 2S.9 27.3 28.6 29.8 JI.O 32.2 33.l J.4.4 3S.S 36.S 38.S 40.4 42.3 44.0 45 .7 60 64 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.1 26.6 28.0 29.3 30.6 31.9 33.1 34.3 35.4 36.5 37.6 39.6 41.6 43.5 4S.3 47.1 64
1 ~
f 1
1i
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... 1il .., .. ~
.. ~ • ... ;¡ ..
~ ": e ~ j .. ;;; .. • ...
.!I 3 ~ 'O ~ e lil ~-: 1 ·a r:~~
$ ' ..,..,,.. .........
~ ~""';~
" ~ !;1;~ ' ¡ :
ª '"".""!V'!'""! ~ a..--"' _...,...,...,,.
~ Nf""l~O
~¡r.:i
... .., 0-00\ttO
::::~~s1~ ,d•_. ;.:O _, < ~~~:?I
~~ ;;.1, ii
V)~ r: :o t;;. ....... ~~
~~2~ f"1"i _..., º"''
~ga~; ~~ :g ~
"" ""!~~""?~ "1"! .. ~:!sg: ~= ... "'"" o- NN-OllO
;2 ~ ;!~~&;; ~.,,.; .... ~~
~2i "° t- .. f"I'\-...:,.;.,,.;,..:~ ¡¡¡: ,...,...,._,._,....
M ......
~~~~ ¡~~~~ o;~ ¡::~
~~ C?C?~ ,.....,_,._._
~'"'!
:S~~-=~ "''° ~~~~:& ....... ~~~r-;~ ""' ..... 0\- -""'.,...""" "° '°
f"?~r-:~~ ::¡ :¡;: !'!;:
.., .. id~
~~~·-~ ~~~~~
~~'1'"':~ :6:'d~~~
:: ::; ,._,.. _.., ... --- ~-:'":'1'"':
ci~~g:~ f:i:a~: o...; ....... ... ...
ai;~~ -'°-"°º :i :¡¡;:¡:a:¡¡ ~$ º°',... ... o -o--.oo ... ":~ ~~~~~ ~~~~:á :s: r:~.,~""! e""" O'\..-.'° "'"" ~~~~~ :i :S ~~::::~~
"":'1~ ""! ~ ;;~;~ _...,
~~~~~ r¿ ~ -oo-.f'O\•
~~$!~~ i~a;i ., "': ;¡; !;¡!
~~;;; '1Y'J~ ~"'! ..,..,
~~~!;\~ g:;$
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~~~;:¡:'& ::!~i:L:S :;t~
6
,f "',..: -..:.e ~-+ ~ .., ~.u a ~ ~~ ~~ g 'O - .g u ·::;
~-~ o ·~
... 1i ~-•º .o"' J!.;'e 'llli ¡-.ó'
l)'plcal Deslgn Velocitles for HVAC Components
Duct Element
LOUVERSª Intake:
7000 cfm and greater Less than 7000 cfm
Exhaust: 5000 cfm and greatcr Less than 5000 cfm
FILTERSb Panel Filters:
Viscous lmpingement Dry-'JYpe, Extended-Surface:
Flat (Jow efficiency) Pleated media (intermediate efficiency) HEPA
Renewable Media Filters: Moving-Curtain Viscous lmpingement Moving-Curtain Dry-Media
Electronic Air Cleaners: Ionizing 'JYpe
HEATINO COILSt Steam and Hot Water
Face Veloclty, fpm
400 See figure, page 8
500 See figure, page 8
200to 800
Duct Velocity Up to 750
250
500 200
ISO to 350
400 to500
Electric: 200 min., 1500 max.
Open Wire Finned Tubular
f DEHUMIDIFYINO COILSd
AIR WASHERSt Spray'JYpe Cell:Jype High-Velocity, Spray:Jype
Refer to mfg. data Refer to mfg. data
SOO to 600
300 to 600 Refer to mfg. data
1200to 1800
ªBased on assumptions prcsented in text. b Abstractcd from Chaptcr IO, 1988 Equipment Volumc.
¡cAbstracted from Chaptcr 9, 1988 Equipmcnt Volumc.
Id Abstracted from Chaptcr 6, 1988 Equipment Vol u me . eAbstracted from Chaptcr 4, 1988 Eq uipmcnt Volume.
7
a: ... > ';)
No.
la
lb
Fan Laws•,b For Ali Fan Laws: 'hl ; 'hl 1nd (PI. of Rt&.) 1 •(PI. of Rt¡.)1
Ikpendent lndependent Vulabiu Variables
Q¡ ... Qi x(EL )3 x ~ X 1 D2 N2
Press. 1 X (EL )2 X ( ~ ) 2 X g¡_
• Press.2 e D i N2 '12
X~ le W1 = W2 x(EL }5 x (~ )3
D i N 1 '12 ~ 3011----1-----f-----71:'---;T~----i a: ... ...
"'= .e
2a x (EL ) 2 x ( Press. 1 ) " 2 x ( Q2 ) " 2 D2 Press.2 '11
~ 20 b x (D2 ) x ( Press.1 )"2 x ( Q2 )"2 < ...
u < ...
00l_-2L-_J•L..__.J91----!9:----},o;:---f,~2 -71•;---,~e¡---,~e¡--;,20 b
"IR Ft. OW X 10· 3. c lm PEA t.OUVER
Oc
Press. 1
• Press.2
D 1 Press.2 '11
x (EL )i x ( Press. 1 )312 x ( Q2 )'12 D 2 Press.2 '11
ªThc 1ubscrip1 1 denotes that the variable is for thc fan under consideration. bThe subK ript 2 denotes that the variable is for thc tcstcd fan . <pi/ or P.¡
. p 1 rs Used In Establishinl! Fhture . . .. Pertment arame e · Unless otherw1se 1denuf1ed, fan performance data are Parameter lntake Louver Exhaust Louv1 ~ased on dry air at standard conditions 14.696 psi and 70
----~~~:!,___ ___ _!:=:::...:::::.:.~=-'----1~ (0.075 Jbm/ft3). In actual applications, the fan may be re-Minimum Free Arca (48-in. Squarc
45 45 ui red to handle air or gas at sorne olher density. The change Test Scctíon), 07o • • N A I' bln density may be because of temperature, composition of
Water Pcnctration, oz/ (ft2 ·0.25 h) 1 Ncg~gtbbc2) 01 PP ica he gas, or altitude. As indicated by the Fan Laws, the fan
( css 1 an · ~rformance is affected by gas density. With constant size Maximum S1atic Prcssurc Drop, 0.25 nd spced, the horsepower and pressure varies directly as the ~i~n.~o~r~wa~tc~r:_ _ ________ o:::·.:.:15:__----- 41liltio of gas density to the standard air density.
8 9
The application of the Fan Laws for a change in fan speed, N, for a specific sizc fan is shown. The computed P, curve is derived from the base curve. For example, point E(N
1 = 650) is computed from point D(N2 = 600) as
follows: Al D, Q2 = 6 and Pl/1= 450
Using Fan Law la al point E Q
1 = 6 X 650/ 600 = 6.5
Using Fan Law lb p tfi "' 450 X (650/600)
2 = 530
The completed P 11 , N = 650 curve thus may be generated by computing addihonal points from data on the base curve, such as point O from point F.
If equivalcnt points of rating are joined, as shown by thc dotted lines, thesc points will all lic on parabolas wbich are defined by thc rclationship expressed in Eq l.
600
I / 1001--~~-1--,-<¡'~.....¡..~~~---~~-1--~~-+-~~~1
/ / / ..........
2 4 6 8 10 VOWME FLOW RATE. º· clm " 1000 (U. " IOOOI
10
Psychrometric Chut 11
1 1 I: 1 ·
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
MOISTUAE ANO AIR
RELATIONSHIPS •
ASHRAE hes •dopted pounds of molsture per pound of drv a lr as standard nomenclatur•. Relations of other unlu ar• .,1pressed below et v•rious dewpoint temperatures.
Equiv. Lb H20 I Paru per Grains I Par cent
Oew Pt. F lb drv • Ir mi Ilion lb drv a ir• Molsture %b
- 100 0.000001 1 0.0007
90 0 .000002 2 0 .0016
80 0 .000005 5 0.0035
70 o 00001 10 0 .073 0 .06
60 0 .00002 21 0.1 48 0.13
50 0 .00004 42 0.291 0 .26
- 40 0 .00008 79 0.555 0 .5
30 0.00015 146 1.02 0 .9
- 20 0.00026 263 1.84 1.7
10 0 .00046 461 3.22 2.9
0.0008 787 5.51 5.0 o 0.0013 1 315 9.20 8.3
10 2 152 15.1 13.6
20 0.0022 24.2 21.8
30 0.0032 3 154 36.5 33.0
40 0 .0052 5 213
50 0 .0077 7 658 53.6 48.4
60 0.011 1 11 080 77.6 70.2
70 0.0158 15 820 110.7 100.0
80 0 .0223 22 330 156.3
90 0 .0312 31 180 218.3
100 0.0432 43 190 302.3
a 7000 gr•lns • 1 lb b Compared to 70 F saturatea .
Normallv th• sensible h••t l•ctor determines the Cfm requored 10 accept a load. In sorne Indust rial applications the latent heat factor m•v control th• air circulation rate.
Latent hHt. Btu/h Thu!i Cfm •
IW1 - W2) " 4840
• NUMBERS. 1985, Altadena, CA. by 8111 HoClad•Y and Cy Otterholm.
12
Tumperalure and Allilude Correction Temperah1re-Denslty* Allltude-Oensily**
Temp. Den sil y Wt. per Ele\'lltlon Air denslty Density ºF factor cu. r1. (l. lb./cu. {l. faclor
o 1.IS2 0.0864 o 0.o7S 1.0 70 1.000 0.0749 soo 0.0736 0.982
100 0.946 0.0709 1,000 0.0723 0.964 150 0.869 0.0651 1,500 0.0710 0.947 200 0.803 0.0602 2,000 0.0697 0.930 2SO 0.747 O.OS60 2,SOO 0.0684 0 .913 300 0.697 O.OS22 3,000 0.0672 0.896 3SO 0.654 0.0490 3,500 0.0659 0.880 400 0.616 0.0462 4,000 0.0647 0.864 450 0.582 0.0436 4,500 0.0635 0.848 soo O.S52 0.0414 S,000 0.0623 0.832 550 0.525 0.0393 5,500 0.0612 0.817 600 0.500 0.0315 6,000 0.0600 0.801 650 0.477 0.0358 6,SOO 0.0589 0.786 700 0.457 0.0342 7,000 0.0578 0.772 750 0.438 0.0328 7,500 0.0567 0.757 800 0.421 0.0315 8,000 0.0557 0.743 850 0.404 0.0303 8,500 0.0546 0.729 900 0.390 0.0292 9,000 0.0536 0.715 950 0.376 0.0282 9,500 0.0525 0.701
1,000 0.363 0.0272 10,000 0 .051 5 0.688
•Table bascd on 29.92 in. Hq. •Dry air at 70ºF
13
• - - - - - -Enthalpy of A.ir at Various Wd Bulb Teroperatures
Par1 l
Par11-
Condt nscd Table.
lnte,.,,olat~ to TtnthJ of 0qrttS, 40 WB -19.9 WB•
40WB - 90WB
Wt t Btu Wt t Btu Wet Btu Wt t Btu \\et Btu Wtt Btu Wet Btu Wt l Bl• Wtt Btu
Bulb Pt r Bulb Ptr Bulb Per Bulb Pt r Bulb Per Bulb Ptr Bulb Pcr Bulb Per Bulb Pt r
"nmp. Pound Tcmp. Pound TtmP. Pound Ttmp. Pound Ttmp. Pound Ttmi>- Pound Tt mp. Pound Temp. Pound Tcmp. Pound
40.0 15.23 45.0 17.65 so.o 20.30 SS .O 23.22 60.0 26.46 65.0 30.06 70.0 34.09 75.0 38.61 40 IS.23
.1 lS.28 .1 17.70 ,1 20.36 .1 23.28 .1 26.53 .1 30.14 .1 34.18 .1 38.71 41 15.10
.2 lS .32 .2 17.75 .2 20.41 .2 23.34 .2 26.60 .2 30.21 .2 34.26 .2 38.80 42 16.17
.3 lS.37 .3 11.80 .3 20.47 .3 23.41 .3 26.67 .3 30.29 .3 34.35 .3 38.90 43 16.66
.4 15.42 .4 17.85 .4 20.S2 .4 23.47 .4 26.74 .4 30.37 .4 34.43 .4 38.99 44 17. lS
_. 1
40.S lS.47 4S .5 17.91 so.s 20.S8 ss.s 23 .S3 60.5 26.81 65.5 30.4S 70.5 34.S2 75.5 39.09 4S 17.6S
~ .6 lS .51 .6 17.96 .6 20.64 .6 23.S9 .6 26.87 .6 30.S2 .6 34.61 .6 39.19 46 18.16
.7 IS. S6 .7 18.01 .7 20.69 .7 23.65 .7 26.94 .7 30.60 .7 34.69 .7 39.28 47 18.68
.8 IS.61 .8 18.06 .8 20.75 .8 23.72 .8 27.01 .8 30.68 .8 34.78 .8 39.38 48 19.21
.9 IS .65 .9 18.11 .9 20.80 .9 23.78 .9 27.08 .9 30.1S .9 34.86 .9 39.47 49 19.7S
41.0 15.70 46.0 18.16 SI.O 20.86 56.0 23.84 61.0 27.17 66.0 30.83 71 .0 34.95 76.0 39.S7 so 20.30
. 1 15.7S .1 18.21 .1 20.92 .1 23.90 .1 27 .22 .1 30.91 .1 35.04 .1 39.67 Sl 20.86
.2 tS.80 .2 18.26 .2 20.97 .2 23.97 .2 27.29 .2 30.99 .2 35 .13 .2 39.77 S2 21.44
.3 IS .84 .3 18.32 .3 21.03 .3 24.03 .3 27.36 .3 31.07 .3 3S.21 .3 39.87 53 22.02
,4 15.89 .4 18.37 .4 21.09 .4 24.10 .4 27 .43 .4 31.15 .4 35.30 .4 39.97 S4 22.62
41.S 15.94 46.5 18.42 St.S 2i.IS S6.S 24.16 61.S 27.SO 66.S 31.23 71 .5 35.39 76.5 40.07 SS 23.22
.6 IS.99 .6 18.47 .6 21.20 .6 24.22 .6 27.57 .6 31.30 .6 35.48 .6 40.17 56 23.84
.7 16.04 .7 18.52 .7 21.26 .7 24.29 .7 27.64 ,7 31.38 .7 35.57 .7 40.27 51 24.48
.8 16.08 .8 18.58 .8 21.32 .8 24.35 .8 27.71 .8 31.46 .8 3S.65 .8 40. 37 58 2s.12
.9 16.13 .9 18.63 .9 21.38 .9 24.42 .9 27.78 .9 31.S4 .9 ,~ _74 .9 ~ ...... ., 59 25.78
•v-••
. ·-
' º · " 'Zl ~4'Y . 1 24.S4 .1 17.92
.2 16.27 .2 18.79 .2 21.SS .2
. t 'JL1ó~ :1 .J> .. Y.l .1
24.61 .2 27.99 ~-º'
.3 16.32 .3 18.84 .3 21 .61 . 3 24.67 .2 31.78 .2 36.01 .2 40.77 62 27.8S
.4 16.37 .4 18.89 .4 21 .67 .3 28.07 .3 31 .86 .3 36.10 .3 40.87 63 28.S7
.4 24.74 .4 28.14 .4 31 .94
42.S 16.42 47.5 18.95 52.5
.4 36.19 .4 40.97 64 29.31
21 .7) 57.S 24.80 62.S 28.21 67.S 32.02 65
.6 16.46 .6 19.00 .6 21.78
72.5 36.29 77.5 41.08 30.06
.7 16.51
.6 24.86 .6 28.28 .6 32 .10 66 30.83
.1 19.05 .1 21.84 .1 24.93
.6 36.38 .6 41.18
.8 16.56
.7 28.35 .1 32.18 67 31.62
.8 19.10 .8 21.90 .8 24.99
.7 36.47 .7 41.28
.9 16.61
.8 28.43 .8 32.26 68 32.42
.9 19.16 .9 21.96 .9
.8 36.56 .8 41.38
2S.06 .9 28.50 .9 32.34 69
43.0 16.66 48.0 19.21
.9 36.6S .9 41.48 33 .25
53.0 22.02
. 1 16.71 .1 19.26 SS.O 25.12 63 .0 28.S7 68.0 32.42 73.0 36.74 78.0 41.58
70 34.09
. 1 22 .08 .1 25 .19 .1 28 .64 71 34.9S
.2 16.76 .2 19.32 .2 22.14
.1 32.SO .1 36.83 . 1 41.68
.2 2S.25 .2 28.72 72 35.83
.3 16.81 .3 19.37 .3 22.20
.2 32.59 .2 36.92 .2 41.79
.4 16.86 .4 19.43 .3 2S.32 .3 28.79 .3 32.67 .3 37.02
73 36.74
.4 22.26
.3 4 1.89
<:n 1 43 .5
.4 2S.38 .4 28.87 .4 32.75 .4 74 37.66
16.91 48.5 19.48 53 .5
37. 11 .4 42.00
22.32 58.S 25.45 63.5 28.94
75 38.61
.6 16.9S .6 19.53 .6 22.38
68.S 32.84 73.S 37.20 78.5 42.10
.6 25.52
76 39.57
.7 17.00 .7 19.59
.6 29.01 .6 32.92 .6 37.29 .6 42.20
.1 22.44 .7 25.S8 .7 29.09
77 40.S7
.8 17.0S .8 19.64 .8 22 .SO
.7 33.00 .7 37.39 .7 42.31
.9 17.10 .8 25 .65 .8 29.16 .8 33 .08 .8
78 41.S8
.9 19.70 .9 22.56
37.48 .8 42.41
.9 2S.71 .9 29.24 .9 33.17 .9 79 42.62
44 .0 17. IS 49.0 19.75
37.57 .9 42.S2
54.0 22.62 S9.0 25 .78
80 43 .69
.1 17.20 .1 19.81 .1 22.68 64.0 29.31 69.0 33.25 74.0 37.66 79.0 42.62
.2 17.25 .2 1 25.85 .1 29.39 .1 33 .33 . 1 37.76
81 44.78
19.86 .2 22.74 . 2 25.92
.1 42.73 82 45.90
.3 17.30 .3 19.92 .2 29.46 .2 33 42 .2 37.85
.3 22.80 .3 2S.98
.2 42.83 83 47.f>'
.4 17.35
.3 29.54 .3 33.SO .3
.4 19.97 .4 22.86
37 .95 .3 42.94
.4 26.05 .4 29.61 .4 33.S9
84 48.22
44. 5 17.40 49.5 20.03
.4 38.04 .4 43.0S
.6 17.45 54.5 22.92 S9.S 26.12 64.5 29.69 69.5 33 .67
as 49.43
.6 20.08 .6 22 .98 .6 26. 19
74.S 38.14 79.S 43 .16 86 S0.66
.7 17.50 .1 20.14 .6 29.76 .6 33 .7S .6. 38.23
.7 23 .04 .7 26.26
.6 43.26 87 51 .93
.8 17.55 .8 20. 19
.7 29.84 .7 33 .84 .7 38.33 .7 43.37
.8 23. 10 .8 26.32
88 Sl .23
.9 17.60 .9 20.25
.8 29.9 1 .8 33.92 .8 38.42 .8 43.48
.9 23.16 .9 26.39
89 54.56
.9 29.99 .9 34.0 1 .9 38.52 .9 43.S8 90 S5.93
1 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM*
1 Temp, Spec vol, Enthatpy, Btu/lb
Pressure ºF cu ft/lb Satwater vapora-tlon
p Vg hf hfg
1 0.25 in. Hg 40.34 2423.7 8.28 , 071.1 0 .50 56.80 1256.4 26.86 1060.6 1.00 79.03 652.3 47.05 1049.2
1 2 .00 101 .14 339.2 69.10 1036.6
2 psia 126.08 173.7. 93.99 1022.2 3 141.48 118.7 109.37 1013.2 4 152.97 90.63 120.86 1006.4 1127.3 5 162.24 73.52 130.13 1001 .0 1131.1
1 6 170.06 61.98 137.94 996.2 1134.2 7 176.85 53.64 144.76 992.1 1136. 8 182.86 47.34 150. 79 988.5 1139. 9 188.28 42.40 156.22 985.2 1141.
1 10 193.21 38.42 161. 17 982.1 1143.
12 201.96 32.40 169.96 976.6 14 209.56 28.04 177.61 971.9 14.696 212.00 26.80 180.07 970.3
1 20 227.96 20.09 196.16 960.1
30 250.33 13.75 218.82 945.3 1164. 40 267.25 10.50 236.03 933.7 1169. 50 281.01 8.515 250.09 924.0 1174.I
1 60 292.71 7.175 262.09 915.5 1177.
70 302.92 6.206 272.61 907.9 1180. 80 312.03 5.472 282.02 901.1 1183.
90 320.27 4 .896 290.56 894.7 1185.
1 100 327.81 4.432 298.40 888.8 1187.
120 341.25 3.728 312.44 877.9 , 190.
140 353.02 3.220 324.82 868.2 1193. 160 363.53 2.834 335.93 859.2 1195.
1 180 373.06 2.532 346.03 850.8 1196.
200 381 .79 2.228 355.36 843.0 1198.
Abr;dye<l frorn "Thermodynamic Properties of Stearn ..
1 by Keenan and Keyes. John Wlley & Sons. lnc .. N. Y.
* NUMBERS, 1985, Altadena, CA, by 8111 Holladay and Cy Otterholm.
16
1
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen dioxide
Oione
Hydrocarbons (nonmethanc)•
l..ead
U.S. Ambient Air Quality Standards
Averaglng Time
Annual (geomctric mean) 24ht
Annual (arithmetic mean)
24 h t
Annual (arithmetic mean)
1 ht
Primary Standard
l..e'l·els 75 µg/m 3
260µg/m 3
80µg/m3
(0.03 ppm¡ 36Sµglm (0.14ppm)
10mg/m3
(9ppm) 40 mg/m3t (35 ppm)
IOOµg/m 3
(O.OS ppm) 240 µg/ml (0.12 ppm)
3 h 160 µ/gml (6 to 9 A.M.) (0.24 ppm)
3 mos. 1.5 µg/ml
*A nonhealth·relatcd standards used as a guide for oz.one control fNot to be exceeded more than once ayear fEPA has proposed a reduction of the standard 10 29 mg/m3
• tt.t
"·' o
tt.O o
o o o o ~'\ /
9'.0
to.o
to.o ?o.o .... 30.00 4000 30.00 10.00
o- ;..º.j7
'º·ºº ) ,00
1 00
o'º O.O!
o
~
./
/ /
/
V
/ / / /
/ / / / / /
./ ./ •./ ./
.~ f
./ ./ ./ ./
/ ./
V .~#' /
/
I
Secondary Standard
l.evels 60 µg/m 3
150µg/m 3
IJOOµg/m 3
(O.S ppm) 10mg/m3
(9 ppm) 40mg/mJ (3S ppm)
IOOµg/m 3
(O.OS ppm) 240µglm 3
(0.12ppm) 160µ/gm3
(0.24 ppm) l.S µg/ml
º' º" . 'º 10 Pa1H1C1.' 01aM[f(*, M1C•OMtHt[
Particle Si:ie Distribulion of Atmospheric Dust
17
t ~I
Electronlc Air Cleaners Eleclronic air cleaners use electroslatic prccipitalion 10 remove and collecl par·
ticulatc conlaminants such as dust, smoke. and pollcn. Wires with a positiw dirccl currenl potcnlial of bclwcen 6 and 25 kV DC are suspended equidistan! belween grounded plalcs, creatin¡¡ an ionizing field for charging patticles.
Thc colleclina plate section consists of parallcl platcs with a positivc vollagt of 4 lo 10 kV (de) applicd to altcrnatc platcs. Platcs that are nol charged are at ground po1ential. As parlicles passinlo this section, they are forced lo thc platel by lhc clectríc flcld on thc chargcs lhey carry, and thus are removed from the air·
strcam and collcctcd by thc pla1cs. Elcctronic air clcancrs typically operatc from a l:ZO.. or 240-V AC singlc-phasc
electrical service. Power consump1ion rangcs from 20 lo 40 walls pcr 1000 cfm
of capacity. This type of air filler can removc and collect airbornc contaminants with aves
age cfficiencics of up lo 98G7o at low airílow velocitics (ISO to 350 fpm) whe lcstcd per thc ASHRAE Standard 52.1. Efficicncy dccreascs (1) as the collecling pi ates t>ecome loaded wilh particulalcs, (2) wilh highcr vclocities, or (3) wit
nonuniform vclocity. As with most air filtration dcvices, the duct approaches to and from lhe aiI
clcancr housina should be arran¡¡ed so that thc airflow is distributed uniforml ovcr the facc arca. Panel prefillersshould also be uscd to helpdistribute thc air now and lo trap largc particles thal mlght short out or cause cxcessivc arci
withín thc hl&h -voitage section.
- 111/11'l/111///1 !I !1111 1 !l l/ I 1 11 1 11 /! 1 11 i 1 11 /li -
\ \ '/ ALTIANATE
\ \ l AlflflOW ?-"~ e::::o trtl 11,,,, 1,, 1 1 , 11111111"u1 u -
,ATH~/, \\ INTERM!DIATE
°":¡,O~!ll!li/ l l i i l! lil l////////l!l!ll/ 11~. ~;.:r~ WIAUAT ~~:::;;" '':::¿J!/ ''' \('' '111 ~~: ~~~~;1f \\ ~·-· 1 + PAATICLES
- ez 11, 11º'P¿n1u11 111wu1u 1m m 11111 11 1111 -
POSITill(LY CHARGlD ,..ATICL.E
Cross Secllon or l onlzing EJectronlc Air Cleaner
18
... 5
:i a o .. ~ .[
.§
o 00
g o r-
8 "'
o ..... V
o 00
g ~
g o 00
1\) o
~
-Soul'(:es, Possible Concentrations, and lndoor-to-Outdoor Concentration Ratios of Some lndoor Pollutants
Pollutant
Carbon monoxidc
Respirable particlcs
Organic vapors
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide Tutal suspended particles
without smoking Sulfate Formaldchyde
R.adoo and progeoy Asbestos Mineral and synthetic fibers Carbon dioxidc Viable organisms
Ozone
Sourcesof Possible lndoor 1/0 Conc~n-lndoor Pollution Concentration• tralion Ratio Location
Combuslion cquipment, engincs, fauhy JOOppm >>I Skaling rinks, officcs, heating systcms homes, cars, sbops Stovcs, fi~laces, ci&arcttcs, coodcn- 100 to SOO µglm 3 >>l Homes, officcs. can, public satioo of volatilcs, aerosol sprays, facilities, bars. restaurants resuspcnsion, cooking. Combustioo, solvents, resin products, NA >l Homes, restaurams, public pcsticides, aerosol sprays Combustion, gas stovcs, water bcaters, 200 to 1000 µglm3
facilities, officcs. hospitals »1 Homes, slcating rinlcs
dricrs, cigarettcs, engincs 20µglm 3 Hcating systcm <I Removal insidc
Combustion, resuspcnsion, hcating 100 µglm 3 1 Homes. officcs. transpor· systcm
S µg/ m3 tation, restaurants
Matches, gas stoves <l Removal inside lnsu.latioo, product bindcrs, O.OS to 1.0 ppm >I Homes, officcs particleboard
0.1 to loo nCitT3 Building materials, groundwaier, soil >>J Homes, buildings Fíreproofing < 10 fibcr/m 1 Homes, schools, offices Products, cloth, rugs, wallboard NA - Homes, schools. offices
Combustion, humans, pcts 3000 ppm >>l Homes, schools, offices Hurnans, pcts, rodents, insects, plants, NA >l Homes, hospitals, schools, fungi, hurnidificrs, air condilioners officcs, public Elect.ric arcing 20ppb <J Airplancs UV light sources 200ppb >I Officcs
~g ¡; (') :r ..
~24~ !l 9 ~ !f a a ~~: - g -
Oi. :e·~
s:[~ =.. •. 5..,-· o o=.. : ~ :r,...09;' -:: ~ ¡; + .:z :z :z ¡;
;r;.-~ ~o d' ~ 3: !!! ~ > il':' • l:UL. IC" a ~~g-·1=.:.f ~~e ! :;g,¡¡ .. ~~e{¡ B..2.2. ;; -g¡¡=sq_;:;a_-
:;;·~ g~ .,, . - ·'O n ,,. ~ .. g. 2. ..... = . ... !:!. .. - · .. .,, - ¡; ~ ::::. -º
.... ~~ a· s· .... ~Q . () ~.;-º + 5: ~ ~.P
¡¡ &l gg = ... =
Q + Q +::o >g ..... + :z ¿-. - ..
ID ::J n ~ I» 0 ~ c. e: ~: D. S ::rJl.1 CT3 n Q.~ aººe..= ..... -·ª::o Q.¡;j "'O) 3 n o e:. o ::r'
'2~ ~Ó. n o· 3 e 0 ;;-
? ~· ~ ª· ~ ~ .. -r;
~ ... ii
Q. ~Cl.l~ Q.
~ <'?. .9.f '":º ~ no= cr -- ~Q.n~ e:~cs 3 ~- ~~e:r r:r~ • ;.:;:ic;r:r
g ~ .,0.9wOg ;:;-- n
r:rr:r 3 " < ... -CI' o o - · ... a "'· e o¡;. :s :s :s ""' ñ 3::: ñ
" JD ; · :: .. ª ~ i"::s :i ::J :s .:-0000 _::s :s :s ::> ..., onnn
'Z ::> .. o :i:: ::o () n wO
~...,-;..::
-· 3:: '= >::o .... o ª- (,,. :> a
~ 5. ~ e e ~ S-cr [ ~ i a:gggg~ ~~·g a .... ~::2::a::a:snnn..,oo '< i;' C. (:La.a.:s <n c.'< n < .. - ·-·-·-·o. <<::o ~ oo~o -. n•""' '8 ~. ~. e. ~. ~ e;·'& E.. ~ ~~~~c.: e:..,~
n ~ It .. ::o Q. o ció ~ ;;·
~
~ e: ~ ¡;: n
::o o :>
"
ª· o ¡;¡ o iii! .. 2. n
;i
~
e :s = :s :i
ººººº = :s :s ::> :::i n n n n n
~ ~!!~ g!i" ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~· c;· e¡ ...... ~o~-~·~ p Oí! n n )" - · "'o o o &. =· 9 3 N -·"'8'8 g g&ccp
3 =::o .. 'O e- e- o. o "O. e .., ::o .. a. "' .. a
3 .., J = • a
~~ .. -t: g
~~ ~~ e ;:
a.~
b' ~ .,;.,¡ .. 3
¡ = ~ > ~ o a. .. .il (") =" .. 3 §' a. ~ .. = Q.
o ¡;
~
- - ---:
Hood Capture Velocitles
Tu select an adequate volumetric flow ratc to withdraw air througl! a hood, designers use the concept of capture velocities, which are air velocities al the point of cont.aminanl generation. The contaminan! enters the moving airstream at the point of gcneration and is conducted along with the air into the hood. The table shows capture vclocilics for severa! industrial operations, based on successful cxperience under ideal conditions.
Range of Capture Velocitles Capture
Condltlon of (Control)
Contamlnant Dispcrslon Examplcs Veloclty, fp11
Relcased with essentially Evaporation from tanks, 50 to 100
no velocity into still air degreasing, plating
Relcased at low velocity Container filling, low- IOOto 200
into moderately stiU air spccd convcyor transfers, welding
Active generalion into Barre) filling, chute load- 200to 500
zone of rapid air motion ing of convcyors, crushing, cool shakcout
Released at high velocity Grindin¡, abrasive 500 to2000
into zone of very rapid blasting, tumbling, hot
air motion shakeout
In each category above, a range of capture velocities is shown. proper choice of values depends on severa) factors.
Lower End of Range l. Room air currents are favor
able to capture. 2. Conlaminants of low toxicity
or of nuisance value only. 3. lotermittent, low production. 4. Large hood; large air mass
in motíon.
1.Jpper End of Rangc 1. Distributing room air curren
2. Contaminants of hi¡h toxici
3. High production, heavy us 4. Small hood; local control o
22
Q = V(IOx2 + A)
Q • flow rate, cfm V • capture velocily, fl/min X • distancc from hood face, fl A • hood face arca, ft2
r o ri llJ
ti :l
~ llJ 11. ¡¡:
~~~~~~~ ~ 8~2~2~i g
1oor-,,-.--,.--,,...-...---.--.-.....---.-~~--l § 90 t--+-+--t--l-1-+-1--1--...¡..._l--L_.l
~801-t\--t--+--+--lr--+-+--1---1--l-_.lf.-.i > ~ 70t-+-'d--t--+--l~l--+-+--l--+--ll--I ~ sor-t-~-t--+--+--1'--+--l--1---1---l.--l ~50t-+-+-..ot--+-+~i--+--l-_¡..._¡,._J__,J
ffi 40t--t--t-r...+--+--+--+--+--+-~-l.---I > < 30t--t-+--t--+:...+.....,f--+-+-+--I-~~ t--
~ :~ ... i-r-11rrt-rttti:L o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
OUlWAAD OISTANCE FAOM PIPE MOUTH, PEACENT OF O
Veloclly Contours for a Plaln Rouod Openlng
23
1 1
Contaminant Tnlnsport Velocities Adaptcd írom Industrial Ventilation- A Manual of Rttommended Practkts
(ACGIH 1988)
Nature or
Contam-
Min1m1111 Traosport Veloclty,
inan! Examples
Vapors, Ali vapors, gases, smokes gases, smoke Fumes Welding
Very fine Cotton lint, wood flour, litho powder light dust Ory Fine rubber dust, Bakclite molding powder dusts and dusL, jutc lint, cotton dust, shavings (light), powders soap dust, leather shavings Average Grindiog dust, buffing lint (dry), wool jute dust industrial (shaker waste), coffee beans, shoe dust, granite dust dust, silica flour, general material handling, brick
cutting, clay dust, foundry (general), limestonc dust, packaging and weighing asbestos dust in textilc industries
Hcavy dusts
Sawdust (heavy and wet), metal tumings, foundry tumbling barreis and shakeout, sandblast dust, wood blocks, hog waste, brass turnings, cast-iron boring dust, lead dust
Heavy L.ead dust with small chips, moist cement dust, or moist asbestos chunks from transite pipe cutting dusts machines, buffing lint (sticky), quicklirnc dust
24
fpm
Usually 1000 to 2000
200010 2500
2500to 3000
3000 to
4000 3500
to 4000
4000 to
4500
4SOO and up
Hood Eotry Loss Whcn air cnters a hood, a loss of total prcssurc occurs; thc hood
mtry /oss is:
h, = CofJ,
where h, • hood entry loss, in. or water C0 • loss íacior, dimension tcss p, • appropriate velocity pressure, in. oí water
Tutal prcssure is difficult to measure, since it varies across a duct, depending on local velocity. On thc other hand, static pressure remains constant across a straight duct. Therefore, a single measurement of 1tatic pressure in a straight duct downstream of the hood can monitor thc volumctric flow rate. The valuc of this static pressure, hood suction , is givcn by:
Phs = Pv + h,
whcrep.u = hood suction, in. of water
L PlAIN DUCT ENO c. •1.0
FACEAREAAT LEASTZTIMES DUCTAREA
b. FLANGED OUCT ENO c. •0.60
.. • •
c. ORIFICE AT OUCT E.NO e, -1.1e
(USEP. OFORIFICE)
.J • .. ~ . ,. t; • • < ...... RECT '"NOULAR l SQU• E V
, . ~ .. .... ~
, ,I'. l.- -- ROUNO
~ ... ffi o 10
DUCTAREA . . . ,. - --FAC! ... REAAT ~ l.!MT2TIME8 ... 0 I040HMNIOltol.ottOIM
.. INClUOEO ANGlE IN OEGREES
d. TAPEREOHOOOS FLANGEDOR UNFLANGEO: AOUNO, IOUAAE OA RECTANGULAR
flSTI1E MAJOAANOlEON RECTANOUlARHOODS.
Entry Losses for lYpical H oods 25
Oucts 6º on cente,. (mox.) for lo,.ge hoods
t::3:::t::1::3:::t::t::3:::t::3
H•4' max. 6'º mln. ovtr'hong on three 1fdu
Coo)(1ng equipmenl
, HOOO ACAINST WALL O • 80 cfm/11 of hood oreo (80 WI.)
Hol tou thon 50 cfm/fl' of foco oreo (50 PH) p • per-lmeter or hood ; 2W + l Ouct vetoclty :: 1000 - .COOO fpm. to 1ult conditfons h , • {ffllor tHlslonce + 0.1") + 0 .50 VP, (alro19hl toko-off) i.. • (flllor rulslonce + 0.1") + 0.25 VP, ( toporod toko -oll)
6' moximum
E::3:::t::f ::1:::t::1::3:::t::3
H='' mox.
tslond cooklng Ot"eo
6" m1n. overhong oll 1ldu
ISLANO IYPC HOOO
O • 125 clm/112
of hood oreo ( 125 WL)
P = perimeler of hood 2W + 2l
Nol IHs 1hon 50 cfm/111 of foco oroo (50 PH) Mlnlmum duc l veloclty = 1000 - ~000 fpm, to sull condillons h, • (flllor rt1lslonc1 + 0.1") + 0.50 VP, (alrolghl toke -off) h, • (flllor reolalonce + O. t") + 0.25 VP, (topored toke·off)
Kitchen Range Hoods
R~prin~ w~th pcrmission oflhc American ConfCTCncc of 00\ICTrunental Jndus· lrlal Hwenuts for Industrial Ventilation-A Manual of Recommended Pmctice, 21st Edítion (1992).
26
Duets 6' on center moxlmum
l---- - -"
roce or ends can opentd for fllter rtmovot ------
r1111r mounllng holgh l See note 4 below,
Cookin9 tquipment
Cloaed t nds dtalrobl•
LOW SIOC WALL HOOO
Q • 200 clm/lineol 11 of cooklng 1urloc• {200l) Mlnimum duct velocity = 1000 4000 tpm, to 1uit CO!"lditions h : {filler res;stonee + 0.1") • 0 .50 VP, ( alrolghl 1oke-ofl) h: • (filler reslstonce + 0. t") + 0 .25VP, (lopered loke-off)
Kitchen Range lloods
Notes for Kltchen Hood•
Fllters 1. Select praetical filler size. 2. Determine number of filters requlred lro manufac:turer's data.
(Usually, 2 cfm maximum exhaust for each square inch ol filler area.) 3. lnstall at 45º - 60º to horizontal. Never horizontal. 4. Alter mounling height
a. No exposed oooking flame- 18" mlnimum to lowest edge <_>f filler. b. Charcoal and similar fires-4' mlnlmum to lowest edge ol ftlter.
5. Shleld lilters from dlrect radlant heat. 6. Provlde removable g1ease drlp pan. 7. Clean pan and lilters regularly.
Fana 1. Use upblasl discharge tan. 2. Select fan lor design Q and SP resistance ol filters and duct. 3. Adjust tan specificatíon lor expected exhaust alr temperatura.
Reprinled with pennission oflhcAmerican ConfCTCnceofGovernmental Industrial H)'licnists for Industrial Venlílation-A Manual of Recommended Pmctlct, 21st Editfon (1992).
~-t •
1 1
Optlonol room otr by-pou dou not apen unlil 1osh IJ cloHd 25""-30"4
A1rtoll ¡omb
tr.4ov•oble sosh --.µ..,...::;..; con "'ove horlzontol 1Hdln9 ponefs
Receued bottom A1rto1I sill
(xhousl duct
Adjustobl• top 1101
So1h clo1u by - pou when rolaed
íhced center stot
Aeor bofffe
VERTICAL SASH AIR FOIL HOOO
ror 1otety sh1eld, ot leost one sosh 16.. mow. w1dlh
HORIZONTAL SASH AIRFOIL HOOO
O = 80-100 t:fm/t 1' fulf open oreo dtpendlng on quollly of 1upply oir dislrtbution ond uniformlty of foce veloclty
h," 0.5 VPd Ouct · velocity • 1000- 2000 fpm to
sult condltion1
Alrfoil 1111
l)'plcal Laboratory Hood
~rinte<! w!th pmnission ofthc Americ:an Confcrencc ofGo-erorncntal lndus· lnal Hyg1cn~s~s for Industria/ Ventila/Ion-A Manual of Recommended Practlcr, 21st Ediuon (1992).
28
Common Pump Terms, Symbols, and Formulas
Term Sym bol Unils Formula
Velocity V ít/s
Volume V ft3
Flow rate Q. gpm
Pressure p psi
Density p lb/ft3
Acceleralion of gravity g 32.17 ft/s2
Specific gravity SG Mass of liquid
Mass of water at 39ºF
Speed n rpm
Head H ft 2.31p/SG
Net positive suction H ft head (NPSH)
Efficiency (percent) Pump 'Y/p Electric motor 1/m Variable spced drive r¡, Equipment (constan! r¡. r¡, = 1'/p'Y/m/100 speed pumps)
Equipment (variable r¡. r¡, "' 10- • 1/p'Y/m1/v speed pumps)
Utilization 'Y/ 11 Qo e design flow
100 QoHo QA "' actual flow 1111 = H D = design head QAHA HA = actual head
System Efficiency lndex SEi "' 10-• T/¡;'Y/11 (decimal)
Output pawer (pump) Po hp Q,HSG/3960
Shaft power Ps hp 100 P0 1T/p
Input powcr P¡ kW 74.6P/T/m
29
1
1 1
Affinlty Laws for P u m ps
Specific Jmpeller Gravity To DI a meter Speed (SG) Correcl for MuJUply by
Flow ( NewSpeed) Old Speed
1 1
Constant Variable Constan! Head ( New Speed ) 2
Old Speed
Power ( New Speed ) 3
Old Speed
( New Diameler ) Flow Old Speed
1 Variable Constant Constant ( New Diameter ) 2 Head Old Speed
1 Power ( New Diameter ) 3
Old Speed
Constant Constan! Variable Power ( NewSG) OldSG
1
1 30
1
~ ... %
~ o f 2
f
Application of Affini ty Laws
SVSTEM OUtGN Fl.OW
-·-- ---- --r·
IYlt(M rUWr
lf the hydronic system has a system head curve as shown in curve A, thepumpat ll50rpm willoperateat point 1, notatpoint2, aswould be predicted by the affinily laws al o ne. lf the hydronic system has a system head curve like curve B of this figure, the pump at 1150 rpm will run at shutoff head and delivcr no water. This demonstrates that the affinity laws should be used to dcvelop new pump head/capacity curves, but not to predict performance with a particular hydronic system unless its system head curve is known.
31
'fypical Pump Curves (Curves vary with manufacturer. Courtesy of Aurora Pump Co.)
'fyplcal Pump Curves (Curves vary with manufacturer. Courtesy of Aurora Pump Co.)
32 33
~
~
Q
ª ~ ~
~-.,. 3 ~ ~ e 'O
~ ~ a -~ : Q ~ e (") ~ e '< ~ 2, il
~ ¡¡
'J 3 .,, Q ,;...
Nom. Pipe Size (in.)
~ 1 114 1 V, 2
2 \li 3 3 Vt 4 5
6 8
10 12
1750 RPM SPLIT ~ASE
Y.. psi
3.5 11
9 11 17 21 36 45 56 70
108 134
174 215 318 380 462 5SO 726 800
1,200 1,430
1,920 2,300 3,900 4,800 7,200 8,800
11,400 13,700
Low Pressure System Pipe Capacities-Pounds Per Hour Coodensate Flowing with tbe Steam Flow
Pressure Drop per 100 ft
~ psi ~ psi Yi psi ~ psi 1 psi
Saturated Pressure (psig)
3.5 12 3.5 12. 3.5 12 3.5 12 3.5 12
14 16 20 24 29 35 36 43 42 so 26 31 37 46 S4 66 68 82 81 95
S3 66 78 96 111 138 140 170 162 200
84 100 120 147 174 210 218 260 246 304
162 194 234 28S 336 410 420 510 480 590
258 310 ns 460 540 660 680 820 780 950
46S 550 660 810 960 1,160 1,190 1,430 1,380 1,670
670 800 990 1,218 1,410 1,700 1,740 2,100 2,000 2,420
950 1,160 1,410 1,690 1,980 2,400 2,450 3,000 2,880 3,460
1,680 2,100 2,440 3,000 3,570 4,250 4,380 5,250 S,100 6,100
2,820 3,350 3,960 4,850 S,700 7,000 7,200 8,600 8,400 10,000
S,510 7,000 8,100 10.000 11,400 14,300 14,500 17,700 16,500 20,SOO
10,200 12,600 15,000 18,200 21,000 26,000 26,200 32,000 30,000 37,000
16,500 19,500 23,400 28,400 33,000 40,000 41,000 49.SOO 48,000 57,500
1 psi
3.5 12
60 73 114 137 232 280 360 430 710 850
1,150 1,370 1,950 2,400 2,950 3,450 4,200 4,900 7,500 8,600
11,900 14,200 24 ,000 29,500 42,700 52,000 67,800 81,000
Thcwcight-ílow ra1esa13.5 psi¡ can besued to cover sat. press. from 1 to &psig, and thcrates at 12 psi¡ can be used tocover sat. prcss. from 8 to 16 psig with an error not cxcccdin¡ 8 pcrcent.
=r-;&.~~ ~-- -=-~~--T..:... ...... --------Wl'j'"w•~~V~l~ ~
--
~
- - - - - - - - -Medium Pmsore System Pipe Capmcttla (30 psll}-Pooads Pu Hour
PiDe~ '°" 1 p.._,..°'°' ptr 100 h (iL) 1'pJi 1 \4 psi 1 V, psi 1 \4 psi 1 1 psi 1 2 psi
Suopl: · l4 IS
1 31 IY< 69 111 107 2 217 211 358 3 MI HI 979 4 1,38' 5 2,5'() 6 4,210 8 8,750
10 16;2..so 12 25.640
14 IU 1 2JO 114 44.s 111 790 2 1,575 211 2,MO l 4,,a.so 311 7,zOo 4 10,200 s 19,000
]1,000
~
22 31 46 63
100 141 1,. 219 313 444 516 ~1~ 940 l,l
l,414 2."000 2,000 2.IJO 3,642 .S,22.l
6.030 1,590 12,640 17,860 23.4.SO 33,200 36.930 51.320
Re1un1 Mal., and RiKn 170 340 710
1,155 2.35' 3,900 7,100
10 • .s.so 1$,000 27,7$0 4$,500
2'5 4911
l.CW 1,670 l,400 S,600
10,250 15,250 21,600 40.250 M,.SOO
-- r-. MuErTorl" 38 4$ n 119
172 199 167 309 .so m 9U-.. 1,033
1,621 1,SIO 2."7 z.ru l,464 4,,000 6,402< 1,190
10,240 12,140 21,8'5 2.l,2SO 40,62.s 46.900 64,0.SO 74,000
O· 4 psla - Mu Rebin1 P.-n lOI 615
1.215 2.100 4,300 7,100
12,UO 19,1.SO 27,000 55,.SOO 13,000
36$ no
l.SJO z.soo .s.o.so 1.400
15.JOO n,7SO n.250 60,000 H.000
Hi&h Pressure System Pipe Capadtles (150 psig)-Po1tnds Per Hour
63 12.l 211 437 116
l,460 2.660 4,000 5,660
10,460 17,llO 35,100 66,l.SO
104,.SOO
-
Pipe Siul Pressure Drop ptt 100 fl (in.) ~ psi l V. psi 1 Yi psi 1 14 psi 1 1 psi 1 1 psi ] S psi 1 6 psi
Supply Mains and Ri~rs 130 • 180 pslg - Mas Error 8 '70
~
l4 29 41 'ª 82 116 184 JOO 420
1 51 82 117 16' 233 369 sso 790
114 130 185 262 370 $23 827 1,230 1.720
ll'I 203 287 401 S75 113 1.llO 1,730 2.600
2 '12 583 82$ ' 1,167. l,6SI,- 2,000 ),410 uzo
211 683 959 1,359 1,920 2,430 3.300 S,200 7,600
3 l,2J7 1,7SO t/. l.476 3,SOO •.Z!o 6,000 9,400 ll.SOO
311 1.8'5 2,626 3,715 -5.2'0 6,021> 8.SOO 1),100 20.000
4 2.62S 3.718 S,260 7,430 8,400 12,300 19,200 28,000
s 4,858 6 ,875 9,725 13,750. IS,000 21.200 33.100 47,SOO
6 7.%0 U<?n' IS.9SO 22.SSO zs.200 36,SOO 56,500 80,000
8 16,$90 23,475 33,200 46,9SO S0,000 70.200 120,000 170.000
10 30.820 43,430 61.700 n.2so 90,000 130,000 210,000 300.000
12 48.600 68.750 97,2$0 123.000 ISS,000 200.000 320.000 470,000
Ret•m MaiM aad Risers 1 • 20 psis - Mu RtlllrD PrHS•te
l4 156 232 360 ~ S60 890
1 )ll 462 690 910 1,120 1,780
114 6SO 960 l,SOO l.~ 2.330 3,700
111 1.070 l.SllO l,460 J.160 3,800 6.100
2 2,160 3,300 4,950 6.400 7,700 12,300
2!/z 3,600 S,3SO a,200 10,700 12,800 20.400
3 6,SOO 9,600 IS,000 19,SOO 23,300 37,200
3Yi 9.600 14,400 22.300 28,700 34,SOO ss.ooo 4 13,700 20.SOO 31,600 40,SOO 49,200 78.lOO
l 2.l,600 38,100 sa.soo 76,000 91,SOO 146.000
6 42,000 62,$00 96,000 125,000 l.S0,000 231,000
{
~
ú)
"'
Relurn Main and Riser Ca1 - --.- - ---- .. ..... _ ..... ·~~un:~y~nems-.rounas Per Hour Pipe lld •sí"' Y, 01 JS. psior jl 02 " psl ort 02 " psl orlo1 14 psi or4 oz Vi psi or 101 Sit:e Orop per 100 f1 Drop per 100 r1 Drop per too f1 Drop 11a toe r1 Drop pa 100 ft Drop per 100 fl ladln Wrt Ory V.e. ~· Ory V.e. W.o Ory v.c. - Ory v.c. -Ory v.c. - Ory v... """'" " - - - - - 42 - - 100 - - 142 - - 200 - - 2B)
1 125 62 - 14l 71 JO 17l 80 l7S 250 103 249 3l0 m 3l0 - - .,. 1!4 21) 1)0 - 241 149 2~ )00 168 )00 42l 217 426 600 241 600 - - '41 11;1 338 206 - 39J 236 388 41l 265 47$ 67.l 340 674 tlO )71 tlO - - 1.340 l 700 470 - 110 1ll l l.l 1,000 '1l 1,00 1.400 740 1,420 2.00 w 2.000 - - UlO 21-1 1,180 160 - J,lli) lt6I 1.)60 1,680 tlO 1.680 2,3l0 1.2)0 2,)80 )J.50 l.J60 lJ.50 - - 4,730 l 1,880 1,460 - 2,1)0 1,l60 2,180 2.680 1,7.lO 2,680 l,7l0 2,llO 3.800 l.)lO uoo lJlO - - 7..S60 )J-1 2,7l0 1.970 - 3.JOO 2,200 3.2.lO 4,000 2,lOO 4,000 l.lOO J,2)0 l,680 1.000 3,llO 8,000 - - 11.JOO 4 ).llO 2.910 - 4..180 3Jl0 4,lOO l.lOO 3,7l0 l..SOO 7,7l0 ""° 7,810 11.000 l.)80 11,000 - - 1$..SOO j - - - - - 7,8$0 - - 9,680 - - 13,700 - - 19,400 - - 27.JOO 6 - - - - - 12,600 - - ll..SOO - - 22,000 - - 31.000 - - 43.800 Ris~rs
" - 48 - - 48 J4.J - 48 l7l - 48 249 - 48 3l0 - - 494 1 - 11) - - 11) 2~ - llJ )00 - llJ 426 - 113 600 - - 848 114 - 241 - - 248 381 - 248 • 7l - 248 674 - 248 tlO - - 1.)40 JI;\ - 37l - - m lll - J7l 1,000 - l7l l,420 - m 2,000 - - 2,8)0
. 2 - 7.50 - - 7l0 1,360 - 7.50 1.680 - 7l0 2,330 - 7l0 3Jl0 - - 4,7)0 21-1 - - - - - 2,180 - - 2,680 - - 3.800 - - lJlO - - 7.l60 J - - - - ~ 3.2l0 - - 4.000 - - l.680 - - 8,000 - - 11.J(IQ Ji.\ - - - - - •.480 - - l..SOO - - 7,110 - - 11.000 - - ll.lOO ' - - - - - 7,ll80 - - 9,680 - - 13,700 - - 19,400 - - 27.J(IQ j - - - ·- - 12,600 - - ll..SOO - - 22,000 - - 31.000 - - O,IOO
Genual lnformatlon on Water spec;r~ grn ity of W11ter Is usuallJ giftn as 1.0 at 60°1: H~. for some pOIJ'lH)SeS lt Is gi•en as 1.0 at 39.l º F, tlle poinl or •axl•u111 dcnsi11. ~ oa Wllltt a139.lºFas1.0, "111tt a1 ISO °I' loas a sp<dflc cravity of 0-"9. 'ncftfo..., wlaido - Is aclKted maka ao pDClka1 cliflnace.
l ? º f SOº F 60º F 7t ºF IOº F IOO º F l :ZOºF 140º F HOºF llOº F 212°F
Absolu1• viscosi1y. centipoise. 1.70 1.31 1.12 .98 .86 .68 ..56 .47 .40 .35 .28
Kincmatic viscosi1y, cnuistokcs 1.79 1.31 1.U .98 .86 .69 .57 .45 .41 .36 .29
WriJ-1 aad l 'oi.- Eq•loaltnts
Coewrl 1o
Coa>Trt from us Imperial Cable Cubk * * * Cabk Gallo• Gallo• hldt FOOI Poud Cwt (U.S.) Toa (US.) Ulrt Mttrt
U.S. Gallo• l. .8327 231. .13368 8.l45 .08l45 .00418 'J.7U .00)78
Imperial CaUo a 1.201 l. 12.741 .1605 10.02 .1002 .oom 4.546 .00455
C•bic ladl .004329 .003607 l. .000579 .036124 - - .0164 -CabkFool 7.4805 6.229 1n8. l. 62.42.S .6243 .03121 28.317 .0283
Poand• .1198 .0998 27.68 .01602 l. .01 .ooos .454 -C..1 (U.S.) ' 11.98 9.98 2765. 1.602 100. l. .05 45.)6 .045
Ton (U.S.)". 239.6 199.6 - )2.04 2000. 20.0 l. 906.9 .907
Litro .2642 .22 61.023 .0353 2.205 .022 .0011 l. .001
Cubic llt•trt 264.2 220. - 35.314 2204.5 22.045 1.102 1000. l.
• Volume-wbah1 relation.ship takcn for walcr 1u ¡na.test density(39.2•F).
_,.. ,. __ .... --... ·-r-1 --r·--~~_..... .. --.i-• • ~.••'••·~---~..,-¡:¡¡.~ .... .;o¡-y;o,o¡-, """"''"'..,..""'""'~ ..-......... ....._. wu . .1.Utuu..~ ~ ... ..,.,_.,. vr
• · · --~• --••••m .,,.,....,, M larflc boiler plant. {
52 o
o
00 o
o
440
4:!10
420
ºº
Glycol, fr/a bl mass
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
1.090
CONVERllON fACTORS: •e• (F - 32)/U ti• ot 1 IJ• • lb/h ot 1 - X O.OOI kJ/kt• ' C • llU/lb•FX4.19
1.0 10
1 .070
MASI' LC~ 1.oeo ~
1
1
1
sntlflCHUT 1
1 .010
1 .000
0 .990 100 100 200 llOO 400
Tl!Ml't:RATURE, F
Mass Flow and Specific Heat of Water
Freeziog Points for Solutions of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol
Ethylene Gllcol Prol!ylene Glycol ºF °C ºF ºC
26 -3 26 - 3 22 -6 22 -6 18 -8 18 -8 13 -11 12 -11 7 - 14 6 - 14
- 8 -22 -9 - 23 - 29 -34 -34 - 37 - 55 - 48 <- 60 < - 51
40
SIZING FORMULAS:
Waler In
Waler In
lllu Added or Removed
Oullt l
for htat1n1 or coolina water.
81 ... 1Pm • 300 X (water tcmp. rtSC or drop. 'fl
Steamor Water In
Slumor Wa18f In
For ht'a.dna v.·ater wilh stu m:
lb stetm/h • OJi l,PID (wam ccrnp. rtsc. •F)
Rw ttadna 1h •1th s;1.ea1n coiJt.:
lbstton>/ll. (~)(aíttmip.nw.'f
For hcttlna air whh wa1er coab: I~. 116( CFM) ( air t<mp.rbc, 'F ) _
gpm • • 115ilQ wattrtcmp. drop. 1F l
For ndi.11lon:
lb 11cam/h • 0.25 (Ml n EOR)
Radlallon
41
1 Volume or Cylindrical Tanks in Gallons per Foot of Depth
1 Dlamctcrin u.s. Diametcr in u.s. Dlamttcrln u.s. f1 In Callo ns f1 In Callo ns Ft In Gallo ns Quantities ror Various Depths of Cylindrical Tanks in
Horizontal Posilion 1 o S.81S 3 6 71.97 6 o 211.S 1 1 6.895 3 7 7S.44 6 3 229.S 1 2 7.997 3 8 78.99 6 6 248.2 1 3 9.180 3 9 82.62 6 9 267.7 1 4 10.44 3 10 86.33 7 o 287.9 1 s 11.79 3 11 90. 13 7 3 308.8 1 6 13.22 4 o 94.00 7 6 330.5 1 7 14.73 4 1 97.96 7 9 352.9 1 8 16.32 4 2 102.0 8 o 376.0 1 9 17.99 4 3 106.1 8 3 399.9 1 10 19.?S 4 4 110.3 8 6 424.S 1 11 21.58 4 5 114.6 8 9 449.8 2 o 23.50 4 6 119.0 9 o 475.9 2 1 25.50 4 7 123.4 9 3 502.7 2 2 27.58 4 8 127.9 9 6 530.2 2 3 29.74 4 9 132.6 9 9 558.5 2 4 31.99 4 10 137.3 10 o 587.5 2 s 34.31 4 11 142.0 10 3 6 17.3 2 6 36.'72 s o 146.9 10 6 647.7 2 7 39.21 5 1 151.8 10 9 679.0 2 8 41.78 5 2 156.8 11 o 710.9 2 9 44.43 5 3 161.9 11 3 743.6 2 10 47.16 5 4 167.1 11 6 777.0 2 11 49.98 5 s 172.4 11 9 811.1 3 o 52.88 5 6 177.7 12 o 846.0 3 1 55.86 5 7 183.2 12 3 881.6 3 2 58.92 5 8 188.7 12 6 918.0 3 3 62.06 5 9 194.2 12 9 955.1 3 4 65.28 5 10 199.9 3 s 68.58 5 11 205.7
1 1 1 1 1 1
' '
º'º O/o OJo OJo
l>epth °'º or Depth °'º or Deplh 071 of Oepth 'lo of
•·med Capacil)' Filled CapacUy •' llltd Capacity Filled Capacily
1 . 20 26 . 20.73 51 51.27 76 81.50
2 .50 27 21.86 52 52.S5 77 82.60
3 .90 28 23.00 53 53.81 78 83.68
4 1.34 29 24.07 S4 5S.08 79 84.74
5 1.87 30 2S.31 SS 56.34 80 85.77
6 2.45 31 26.48 56 57.60 81 86.77
7 3.07 32 27.66 57 58.86 82 87.76
8 3.74 33 28.84 58 60.11 83 88.73
9 4.45 34 30.03 59 61.36 84 89.68
10 5.20 35 31.19 60 62.61 85 90.60
11 5.98 36 32.44 61 63.86 86 91.50
12 6.80 37 33 .66 62 65.10 87 92.36
13 7.64 38 34.90 63 66.34 88 93.20
14 8.50 39 36.14 64 67.56 89 94.02
15 9.40 40 37.36 6S 68.81 90 94.80
16 10.32 41 38.64 66 69.97 9 1 95.SO
17 11.27 42 39.89 67 71.16 92 96.26
18 12.24 43 41.14 68 72.34 93 96.93
19 13.23 44 42.40 69 73.S2 94 91.55
20 14.23 45 43.66 70 74.69 95 98.13
21 15.26 46 44.92 71 7S.93 96 98.66
22 16.32 47 46.19 72 77.00 97 99.10
23 17.40 48 47.45 73 78.14 98 99.50
24 18.50 49 48.73 74 79.27 99 99.80
25 19.61 so 50.00 15 80.39 100 100.0
1 1 1 42
43
1
"'
Volume of Water lo Stan4anl Pipe an~ Tulle
Nominal Pi!!! Slu Standard Slee! Pi(!!
lnside Diameter Volume T2:1!! L Col!!!!' Tulle
Joside Dlameltr Volume in. (mm) Schedule No. in. (mm) gal/fl (Llm) in . (mm) ca1m (L/m)
3/8 (10) - - - - - 0.430 (1.09) 0.001S (0.09) 112 (IS) 40 0.622 (l.S8) 0.0157 (0.19) 0.S4S (1.38) 0.0121 (O.IS) S/ 8 (16) - - - - - 0.666 (1.69) 0.0181 (0.22) 3/ 4 (20) 40 0.824 (2.09) 0.0277 (0.34) 0.78S (1.99) 0 .02Sl (0.31)
1 (2S) 40 1.049 (2.66) 0.0449 (0.S6) l.02S (2.60) 0.0429 (0.S3) t 1 1/ 4 (32) 40 1.380 (3.50) 0.0779 (0.97) l.26S (3.21) 0.06S3 (0.81)
1 112 (40) 40 1.6}0 (4.09) 0.106 (1.32) l.SOS (3.82) 0.0924 (1.1 S) 2 (SO) 40 2.067 (S.25) 0.174 (2.16) l.98S (S.04) 0.161 (2.00) 2 112 (6S) 40 2.469 (6.27) 0.249 (3.09) 2.46S (6.26) 0.248 (3.08) 3 (80) 40 3.068 (7.79) 0.384 (4.77) 2.94S (7.48) 0.3S4 (4.40) 3 1/2 (90) 40 3.S48 (9.01) 0.514 (6.38) 3.425 (8. 70) 0.479 (S.95) 4 (JOO) 40 4.026 (J0.23) 0.661 (8.21) 3.90S (9.92) 0.622 (7.73) s (12S) 40 5.041 (12.82) 1.04 (12.92) 4.875 (12.38) 0.970 ' (12.0S) 6 (ISO) 40 6.065 (15.41) 1.50 (18.63) S.845 (14.85) 1.39 (17.26) 8 (200) 30 8.071 (20.SO) 2 .66 (33.03) 7.72S (19.62) 2.43 (30. 18)
10 . (2SO) 30 10.136 (25.75) 4.19 (S2.04) 9.62S (24.45) 3.78 (46.9S) 12 (300) 30 12.090 (30.71) S.96 (74.02) l 1.56S (29.38) S.46 (67.81)
Hot Water Demaod per Fixtore for Various Types of Buildiogs (Galloos of water per hour per fixture, calcula1ed ata final temperature of 140°F]
Apartmenl Gflfl- Industrial om~ PriYale HOUllf Oub nasium Hospital H otd Plant Buíldlng Raldence School YMCA t. Ba.sios, prívate lavatory 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2. Ba.sins, public lavatory
" 6 8 ~8 I~ 6 - IS 8
3. Bathtubs 2Ó. 20 30 20 - - 20 - 30 ~ 4. Disbwashers' 15- SO.ISO - so. S0..200 20-100 - IS 20-tOO 20-100 ( s. roo. Basins 3• 3~ u 3 3 : 12 - 3 3 12
• 6. Kitcbcn sin k JO . 20 - 20 30_, 20 20 10 20 20 7. lauodry, stalionary 1ubs 20 38 - 28 28 - - 20 - 28 8. Pantry sink s 10 - to d)> fil) 10 s 10 10 ~ 9. Showcrs· 30· ISO . 225 15 30 30. 22S 22S
01 10. Service sink 20 20 - 20 30 -20 20 IS 20 20 11. H)'drotberapeutic showers
400 12. Hubbard baths 600 13. Leg balhs
14. Arm baths 100 IS. Sitz baths 3S
30 16. Continuous-now ba1hs 165 Ir. Circular wash sinks 20 20 30 20 30 18. SemiciICufar wash sinks ~ to to IS to I S 19. DEMANO FACTOR 0.30 O.JO • 0.40 o.is 0.25 0.40 0.30 o.~. 0.40 0.40 20. STORAGE CAPACITY FACTORij · f.2.S ''0.90
J.00 0.60 o:so J.00 2.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 ªDishwashcr requiremcnts should be raken from rhis table or from manufacturers'.data for the model to be u$td, it this is known. bRatio of storage 1ank capacity 10 probable maximum dcmand/b. Storagecapacity may be rcduccd whcre an unlimiled supply of
' stcam is availablc from a central strecr s1eam sysrem or large boiler plant.
-----r- ' _ _J
~ O>
~ -..¡
/
Hot Water Demands and Use for Various 'fypes of Buildings Type of Buildin& Maxlmum Hour MaximumDay
Men's dormitories 3.8 gal/student 22.0 gal/student Women's dormitoríes S.O gal/student 26.5 gal/student Motels: Number of unitsª
20 or less 6.0 gal/unit 35.0/unit 60 S.0 gal/unit 25.0 gal/unit IOOormore 4.0 gal/unit IS.O gal/unit
Nursing homes 4.S gal/bed 30.0/bed Office buildings 0.4 gal/person 2.0 gal/person
Food servíce establishments: Type A-full meal 1.5 gal/max 11.0 gal/mait restaurants and cafeterías meals/h meals/h 'JYpe B-drivc-íns, grilles, 0.7gal/max 6.0gal{max luncheonettes, sandwich meals/h meals/h and snack shops
Apartment houses: Number of apartmcnts 20 or less 12.0 gal/apartment 80.0 gal/apartmcnt 50 10.0 gal/apartment 73.0 gal/apartmcnt 75 8.5 gal/apartment 66.0 gal/apartmcnt 100 7.0 gal/apartment 60.0 gal/apartmcnt 200 or more 5.0gal 50.0 gal/apartmcnt
Elementary schools 0.6 gal/student l.S gal/student
Junior and senior high schools 1.0 gal/student 3.6 gal/student
ªTnterpolate íor intermediate va.lucs. bPcr day of operation.
30 I
20 ,.,, -,,... ••. 1 1 r 1.Nll7.: r Y"l: 1 111""1 111 7 1 t 1 'W 1 TT ~--¡-¡--vrflT
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TI
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6 """ o 1
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0.5 0.5 2 34 6810 20 30 40 W 80 llO 200 JOO 400 IOO IXI lXll 2000 lOOO
GPM, U.S. GALLONS PER -MINUTE
Aven1eDay
13.1 gal/student 12.3 ¡al/student
20.0 gal/unit 14.0 gal/unit 10.0 gal/ unit
18.4 ¡al/bed
1.0 ¡al/person
2.4 gal/a\fttage meals/dayb 0.7 gal/average meals/dayb
42.0 gal/apartmcnt 40.0 gal/apartment 38.0 gal/apartment 37.0 gal/apartment 35.0 gal/apartment
0.6 gal/studentb
1.8 gal/student6
ltA 1111'..
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~ 3 ~ a !'. "' ;-!!.
'ºººº 40000 100000 3! "i 7ñ n :r g_ e ii" • .s
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et
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~ -¡ 2 3 4 6 810 20 3040 60 llOIX> 200 300 400 600 IX) llOO 2000 3000 •
?' r .! GPM, U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
~ _:-...J ----- -
30 I
:r: 20 rri
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20 3040 60 80!00 200 300 ~00 600 llO IOOO 20003000 5000 ~ 2 3 4 6 810 .. ... GPM, U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE. _g
__ ,/
- - - - - --- - - - -~-=- - - ·- - - ~\
Steel Pipe O.ta
No• . Wortli.g Prossare' Si• Sdltdule Wall lnskk Cro...&áloul ASTM ASJ B to .tOO ºF and Namber nkk· Dlamettt Surface Arca Metal flow Wtlght of Mfr.
Pipe O.O., º' ness, h1. In. Ouislcle lmkle Art11 Artll Pipe Water Pro- Jolnt D., la. Wtlcbt' t d r11/ft rtl!ft "'l iDJ lb/fl lb/ft cea ~pe ¡Mil
1/4 40 ST o.ou 0.364 0. 141 O.Cl9S 0.12S 0.104 0.<424 0.04S cw Tbrd 183 D•O.S40 80 XS 0.119 0.302 0.141 0.079 O.IS7 0.072 O.SlS 0.031 cw Thrd 871
318 40 ST 0.091 0.493 0.177 0.129 0.167 0.191 0.561 0.083 cw Thrd 203 D•0.67S 80 xs 0.126 0.423 0.177 0.111 0.217 0.141 0.738. 0.061 cw Thrd 820
112 40 ST 0.109 0.622 0.220 0.163 0.2SO 0.304 o.aso 0.131 cw Thrd 214
U1 D• 0.840 80 xs 0.1<47 O.S46 0.220 0.143 0.320 0.234 1.087 0.101 CW Thrd 7S3 o 314 40 ST 0.113 0.824 0.27S 0.216 0.333 O.S33 1.13 0.131 cw Thrd 117
Oa 1.0SO 80 XS 0.IS4 0.742 0.27S 0.194 0.433 0.432 1.47 0.187 CW Thrd 681 1 40 ST 0.133 1.049 0.344 0.27$ 0.494 0.864 1.68 0.374 cw Thrd 226
D• 1.315 80 xs 0.179 0.951 0.344 0.251 0.639 0.119 2.17 0.311 cw Tbrd 642 1 1/ 4 40 ST 0.140 1.380 o.os 0.361 0.669 1.SO 2.27 0.647 cw Tbrd 229
o- 1.6(,() 80 xs 0.191 1.278 0.435 0.335 0.831 1.28 2.99 O.SS5 cw Tbrd S94 1 112 40 ST 0.14S 1.610 0.497 0.421 0.799 2.04 2.72 0.881 CW Thrd 231
D• 1.900 80 XS 0.200 l.SOO 0.497 0.393 1.068 1.77 3.63 0.76S cw Thrd 576 2 40 ST 0.154 2.067 0.622 0.541 1.07 3.36 3.65 l .4S cw Thrd 230
0 • 2.375 80 xs 0.218 1.939 0.622 0.508 1.48 2.9S 5.02 1.28 cw Thrd SSI 2 1/2 40 ST 0.203 2.469 0.153 0.646 1.70 4.79 S.79 2.07 CW Wcld .533
D• 2.87S 80 xs 0.276 2.323 0.7$3 0.608 2.25 4.24 7.66 1.83 CW Weld 83S
. ___ ... _____ 3 40 ST 0.216 3.068 0.916 0.803 2.23 7.39 7.S7 3.20 CW Weld 482
0 • 3.SOO 80 xs 0.300 2.900 0.916 0.159 3.02 6.60 10.2S 2.86 cw Weld 767 4 40 ST 0.237 4.026 1.178 1.054 3.17 12.73 10.78 S.SI cw Wcld 430
0 • 4.SOO 80 xs 0.337 3.826 1.178 1.002 4.41 IUO l.f.97 • .98 CW Weid 69S 6 40 ST 0.280 6.06.S 1.734 1.SSI S.58 28.89 18.96 12.SO ERW Wdd 696
0 • 6.62S 80 xs O . .f32 5.761 1.734 1.508 8.40 26.07 28.S5 11.28 ERW Weld 1209 8 30 0.277 8.071 2.258 2.113 7.26 Sl.l6 24.68 22.14 ERW Weld 526
D•8.62S 40 ST 0.322 7.981 2.2S8 2.089 8.40 50.03 28.53 21.65 ERW Weld 643 80 XS o.soo 7.62S 2.258 1.996 12.76 45 .66 43.3S 19.76 ERW Weld 1106 30 0.307 10.136 2.814 2.654 10.07 80.69 34.21 34.92 ERW Weld 485
10 40 ST 0.365 10.020 2.814 2.623 11.91 78.SS 40.4S 34.12 ERW Weld 606 D• 10.7S xs o.soo 9.750 2.814 2.5'2 16.10 74.66 54.69 32.31 ERW Wcld 887
~ 80 0.593 9.S64 2.814 2.504 18.92 71.84 64.28 31.09 ERW Wcld 1081 30 0.330 12.090 3.338 3.165 12.88 114.8 43.74 49.68 ERW Weld 449
12 ST 0.375 12.000 3.338 3.141 14.58 113.1 49...12 48.94 ERW Wdd 528 D• 12.7S 40 0.406 11.938 3.338 3.12S IS.74 111.9 S3.48 48.44 ERW Weld 583
XS o.soo 11.150 3.338 3.076 19.24 108.4 65.31 46.92 ERW Weld 743 80 0.687 11.376 3.338 2.978 26.03 101.6 88.44 43.98 ERW . Weld 1076
• Numb«> are Khcdul< aumbers pcr ASTM 83'. IO; ST = Standazd w.;sht; (b) An arbiuary conooion anowa- or 0.025 i11. ror pipe siz.a thtoup NPS XS • Elltra Strona. 2 and o.oo iD. rrom NPS 2~ tM>ush 20. p1us b Workincpreuureshavebeencalcula1ed per ASME/ANSI 831.9u11nafumM:>c (e) A 1hread cuuina allowance ror s1ut throush NPS 2. bu1t wcld (concinuO\lJ weld. CW) ptpe through 4 in. and eltccric rdistance weld
Beeause 1he pipe wall 1hlckness ofthrodtd siandard we1Jh1 pipe is'º small artcr (ERW) 1hereaf1er. The allowance, A, has been lalccn u: (a) 12.5.,. of / for miU toleraoc:c 00 pipe wall llúcknas, plus deductinc 1he allowancc, A. tbe mechanical suength or 1he pipe is impaired. 11 is
eood practice 10 lint11 standard wti¡h1 thteod<d pipe preuurcs 10 90 psic for stnm &Del 12.5 P<Í$ ror-...
'--.. j
( ,\
Copper Tu~ Data
W.11 Cro.,..Stt!Jonal Wo rklna Pl'HSutt .. .,.
Tlllck· Oia meu r SurfaaAtta Metal Flow Wtlaln o r ASTM 1138 10 l50ºF
Nominal Type • W. Oa1sld t, lnsld t, OulSldt IJl.sldt Atta Ara Tu be wattt Aan .. ltd lhwwn
DiamtlU 1,ln. O, la. d, In. r111ri n11r1 1nl it11 lb/ rt lb/ fl P5ia psi&
1/ 4 K O.OlS 0 .37S 0 .30S 0.098 0.080 0.037 0 .073 0.14S 0.032 8SI 1596
L 0.030 o.ns 0.31S 0.098 0.082 0.033 0.078 0.126 0 .034 730 1368
3/ 8 K 0.049 o.soo 0 .402 0.131 O.IOS 0.069 0.127 0.269 o.oss 894 1676
L 0 .03S o.soo 0 .430 0.131 0.113 O.OSI 0.14S 0.198 0.063 638 1197
M 0.02S o.soo 0 .450 0 . 131 0.008 0.037 0.IS9 0.14S 0 .069 4$6 8SS
112 K 0.049 0 .62S O.S27 0 .164 0.138 0.089 0.218 0.344 0.094 71S 1341
en L 0.040 0 .62S O.S4S 0.164 0.143 0.074 0.233 0.28S 0 . 101 S84 1094
1\) M 0.028 0.62S O.S69 0.164 0.149 O.OS3 0.254 0.203 0 . 110 409 766
S/ 8 K 0 .049 0.150 0.652 0.196 0.171 0.108 0.334 0.418 0. 144 S96 1117
L 0.042 0.150 0.666 0 .196 0.174 0.093 0.348 0.362 O. IS! Sil 9S8
3/ 4 K 0.06S 0 .87S 0.74S 0.229 0.19S 0.16S 0.436 0.641 0 .189 6TI 1270
L 0.04S 0 .87S 0.78S 0.229 0.206 0.117 0.484 0 .4SS 0 .209 469 879
M 0.032 0 .87S 0 .811 0.229 0.212 o.oss O.S l7 0 .323 0.224 334 62S
K 0.06S 1.12S 0.99S 0.29S · 0.260 0.216 0 .778 0 .839 0.336 S27 988
L o.oso l.12S l .02S 0 .29S 0.268 0.169 0.82S 0.6S4 0 .3S7 40S 760
M 0.03S 1.12S t.OSS 0.29S 0.276 0.120 0.874 0 .464 0 .378 284 S32
1 1/4 K 0.06S l .37S . l.24S 0.360 0.326 0 .268 J.217 1.037 O.S27 431 808
L o.oss 1.37S l.26S 0.360 0.331 0.228 t.2S7 0.884 O.S44 36S 684
M 0.042 1.37S 1.291 0.360 0.338 0 .176 1.309 0.682 O.S66 279 S22
DWV 0.040 1.315 1.295 0.360 0.339 0 .1 68 1.317 0.650 0.570 265 497
----
112 K 0.072 t.62S 1.481 0.42S 0.388 0.3Sl 1.723 1.361 0.74S 404 158
L 0.060 1.625 l.SOS 0.42S 0.394 0.295 1.779 l.143 0 .770 337 63 1
M 0.049 l .62S l.S27 0.42S 0.400 0.243 1.831 0.940 0 .792 27S Sl6
DWV 0.042 1.62$ 1.S41 0.425 0 .403 0.209 1.865 0.809 0.807 236 442
K 0.083 2 . 125 1.959 O.S56 O.SIJ O.S32 3.014 2.063 1.304 356 668
L 0.070 2. m 1.98.S O.SS6 O.S20 0.4S2 3.09S 1.7SI 1.339 300 S13
M O.OS8 2 . 12S 2.009 O.SS6 O.S26 0.377 3.170 1.459 1.372 249 467
DWV 0.042 2.125 2.041 O.SS6 0.534 0.27S 3.272 1.065 1.416 180 338
2 112 K 0.09S 2.62S 2.43S 0.687 0.637 0.75S 4.6$7 2.926 2.0IS 330 619
L o.oso 2.625 2.46.S 0.687 0.645 0.640 4.TI2 2.479 2.06S 278 521
M 0.06S 2.62.S 2 .49.S 0 .687 0.6S3 0.523 4.889 2.026 2.116 226 423
K 0.109 J . 125 2.907 0.818 0.761 1.033 6 .637 4.002 2.rn 318 S96
L 0.090 3.12$ 2.94S 0.818 o.ni 0.858 6.812 3.32S 2.947 263 492
M 0.072 3.125 2.981 0.818 0.780 0.691 6.979 2 .676 l .020 210 394
U> DWV 0.04S 3. 125 3.03S 0.818 0.79S 0.43S 7.234 1.687 3. l30 131 246
c.> 3 1/2 K 0.120 3 .62S 3.38S 0.949 0.886 1.321 8.999 S. 120 3.894 302 566
L 0.100 3.625 3.42$ 0.949 0.891 1.107 9.213 4.291 3 .987 252 472
M 0.083 3.625 3.4S9 0.949 0.906 0.924 9.397 l .S79 4.066 209 392
4 K 0.134 4.125 3.8S7 J.080 1.010 1.680 11.684 6 .510 S.OS6 296 555
L 0.110 4. 12$ 3.90S J.080 1.022 J.387 11.m S.377 S.182 243 456
M 0.09S 4.125 3.935 1.080 1.030 1.203 12.161 4.661 S.262 210 394
OWV O.OS8 4.12S 4.009 1.080 !.OSO 0.741 12.623 2.872 S.462 123 240
6 K 0.192 6 . 12S 5.741 1.603 1.503 3.S79 25.886 13.867 11.201 286 S36
L 0.140 6 .12S S.84S 1.603 J.S30 2.632 26.832 10.200 11.610 208 391
M 0.122 6.12S S.881 1.603 1.540 2.301 27.164 8 .916 11.754 182 341
DWV 0.083 6.12S S.9S9 1.603 1.560 l.S1S 27.889 6 . IOS 12.068 124 232
ª Wl)c.n using soklertd or brazcd nwnas.1 the joln1 determines the limmna prC$$Ure. e lf sotdcrcd vr braz.cd fiuin¡.s are used on hard drawn tub1na. uac the annealcd b Workina pr<Ssur<S cakulat<d usin¡ ASME 8) 1.9 allowoble ""'',..·A S~o mili ra1ings. Full·tube aHowable prcssurc.s can be used wilh suhabl)' rated ílare or tolcrance has be:cn u.sed on the waU thickness. Hiaher tubc ratines can be cak:ulated compression-type tittin¡s. u.sin¡ thc itllow1blc sttt:u for lowcr ccmpcraturts.
-· ··-~
\ Properties of Plastic Pipe Materials
liydrostatk Desl&a Upper Material Tensile Slttss, Tempera tu re nos• 1YPe Streagtll, psi at 73"F Umll, º F Upptt and Cdl psi al ASME ASME Umit Designatioa Grade No. 73°F Mir. 831 Mfr. 831 psi Tbermoplastlcs
440 PVC 1120 Tl,Gl 124S-B 1,SOO 2,000 2,000 140 ISO PVCl200 Tl,02 12454-C 2,000 ISO PVC2120 Tll,GI 14333-D 2,000 ISO CPVC4120 TIV,GI 23447-B 8,000 2,000 2,000 210 210 320 PB 2110 Tll,GI 4,800 1,000 1,000 180 180 soo PE2306 Gr. P23 630 140 ~ PE3306 Gr. P34 630 160 Gr. P33 630 180 PE3406
800 140 180 800 HDPE3408 Gr. P34 3SS434-C S,000 1,600 pp
5,000 70S 212 210 ABS Duraplus 6-3-3 5,500 176 ABS 1210 TJ,02 S-2-2 1,000 180 640 ABS 1316 Tl,03 . 3-S-5 1,600 180 1,000 ABS 2112 Tll,GI 4-4-S 1,250 180 800 PVDF 7,000 1,275 280 275 306 T hermo#lting
210 7,000 Epoxy-Glass RTRP-llAF 44,000 8,000 Pol~estcr-Gl3S$ RTRP-12EF 44,000 9,000 200 5.000 Far Comparlson
60,000 12,800 800 9,200 Steel AS3 Grade B ERW Cop~r TypeL Drawn 36,000 9,000 400 8,200
---Propertles of Plastic Pipe Materials (Concluded)
lmpact Strengtll, Modalusof Hu.en- Codfk:lent of Therm1I Condudlvity, Rdative Spectr~ fl •lb/in Elastidcy, W'illillJDS ~OD Btu·in/ Pipe De$ignatloa Cravity at 73º F psi at 73ºF C-Factor per ºFilo' b. ft1 ·"F Cost' Thmnoplastlcs PVC 1120 1.40 0.8 420,000 ISO JO.O 1.1 1.0 PVCl200
410,000 3S.O PVC2120 30.0 CPVC4120 l.SS l.S 423,000 15-0 3S.O 0.9S 2.9
PB 2110 0.93 38,000 150 72.0 0.13 2.9 PE2306
90.000 80.0 PE3306 130,000 70.0 PE3406 150,000 60.0 HDPE3408 0.96 12 110,000 120.0 2.7 1.1
8: pp 0.91 1.3 120,000 ISO 60.0 1.3 2.9 ABS 1.06 8.5 240,000 ISO S6.0 1.7 3.4 ABS 1210
250,000 SS.O ABS 1316 340,000 40.0 ABS2112
40.0 PVDF 1.78 3.8 125,000 150 79.0 0.8 28.0 Thermosdting Epoxy-Glass
1,000,000 150 910 13 2.9 Polycster-Glass 1,000,000 150 910 ll 1.3 For Comparlson
Steel 7.80 30.0 27,500,000 100 6.31 26.2 l.3 Copper 8.90 17,000,000 140 9.S 3.S The propcnies listod are for the specilic material.$ lisred as each plas- :-ne h)'drostatic design str= (HDS) is cquivalcnt to thc allowable design stress. tic has other formulations. Consuh the manufacrurer of thc system Bascd on the cost of pipe only, without factorina in fiuinas, íoints, hanaers. chosen. These valuq are for comparative pupases. and labor.
--,.,-- - ~-""' ------=-""O,.O. ::.-.--:..- ~
Application of Pipe, Fillíngs, and Valvcs for Ht1lting aod Air-Conditloníng Maidrnum
J oiAI Fillio& S1ste111 Prusart at
Pipe Typt Class Material Temptntutt Tt111ptrt1ll1tt•
Applktltion Mattrial Wtllht "F psJs
Re<in:.1laU111 Wattr S1andanl Thread 125 casi lron 2SO 125
2 in. (SO mm) S1ccl(CW) Wroughl Copptr 2SO ISO
and smallcr CopP'f. Hard Typc L 95-S Soldcr -
Sch80 Solvent Sch 80 PVC 1S lSO
pvc Sch80 Sol~nl Sch80 CPVC ISO ISO
CPVC Heat fusion - PB 160 llS
PB SDR-11 lnscrt Crimp Metal 160 115
Wcld Std Wrought S1ccl 250 400
2.S 10 12 1n. ASl B ERW Stccl Std 250 Cll
Wroughl S1ccl 250 O) (6S 10 300 mm)
Flan ge ISO
flan ge 125 Cast lron 2SO 175
Flange 2SO Cast lron 2SO 400
Groovc - M 1 or Ductilc lron 230 300
Hcat Fusion PB 160 llS
Pll SDR-11
St<2m •nd C:undcnsal• 12s Casi lron 90
Sl•'<:i(CW) Stdb Thrtad 2 in. (SO mm)
90
and smallcr Thread 150 Mallcablc !ron
Stdº Thread 12S Ca<t lron 100
AS3 ll llRW Stccl Thread 150 Mallcablc lron
125
Thread 2SO Casi lron 200
i\S111 hRW Stccl xs Thread 300 Malleablc !ron 2SO
----2.51012m. ~lwl Std Wcld Std Wrought Stccl 250
(6S lo 300 mm) Flan ge ISO Wroughl S1ccl 200
Flan ge 125 Cast lron 100
l\S3 11 EkW S1cd XS Wdd xs Wrought Stccl 700
Flan ge 300 Wrou¡ht Stccl soo Aangc 2SO Cut lron 200
RtírilCl'llAl Copptt. lfard Typc Lor K Brazc - Wrought Copptf
ASJBSMLStccl Std Wcld Wrou¡ht S1ccl
Undtt1tround W11<r
Through 12 in. Coppcr, Hard lypcK 95-S Solder - Wrou¡ht Coppcr n lSO
Cll ()()()mm) -..¡
Through 6 in. l)uc11lc lron Class SO MJ MJ Cast lron 7S 250
(ISO mm) PU SOR9&11 Hcal Fusion PB 15 2S0 / 160
S DR 7 & 11.S lnscrt Crimp Metal 15 2S0/ 160
Potable W•ttr, ln>idt Buildin~
Coppcr. Hard iypc l 9S-S Solder - Wrou¡ht Coppcr 7S JSO
S1ocl Galvnni1cd Std Thread 125 Gal v. Cast 1 ron 7S llS
150 Galv. Mali: lron 7S 12S
l'IJ SDR-11 Heat Fusion PB 7S 200
1 nscrl Crim p Metal 7S 200
"M;iumunt allowabk- wortuna prc,,:urcc have Mtfl ck-r.tfed 1n 1h1$ t::1b&c. Hightr b Extra suon.g pipe 11 tteomrmndcd ror all thre-6ed con4ens1att piping to a.Uow ror
~ysmn rr\'\.Jurc'.'I c-.an be' u'4'C.l lur IOW\:r ttmpttaturts and smatlc:T' pipt si.zcs. Pipe. fil- conostón.
''"'"· jouu,. ~nd voalvt:<t mu'I 1111 b.: \.'On,¡dcrtd Con'tfmon Faccon: ·e • <"F - 32111 a •PA • 6.19 >< t><l
J
,¡;p-
Sugges ted Hanger S pacin g and R o d S ize for Straigb t
Thermal Expa nsio n of Metal P ipe H orizon tal R u n s (Adapted from MSS Standard SP-69)
Satun1ted Unear Thtrmal Expanslon, in./100 fl ftel
Steam Prusure, Tt mpt1'111Urt Carbon Typt304 Standard Steel P ipe" Copper Tube Rod Slz.e
psi& ºF Steel Stalnless Sleel Copper l oches Water Steam Water In ches - 20 - 0.12 - 0.20 -0.21 1/2 7 8 5 1/4 - 20 - 0.06 -0.10 -0.11 314 7 9 5 1/ 4
o o o o 1 7 9 6 114 10 0.08 0.11 0. 12 1-112 9 12 8 3/ 8 20 O.IS 0.22 0.24 2 10 13 8 3/8
- 14.6 32 0.24 0.36 0.37 2-112 11 14 9 318 -14.6 40 0.30 0.4S 0.4S 3 12 15 10 3/ 8 e
0.46 0.67 0.68 4 14 17 12 112 .. - 14.4 60 6 17 21 14 112 ..
- 14.2 80 0.61 0.90 0.90 ~ 8 19 24 16 518 > - 13.0 120 0.91 l.3S 1.37 - JO.O 160 1.22 1.79 1.80 10 20 26 18 3/4 -3.2 200 1.S2 2.24 2.30 12 23 30 19 7/8
2.43 14 25 32 1 o 212 1.62 2.38 16 27 35 1 2.5 220 1.69 2.48 2.S2 18 28 37 1-114 20.7 260 2.02 2.94 2.99 20 30 39 1-114 S2.3 300 2.35 3.40 3.46
103.3 340 2.70 3.88 3.94 ª Spacing does not apply whcrc span calculations are made or where conccn-18·1.1 380 3.0S 4.3S 4.42 trated loads are placed bctwccn supponssuch as ílanges, valves, specialties, etc.
294. 1 420 3.41 4.83 4.91 4S2.2 460 3.78 S.32 S.41
Capacl tJes of ASTM A36 Steel T hreaded R o d s 666. 1 500 4. IS S.80 S.91
1
947.8 S40 4.S4 6.29 6.41 Rod Root Area o f
131 1 580 4.93 6.78 6.92 Ola meter , Coarse Thread, Maximum Load", 1772 620 5.34 7.28 7.43 In. ln1 lb 23SI 660 S.1S 7.79 7.9S 114 0.027 240 3079 700 6. 16 8.29 8.47 318 0.068 610
800 7.23 9.S9 9.79 1/2 0. 126 1130 900 8.34 10.91 11.16 S/ 8 0.202 1810
1000 9.42 12.27 12.S4 3/ 4 0.302 27 10 7/ 8 0.4 19 3770
0.552 4960 1- 1/ 4 0.889 8000
• Based on an allowablcstress of 12,000psi reduced by 2S'1• using the roo1 arca in accordancc with ASME 831.1 and MSSSP-S8.
58 59 )
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\ Solar Colleclor lnlercepl and Slo~ by T~ (Huggins and Block 1983)
en o ¡¡ .. ~ = g Q .. 3: .. e. ... o es:
lnterttpt, F RTa Slo~~Uv
Bta/ b • ft · º F
Glulllaand Std. Std . Co~r Material AbsorMr Material and 1Y~ Absorber Coatlna Mean Dev. Mua Dev.
Single glass Coppcr tubes and fins Flat black paint 67.2 s.o - llS 14 Single glass Coppcr tubes and finJ Moderately sclective 73.0 3.6 -112 11 Slngle glass Coppcr tubes and fins Selective surface 71.7 3.3 - 83 11 Single glass Coppcr tubes and aluminum fins Flat black paint 69.1 6.0 -116 12 Single glass Coppcr sheet intearal tubes Selective surface 10.S 5.1 - 89 17 SingleFRP Copper tubes and fins Flat black paint 61.9 s.s - 117 IS
¡¡-
°" Single FRP Coppcr tubes and aluminum fins Flat black paint S7. I 6.2 - 114 10 ... o Double glass coppcr tubes and fins Flat black paint S9.1 6.7 - 84 9 ..
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Refrigerant 22 Propertles of Saturated Liquld and Saturated Vapor
Oenslly, Volume, Enlhalpy, Entropy,
nmp. Preu. 1b/fl3 rt3 /lb Btu/lb Btu/lb• ºF
ºF p$la Uquld Vapor Uquld Vapor Liquid Vapor
- 130.00 0.696 96.46 58.S44 -23.150 89.864 -0.06198 0.28082 -120.00 1.080 95.53 38.833 -20.594 91.040 -0.05435 0.27430 -110.00 1.626 94.60 26.494 -18.038 92.218 -0.04694 0.26838
-100.00 2.384 93.66 18.540 - 15.481 93.397 -0.03973 0.26298 -90.00 3.413 92.71 13.275 - 12.921 94.512 -0.03271 0.25807 - 80.00 4.778 91.15 9.7044 -10.355 95.741 -0.02587 0.25357 - 70.00 6.555 90.79 7.2285 - 7.783 96.901 -0.01919 0.24945 -60.00 8.830 89.81 5.4766 -5.201 98.049 -0.01266 0.24567
t -50.00 11.696 88.83 4.2138 -2.608 99.182 -0.00627 0.24220 - 45.00 13.383 88.33 3.7160 - 1.306 99.742 -0.00312 0.24056
§. - 41.44b 14.696 87.97 3.4048 - 0.377 100.138 -0.00090 0.23944 - 40.00 15-.255 87.82 3.2880 0.000 100.296 0.00000 0.23899
>- - 35.00 17.329 87.32 2.9185 1.310 100.847 0.00309 0.23748 o.. ..J <
- 30.00 19.617 86.81 2.5984 2.624 101.391 0.00616 0.23602 :e - 25.00 22.136 86.29 2.3202 3.944 101.928 0.00920 0.23462 ,_ z - 20.00 24.899 85.11 2.0774 5.268 102.461 0.01222 0.23327 UJ
-15.00 27.924 85.25 1.8650 6.598 102.986 0.01521 0.23197 - 10.00 31.226 84.72 1.6784 7.934 103.503 0.01818 0.23071 - 5.00 34.821 84.18 1.5142 9.276 104.013 0.02113 0.22949
o.oo 38.726 83.64 1.3691 10.624 104.515 0.02406 0.22832 5.00 42.960 83.09 1.2406 11.979 105.009 0.02697 0.22718
10.00 47.538 82.54 1.1265 13.342 105.493 0.02987 0.22607 15.00 52.480 81.98 1.0250 14.712 105.968 0.03275 0.22500 20.00 57.803 81.41 0.9343 16.090 106.434 0.03561 0.22395
25.00 63.526 80.84 0.8532 17.476 106.891 0.03846 0.22294 30.00 69.667 80.26 0.7804 18.871 107.336 0.04129 0.22195 35.00 76.245 79.67 Q.7150 20.275 107.769 0.04411 0.22098 40.00 83.280 79.07 0.6561 21.688 108.191 0.04692 0.22004 45.00 90.791 78.46 0.6029 23.111 108.600 0.04972 0.21912
65
1 Tbermodynamic Propertles of R·22
1 Pressurt • 30 psia Pressure .. 60 psia
Refrlge111nt 22 Propertles of Satu111ted Liquid and Satu111ted Vapor Temp., Sat. lemp. • - 11.85 º F Sal. temp ... lt.94ºF
º F y h y h s
Densi~" Volum~ Enlhalpy, Entropy, - JO 1.760 103.92 0.232S
1 Blu/ lb Blu/ lb· °F
Temp. Press. lb/ ft rt3 / lb 30 1.943 109.92 0.2453 0.9271 108.3S 0.2271
••• psi a Uquid Vapor Uquld Vapor Liquid Vapor 60 2.078 114.SS 0.254S 1.001 . 113.17 0.2367
50.00 98.799 77.84 0.5548 24.544 108.997 0.05251 0.21821 100 2.255 120.92 0.2663 1.096 119.74 0.2488
5S.00 107 .32 77.22 O.Sil 1 25.988 109.379 0.05S29 0.21732 ISO 2.473 129.17 0.2804 1.212 128.19 0.2633
1 60.00 116.38 76.58 0.471S 27.443 109.748 0.05806 0.21644
6S .00 126.00 75.93 0.43S5 28.909 110.103 0.06082 0.21557 Pressure • 75 psla Pressure = 90 psia
70.00 136.19 7S.27 0.4026 30.387 110.441 0.06358 0.21472 Temp., Sal. lemp. • 34.06º F Sal. ltmp. 2 44.47 ºF
75.00 146.98 74.60 0.3726 31.877 110.761 0.06633 0.21387 ºF V h s V h s
80.00 158.40 73.92 0.3451 33.381 111.066 0.06907 0.21302 30 0.7851 107.81 0.2229
1 8S.OO 170.45 73.22 0.3199 34.898 111.350 0.07182 0.21218 60 0.7847 112.45 0.2306 0.6401 111.69 0.2253
90.00 183.17 72.51 0.2968 36.430 111.616 0.07456 0.21134 100 0.8639 119.13 0.2429 0.7088 118.50 0.2379
95.00 196.57 71.79 0.2756 37.977 111.859 0.07730 0.21050 ISO 0.9591 127.69 0.2576 0.7906 127.18 0.2528
100.00 21Q.69 71.05 0.2560 39.538 112.081 0.08003 0.20965
1 105.00 225.53 70.29 0.2379 41.119 112.278 0.08277 0.20879 Pressure • 135 psla Pressure • 180 psla
110.00 241.14 69.51 0.2212 42.717 112.448 0.08552 0.20793 Ttmp., Sal. lemp. • 69.39 º F Sal. temp ... 88.72 ºF
115.00 257 .52 68.71 0.2058 44.334 112.591 0.08827 0.20705 ºF y h V h s
120.00 274.71 67.89 0.1914 45.972 112.704 0.09103 0.20615 100 0.4492 116.50 0.2260 0.3177 114.29 0.2164
125.00 292.73 61 .05 0.1781 47.633 112.783 0.09379 0.20522 150 0.5092 125.59 0.2416 0.3678 123.90 0.2329
1 130.00 311.61 66.17 0.1657 49.319 112.825 0.09657 0.20427 200 0.5655 134.79 0.2561 0.4132 133.45 0.2479
135.00 331.38 65.27 0.1542 51.032 112.826 0.09937 0.20329 250 0.6193 144.20 0.2698 0.4558 143. 10 0.2620
140.00 352.07 64.33 0.1434 52.775 112.784 0.10220 0.20227 300 0.6713 153.84 0.2829 0.4965 152.93 0.2754
145.00 373.71 63.35 0.1332 54.553 112.692 0.10504 0.20119
150.00 396.32 62.33 0.1237 56.370 112.541 0.10793 0.20006 P ressure • 200 psla Pressure = 220 psla
1 160.00 #1.65 60.12 0.1063 60.145 112.035 0.11383 0.19757 'nmp., Sal. lemp. e 96.17 º f Sal. temp. .. J03.09 ºF
170.00 497.35 57.59 0.0907 64. 175 111.165 0.12001 0.19464 º F V h s V h s
180.00 554.82 54.57 0.0763 68.s97 109.753 0.12668 0.19102 100 0.2776 113.22 0.2126
190.00 617.53 50.62 0.0625 73.742 107.398 0.13432 0.18613 ISO 0.325 1 123.11 0.2295 0.2900 122.30 0.2263
200.00 686.11 44.44 0.0478 80.558 102.809 0.14432 0.17805 200 0.3674 132.83 0.2448 0.3299 132.20 0.2419
1 205.06<:723.74 32.70 0.0306 91.052 91.052 0.15989 0.15989 250 0.4067 142.60 0.2591 0.3666 142.09 0.2S64
•Tcmpcratures are on thc ITS-90 scalc. b boilin¡ point e critical point 300 0.4441 152.52 0.2726 0.4012 152.10 0.2700
Pressure • 240 11sla Pressure ~ 260 psla
Tump., Sal. temp. • 109.57ºF Sal. lernp. • 115.66 º F
1 º F V h s V h s ISO 0.2606 lll .4S 0.2232 0.23S6 120.58 0.2203 200 0.2985 131.56 0.2392 0.2720 130.90 0.2366 250 0.3330 141.58 0.2538 0.3046 141.06 0.2514 300 0.3654 151.69 0.2676 0.3351 151.27 0.2653
1 V .,. vapor volu~ ft' / lb h 2 cnthalpy, 81u/lb s e cntropy, Btu/lb · ºF
66 07
1
2000. 2000.
1000. 1000.
500. 500.
200. 200. -ro 100.
~ 100. 1 50.
Q) ..._ 50. o.so
~ ::J (/) (/) Q) 20. ..._ a..
0.40
' 20. ' 0.20 - ~ 10.
10. º·'º 1 5.
5. o.060 ' o.040
2. 2.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
pr_..it>y: ~=- Enthalpy (BTU/lb) . . ------- -~~~~~-
$
12000. 2000. ¡ 1, , " ,\ i><: , ,~ \t)/1\3 11 r-H~ A~ 11~ 1 R·l k-_L~~-e.I)~, ~d; r ~-~ -. -.- 1000. 1000.
500. 500.
20~ 1. · ~ - •i ro ~. ~1~ g 50. Q) 50. ..._ ::J (/) (/)
20. Q) 20.
..._ a..
10.
5.
.- - 110.
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2 .
¡·· . ~·~ 0.020 1 2.
1
60 80 100 120 140 1. 1 l A I 1 , /1 , JI -1 i; , 111 1.11 1--u 1 11 r 1 1 1 1 , , , ,
160 1.
180 200 220 -20 o 20 40
_.ii.,:~=- Enthalpy (BTU/lb)
Refrigeran! 134a Properties of Saturated Llquld and Satun1ted Vapor Refrigerant 134a Properties of Satunited Uquid and Saturated Vapor
Dtn.sity, Volumt, Entbalpy, Entropy, Dtn.!ity, Volumt, Entbalpy, Entropy,
Pttn utt 1b1t13 rt3 /lb Btu/ lb Btu/lb ·ºF Ttmp, Pmsutt lb/ ft3 ft3 / lb Btu/lb Btu/lb •ºF Ttmp,
•r psi• Liquid Vapor Llquld Vapor Liquid Vapor •r psi• Liquid Vapor Llquld ~por Uquld Vapor
- IS3.94a 0.057 99.34 S64.85 - 32.989 80.235 -0.09154 0.27880 50.00 60.116 78.67 0.192S 27.944 110.0S8 O.OS998 0.2200
- 150.00 0.072 98.95 449.29 - 31.902 80.783 - 0.08801 0.27588 S5.00 65.895 78.07 0.7243 29.586 110.722 0.06316 0.22081
- 140.00 0.130 97.98 1S9.IS -29.093 82.190 - 0.07908 0.26903 60.00 72.087 77.46 0.6630 3J.239 l 11.376 0.06633 0.220H
- 130.00 0.222 97.01 15S.69 -26.238 83.618 - 0.07029 0.26294 65.00 78.712 76.84 0.6077 32.905 112.019 0.06949 0.22028
96.05 97 .027 - 23.359 8S.066 - 0.06169 0.25752 70.00 8S.787 76.21 o.sm 34.583 l 12.652 0.07264 0.22003
- 120.00 0.367 -110.00 0.586 95.09 62.509 - 20.467 86.531 -o.amo 0.2S270 75.00 93.333 75.57 o.m5 36.274 113.272 0.07578 0.21979
-100.00 0.906 94.13 41.496 - 17.569 88.011 -0.04513 0.24842 80.00 101.37 74.91 0.4715 37 .978 l IJ.880 0.07892 0.219S7
-90.00 1.363 93.17 28.l03 - 14.66S 89.504 -0.03711 0.24462 85.00 109.92 74.25 0.4343 39.697 114.475 0.08205 0.21934
-80.00 1.997 92.21 19.783 -11.m 91.005 -0.02940 0.24125 90.00 119.00 73.57 0.4004 41 .430 llS.055 0.08518 0.21912
91.73 16.680 -10.297 91.759 -0.02559 0.23972 95.00 128.63 72.87 0.3694 43.179 115.619 0.08830 0.21890
-15.00 2.396 -70.00 2.859 91.25 14.138 -8.837 92.Sl4 -0.02182 0.23827 100.00 138.83 72.16 0.3411 44.943 116.166 0.09142 0.21868
65.00 3.393 90.77 12.045 -7.374 93.270 -0.01809 0.23691 105.00 149.63 71.43 0.3153 46.725 116.694 0.09454 0.21845
-60.00 4.006 90.28 10.310 -5.907 94.026 -0.01440 0.23563 110.00 161.0S 70.68 0.2915 48.524 117.203 0.09766 0.21822
-55.00 4.707 89.80 8.8656 - 4.431 94.783 - 0.01075 0.23443 llS.00 173.11 69.91 0.2697 S0.343 117.690 0.10078 0.21797
5.50S 89.31 7 .6569 - 2.963 9S.539 - 0.00713 0.23331 120.00 185.84 69.12 0.2497 52.181 118.153 0.10391 0.21772
- 50.00 45.00 6.409 88.82 6.640S - 1.484 96.295 - 0.0035S 0.23225 125.00 199.1S 68.31 0.2312 54.040 ll8 .S91 0.10704 0.21744
- 40.00 7.429 88.32 5.7819 0.000 97.0SO 0.00000 0.2312S 130.00 213.38 67.47 0.2141 S5.923 119.000 0.11018 0.21715
- 3S.00 8.m 87.83 s.om 1.489 97 .804 0.003S2 0.23032 135.00 228.25 66.60 0.1983 57.830 119.371 0.11333 0.21683
- 30.00 9.862 87.33 4.4325 2.984 98.S56 0.00701 0.22945 140.00 243.88 6S.10 0.1836 S9.764 119.720 0.11650 0.21648
11.297 86.82 3.9014 4.484 99.306 0.01048 0.22863 14S.00 260.31 64.77 0.1700 61.727 120.024 0.11968 0.21609 - 2S.00 -20.00 l2.89S 86.32 3.4452 S.991 100.054 0.01392 0.12786 IS0.00 277.S7 63.80 O.IS14 63.722 120.284 0.12288 0.21566
- IS.00 14.667 85.81 3.0519 7.SOS 100.799 O.Ol733 0.22714 ISS .00 295.69 62.78 0.14SS 65.752 120.495 0.12611 0.21Sl7
- 14.92 14.696. 85.80 3.0462 7.529 100.811 0.01139 0.22713 160.00 314.69 61.72 0.1345 67.823 120.6SO 0.12938 0.21463
-10.00 16.626 85.29 2.7116 9.026 101.542 0.02073 0.22647 165.00 334.62 60.60 0.1241 69.939 120.739 0.13268 0.21400
-s.oo 18.781 84.77 2.4161 IO.SS4 102.280 0.02409 0.22584 170.00 3SS.SI 59.42 0.1144 72.106 120.m 0.13603 0.21329
0.00 21.162 84.2S 2.IS87 12.090 103.0IS 0.02744 0.22S2S 115.00 377.40 58.16 0.1052 74.335 120.677 0.1394S 0.21247
5.00 23.767 83.72 1.9337 13.634 103.74S O.Q3077 0.22470 180.00 400.34 56.80 0.0965 76.636 120.493 0.14295 0.21151
10.00 26.617 83.18 l.736S IS. 187 104.471 0.03408 0.22418 185.00 424.37 55.33 0.0881 79.027 120.175 0.14655 0.21037
lS.00 29.726 82.64 1.5630 16.748 105.192 0.03737 0.22370 190.00 449.S5 53.70 0.0801 81.534 119.684 0.15029 0.20901
20.00 33.J 10 82.10 1.4101 18.318 IOS.907 0.04065 0.22325 195.00 415.9S 51.86 0.0723 84.196 118.963 0.15423 0.20733
2S.00 36.785 SI.SS 1.2749 19.897 106.617 0.0439! 0.22283 200.00 503.64 49.70 0.0646 87.088 1!7.906 0.15841 0.20519
30.00 40.768 80.99 l. i5SO 21.486 107.320 0.0471S 0.22244 20S.00 532.72 47 .00 0.0566 90.368 1!6.289 0.16326 0.20226
35.00 4S.015 80.42 1.0484 23.08S 108.016 0.05038 0.22207 210.00 563.34 43.03 0.0474 94.548 113.411 0.16933 0.191SO
40.00 49.724 79.85 0.9534 24:694 108.705 O.OS359 0.22172 213.85c S88.27 32.04 0.0312 103.77S 103.775 0.18128 0.18128
4S.00 54.732 79.26 0.868S 26.314 109.386 0.05679 0.22140 •Tcmperaturcs are on thc ITS-90 scalc. e • triple poinl b = boiling point e • crilical poinl
70 71
Tbermodynamic Propertles of R-134a
Pressure • 15 psla Pressu re • 30 psi a
Temp., Sat. 1eml!· • - t4.25 º F
Sal. 1em2. • 15.39º F
º f V h V h
o 3.118 103.35 0.2324
20 3.268 107.07 0.2403 1.584 106.18 0.22SS
40 3.417 110.88 0.2481 1.663 110.06 0.2335
60 3.S6S l 14.79 0.2SS8 1.741 114.03 0.2413
80 3.7 12 118.79 0.2633 1.818 118.08 0.2489
100 3.858 122.87 0.2708 1.89.S 122.22 0.2S64
120 4.004 127.0S 0.2781 1.971 126.44 0.2638
140 4.149 131.31 0.2853 2.046 130.75 0.2711
Pressure • 45 psla Pressure • 60 psla
Temp., Sa1.1eml!· • J4.94 °F
Sal. 1eml!· • 49.94 º F
º f V h s V h
40 1.077 109.20 0.2243
60 1.132 113.24 0.2323 0.8269 112.41 o.22s5
80 1.187 117.36 0.2400 0.8699 116.60 0.2334
100 1.240 121.SS 0.2477 0.9120 120.86 0.2412
120 1.293 125.82 0.2SS2 0.9533 125.18 0.2488
140 1.345 130.17 0.2625 o.9940 129.58 0.2562
Pressure • 150 psla Pressure • 200 psla
Temp., Sat. lemp. • 105.l4ºF
Sal. teml!· .. 125.19ºf
º f y h s y h s
125 0.3433 122.06 0.2274
ISO 0.3692 128.08 0 .2375 0.2596 125.69 0.2289
175 0.3937 134.13 0.2472 0.2807 132.07 0.2391
200 0.4171 140.23 0.2566 0.3003 138.42 0.2489
225 0.4397 146.41 0.2658 0.3189 144.80 0.2584
250 0.4616 152.66 0.2748 0.3366 151.23 0.2676
Pressure ~ l50 psla Prusure .. 300 psia
Temp., Sal. lemp. • 141.79º f
Sal. cemp. • t56.07º f
º f y h s y h s
ISO 0.1920 122.93 0.2210
11S 0.2118 129.79 0.2320 0.1646 127.20 0.2252
200 0.2295 136.47 0 .2423 0.1817 134.35 0.2362
225 0.2460 143.10 0.2522 0.1969 141.29 0.2466
250 0.2614 149.73 0.2617 0.2110 148.15 0.2564
27.S 0.2761 156.37 0.2709 0.2242 154.99 0.2659
300 0.2902 163.07 0.2798 0.2367 161.84 0.2750
V • vapor volumc. n> / lb h s enthalpy. Btu/lb s • entropy. Btu/lb .Of
72
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f' ~
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o o
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1 ·-L.. ~-J ~1~1 L:,_ ; -l- ¡....__ L-. ~ ;--.. 1
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(ot•d) 31:1nSS31:1d
73
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• t ¡..;
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> ~ < X .... z w
1 Refrigerant 717 (Ammonla)
1 (•19d) 3t:lnsS3t:ld Propertles of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
g § Denslty, Volume, Enlbalpy, Entropy, 8 o o 'nmp. Prus. lb/tt1 ft3 / lb Btu/lb lhu/lb· º F o ~ o o o o 2 2 o 2 o 2 Temp., 8~ ... ... ... -o ºF psi a Uquld Vapor U quid Vapor Liqoid V.por o
1 ___:!._ .. .. J07.78a 0.876 45.81 252.01 - 71.827 569.276 - 0.18678 1.63586 o 100.00 1.230 45.51 183.31 -63.032 572.742 -0.16206 1.60621 20 ~ -90.00 1.856 45.13 124.64 - 52.230 511.125 - 0.13244 1.57049 40 -80.00 2.733 44.73 86.784 - 41.713 581.419 - 0. 10437 1.53719 60 o -70.00 3.931 44.32 61.753 - 31.305 585.612 - 0.07732 l.S0607
1 80 o 60.00 5.539 43.91 44.818 -20.912 589.693 -0.05100 1.47691
.. 100
-.so.oo 1.656 43.49 33.121 - 10.484 593.653 - 0.02526 1.44953 120 o o -45.00 8.941 43.28 28.652 - 5.250 59S.584 -0.01257 1.43646 140 "' -40.00 10.396 43.07 24.885 0.000 591 .482 0.00000 1.42376
1 o - 3S.OO 12.040 42.85 21.694 5 .267 599.344 0.01246 1.41144 o
,_ 30.00 13.890 42.64 18.981 10.551 601.171 0.02481 l.39946 ..
Temp. - 27.99b 14.696 42.55 18.006 12.682 601.896 0.02975 1.39473 ºF 8 J - 2S.OO IS.964 42.42 16.665 15.854 602.962 0.03706 1.38781 ..,
40 '§ -20.00 18.281 42.21 14.680 21.174 604.714 0.04921 1.37648
1 6(J 8 o é '- 15.00 20.861 41.99 12.973 26.511 606.428 0.06125 l.36545 o se N - N -J0.00 23.727 41.77 11.500 31.867 608.102 0.07320 l.35471 IOC >- - 5.00 26.900 41.55 10.223 37.242 609.736 0.08506 1.34424 12( o o.. o
2 ..J 0.00 30.402 41.33 9.1135 42.635 611.327 0.09682 l. 33403 2 < 14( :e 5.00 34.258 41.l I 8.1464 48.046 612.876 0.10849 1.32408
__., ~
1 % 10.00 38.492 40.88 7 .3005 53.477 614.382 0.12008 1.31437 o w o IS.00 43.131 40.65 6.5585 58.928 615.842 0.13158 1.30488
Tem 20.00 48.199 40.43 S.9059 64.398 611.256 0.14299 1.29561 º f o
25.00 53.724 40.20 5.3303 69.888 618.623 0.15432 1.28654 2 1: 1
30.00 59.734 39.96 4.8211 15.400 619.941 0.16558 1.27767 1 I! 8 o 35 .00 66.258 39.73 4.3695 80.933 621.208 0.17676 1.26898 o J' N 40.00 73.324 39.49 3.9682 86.488 622.424 0.18787 1.26047 ': 1 21 45.00 80.962 39.2S 3.6105 92.066 623.585 0. 19891 1.25213 2 o o o S0.00 89.204 39.01 3.2910 97.666 624.692 0.20987 1.24394
o .. 1
2 '? 1 55 .00 98.081 38.76 3.0050 103.291 625.741 0.22077 1.23590 8 o 60.00 107.62 38.51 2.7484 108.941 626.731 0.23161 1.22800 o
6S.OO 117.87 38.26 2.5177 114.615 627.659 0 .24238 l.22022 ... .. 1 1
Teo 70.00 128.84 o o
38.00 2.3098 120.315 628.523 0.25309 l.21257
1 o o o o o o o 2 - '? o
ª & o o 2 ...
o 2 ... o .. ...
(t1•d) 3t:lílSS3t:ld
1 V 75 74
1
Refrigeran! 717 (Ammonia) ThermodynamJc Propertles of Arnmonla (R-717) Propertles of Saturated Liquld and Saturated Vapor
Pressure ~ 14.7 psl1 Pressure • 25 psla Dens17. Volume, Enlhalpy, Entropy, SaL lemp. • -l9.9l º F S•L temp. = - 7.83ºF
Blo/lb Btullb · ºF Temp. Ptt55. lbt r1 rt311b h s h s Temp., º F psi a Llquld Vapor Uquld Vapor Llquld Va ºF 200.41 2.5959 42.209 - 384.56 1.2406 - 75.00 140.58 37.75 2. 1222 126.041 629.321 0.26374 210.99 2.6195 0.08947 207.48 2.5515 o
20 80.00 153.12 37.49 1.9525 131.795 630.051 0.27434 226.70 2.6526 0.08324 223.98 2.5863
40 85.00 166.50 37.22 1.7987 137.577 630.709 0.28488 242.29 2.6835 0.07795 240.15 2.6184
60 90.00 180.74 36.95 1.6591 143.389 631.292 0.29537 263.04 2.7220 0.07199 261.43 2.6578
80 95.00 195.90 36.68 1.5321 149.232 631.799 0.30581 283.89 2.7579 0.06694 282.63 2.6944
100 100.00 211.99 36.40 1.4165 155. 106 632.224 0.31621 120 105.00 229.07 36.12 l.3109 161.013 632.567 0.32656 Prusure = 40 psi• Pressure • 70 psi• 140 110.00 247.17 35.84 1.2144 166.955 632.821 0.33687 Sal. temp. - ll .80°F S11. lemp. ~ 37.84ºF
115.00 266.32 35.55 1.1261 172.933 632.985 0.34715 h s h s 120.00 286.57 35.26 1.0,451 178.950 633.053 0.35739 0.13552 219.88 2.5250 39.966 -330.34 1.3569
Temp 125.00 307.96 34.96 0.9708 185.007 633.023 0.36760 0.12638 236.95 2.5588 0.2275 230.20 2.4835 ºF 130.00 330.52 34.66 0.9024 191.107 632.888 0.37778 0.11628 259.03 2.5998 0.2076 254.06 2.5278
41 135.00 354.30 34.35 0.8394 197.253 632.646 0.38795 0. 10788 280.76 2.6372 0.1953 271.27 2.5577
6' 140.00 379.34 34.03 0.7813 203.447 632.289 0.39809
8 145.00 405.67 33.71 0.7277 209.694 631.813 0.40823 P ressure • 160 psi• Pressure ~ 200 psi•
JO 150.00 433.35 33.39 0.6781 215.997 631.213 0.41836 Sal. iemp. = 82. 78 º F S1t. lemp. e 102.56ºF 12 155.00 462.42 33.05 0.6322 222.361 630.480 0.42849 h s h s 14 160.00 492.92 32.71 0.5896 228.792 629.609 0.43863
0.508 13 237.51 2.4085 0.65839 165.00 524.91 32.36 o.ssoo 235.294 628.590 0.44878 229.13 2.3707
170.00 558.42 32.01 0.5133 241 .874 627.416 0.45897 0.45986 264.56 2.4552 0.58884 258.60 2.4216
31.26 0.4471 255.298 624.558 0.47946 0.40690 301.68 2.5143 0.51642 297.59 2.4836
Ten- 180.00 630.22 0.36707 337.23 2.5658 0.46366 334.14 2.5366 º! 190.00 708.73 30.47 0.3894 269.133 620.938 0.50018 0.33531 372.53 2.6129 0.42232 370.07 2.5846
200.00 794.38 29.63 0.3387 283.469 616.428 0.52127 210.00 887.64 21!.71 0.2940 298.429 610.846 0.54289
Pressure - 240 psfa Pressure = 300 psla 220.00 989.03 27.71 0.254 1 314.m 603.934 0.56525 S11. 1emp. = 108.24 º F S11. lemp. ~ 123.37ºF 230.00 1099.I 26.59 0.2182 330.998 595.287 0.58871 h s h 240.00 1218.6 25.31 0.1854 349.296 584.228 0.61382
s
250.00 1348.3 23.76 0.1545 369. 899 569 .465 0.64166 0.12516 252.28 2.3921 0.94634 242.01 2.3527
260.00 1489.4 21.73 0.1239 394.854 547.928 0.67496 0.62958 293.38 2.4575 0.80690 286.80 2.4240
269.99c 1643.7 14.67 0.0682 467.152 467. 152 0.77240 0.56240 33 1.00 2.5121 0.71477 326.18 2.4811
ºTempcratures are convttted from the IPTS-68 sale of the orl1in1I formulati 0.51070 367.58 2.5610 0.64594 363.79 2.5313 Tt to thc l'J'S.90 scalc. 0.46897 404.14 2.6061 0.59131 401.06 2.5774
a • triple point b • boíling point e, ; critial point vapor volume. n> /lb • h • enthalpy, Btu/lb s • entropy, Btu/lb · ºF
76 77
-- ---- ' ' .,¡ 1 ;;!
- - 0:1 l 1 ~
-- - º3 ...... ,ooo~~ -.,"!5 1~~8~~~!50\~J
Suction, Discharge, and Llquid Line Capacities for Refrigerant ll (Single or High-Stage Applicatlons) - - - - -
Suction Unes (.6.1 = 2 °F) Discharce Unes Uquld Liaes• (.6./ ª 1 ºF; Ap • 1.9 psi)
UneSia Sataratecl Suctlom Tempenl•re, ºF S.tlll'Sted Suctio• Temp., ºF U•c!iia 'fype L 'fypeL Al a lºF Copper, -40 -20 o 20 40 - 40 40 Copper, Vel. - Ap =
00 Ap=0.79 Ap=-1.15 Ap-1.6 Ap•2.22 Ap=2.91 ºº lOOfpm 3.05 psi
112 - - - 0.40 0.6 0.15 O.SS 1/2 2.3 3.6
~ S/8 - 0.32 O.SI 0.76 1.1 1.4 1.6 S/8 3.7 6.7 718 o.si 0.86 1.3 2.0 2.9 3.7 4.2 118 7.8 18.2
1 1/ 8 1.1 1.7 2.7 4.0 5.8 1.5 8.5 1 1/8 13.2 37.0
1 3/8 1.9 3.1 4.7 7.0 J0.1 13.1 14.8 13/8 20.2 64.7 1 5/8 1.0 4.8 1.5 11.1 16.0 20.7 23.4 1 S/8 28.5 102.5 2 1/8 6.2 10.0 IS.6 23.1 33.1 42.8 48.S 2118 49.6 213.0 2S/8 10.9 17.8 27.5 40.8 58.3 75.4 85.4 2S/8 16.5 376.9
3 1/ 8 17.5 28.4 44.0 6S.O 92.9 120.2 136.2 3 1/8 109.2 601.5 3 518 26.0 42.3 65.4 96.6 137.8 178.4 202.1 . 3 5/8 147.8 895.7 4 1/8 36.8 59.6 92.2 136.3 194.3 251.1 284.4 41/8 192.J 1263.2
IPS SCB IPS SCB
112 40 - 0.38 0.58 0.85 1.2 1.5 1.7 1/2 80 3.8 5.1 3/4 40 o.so 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.S 3.3 3.7 3/4 80 6.9 12.8
1 40 0.9~ l.S 2.3 "3.4 4.8 6.1 6.9 1 80 11.S 25.2 1-1/ 4 40 2.0 3.2 4.8 7.0 9.9 12.6 14.3 1-1/ 4 80 20.6 S4.1
1-112 40 3.0 4.7 7.2 10.S 14.8 19.0 21.5 1-1/2 80 28.3 82.6 2 40 S.7 9.1 13.9 20.2 28.S 36.6 41.4 2 40 53.8 192.0
2-1/2 40 9.2 14.6 22.1 32.2 45.4 58.I 6S.9 2-1/2 40 76.7 305.8
3 40 16.2 25.7 39.0 56.8 80.1 102.8 116.4 3 40 118.5 540.3 4 40 33.J 52.5 79.5 115.9 163.2 209.5 237.3 4 40 204.2 1101.2
~ Notes: 4. Values in 1hc table are based on IOS ºF condcosing tcmperature. Mu!-t. 'Jkble capaci1ies are in tons of rcfrigcration. Liply 1able capaci1ies by lhe following faciors for olher condensing
l:i.p "' pressure drop dueto line friction, psi per 100 ft of equiva- temperatures. lent line length
Condenslac Suetlon Dlsc.ltu¡e l:i.t = corresponding cbange in saturation temperature per 100 ft, ºF Ttmpa11111re, ºF Une u.e
2. Llnc capacity for other saturaiion tcmperatures t.t and equiva- 80 1.11 0.79 lent lengths L 90 1.07 0.88
, ( 1\blc L, Aclual Al ) O.SS 100 1.03 0.95 Line capacity • lkble capacity --- x Aclual L, Tublc Al 110 0.91 1.04
3. Saturation tcrnpcrature A/ for other capacities and equivalcru lcng¡hs 120 0.90 1.10
L, Actual L, ( Aaual capacity ) 1.8 130 0.86 1.18
Al • lkble A1--- 140 0.80 1.26 lkble L, Tublc capacity
"See section tilled, "Pressure Drop Considcrations:• Chapter 3, 1990 ASHRAE Hondbook- Refrigerotion.
-
g:
~
- - - - -
Rcfrlgerant and t.J
Equlvalent of .frlction Dropª
Refrigeran! 22
2 ºF Al ptr 100 ft equivalen! length
'oJes:
- -- - - -
1 ~ 1 :;! ~ ~ l 1
:;I '=" ::..~- .~ ~--ª \ ¡~g~~~~o \~J
Refrigerant Suction, Oischarge and Liquid Line Capacities for lntermediate or L-Ow Stage Outy (Tons) for Refrigeraot 22
Line Suctlon Lines Slze
l)'peL Saturated Suction Temperature, "F Copper
00 - 90 - 80 - 70 -60 -SO -40
1/2 518 718 0 . 18 0 .25 0.34 0 .46 0.61 0.79
1-118 0 .36 O.S I 0.70 0.94 1.2 1.6 1-3/ 8 0 .6 0 .9 1.2 1.6 2.2 2 .8 1-S/ 8 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.4 4.S
2-1/8 2.1 3.0 4.1 s.s 7.2 9.3 2-518 3.8 S.3 7.2 9.7 12.7 16.5 3-118 6.1 8.S 11.6 15.S 2-0.4 26.4 3-S/ 8 9.1 12.7 17.3 23.1 30.4 39.4 4-1/8 12.9 18.0 24.S 32.7 43.0 SS.6 S-1 18 23.2 32.3 4f-9 58.7 77.1 99.8 6-118 37 .s 52.1 7 .o 94.6 124.2 160.S
Line Slze
Ols- 1)'pe L charge Copper U quid
- 30 Unes1 <2> 00 Unes•
1/2 0.7 S/ 8
1.0 1.9 7/8 2. 1 3.8 1-118 3.6 6.6 1-3/ 8 S.1 10.S 1-S/ 8
11.9 21.7 2- 118 21.1 38.4 2-S/8 Scc 33.8 61.4 3- 1/8 Table, S0.2 91.2 3-S/ 8 pp. 78-79 70.9 128.6 4-118
126.9 229.S S-118 204.2 369.4 6-118
(3) For olher Al's and Equivaleot Leogths, L,, Line capacity (tons) =
(1) Value:S in this ~le are tons of refrige:ration resulting in a line friction drop pcr 100 rt of equivaleot pipe length corrc:sponding io thc change in saturation temperature indicated under the refrigerant desígnation.
(2) Values based on OºF condensing temperature. For capacities at other condensing temperatures, multiply table value by values from the table below. Ton mass flow rates for discbarge lines based on - 50 evap.
( Table L, Actual Át loss desired) º·"
Table tons Actual L, x Table Át loss
Con-Refrigeran! 12 densing
Temp .. , ºF Su~on Discharge
- 30 1.12 0.55 -20 1.07 0.70 -10 1.03 O.SS
o 1.00 1.00 ·10 0.96 1.25 20 0.93 t.SO 30 0.90 l.SO
Refrigerant 22
Suction Discharge
1.09 0.58 1.06 0.71 1.03 O.SS 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.20 0.94 1.45 0.90 1.SO
(4) For other Tons and Equivalent Lengths in a given pipe size,
At = Table Á.t (Actual L,) (Actual Tons) 1.a Table L, Table Tons
(5) For pressurc drop {ps!)corresponding to Á.t, refer to Rcfrigerant thcrmodynamic property tables.
• Sce section litled Prcssure Orop Considcrations, Chaptcr 3, 1990 ASHRAE Handbook.
(D 1\)
~
1 -! .1 n ~ 1 \ ~
- - ºª -:- .. --...~~ 1~~&~$~~0 l~J
Suction Line Capacities in Tons for Refrige.rant 22 (Single or Higb-Stage Applications)
Line Si:re Saluraltd Sucllon Temperalore, ºF
'JYpeL -40 -20 o 20 40 Copper, ti/= lºF ti/= O.SºF lll=tºF t.l = O.SºF ti/= lºF t.l = O.SºF lll= lºF ti/= O.SºF ti/=l°F ti/= O.SºF
OD Ap = 0.393 Ap = 0.197 Ap = 0.577 Ap = 0.289 Ap = 0.813 Ap = 0.406 Ap = t.104 Ap = 0.552 Ap = t.4SS Ap = 0.727
112 0,07 o.os 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.12 0.27 0.19 0.40 0.27 S/8 0.13 0.09 0.22 O.IS 0.34 0.23 0.S2 0.3S 0.1S O.SI 3/ 4 0.22 O.IS 0.37 0.25 0.58 0.39 0.86 O.S9 1.24 0.85 7/8 0.35 0.24 0.58 0.40 0.91 0.62 1.37 0.93 1.97 1.35
1-118 0.72 0-49 1.19 0.81 1.86 1.27 2.77 1.90 3.99 2.74 1-3/ 8 1.27 0.86 2.09 1.42 3.2S 2.22 4.84 3.32 6.96 4.78 1-5/8 2.02 1.38 3.31 2.26 S.16 3.S3 7.67 5.26 11.00 1.S1 2-1/8 4.21 2.88 6.90 4.73 10.71 1.3S 15.92 10.96 22.81 15.73 2-5/8 7.48 S.13 12.23 8.39 18.97 13.04 28.19 19.40 40.38 27.84 3-1/8 11.99 8.22 19.55 13.43 30.31 20.85 44.93 31.00 64.30 44.44 3-518 17.89 12.26 29.13 20.00 45.09 31.03 66.81 46.11 95.68 66.09 4-1/8 25.29- 17.36 41.17 28.26 63.71 43.85 94.2S 65.12 134.81 93.22
Steel IPS ~ -
3/ 8 80 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.07 O.IS 0.10 0.21 O.IS 0.30 0.21 1/2 80 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.13 0.29 0.20 0.42 0.30 0.60 0.42 3/4 80 0.27 0.18 0.43 0.30 0.6S 0.46 0.9S 0.67 1.35 0.95
1 80 0.52 0.36 0.84 0.59 1.28 0.89 1.87 1.31 2.64 1.86 1·1/4 40 1.38 0.96 2.21 !.SS 3.37 2.36 4.91 3.45 6.93 4.88 1-1/2 40 2.~ 1.45 3.32 2.33 5.0S 3.55 7.38 S.19 10.42 7.33 2 40 4.03 2.81 6.41 4.51 9.74 6.85 14.22 10.01 20.07 14.14 2:112 40 6.43 4.49 10.23 7.19 15.56 10.93 22.65 J5.9S 31.99 22.53 3 40 11.38 7.97 18.11 12.74 27.47 19.34 40.10 28.23 56.52 39.79 4 40 23.24 16.30 36.98 26.02 56.12 39.49 81.73 S1.S3 115.24 81.21 5 40 42.04 29.50 66.73 47.05 101.16 71.27 147.36 103.82 207.59 146.38 6 40 68.04 47.86 108.14 76.15 163.77 115.21 238.29 168.07 335.71 236.70 8 40 139.48 98.06 221.17 15S.78 334.94 236.21 488.05 344.19 686.71 484.74 10 40 252.38 177.75 400.53 282.05 606.74 427.75 881.59 622.51 1243.64 876.79 12 ID 403.63 284.69 639.74 451.09 969.02 683.22 1410.30 995.80 1987.29 1402.63
J_ - ~ --~1.:i¡ 1 1 ~ 1. ~ - -- º 3 ,.¡ 1 i!: !::!S<~¡lj ~ ~o "'?
---- -
Minimum Tonnage_(Refrigeraot !~-f~! Oil E'cltrainment up Suction Risers Type L Copper Tubing
PipeOD, In.
S11t tloa 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.123 1.375 1.625 2. 125 2.625 3. 125 3.625 4.125
S.t. Gas Ata, in.'
Ttmp, f Temp, f 0.146 0.233 0.341 0.434 0.125 1.256 1.780 3.094 4.770 6.812 9.213 11.970
- 40.0 -30.0 0.067 0.119 0.197 0.298 O.S80 0.981 1.52 3.03 S.20 8.12 11.8 16.4 -10.0 0.06S 0.117 O.l!M 0.292 O.S70 0.963 1.49 2.97 S.11 7.97 11.6 16.1
10.0 0.066 0.118 0.19S 0.295 O.S7S 0.912 l.SO 3.00 S.IS 8.04 11.7 16.3 -20.0 -10.0 0.087 0.156 0.2S8 0.389 0.758 1.28 1.98 3.96 6.80 10.6 IS.S 21.S
10.0 0.08S O. IS3 0.2S3 0.362 0.744 1.26 1.95 3.88 6.67 10.4 IS.2 21.1 30.0 0.086 O.IS4 0.2S4 0.383 0.747 1.26 l.9S 3.90 6.69 10.4 15.2 21.I
o.o 10.0 0.111 0.199 0.328 0.496 0.986 1.63 2.S3 5.04 8.66 ll.S 19.7 27.4 CD 30.0 0.108 0.194 0.320 0.434 0.942 1.59 2.46 4.92 8.4S ll.2 19.2 26.7 ~ so.o 0.109 0.19S 0.322 0.486 0.946 1.60 2.47 4.94 8.48 13.2 19.3 26.8
20.0 30.0 0. 136 0.244 0.403 0.608 t.18 2.00 3. 10 6.18 10.6 16.6 24.2 33.S so.o O.IJS 0.242 0.399 0.603 1.17 1.99 3.07 6. 13 10.S 16.4 24.0 33.3 70.0 0.13S 0.242 0.400 0.60S 1.18 1.99 3.08 6.IS 10.6 16.S 24.0 33.3
40.0 so.o 0.167 0.300 0.49S 0.743 1.46 2.46 3.81 7.60 13. t 20.4 29.7 41.3 70.0 0.165 0.296 0.483 0.737 1.44 2.43 3.7S 7.49 12.9 20.I 29.J 40.7 90.0 O.t6S 0.296 0.488 0.738 1.44 2.43 3.76 1.50 12.9 20.1 29.3 40.7
NO'rl!: ·lñc iunnasc b ~~ on 90 F' liquid icmrittaturc and &u~rhcal u indic:atc:d by 1hc fü1cd tc:mrxra1urc. For othcr liqu J line u1urx.,.:uun.-~ u~ ~orrl"-'.:li,~u íal.'.1llfS b; 1h< oahlc bdow.
Uquid Temperature, f
so MI 70 IO 100 110 120 130
1.17 1. 14 1. 10 1.116 O.YR 0.94 <U9 . j),~,
Minimnm Tonnage (Rtfrlgerant 22) for 011 Entralnment up Hot-Gas Risen Type L Copper Tublng
PipeOD, In.
Disch1.rce o.soo 0.625 0.750 o.175 1.12.3 1.375 1.625 2.125 1.625 3.125 ~.625 4.125
S.t. Gas Ara. la.'
Temp, F Ttmp, f . 0.146 0.233 0.34ll 0.434 0.825 1.256 1.780 3.094 4.770 6.812 9.213 U.970
80.0 110.0 0.23S 0.421 0.69S !.OS 2.03 3.4ó 5.3S 10.7 18.3 28.6 41.8 S1.9 140.0 0.223 0.399 0.6S9 0 .996 1.94 3.28 S.o7 10.1 17.4 27 .1 39.6 S4.9 170.0 0.215 0.385 0.635 0.960 1.87 3.16 4.89 9.76 16.8 26.2 JS.2 52.9
90.0 120.0 0.242 0.433 0.716 1.06 2.11 3.S6 s.so 11.0 18.9 29.S 43.0 S9.6 CD ISO.O 0.226 0.406 0.671 1.01 1.97 3.34 S.16 10.3 17.7 27.6 40.3 SS.9 U'I 180.0 0.216 0.387 0.540 0.9S6 1.88 3.18 4.92 9.82 16.9 26.3 38.4 S3.3
100.0 130.0 0.247 0.442 0.730 1. 10 2.IS 3.83 S.62 11.2 19.3 30.1 43.9 60.8 160.0 0.231 0.414 0.884 1.03 2.01 3.40 S.26 10.S 18-0 28.2 41.1 S1.0 190.0 0.220 0.394 0.650 0.987, 1.91 3.24 3.00 9.96 17.2 26.8 39.1 S4.2
110.0 140.0 0.2St 0.451 0.744 1.12 2.19 3.70 S.73 11.4 19.6 30.6 44.7 62.0 170.0 0.23S 0.421 0.693 LOS 2.05 3.46 3.35 10.7 18.3 28.6 41.8 S7.9 200.0 0.222 0.399 0.6S8 0.994 1.94 3.23 S.06 10.1 17.4 27 .1 39.S S4.8
120.0 ISO.O 0.257 0.460 0.760 LIS 2.24 3.78 5.8S 11.7 20.0 31.3 4S.7 63.3 180.0 0_239 0.428 0.7(17 1.(11 2.08 3.SI S.44 10.8 18.6 29. 1 42.4 S8.9 210.0 0.22.S 0.404 0.666 1.01 1.96 3.31 S.12 10.2 17.6 27.4 40.0 ss.s
NOTE: The tonnaae 11 based on 1111urated suaion tcrnpcrature or 20 F with IS dea F s:upcrhcal ac che indicated satur.ucd condt:nsing 1cmpcrature witb IS des F iubcoolin¡. for oc her s:aturaltd suction tcmptraturcs wilh 1 S dq. F supcrhc111, UJc: che Collowins corrcc:tion fact0f1! Saturation s-i;clion tcmpcratutt.., F .-40 - 20 o 40
Corrcction flc1or 0.88 o.9$ 0.96 1.04
---- ~
_, _;l ¡ ___ _
1 :;l - - ..23 1 1
:;l --- o ~ N 0 9!? ~ *: ~""" .,.,.g
í Practica! Refrigeran! Suction Une Capacities for Ammonla for Te.mperature Cbanges of 0.25 and 0 •. 50 deg F
[Tons of Refrigeration Resulting in a Une Friction Drop (AP in psi) per 100 ft Equivalen! Pipe Le.ngth as Shown, with Correspondlng Cbange (AT) in Saturalion Te.mperature)
Steel Saturated Suction Temperature, F
LlneSlze -60 -40 -20
AT = O.lSF AT a O.SOF AT • O.lSF AT=O.SOF AT = O.lSF AT = O.SOF IPS SCH AP e 0.046 AP s 0.092 AP = 0.011 AP = 0.155 AP • 0.123 AP = 0.245
)/8 80 0.03 o.os 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.16 112 80 0.06 O.JO 0.12 0.18 0.22 0.32
(X) 314 80 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.42 o.so 0.73 O> 1 80 0.30 0.45 O.S1 0.84 0.99 1.44
1 1/4 40 0.82 1.21 1.53 2.24 2.65 3.84 1 1/2 40 l.2S 1.83 2.32 3.38 4.00 S.80
2 40 2.43 3.57 4.S4 6.59 7.79 11.26 2112 40 3.94 S.18 7.23 10.56 12.50 18.03
3 40 7.10 10.30 13.00 18.81 22.23 32.09 4 . 40 14.77 21.21 26.81 38.62 45.66 65.81 5 40 26.66 38.65 48.68 70.07 82.70 119.06 6 40 43.48 62.83 79.18 114.26 134.37 193.44 8 40 90.07 129.79 163.48 235.38 277.80 397.SS
10 40 164.26 236.39 297.51 427.71 504.98 721.08 12 ID 264.07 379.88 4n.55 686.10 808.93 1157.59
Sttd Saturattd Suctioa Tempenture, F
LineSize o 20 40
AT = O.lSF AT=O.SOF 4T•O.lSF AT s O.SOF AT = O.lSF AT=O.SOF lPS SCH AP • 0.184 AP = 0.363 AP • 0.265 AP.= O.S30 AP = 0.366 AP = 0.582
)/8 80 0.18 0.26 0.28 0.40 0.41 O.S3 1/2 80 0.36 0.52 O.SS 0.80 0.82 LOS )/ 4 80 0.82 1.18 1.26 1.83 1.87 2.38
1 80 1.62 2.34 2.50 3.60 3.68 4.69 l 1/4 40 4.30 6.21 6.63 9.S2 9.76 12.42 l 112 40 6.49 9.34 9.98 14.34 14.68 18.64
~ 2 40 12.57 18.12 19.3S 27.74 28.45 36.08 2112 40 20.19 28.94 30.98 44.30 45.37 57.SI
J 40 3S.87 51.35 54.98 78.SO 80.40 101.93 4 40 73.56 105.17 112.34 160.S7 164.44 208.34 s 40 133.12 190.SS 203.S3 289.97 296.88 376.18 6 40 216.0S 308.62 329.59 469.07 480.96 609.57 8 40 444.S6 633.82 676.99 962.47 98S.SS 1250.34
10 40 806.47 1148.72 1226.96 1744.84 1786.55 2263.99 12 ID 1290.92 1839.28 1964.S6 2790.37 2862.23 3613.23
Q) <D
NOTES: (1) Basis ofTable: 90 F Condensirig Tempcraturc; 1 dq F AT
per 100 ft Equivalen! Lenglh. Dischacge and Llquid Unes ~ on 20 F suction.
(2) For other AT 's and Equivalen! Lengths, L,, Linc Capaciry (Tons) •
( Table L, Actual AT Loss Desircd )°'"
TableTons • - • --------1\crual L, Table AT Loss
(3) For other Tons and Equivalen! Lenglhs in a given pípe sizc:
Aetual L, ( Actual Tons )'.a AT =TabkAT • •
Table L, Table Tons
(4) Values bascd on 90 F condensin¡ temperature. For capacities ar othcr condensing remperarures, multiply rabie tons by lhe following factors:
Condensin& Temperature, F
70 80 90 100 Suction Lines LOS 1.02 1.00 0.98
Discharge Lines 0.78 0.89 1.0 1.11
(S) Bascd on O F evaporaior tcmperarure. The capaciry is affectcd less !han 3 .. when applied from -40 F to 40 F extremes.
- --- - - _l ;I -1- - n 1 ;I :;! J _ _ __ - -- • 3
co o
· ~ ....... noo0\•N_ "l1.,. -==- :..::.- -~._ ·..:_-:-: 7 - -
S uctio n , Discba~e, a nd Liguid Line Capac ltles In To ns for Refrigerant 134a (Single- o r High-Stage Aeplications)
Sucllon Lines (.6.t = 2 "F) LlncSlze 'JYpe L
Satu111ted S uclion Tempe111ture, ºF
Cop.per, o 10 20 30 40 OD .Ó.p s J,00 .6.p-1.19 .6.p = l.41 .6.p-1.66 .6.p=t.93
1/2 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.29 0.35 518 0.27 0.34 0.43 O.S4 0.66 718 0.71 0.91 1.14 1.42 1.75
1-1/8 1.45 1.84 2.32 2.88 3.S4 1-3/ 8 2.53 3.22 4.04 S.02 6.17 1-518 4.02 S.10 6.39 7.94 9.77
. 2-118 8.34 10.60 13.30 16.SO 20.20 2-5/ 8 14.80 18.80 23.SO 29. 10 35.80 3-1/ 8 23.70 30.00 37.SO 46.40 57. 10 3-518 3S.10 44.60 55.80 69.IO 84.80 4-118 49.60 62.90 78.70 97 .40 119.43 S-118 88.90 113.00 141.00 174.00 213.00 6-1/ 8 143.00 181.00 226.00 280.00 342.00
Notes: l. lllblc capacities are in tons of refri¡cn.tion. Ap & pressure drop duc to Une fñction. psi pcr 100 fi of cquivalent Une lcngth. Al = correspondina changc in sa1uratíon tempcratur< pcr 100 ft, ºF
Discharic Unes (.6.t • l "F, .6.p • 2.2 psi)
Satu rated Suclion Temp., "F Liquld Unes
Stt notes 3 aad 4.
o 20 40 Ve!• llt • l "F 100 fpm Llp • 2.2 psi
0.S4 0.57 0.59 2.13 2.79 1.01 1.07 1.12 3.42 5.27 2.67 2.81 2.94 7.09 14.00 S.40 5.68 5.95 12.10 28.40 9.42 9.91 10.40 18.40 S0.00
14.90 IS.70 16.40 26.10 78.60 30.80 32.40 34.00 45.30 163.00 54.40 57.20 59.90 69.90 290.00 86.70 91.20 95.SO 100.00 462.00
129.00 135.00 142.00 llS.00 688.00 181.00 191.00 200.00 115.00· 971.00 323.00 340.00 356.00 518.00 545.00 571.00
2. Scc Cbaptcr 2, 1994 ASHRAE Hondbook-Refrigrrotion Cor stccl linc c.apacit ics and for modifjca1ions 11 othcr saturation and condcnsina tcmperatures_ 3. Thcsizing shown is rccommcndcd wherc any gas gcneratcd in the receivcr must rcturn up thc condcnsatc linc to the condcnser without rcstricting condcnsatc now. Water-(:()()lcd condcnscts, wbcrc tbe r=ívcr ambient temperature may be bia)\cr than the refri¡erant condcnsing 1empcratutt, fall in this catqory. 4. ThcUncpres.suredropApisconservative; if subcoolin1
E_¡¡¡ ¡;¡;E!, .:-;:161' 6i0 e: ~ :;· º "' s· ;;· e: s· !!!: a· 5· o °"c ~ E = .:<cnEE
ie. .:i a e ~ s a ~- e v s s "' !>?. ,. 'O " n ., ., ..., .,., .... , _ "Ir:=--• -·o ::r-· o oo o -:g g!:J. :;·~o.a~~F~?F ~ -< 1'1 -. s.-~~'tl~a-n
~ ¡;¡" a" 'O V :;; ;:;¡ ;::.· :l. " ;·
~ .... o ... o i:: 3 Ol
¡;- ~ :l. • N :2'" ...,:r ~ - ~ ""'O ;,, n ~n-::: :::- " o o n -.!"' Oq:s ~ 'el .. ::::'.!.. c.. o. e.-g '8 =-~ g ~~ ~ ~! ~ :' a. .. ..
lf"'b" l ..;,c a 5- &. .. -... ::.. , 'itec: =-~ j¡:l,.ll•<'" - .- _. C3 n o c-x--o .,.. ~~ttfiF;_
'to 9:; O> :z c :2. ~¡:. ~; g g· ñ~ ~:> ~ ~ 3 ~ ;;-~ ~ o'g~ ~..?" ., =¡]~ :::J"~ ir ~ ca e:[ g .,,<;2, a-::a--1;1} ~ ~:;. go
~ oo :i:: c:c: ~ ~ 8. ~ ~ .... s e: .. ~~=a.a a a e.
:i:!i?.
~ ª .., -- º o .. :I! 2.
fil = ¡. s Q = c. = ,.,, ;
co " ... -:; ~·
ir> = &.~~ ;~ Q. ~n; :J.91
t;? ::38. !.~ ~ ~[§ ~2. :. g;~· ~;-
... °' - ---- ª » = c. o =10 o ~ ~ ;g [ 3 .. ~ !l ñ º
i
?!=' ..... QQ ........
2 ? I ~ ~ .......
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P?PP ...., - - o U.VI-O\
o ... o
~
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º~~ ºI,..=-'" .... 1:1 º ~-~ ~;;"' "" ~ :1 :=. ""' !l ~ : ~ g_ i .. .. > ('! l en ~it ºI - "' = ... ::: o ;;. ~:;,. ;
w :J n ':" ,, ,., .. .. "' "'
;; ;::;· ~ ~tT:J ~ :3 ,.: !l ~e = 'i'"'"" _., : ;[~t a~ : 2:~ ~~ n a(;:;· < ~ ~ s.e~ 2;'!1 O ...,,,. - n-. .... ~~~ ~ª· ~ :'1'1 ::i n o.=. ., 0)2= .CD Ul ~~ -~ ¡ :!.'< ~ n Q ~.,. ¡;t~ ()} 7 ~ ~ ; ·
8 e ¡,, ..,,
8 .. "" Íii1~~g~ o ººººº :. :ii, ieád:~~~
,,. PPP!='P º !::;S~:~ ...., ___ _ :ii, ¡~~~~~
º:.-1E~e~e NVlo\OWO\
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Thennal Reslstances of Plane Air Spaces, ºF • ft1 • h/Btu ª 1 1 °' - N
.!: dd d Positlon Olrttllon Mt11n Ttmp. 0.75-ln. Alr Spacc 3.5-in. Air S 1l or Alr of Ht111 Tcm¡. Oiff., Elfectlve Emittanc:é Elfectlve Emitt ~ ! ~~
_,... .,.. Sp1c:e Flow ºF ºFº 0.2 0.82 0.2 o. ~ .. .,..., ....
:'E ...;º ºº o Ttm 90 10 1.61 0.75 1.83 ~ ºI so 30 1.3S 0.77 l.S8 l so 10 1.70 0.87 1.9S i ;;
i 1 00 N ...
!) .. cid 2 Horiz. Up o 20 l.S2 0.93 1.79 .!! .!! ... &> o 10 1.78 1.02 2.07 " e ,, ~ - so 20 l.SS 1.07 J.86 e o '! ...... _..., 00 so 10 1.84 1.20 2.18 CI. .. ~¿
.,..., .... "' ~ 00 o
1 90 10 1.88 0.81 1.97 ~
so 30 1.52 0.82 1.67 ~ ~ ... 1 = 5~ ~~ ~ 4S º so 10 2.00 0.94 2.10 fl lt ~ i: < = a= 00
~ SI o pe Up o 20 1.72 1.00 1.90 !:! " ¡¡ o 10 2.08 1.12 2.23 ., Q ~
.:. .!I - so 20 1.76 1.16 1.97 CI e .. ON _., r-o ~ i= e!~ < :::!'.:! 00 .... ... - so 10 2.10 1.30 2.33 ·e ºº o
~ 90 10 2.08 0.84 2.15 0.8! .. so 30 2.01 0.94 1.89 0.91 ~ ] l 1
_,., .,.. = ~ dd d so 10 2.35 1.01 2.32 1.01
:1 ¡::; Vert. Horii. o 20 2.32 1.18 2.17 1.U ...
o 10 2.64 1.26 2.SO 1.21 o .. - so 20 2.36 1.39 2.30 1.37 a .. ] -N ~~ r-... i:i .. ::: 5 ¿ - so 10 2.87 1.56 2.67 U-O $. ~ :'E 00
90 10 2.10 0.84 2.49 0.90 ti .. " so 30 2.24 0.99 2.28 1.00 = ·¡: ~~ ~~ 4S º so 10 2.40 1.02 2.73 1.08 .... ¡:;. 5~ '1 o .. _
00 Slopc Down o 20 2.63 1.26 2.66 1.21 "~ o ¡; o 10 2.81 1.30 3.02 l.~ .. 1 - so 20 2.90 l.S7 2.90 l.Sl 'lj
¡:; - so 10 3.22 1.66 3.31 1.68 .... ~
90 10 2.10 O.SS 3.41 {,.)
so 30 2.38 1.02 3.86 i! e
1 so 10 2.41 1.02 4.09 ~ o &> Horiz. Down o 20 2.83 1.30 4.87 o ... d o 10 2.87 1.31 S.08 [ H
- so 20 3.36 1.69 6.02 & ~-;;- ., - so 10 3.42 1.71 6.36 ..
:!;' ~ 8 8 8 .. o u .. ~~a~ .. .. i! .. Q.
1 1 lntcrpol11ion is pcrmissible for othcr valucs of mean 1emperuurc, lctnpen e t ·5 ~ b' ·~.S.!! a ·~·~ e! .. diffcrcncc, and cffectivc cmi11ancc fefJ· lntcrpolalion and modcratc extrapola cZ ... "iiOoi 6 ~ ~ ii en 6 .s .5 6 .5 for air spaces ¡rc11cr 1han 3.S in. are also pcrmissible. . ... ... ... ... 5 .s e bEffcctivceminanccf~ffº'1~airspaccbaivcnbyl/E<IJ' • l/ E1 + llt2 - l,w o o o .!:! 00 00 ::0NN ~ iS ~ ~ ~ ... .......... " .......... s ft and Ez are !he cmft anees ofthc surfaccs oíthc air spacc (scc Table 3). e-- 8--· p ~ Vi F
1 92 93
1
....
Typical Thermal Properties of Commoo BuildJog and lnsulating Materials-Desl&o Values
Resistance (R)
Conduc1M1y Conductance hrlDdl ForThidcnes1 Spec:IOc (k), (C), Thlckness (1/ k), Llsled (1/C), Hea1,
Densi~, Blu ·ln Btu °F · ft2 ·h °F· fl2 •b Blu Oacriplion lb/ft b·fl2 ·ºF b·f11 ·°F Btu·ia Btu lb ·ºF
BUILDING BOARD Gypsum or plastcr board ................. 0.5 in . so - 2.22 - 0.4S Plywood (Douglas Fir) .......... .. . .. ......... 34 0.80 - l.2S - 0.29 Plywood or wood panels . .............. . 0 .15 in. 34 - 1.07 - 0.93 0.29 Vcgetable fibcr board
Shcalhin¡, regular dcnsily . . . . . . .. .. .... 0.5 in. 18 - 0.76 - 1.32 0.31
<D . .. . ...... 0.78125 in. 18 - 0.49 - 2.06 .,,. Nail-base sheathing ......... . . .. .. .. .. 0.5 in. 25 - 0.94 - 1.06 0.31 Shinglc backer .... ............ .. . . . . 0.37S in. 18 - 1.06 - 0.94 0.31 Sound dcadcning board ........... . .... O.Sin. IS - 0.74 - 1.35 0.30 Tilc and lay-in pands, plain or acoustic . . ...... 18 0.40 - 2.50 - 0.14
.. 0.S in. 18 - 0.80 - l.2S
. 0.75 in. 18 - O.S3 - 1.89 Hardboard, medium densi1y ... . . .. • ... . . ...... so 0.73 - 1.37 - 0.31 Par1iclcboard, medium dcnsi1y . . . . . ... . .... . . . . so 0.94 - 1.06 - 0.31
BUILDING MEMBRANE Vapor- permeable fel1 ............ .... ........ - - 16.70 Vapor- sea!, 2 laycrs of moppcd IS-lb fcl1 ...... : - - 8.3S Vapor-scal, plastic film
-~t"ft!Y1:.·ru1 ceramic ..•........... . . .. ... . ...... . .. , .. .
Wood, hardwood finish ...... ......... . . 0.7' in. - · - 1.47 - 0.68
INSULATlNG MATERIALS Blankct and &tr Mineral fibcr, fibrous form from rock, slag, or
glassapprox, 3-4 io . ........ .. : ........ ..... 0.4-2.0 - 0.091 - 11 Board and Slabs CeUular ¡lass ......... ........... ..... ....... 8.0 0.33 - 3.03 - 0.18 Glass fibcr, organic booded ..... . . .. .. . ........ 4.G-9.0 0.2S - 4.00 - 0.23 Expandcd pcrlite, organic bondcd .. ..... ........ 1.0 0.36 - 2.78 - 0.30 Expandcd rubbcr (rigid) ........... ... ....•.... 4.5 0.22 - 4.S5 - 0.40
(1) Expandcd polyslyrene, cx1rudcd (smooth skin C11
surface)(R-142b cxp.) ...... ..... . . ... . .... .. 1.8-3.5 0.20 - S.00 - 0.29 Expandcd polys1yrenc, moldcd bcads ....... ... . . 1.0 0.26 - 3.85
1.5 0.24 - 4.17 2.0 0.23 - 4.3S
Cellular polyurethanc/polyisocyanurate expandcd, (unfaced) ........... . ............ 1.5 0. 16--0. 18 - 6.2S- S.S6 - 0.38
CeUular polyi~nuralc expandcd (gas-impermeable facers) . . ....•..... 2.0 0.14 - 7.04 - 0.22
Mineral fibcr with rcsin binder ... ...... .. . ..... IS.O 0.29 - 3.45 - 0. 17 Mjncral fibcrboard, wet molded acoustical Lile . . . . 23.0 0.42 - 2.38 - 0.14 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood
with Portland cemcot bindcr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25- 27 .O O.SG-0.53 - 2.0-1.89
_. __ L '<J. '--- - l 'I ~
T.vuical Thermal Properties of Common Building and lnsulatlng Material.s-Des(&n Values
Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and lnsulating Materials-Design Values (Continued)
Oescriptlon
loo~Fill Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp) •. Perlitc, cxpanded ........ . ........... . ....... .
Mineral fibcr (rock, sla¡, or glass
Dcnsity, lb/ ft3
2.3- 3.2 2.G-4.1 4.1 - 7.4 7.4-11.0
approx. 3.75-5 in ... .. .... .. ... ... ... . ... ... 0.6- 2.0
Resistance(R)
ConductlYity Conductancc Per lncb (k), (C), Thickness (l/k),
Btu ·in Btu ºF • ft1 • b h·fl2 •°F h · fl2 •°F Btu ·ln
0.27- 0.32 - 3.70-3.13 0.27-0.31 - 3.7-3.3 0.31--0.36 - 3.3- 2.8 0.36-0.42 - 2.8-2.4
For Tbkkness Specirtc Listed (1/C), ffeat,
ºF· rt2 • b Bto --- --Btu lb·ºF
11.0
0.33 0.26
0 .17 22.0 co approx. 7.5- IOin . ... . ........... .... ....... 0.6- 2.0
CD Venniculilc, cxíoliatcd . . . ........ .. .. .. .. .. ... 7.0- 8.2
!$
0.47 - 2.13 0.32 4.0- 6 .0 0.44 - 2.27
ROOFJNG Built-up roofing ... .. ......... .. ..... . 0 .375 in. 70 - 3.00 - 0.33 0 .35 Slatc ....... ,, .......................... 0.5 in. - - 20.00 - 0 .05 0.30 Wood shinglcs, plain and plastic film faced ... .... - - 1.06 - 0.94 0.31
PLASTERING MATERIALS Cement plaster, sand aggregatc . . . .. . . .. ... .. .. . Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregatc . ... . . ....... . ... 0.5 in. Perlitc a¡gregate ...... .. ..... . ... . ..... . .. . Sand 3a&J"CPlC • • • • • • .. .. ..... . . .... . • •••. •
MaSofi,Y Unlts Brick, fired clay ....... . .... .. ... .... ........ . Clay tile, hoUow 1 cell deep ... .. .. ... .. .. .. 3 in.
2 cclli decp ....... .. .. ..... . . ..... .. ... 6 in. 2cclls deep .... .. ... .. ..... .. ......... IOin. 3 cclls decp . .. ... . ........... . .... . ... 12 in.
Concrete blocks Mcdium weight a¡gregate (combinations of normal weight and lightwei~ht aggregate) 8 in., 26-29 lb, 97-112 lb/ft concrete, 2 or 3 cores
Same with pcrtite fillcd cores .. ... ... .... . . . Same wlth verm. filled cores .. ... ... ... .. . . Samc with moldcd EPS (beads) filled cores .. . Same with molded EPS inserts in cores . . .... .
Lightweight aggregate (expanded sbale, clay, slate or s\ag, pumicc)
6 in., 16-17 lb 85-87 lb/ft1 concrete, 2 or 3 cores Samc with pcrlite filled cores . .. ........... . Samc with verm. füled cores . .. .. .... . .... .
8 in .• 19-22 lb. 72-86 lb/ ft3 concrete, .. • ... . .. Samc with perlite filled cores . .. .. ... .. ... . . Same with verm. filled cores . . .... . . . ... . . . Same with molded EPS (beads) fillcd cores . . . Same with UF foam filled cores . ... .. .... . . . Same with molda! EPS inserts in cores ... . .. .
116
45 45
tos
80
5.0
3.12
1.25 0.66 0.45 0.40
0.58- 0.78 0.27-0.44
0.30 0.32 0 .37
0.52-0.61 0 .24 0.33
0.32-0.54 0.15-0.23 0.19-0.26
0.21 0.22 0 .29
0.20 0.20
0.32
- 0.80 0.21
- l.S2 - 2.22
- 2.50
- J.71- 1.28 - 3.7- 2.3 - 3.3 - 3.2
- 2.7
- 1.93-1.65 - 4.2 - 3.0
- 3.2- 1.90 0.21
- 6.8-4.4
- S.3-3.9 - 4.8 - 4.S - 3.S
«> Q)
¡g
- -=====---:;l_ 1 :;!
º '"
Typical Thermal Properlies of Common Building and lnsulating Materials- Design Values (Contínued)
Ralstance (R )
Dacription
lighLweight ag¡rega1e (Continued) 12 in., 32- 361b, 80-90 lb/ft¡ concrete, 2 or 3 cores Sarne with perlite fllled cores .... .. . ....... . Samc with verrn. fillcd cores . .. .. . ... . .... .
Stone, lime, or sand Quaruitic and sands1one .... ............. .
Cak:itic, dolomitic, limcstooe, rnarblc. and ¡ranitc
Gypsum partition tilc 3 by 12 by 30 in ., solid . . ...... .. .. ........ . 3 by 12 bf30 in., 4 oclls ..... .. .. . ... ...... . 4 by 12 by 30 in., 3 cclls .. . .. . ....... ..... . .
Concretes
Densi9" lb/fl
180 140 180 140 100
Sand and gravel or stonc aggrcgate 140 Llmestonc concretes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
120 Gypsum-fibcr c:oncrcrc (87.5"1t gypsum, 12.Sl!'t
wood chips) S 1
Expandcd shalc, clay, or slatc; expandcd sla¡s; cindcrs; pumice (with density up to 100 bl/fl>; and scoria (sandcd concretes have conductivi1ics in thc higher end of thc range) . ...... .....•.•.
Pcrlite, vermiculitc, and polystyrcne bcads ..... .
120 100 80 60 40 20
ConducU~lly Conductancc Per lnc.h (k), (C), Thidmas (l/ k),
Blu ·In Btu ºF· rt1 • b
h·rt1·°F h·fr·ºF B1u·1n
72 24 30 16 8
9.0-18.0 11.1 7.9
6.4-9.1 4.7-ó.2 3.3-4.1 2.1 -2.s 1.4-1.S 0 .8
0.38-0.44 0.11-0. 16
0.17
0.79 0.74 0.60
0 .01 0 .04 0.03 0.06 0. 13
0.IJ-0.06 0.09 0 .13
Foam c:ooactcs ............. .. ................ 100 4.1 __ .
SIDING M.A TERI.ALS (on fla t surfaa)
Shingles Wood, 16 in., 1.S exposure ...... .. ... ....... . Wood, doublc, 16-in., 12-in. exposurc .. . ...... . Wood, plll$ insul. backer board, 0.3125 in ...... .
Siding Asphall roU siding ......................... . l\sphalt insulaúng siding (0.S in. bcd.) ......... . Hardboard siding, 0 .4375 in ..... . ............ . Wood, drop, 1 by 8 in. . . .... . . ............. . Wood, bcvcl, O.S by 8 in., lapped .... .. ....... . Wood, bevel, 0.75 by 10 in., lapped ........... . Wood, plywood, 0 .375 in., lapped .. ....•... • . . Aluminum or Stccl, OVl'f sheatbing
Hollow-backcd . .... . .. ... .. ... ...... . ... . lnsulating-board backcd nom. 0.375 in ....... . foil backed ........... .. ........... . ... . .
l.IS 0.84 0.71
6.50 0.69 1.49 1.27 1.23 0.95 1.59
1.61 0.55 0.34
For Tblcknas Spttlfk Usted (VC), Hea1,
ºF • ft1 • b _.!!!.._
Btu lb · ºF
2.6-2.3 9.2-6.3
5.8
1.26 1.35 1.67
0.87 l.19 1.40
O. IS 1.46 0.67 0.79 0.81 l.OS 0.59
0.61 J.82 2.96
0.19
0 .19-0.24
0.20 0 .20
0.15-0.23
0.31 0.28 0 .31
0.35 0 .35 0.28 0 .28 0 .28 0.28 0 .29
0.29 0 .32
,
8
~
;l 1.g
Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating ~terials-Design Values (Concluded) Resistance (R)
Coaductivlly Coaductance Per lacll (k), (C). Thickness (l/k),
Btu·ia Btu °F·rt2·11
For Thickuess Specific Usted (l/C), Heat,
°F· fl1 •11 Btu
Oescriptlon
Architectural (50da·lime float) gla5s ..... • ... •.. . Hardwoods Softwoods
Dem17. lb/ ft
158 38-42 22-41
h • ft1 • ºF h • ffl • ºF Btu •in
6.9 1.06-1.22 0.68-1.12
0.94-0.87 1.48--0.89
--- --Btu lb ·ºF
0.21 0.39 0.39
Valucs are for a mean temperarure of 15 ºF. Represeowivc valucs for dry materia Is are intend«I as dcsign (nat specification) values for materials in normal use. Tbennal valucs or insulai.ing matcrials may differ from dcsign valucs dcpendi111 on lheír in-situ propertics (e.g., demity and moiJture oonrenl, orientation, etc.) and variabilicy eicperienced during manufacture.
l'ypical Thermal Condoctivlty for Industrial lasoJatioos-Design VaJoes
TíMax. ~~!~ 'JYpical Conducfüity k in Btu • ln/b • ft1 • ºF at Mean Temp., º F cm~, ~.-.~, ___;..;_ ____ _.:.. ___________ .:._;_~
Material º F lb/ ft -100 -15 25 75 JOO 200 300 700 900
BLANJCETS AND FELTS Aluminosilcate Fiber, 3 µ.m dia.
Mineral Fiber (rock, slag, or glass) Blanket ~metal reinforccd Blanket, flexible, fine·fiber
organic bonded
Mqo• 850/o Calcium Silicate Cellular Olass Diatomaceous Silica Mineral Fiber (Glass)
Or¡anic bonded, block, and boards Pipe insulation, slag, or ¡lass
lnorganic bonded block
Pipe insulation, slag, or glass Rigid Polyscyrcm
Extruded (R·l2 exp.)(smooth slcin suríace) Molde<! beads
2200
1200 350
1800 900 1900
400 350 1000 1800 1000
165 16S
4
3-10 3-4
10-IS lS-24 10-IS
t.8-3.S 1
1.5 2.0
0.24 0.28
0.16 0.19
0.16 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.20 O.IS 0.19
Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Unfaced (R-11 exp)
Rigid Polyisocyanurate
210 1.5-2.S 0.16 0.18
Gas-impermeable facers (R-11 exp.) 250 2.0 Rubber, Rigid foamed 150 4.5
INSULATING CEMENTS Mineral Fiber (Rock, slag, or glass) Witb colloidal clay bínder 1800 24-30 With hydraulic setting binder 1200 30-40
LOOSEFILL Cellulose insulation (milled pulverized
paper or wood pulp) Mineral fiber, slag, rock, or glass Perlitc (expanded)
2.S-3 2-S 0.21 3-5 0.22 0.27
0.30
0.22 0.21
0.18 0.24 0.22 0.21
0.22
0.33 0.34
0.2S 0.26 0.23 0.24
0.33 0.32 0.33
0.20 0.26 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.24
0.17 0.16 0.17
0.12 0.14 O.IS 0.20 0.22 0.23
0.49 0.7S
0.27 0.29 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.33 0.3S
0.29 0.S9 0.74
0.41
0.33 0.29 0_38 0.37 0.38
0.39
0.49
0.40
0.45 0.42 0.4S
1.01 0.1S
0.62
O.SS 0.61 O.SS 0.80 O.SS
0.80
0.74
\ '
:;!__ ' o ..
Tested Coefrlcien1s of Transmissioa ( (/) f or Pre-En¡inttred Metal Bulldlnss ....,.. tt2 •*&_ F ktW'ttll tM air ••lite tw• sN&r1
Coastnaction lklails
Coastrwdoa I Rool S«llot1 Wlnlcr Condltlo11s, Upward flow
l. lnsidc suríace (still air) 2. Structural support (purlin)} 3. Blankct insulation 4. Corrugaled metal panel S. Panel íastcncr 6. Ou1sidc suríacc (1 S mph wind)
Thcrmal rcsístancc (R) (U• llRrl
Con11ni<donl RoolS«llon WlnlCT Condllions. Upward flow l. lnsidesurrace (still aír)
'· •-""' w""'"'""'• l 3. Spacer bloclt 4. Blanlt<t ínsularion S. Pand r astencr clip 6. Corrugated m<ta! pand 7. Ouuídc surfoux (1 S mph wind)
Thmnal r~wice (R) (U• l l R
Cons1nc1loa 1 Wall!l«lioa WlnlCT Conditions, Oatward Flow l. Outsidcsuríace(IS mph ..;nd)
' ,.,,.um- l 3. Corrugatcd maal pand 4. Blankct ínsulation S. Structural support (girt) 6. lnsidc surrace (still air)
Thcrmal rcsistancc (R) (U•l/.R_tl
Tcsted R• (• l / C1 -
Tcsted R~ (= l/C} =
Tcstcd Rb (= l/C) •
Blaaktl inwlation thkltness, ia.• 2 3
{
0.61
4.22
0.17
s.oo 0.20
{'" 7.S2
0.17
8.30 0.12
{'" S.08
0.68
S.93 0.17
0.61
6.37
0.17 7.IS 0.14
0.61
9.90
0.17
10.68 0.09
0.17
S.78
0.68
6.63 O.IS
4
0.61
7.91
0. 17
8.69 0.12
0.61
11.36
0. 17
12.14 0.08
0.17
7.94
0.68 8.79 0.11
ªBU.o.,et lns:lill•doe n0.61bltt> dcnu1y(4 • 0.)1 e1s F)•1th•altltqral vapor~.atdn. brcsu:d R valye: ltddttll'ljMd by tnc1n1 f0t Cwatutofthcroofor wall ass.cmbl1ill a1uvdcd bol boxin 1Kt0t'danct •llhA.STMC1)6 aMC9'16. Tn.uwntconchtcndby 8tiJt\cf Mamtfxnnina
Co., Grandwlotw, MO: Owms: Cornll'I& fibnala• Corp. , Gn.nvUk. OH; aftd 0,.MI~ En¡jndi:n1. Uno t.aku, MN.
ji .o oo-"' ji ~~i ~8 ~,;~~~~&&]º
anual Maxlmums and Mlnlmums for lntegrated Average
~e! "'"' Earth Temperatures•
ººº .... <-"' VI 00 z
:e E1rth Temptratum, ºF
• IÍ
~ ~ 00 "' s: ~,; ~ ~!~~·=] rl ' Max. Mln. Locallon M11t. Mift.
ii ~ ~~ ~ 74 S6 Bozeman, MT 56 32
"' ~ .. o .-"'il.:l cf >'- ~ .... ~
71 48 Huntley, MT 64 36
,,, :e $>
6 ·~ ~!
81 S9 Lincoln, NB 69 39
~ ·! t l ¡~§ ~ ~-~88 85 6S Norfolk, NB 66 40
.. ... ¡~ 1 J ¿r~~ ~~~ 1~ rn o 90 68 New Brunswlck, NJ 6S 42
.. ~~ .... -"
- ~"' 00 ·" ~ 76 S6 llhaca, NY S9 39
·a.
!~ -~
i:I: :; !! 64 36 Ralelgh. Ne 73 S2
.., N 1 ::;:§ - .. ~ ~ ií f~ " j
.... r 1 o l~~ :i~~~ 80 69 eolumbus, OH 6S 41
"' o N - j1 e \j
77 S1 eoshocton, OH 64 40
E' UI :o;¡~
I~ 80 62 Lake Hefner, OK 71 SI
.., 1 .... ~ .. "]] ~ ~ ij
i e e
" "'º'"' :_~·ti S1 37 Pawhuslca, OK 74 so
::;¡ ~il
............. 1 el" 0 = ;11 OOó ,J, ¿, "' loo .! .. i3
¡;; oj ~ ~ ªi: 65 39 Ottawa, Onl., Canada S9 36
; j ~ 68 42 eorvallls, OR 66 46
o i ~:a ~ .¡ il ~~~~28 ª11~~~~!~~
66 38 Pendleton, OR 67 39
j ~G OóOQO.:oo §~$ 71 38 Calhoun, se 76 S2
.,~ j .., §·- ~
69 41 Union, se 10 48
~ .. ·¡l¡ 70 46 Madison,SD 61 33
je ... i! ~!:. 1j~ ~¡¡!.E.E~~=]] dE 70 42 Jackson, TN 11 49
ª 00 ~"'~~ll~ :JI
o :> 63 37 Temple, TX 83 S9
6 .i} j 62 34 Salt Lake City, UT 63 40
e e~ 11! -
8 "l ~~;~~~ "' - .. ~ .¡H 79 SS Burlln¡ton, VT 63 35
... ~~ ooooé- :e ,; g l" 8 ·= ·= ~ o 1~·i o ~"'o.:! 0 cfcf z 6S 43 Pullman, WA 60 36
" ~b 66 Scattle, WA 61 4S
·~ ~ • "'l 42
.. z..~ 71 43
.... .e g~c
E ~ ~ ~ 1emperatures are integtattd averqes irom surfac:c 10 a deplh of 10 fl dcrived
o .::: (.,) ~
.!< li ulate observed phenomena, ea ch for average amplitud e and phase an¡le wilh
~;: g thcnnal diffusivlty, a • 0.02S ft2 /h.
'9 :2 .!! ·5 a
... ?:Ji "-_¿e c:c:.w .s:h
~ :E • ~ ·~ 5 ~ .9 .g 8 i ·ij J! ti t! ~ n ·- ~ :: e e -5 "' -" " i:i.E-~] :;!.,,.,, ..
_ _, t
1~~~~~~- e~· ~~~~ .rp 8 g ~ ~ • :;, K .~ 8 ~ : S s s ] .!! ª•: ]- ~~~~ ~e"~t-118~,g IH ---- ~ ,,o . ce: ~ w····~~~~o~~!~~s~~ .. - t .e ~ ll & ·es t: ~ M .~ .la :s & ;~ti ~ ~u ~w ~~~u e
104 105
1)'pical Apparent Thermal Conductivily for Soils*
Sands Silts Clays Loams
Normal Range
4.210 17.4 610 17.4 610 11.4 610 17.4
Recommended Values for D to..> Hi 11
S.4 IS.6 11.4 .IS.6 7.8 10.8 6.6 lS.6
ªReasonable values for use when no site- or soiJ.specific data are available. bModerately conservative valucs for minimum heat loss throu¡ht soil (~f., use hcat eicchan¡er orearib·contact cootin¡ calUQhions). <Moderately conscrvative values for maximum hcar loss rhrough soil (~.g .. use· winrer hea1 loss calculations).
T)'plcal Apparent Thermal Conductivily for Rocks*
Pumicc, ruff, obsidian Basalt Shale Granlte Limesrone, dolomite, marble Quartzosc sandstone
Summary of Load Sources and Equatlons Cor Calculatlng Space Deslgn Coollng Load
Equatlon
q • UA(CLTD)
q • UA(CLTD)
q • UA(CLTD)
q • A(SC)SCL
Reference, Tibie, ~riptlon
Design hcat transmission coeffi· cients, pp 91-103
Arcas calulated from architectural plans
Design beat transmission coeffi· cienu. pp 91·103
Arcas calulated from plans
Glass area calcuated from plans CLTD for conduction load tbrough
glass.
Net glass arca for plans Shadin¡ coefficicnt for combinar ion of glass and interna! shading
Solar Cooling Load factor Extcrnally shaded glass, use north
orientation Computcshaded arca from building
projcctions 'Thermal conductivity units are Bru • in/ h • ft1•
Dcsign heal 1ransmission coefficicnts, pp 91-103
24r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll~!..._~~_jQ~·~U.~~~(~T~D~)'..._~~A~r~ca:..:::ca~lc~u~la~t~ed:.,::fr=o~m~pSl~an~s~:::-::: lnpu1 ratina from electrical plans or
lighling fixrure dara
rn EXTENDED ~ AANGE
q '"' INPUT Number of people in space
q5
= No. (Sens. H.G.) CLF Sensible heat gain from occupants. p 117
q1 • No. (Lar. H.G.) Laten! beat aain from occupants
q1 ~ HEAT GAIN (CLP) q¡ • HEATGAJN
q = HEATGAIN(CLF)
Recornmcndcd rarc of heat gainSeasible hcat
Set equal to zcro whcn hood is ovcr applianccs
Manufacturer's data
lnfiltralion air, standard cfm lnside-outside air temperature
diffcrencc q1 = 4840 CFM (.6. W) lnside-ourside air humidity ratio
difference, lbvllb0 q • 4.S CFM (.6.h) lnside-outside air enthalpy di ffer-
ºo~~ ....... ....._5...._.~ ....... -1~0~ .............. ,~5~ ....... ....._20...._......__.__._25.._......_......_._30,__.,'""'ll~~~~~~--:~--::--~::--:~~c~n~c=e,~B~l:u~/l:b~1=, :ps:yc~hr:o:m~e:t:ri~c~d~at::a MOIS'Tl.flECONTENT, PeRCENTBYMASS TION: Approdmarc dara-Usc for prcliminuy compurarions only. See
RAE Cooling and Htaling Load Calr:ulatíon Manual. 106 107
Cooling Load Temperatu~ Differences for Hat Roofs CLTD Data for Flal Roofs applics directly to: (1) dark surface, (2) indoor tcmperature is 78 ºF, (3) l4°N Latllude, July
maximum tcmperaturc of 95º F with mean tcmperaturc of 85 ºF and Roof Solar lime, h ge of21 ºF. (4) solar radiation typical of clear day on 21 st day of monrh, No 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 · surfad rilm rcsistance of 0.333 (h • ft2 • ºF)/Btu, and (6) insidc sur-1 - 2 -5 -6 9 44 76 92 86 S8 23 • ncc of 0.685 (h • ft 2 • ºF)/Btu. 2 o - 4 - 6 1 30 64 86 89 70 36 Justmcnts to dcsi¡n tcmpcratures 3 8 2 -2 3 22 47 68 77 68 47 Corr. CLTD z CLTD + (78 - 1,) + (lm - SS) 4 11 3 - 2 - 4 s 27 SS 75 80 67
, ; insidc tcmperature and t m ; mean outdoor tcmperature, or t m • s 16 8 3 1 10 JO 52 68 70 59 m outdoor temperaturc - (daily range)/2 8 24 17 11 9 14 27 43 S4 S8 52 justmcnt rccommcndcd for color or for vcntilation of air spacc above
9 2S 16 9 4 s 17 36 54 6S 63 10 31 22 IS 9 8 16 30 45 56 59 lgn purposes, the datasuffices for plus or minus 2 wceks from the 21st
13 31 2S 20 16 16 23 33 43 49 49 14 32 27 23 19 19 24 32 40 45 4S given month.
1
~ 1
Coollng Load Temperature Difíerences for Flat Roofs f ClassifiCJitlons for Use with CLTD Tables for Flat Roofs 36°N Latitude, JuJy
Alllc Roor Solar lime, h R-Fador, Wood 2 In. (HW) Stttl Ctllln¡ No. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 h • ft2
• "F/ Btu l ln. Concttte Deck Comb. 1 - 2 -s -6 12 4S 1S 90 84 60 26 Oto JO 2 2 o - 4 -6 4 32 63 84 87 70 39 Without l0to20 4 3 8 2 - 2 4 24 47 67 15 68 48
20to 25 5 4 11 3 - 1 - 3 7 29 SS 74 79 67 5 16 8 3 2 12 31 52 67 70 59 Otos s 8 2S 17 12 9 IS 28 42 54 58 53 With Sto 10 8 9 26 16 9 4 7 19 37 S4 64 63
101020 13 10 32 23 IS 10 9 17 30 4S S6 S8 20to 2S 14 13 31 2S 20 16 17 24 33 43 49 49
Otos l 2 l l 14 32 28 23 20 20 2S 32 4-0 4S 46
1 1 1 1
Without Sto IS 2 1 2 Coollng Load Temperature Dlfferences for Flat Roofs IS to 2S 4 2 2 48 º N Lalltude, July
Otos 1 Roof Solar time, h s to 10 4 l No. 2 4 6 8 JO 12 14 16 18 20 With IOto IS s 2 1 - 2 -s -s IS 44 69 83 79 59 29 9 1Sto20 9 2 2 o - 4 -s 6 32 60 78 81 68 41 16 20to2S 10 4 3 8 2 - 1 6 24 4S 63 71 6S 48 30 Otos 2 4 12 3 - 1 - 2 8 29 S2 69 74 6S 4S s 10 10 3 s 16 8 3 3 13 31 49 63 66 58 42 Without 10 to 15 4 8 24 17 11 10 16 27 40 SI S5 SI 42
IS to 2S 5 9 26 16 9 s 8 19 3S SI 60 61 SI 10 31 22 IS 10 10 17 29 43 S3 56 SI Oto 10 3 13 30 25 20 16 18 24 32 41 47 47 43 With 10 to 15 4 14 32 27 23 20 20 24 31 38 43 44 41
1Sto20 s CAUTION: Approximatc data-Use for prcUminary comput.ations only. es roof 1ha1 is no1 possiblc with thc chosen paramc1crs Also, sec no1cs on nen ~c.
108 109
•
~ o
~ ~ ~
-Approximate Cooling Load Tempera rore Differences (CLTDs) for Sunlil Walls-24 ºN Latitude, July
Solar time, h 1 Solar time, h 1 Solar time, h Wall facln 6 s 10 12 14 16 rs 20 6 s 10 12 14 16 ta 20 6 s 10 12 14 16 1a 20
Low Mass, Low R-Valuc Wall Low Mass, Medio ro R·Value Wall N
NE E
SE s
sw w
NW
-2 13 18 22 28 32 34 17 1 o 6 13 18 23 28 30 o 39 53 39 30 30 24 13 o 3 20 36 39 3S 32 27 o 44 63 48 32 30 24 13 1 3 22 43 46 40 34 28
-2 2S 44 42 32 30 24 13 o 1 13 28 3S 35 32 27 - 3 3 u 24 31 30 23 13 o - 1 1 7 16 24 27 2S -3 3 13 22 40 58 52 20 1 -1 1 1 IS 29 43 47 - 3 3 13 22 42 73 75 27 2 o 2 7 15 30 52 61 - 3 3 13 22 37 62 67 25 1 O 2 7 JS 27 45 S4
High Mass, Low R-Value Wall N 3 3 7 12 16 21
High Mass, Medium R.Value Wall 10 8 8 10 12 IS 18 21
NE 3 6 20 31 33 32 E 4 6 22 36 39 36
SE 3 4 14 25 30 30 s 3 1 3 7 14 20
sw s 3 4 8 14 26 W 1 4 4 8 IS 28
NW 6 3 4 8 14 2S
11 9 14 21 2S 26 27 26 12 10 15 24 29 30 30 29 10 8 11 17 21 24 25 2S 8 6 5 6 10 14 17 18
13 JO 9 9 11 17 24 30 17 13 11 11 13 18 28 36 IS 12 JO 10 12 17 2S 32
Wall -- ~-Fadnll! 6 1
Low Mass, Low R·Value WaJI Low Mass, Medium R-Value Wall N
NE E
SE s
SW w
NW
- 1 12 14 21 28 29 30 17 1 41 46 30 29 29 24 14 1 49 64 48 31 30 24 14
- 1 31 S2 52 36 30 24 14
o o s 10 16 22 26 27 o 4 21 33 33 31 30 27 1 4 26 45 47 40 34 29 1 2 16 34 44 41 35 29
N NE
E SE s
SW w
NW
- 3 4 18 39 47 40 25 14 o -1 2 JI 2S 36 38 32 - 2 4 .J3 23 so 61 S9 23 1 o 2 8 17 34 SI S4 - 2 4 13 21 42 73 78 31 2 o 2 8 15 30 52 63 -2 4 13 21 29 53 65 28 1 O 2 8 J5 24 39 SI
llich Msm, Low R-Value WaJJ 3 3 6 IO 15 20 3 720282929 4 825384037 4 5 17 30 37 36 3 2 4 11 22 31 6 3 4 8 16 31 7 4 s 9 15 28 6 3 4 8 14 22
Hich Mass, Medium R-v.Jue \\'ali 23 25 9 1 8 9 11 14 17 19 29 26 10 9 14 20 23 24 25 2S 34 29 12 11 17 2S 30 31 31 30 33 29 12 JO 13 20 26 29 29 28 33 29 10 8 7 9 14 20 24 2S 44 46 IS 12 10 JO 13 19 28 34 46 54 17 14 12 11 13 18 28 37 3S 43 14 ll 10 10 12 15 22 30
CAUTION: Approximatc data-Use for preliminary computations only. See notes on pa¡e 112.
Also see ASH RAE Hearing and Cooling Load Calculation Manual for more complete data.
Low Mass, High R-Value Wall - 2 2 12 18 23 28 32 29 -2 9 36 46 38 32 29 22 - 2 JO 42 SS 44 35 30 23 - 2 4 26 40 38 33 29 22 - 2 -1 4 13 24 29 28 22 -2 -1 s 13 24 42 S4 44 -1 - 1 s 13 23 46 69 61 -1 - 1 5 13 22 40 60 SS
Hlgh Mass, lligh R·Value Wall 12 9 8 8 10 13 16 13 JO 10 15 21 24 27 14 11 11 17 24 28 30 13 10 9 J2 17 21 24 10 8 6 5 7 10 14 17 13 IO 8 9 12 18 21 16 12 JO 11 13 20 19 14 11 9 10 12 18
Low Mass, ffi11h R-Value W.11 - 2 3 9 lS 21 27 28 27 -2 12 36 39 32 30 28 23 - 2 14 46 56 4S 34 30 23 - 2 7 31 48 47 37 31 23 -2 -1 6 21 37 44 37 25 - 1 - 1 5 13 28 50 62 SI - 1 - 1 s 13 23 46 69 65 - 2 - 1 S 13 21 33 S3 SS
Higb Mass, Higb R-Value Wall 11 9 7 1 9 11 14 17 13 10 JO IS 19 22 24 2S 15 11 12 18 2S 30 31 31 14 11 JO 14 20 26 29 30 13 10 1 7 10 15 21 24 19 IS 11 10 10 14 21 29 22 17 13 11 11 14 20 30 18 14 11 9 10 12 17 24
' ,.,
"'11
Approxlmate Coollog Load Tempera tu re Differences (CLTDs) for SunUt WaJls-43 ºN Latitude, July CAUTJON: Approximate data-U~ for preliminary compuuuions only. WaU Solar lime, h
Solar time, h Solar lime, h
Facin 6 ' 10 12 14 16 11 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Low MISS, Low R-Value \\1111
low Mass, Malium R-Value WaU Low Mus, Hlgh R-~'alue Wall
N 3 10 13 21 27 28 27 21 1 2 6 10 16 2J 25 26 - 1 s 9 14 21 26 27 27
NE 10 42 38 26 28 29 24 IS 1 7 23 3J 30 29 28 26 o 18 36 34 28 28 28 23
E 10 S4 64 47 31 29 25 IS 1 8 30 47 48 40 34 29 o 20 49 S1 44 34 29 23
SE 4 36 S9 61 4S 31 25 IS 1 4 20 40 SI 49 40 32 -1 11 36 SS S6 43 33 24
E -2 s 28 S2 62 SI 29 IS 1 o 3 16 34 48 so 40 - 1 o 9 30 so S1 47 30
sw - 1 s 12 29 S9 1S 6S 29 2 o 3 8 20 40 S8 61 -1 o 6 14 33 S8 69 S1
w - 1 s 13 21 41 n 80 41 2 o 3 8 lS 29 SI 64 -1 o 6 13 22 4S 69 69
NW -2 s 12 21 27 4S 62 37 2 o 2 8 14 22 34 47 - 1 o s 13 20 29 46 54 -¡\)
Hlgb Mu:s, Low R-Value Wall Rigb Mass, Medlum R-Value W.11
Hlgb Mas,,, Hlgb R-Value Wall N 3 4 6 10 14 19 22 24 9 8 8 9 JI 14 17 19 12 9 8 8 9 11 14 17
NE 4 10 ·22 26 26 27 27 25 JO IO IS 20 22 23 24 24 13 10 12 16 19 22 23 24
E 4 11 28 40 40 37 34 29 12 12 19 27 32 32 32 30 IS 12 14 20 27 31 32 32
SE 4 7 20 3S 43 42 38 32 13 12 15 23 30 34 34 32 16 12 12 17 24 30 34 34
E s 3 6 16 31 41 43 37 13 10 9 12 19 27 32 33 16 12 10 10 14 21 28 32
sw 7 4 s 9 19 36 so S2 18 14 12 12 15 23 32 39 22 17 13 11 12 16 24 33
w 8 s 6 9 IS 27 4S SS 19 IS 12 12 14 19 28 38 23 18 14 12 12 14 20 30
NW 6 4 s 8 14 20 31 41 14 JI JO 10 12 IS 20 28 18 14 11 9 10 12 16 22 Note J. Apply data directly 10 (J) dark surface, (2) indoor lemperature
Corr. CLTD a CLTD + (78 - 1,) + Um - 85) of 78 ºF. (3) outdoor maJdmum 1empcraiure of 95 ºF wi1h mean temper-
whcre t~ ~ inside temperature and 1.m • mean ourdoor ternpe:ratutt_ oc alureof SS ºF anddail)I ranreof 21°F, (4)outside$urface film resistance
1 ;
24 ºN Latltude, July
Solar time, h
2l
Glass
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 Fadng 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
40 38 39 43 32 11 6 3 36 36 38 40 42 42
N o 19 3S
14 6 3 78 58 49 44 38 32 25
NE o 54 124 ISO 144 llS
2S 14 6 3 180 154 107 68 S4 46 40 33
E o S1 139 m 14 6 3 1 1
114 106 83 59 so 44 38 32 25 SE o 26 74 104
6 3 1 1 3S 40 43 43 40 37 32 24 14
s o s IS 23 30
12 6 3 88 110 118 IOS 62 24 IS 23 30 3S 39 42 6J
sw o s 116 160 186 184 118 44 21 11 s
w o s IS 23 30 3S 39 41 67
39 19 9 s -
83 122 ISI IS8 106
e;:; 30 3S 39 41 SI
NW o s IS 23
S4 24 12 6 253 271 273 258 22S 176 llS
Hor o 10 SS 113 170 218
36 ºN Lalilode, J aly
41 39 36 32 33 36 12 6 3 25 29 28 32 36 39 40 N o
26 17 7 3 2 120 84 S8 so 4S 41 37 32
NE o 79 129 139
39 33 26 17 7 3 2 182 ISS 107 67 S4 45
E o 86 IS3 184
7 3 2 86 S8 48 40 34 21 17 SE o 42 90 125 142 140 119
7 3 2 36 S3 70 80 79 68 S2 38 29 18
s o 8 17 24
SS 32 IS 8 4 24 30 35 38 S1 90 122 141 144 127
sw o 8 17
188 191 149 S3 2S 12 6 38 40 66 llS IS9
w o 8 17 24 30 3S
127 43 21 10 s 24 30 35 38 40 40 56 93 129 148 NW o 8 17
13 7 3 246 263 265 2s·1 221 178 124 66 28
Hor o 20 66 120 171 215
:E"~~
Shading Coefflcients for Glass without or with Interior Shading by Venetian Blinds
Nominal Thlckness Each Pane•
No l nlerior Sh•dln& Venetian Bllnds~ ha • 4.0 ha • 3.0 Mtdium Llghl
3/32 lo 1/4 1/4 lo 112
3/S 1/2
l/S to 9/32
1/8
3/16101/4
3/16 to 1/4 1/8 lO 7132
3/8
3/32, 1/8 1/4
1/4
1.00 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.83
O.S3
0.69
0.69 0.69 0.60
0.30 0.40 o.so 0.60
O.SS 0.81
O.SS
0.20 0.30 0.40
1/4 0.71 l/S o.so
1.00 0.9S 0.92 O.SS O.SS
0.8S
0.73
0.73 0.73 0.64
O.S8 O.S2
O.SS
0.64 O.SS
O.S1 O.S3
0.54 O.S2
0.2S 0.23 0.33 0.29 0.42 0.38 o.so 0.44
O.S7 O.SI
0.39 0.36
0.19 0.18 0.27 0.26 0.34 0.33
er 10 manuracturer's lítera1urc for values. wr1ical blinds with opaque white and bcí¡e louvus in the lighlly closcd position. 0.2S and 0.29 when used with glaH or0.7110 0.80 Lransminance.
ers 10 gray, bronze. and green tintcd heat-absorblng ¡ lass. en to factory-íabrlcated units wi1h 3/16, 1/4, or 112 in . alr space orco prime
s plus storm windows.
115
1
11
1
Refrigerallng Effect Produced by Open Refrigerated Display
B1u/ h · fl of Fixture*
"fype of Ob pl111 Flx1ure
Low remperaturt
Frozen food
Sin¡le deck
Sin¡lc deck, doublc island
2deck
3 deck
4 or S deck
lcccream
Single deck
Single deck, double island
Standard temperaturt
Meats
Single deck
Multldeck
Dairy
Multideck
Produce
Single dcck
Multideck
Lalenl Htll
38
10 144
322
400
64
70
52
219
196
36
192
Sensible H eal
207
400 S16
1288
1600
366
400
298
876
784
204
768
'Thcse íl¡urcs are 1mcr1I ma¡niludes for funures adjusted íor averagedesired p 1emperatures and apply 10 slorc ambients in front of the display cases of 72 to with SO 10 SS" rh. Raisin¡ the dry bulb only 3 to S"Fand thc humidity Sto 10'11 incrcase hcat removal 2Stft or more. Equally lowcr lcmperaturcs and humidi1i in wintcr. have an cqually marked cffcct on lowcring hcat rcmoval from thc s
116
-!
117
- - -Rttommecnded Raie of Htcal Gain from Sclected Rlstauraaa EquipmtcDI'
l•P•I Ratl•&• llttoJlllllndtd Ratt of u .. 1 Cal•, 8na/k 8111/lt Wi.-oDtHood Wlt.kHood
Applisntt Siu Mu. Siandb,,. StllS. Lateat Total Stasfble ......... El«tric, No Hood Reqaiml f .> Blendcr, pcr quan of capacity 1 to4qt IS.SO 1000 S20 1520 480 J.A.· Cabinet (large hot holding) 16.210 17.3 ftl 7100 610 340 960 290
C'Offcct>rcwcr 12 cups/2 brnrs 5660 Qzs~~ ~º 5660 1810 Coffee brewing urn (large), ~ per quart of capacity 23 'º 40qt 2130 1420 7IO 2230 680
Oishwashcr (hood 1ype chemical sanitizina). per 100 dishes/h
Dishwuher (conveyor rype water sanitizina). 9SO to 2000 dishes/h 1300 170 370 S40 170
.... per IOOdishes/h .5000 10 9000 dishcs/h 1160 l.SO 370 S20 170 cD Display~ (refrigcnited). pcr ft1 of interior 61067 fl1 IS4 62 o 62 o Food warmer (iofrared bulb), pcr hunp 1106bulbs 8.SO ~ o 8.SO 8.SO Food warmer (well type), pcr rt1 of well 0.7 to 2.S fl1 3620 610 lfiiÍ sao
~(larse) 73 rtl 4S70 I~ o 1840 o Criddlc/grill (lar¡e), pcr fl2 or cookina surface 4.610 IL8rt2 9200 -·- 620- ~ 960 340 Hot plate (high spccd doublc burncr) 16720 7810 S430 13240 6240 Ice maker (large) 2201b/day 3720 9320 o 9320 o Microwave oven (heavy duty commcrcial) 0.7 ft1 8970 8970 8970 o Rotinerie 300 10920 7200 3720 10920 3480 Scrving.'!!!!.(hot), per ft3 ofwcll 1.8 'º 3.2 ft1 20SO 680 340 1020 330 Toasier (largc pop-up) 10 slice 18080 9S90 8500 18080 S800 Elettrlc, Exbaust Hood Required Charbroiler, per ft2 of cooking surfacc
F-~ -lb off~
Oven (lmalleonwctlori), ~ Ransc Cburners). pcr 2 burner section Gas, No Hood Requlred Broiler. pcr ft2 or broiling area 2.7 ft2 14710 61 S310 2&60 Dbhwasher (hood type chcmical sanitizia¡),
pcr 100 dishes/h 9SO to 2000 dishcs/h 1740 660b SIO 200 710 230 Dishwashcr (conveyor type water sanitizin¡),
per 100 dishes/h 5000 10 9000 disbes/b 1370 ~ 370 80 4SO 140 Criddlc/grill (large), per fil of cookina surracc: 4.610 11.8 ftl 17000 330 1140 610 17SO 460 Oven (piUA), per ft2 of hearth 6.4 to 12.9 ft2 4740 61b 620 220 840 84 Gas, t:xhaust Hood Required Braising pan, per quatl of capacity IOS to 140QI 9840 620 2430 Charbroiler {large), per rtl of cooking arca 4.6 to 11.8 fil 16440 S10 790
~ fryer {dcc:p fat), per lb of fat capacity ll to701b 2270 3oob 160 CD O•en (convection). per fil of oven spacc: 7.4 lO 19.4 fil 8670 19b 2.SO
O"en (pizza), per ñ 2 of oven heanh 9.3 to 2.S.8 fil 7240 61b 130 Ranae {burners). per 2 bumer scction 2 to JOburners 33600 132.S 6S90 Ran1e {hOt top/fry top). pcr rtl of cooldn& surfacc: 3 toSfll 11800 330 3390 Srnm Companment stcamer, per lb of food/h 46to450lb 280 22 14 36 11 Dishwashcr (hood typecbemical sanitizi.01).
per 100 disheslh 95010 2000 disbeslb 31.SO 880 380 1260 410 Oishwashcr (con"eyor water sanitizina).
pcr 100 dishes/h .5000 to 9000 dishes/h 1180 ISO 370 520 170
•1n casts whtre heat &ain itgivcn pn- unh of clpacHy thc hcac c•in is calculatfd bScandby input ra1ing is for che- e:ndre appliance tt11rdlas oí sizc. by muhlplying che capacity by tht rtromrncndtd heat 11in pc"r unil of capacity.
.... 1\) o
.... ~
Rttommudtd Rut or Heat C2in from ~locled Offlct Equipmtnl
Ma.x.i_mam lo.pRI Sludby lepwl ltecom.....,..tc1 Ra1r
AppliHcr Sin " ..... of lln1 Cale Blallt ""'" 81•/• "911J Coapettt OoYia$
Communoc:auon/1ransm1uion 1800-4600 6140-15700 1640-UIO 5600-9600 1640-2810 Dist drivatmass SIO<al< 1000-10000 3400-34100 1000-6600 3400-22AOO 1000-6600 Microcompu1cr~proccssor 16-640 kbytes' I~ 340-2050 90-HO J00.1800 90-HO Mmicomput~r 2200-6600 7500-1.SOOO l2<J0.6600 7 500-1.SOOO 2200-6600 Printer (laser) 8 paaa/min S70 JOOO 180 (j()() lOO Pnn1er (Lí~ bi¡,h $JlCCd) SOOO.morc pagn/min 1000-5300 3400-18000 500-2550 216().904() 7J0.)800 Tapcdma 1200-6500 41()().22200 1000-4700 3500-15000 1000-4700 Terminal
90-200 J00.700 80-180 270-600 80-180 Copirn/l)'pewtkn Bluc prinl
1150-12500 390042700 500-5000 17()().17000 IU0.12500 Cop~ (b.rgc) 30-67' cop1cs/min 5800-22500 1700-6600 5800-22500 900 3100 Copien 6-30' copies/mm 1570-5800 PhOlotypcscucr 1725 Maffproc:csslng l nscrting machinc 36()().6800 picces/h 600-3300 Labcling machine IS()().30000 picct$/h 600-6600 Mlsecllaneous Cold food/bevcr•a• 1150.1920 Coff<c makcr IOcup 1500
lft1 -~
ApplJancr Trpe Sin
Au1oclavc (bcnc:h) 0.7 rt1
460-1700 1570-5800 5900
2000-11300 2000-22500
3900-6600 5120
----
3()().9()()
sensible l•ttnt
Mulmum I nput R1tl•a, BIW.
1000-3100 1520
390-2150 390-4300
Batb, bol or cold circ., small 1.0 10 9.7 galloos, -2210 212ºF 4270
2560 10 6140
Blood analyser Blood analYJCr with CRT scrttn Ccntrifug< (largc) Chromatograph Cytomcter (Ccll sorter/analYJCr) Hot pla1c, concentric rina lncubator, C01 lncubator, forced draft lncuba1or. ¡cncral appllca1ion M11gnctic stírrer Microcomputcr Oven, general purpose, small Rcfrigcra1or, labora1ory Rcf¡í¡¡craior, blood. small Spcctrophotomcter Stcrilizer, freestandlna Washcr, glassware Water stiU
120 samplcs/hour l l S samples/hour 8 10 24 places
1000 oells/second 4 boles, 212ºF S IO 10 ft1, up 10 IJO"f 10 ft1, 80 10 140ºF 1.4 10 11 ft1• up to 160"F
16 10 256 kbytes< 1.4 10 2.8 rt', 460ºF 22 to 106 ft1, 39ºF 7 10 20 f11, 39ºF
3.9 ft3, 212 to 270°F 7 .8 f11 load arca S 10 15 8allons
1 For h05pi11I cquipment inscatltd under a hood, the hcat gain is as.sumed to be zcro. bHe:at 111Jn per C\lbic foot of interior space ' Input is 11ot Pf'OPortional 10 mtmory sizr
2SIO Sl20 3150 6820
73230 3150 9660 2~
160 to 220b 2050
341 10 2047 2120"
8()'I u,ob
1710 71400 IS220 14SOO'
"Hut ¡a.in pcr 10 rt> or inlttior spa« tHeat gain per 1allon oí capacity 'Sensible heat 1Laten1 Mat
ª'•'• 5600-9600 )400.22400
J00.1800 7500-15000
1000 2500-13000 )500-15000
270-600
)90CM2700 1700-6600 460-1700
5200
1300.7300 1300-14700
480 440 10 1060' 850 IO 201o'
2SIO Sl20 3S80 6820
73230 2970 4810 1230
80 10 l IOb 2050
300 10 1800 290b 34d
I02b 1710 8100
10000 320'
1 Outdoor Aír Requlrements for Ventilation*
Heat Gain from Typical Electric Motors en:ial Facllllles (ofrlces, scon:s, shops, holels, sports facllltles)
&llmaled Max** Outdoor Air Requirements Occupancy cfm/ cfm/
1 P/ 1000 ft1 pcrson r1 1
ners', Laundries Motor Motor Motor ercial laundry JO 25 Na me- jo, out, ercial dry clcaners 30 30 piare or Fulf Load Driven Drh'fn e, pickup 30 35 Rattd Motor Equip- Equlp· laundries 20 15 Horse- Nominal Erficiency, ment In, menf in, p dry clcaners 20 15 power MotorTypc rpm % Blu/ h Btu/ h 0.05 Shaded pole 1500 35 360 130 70 20 0.08 Shaded pole 1500 35 580 200 100 20 0.125 Shaded polc 1500 35 900 320 100 30 0.16 Shadcd polc 1500 35 1160 400 20 15 0.25 Splir phase 1750 54 1180 640 es, Repalr Service Statlons 0.33 Split phase 1750 56 1500 840 d parking garagesd l.SO 0.50 Split phase 1750 60 2120 1270 repair rooms 1.50 0.75 3-Phase 1750 72 2650 1900 Motels, Resorts, l>ormilorles 1 3-Phasc 1750 75 3390 2550 ··1ory slccping arcas' 20 15 cfm/ room 1.5 3-Phase 1750 77 4960 3820 ooms' 30 2 3-Phase 1750 79 6440 5090 J 3-Phase 1750 81 9430
g 30 7640 1 35 5 3-Phase 1750 82 15,500 12,700
7.5 3-Phase 1750 84 22,700 19,100 30 15
IO 3-Phase 1750 85 29,900 24,SOO 50 20
15 3-Phase 1750 86 44,400 38,200 120 15
20 3-Phase 1750 87 58,500 50,900 120 30 25 3 -Pha~c 1750 88 72,300 63,600 JO 3-Phase 1750 89 85,700 76,300 7 20 40 3·Phase 1750 89 114,000 102,000 60 15 so 3-Pha<;e 1750 89 143,000 127,000 cleanina processes may rcquire more air. 60 3-Pha\c 1750 89 172,000 153,000 pplcmentary smokc removal cquipmcnt may be required. 75 3-Pha~c 1750 90 212,000 191,000 ake-up air for hood exhaust may require more ven1 1la1ing air. The sum of 1he
100 3 -Pha~c 1750 90 283,000 255,000 rdoor aír and transíer air of acceptable qua fil y from adjacenl spaces .1hall be
1 125 3-Pha...: 1750 90 353,000 318,000 ocicnt 10 provide an c:>lhaust rate or nOl less than l.S cfm/fl: . ISO J. Pha,c 1750 91 420,000 382,000
'bution among people mu.11 consider workcr loca1ion an concen1ra1ion of running engines; stands where cn¡ines are run must incorporatc systcms for 200 3·1'ha...: 1750 91 569,000 509,000 po$Ílive cng,ine cxhaust withdrawal. Con1aminan1 sensors may be used 10 con-250 J -l'ha~c 1750 91 699,000 636,000 llOI ventíla1ion. $cealso food &bcverage scrviccs, merchandising, barbcr & beau1y sho¡n.11arages.
1 ladcpendenl of room size. IDllalled capacity for intermittcnt u.1e. SuPl*mentary smoke removal equipment may be required. Sorne ornee equipment may require local exhausl.
122 123
Outdoor Air Requirements for Venlilation* (Continued) Commercial Facllilies (ofrices, slores, shops, hotels, sports facili
Eslfmaled Maxº Outdoor Air Requirem Applicatlon Occupancy dm/ i:rmt
P/ 1000 ft1 person rt1
Telecommunica1ion ccnters & data en1ry arcas 60 20
Conferencc roomsl so 20 Public Spaccs Corridors & Utilities Public Rcstroomst cfm/ wc
or urinal 50 Lockcr & Dressing Rooms Smoking Loungc1 70 60 Elevatorsm Retan Seores, Sales Floors & Show Room floors Basement & Street 30 Uppcr íloors 20 S1orage rooms 15 Dressing rooms Malls & Arcadcs 20 Shippíng & Receiving JO Warehouses 5 Smoking Lounge" 70 60 Speclalty Shops Barbcr 25 15 Beauty 25 25 Reducing Salons 20 15 Floris1s• 8 IS Clothicrs, Furni1ure Hardware, Drugs, Fabric 8 IS
• Thí\ _table pr~ríbe~ supply ratcs of acccptable outdoor air requíred for acce a ble tndoor atr quahty. These values haYC been choseo to control CO and OI c~ntammants w1th an adequate marain of safety, and to accounl for b~th llons amona people, varied activity levels anda moderatc amount of smoki Raoonalc for C0 1 control is presented in Appendix O of Standard 62-1989.
• • Nct occup1ablc \pace. : Supplcmcmary \mokc removal cquipmcnt may be required.
. 1 Mcchanical cxh_au\I wíth no ~irculation is rccommcnded Normally \Upphcd by transfcr air, local mcchanical exhaust -.i1h no rttircul · rccommcndcd.
"' Normally \upplicd by tr~nsfcr air. • Normally 'upplicd by tran,fcr air, local mcchanical exhaust with no rttirculat'
rccom mcndcd. " Vcn1ila1ion lo oricimi1c rila ni growth may dictate requircments.
124
ldoor Alr Requlrcments for Venlilalion* (Continued) trelal Facllllles (offlces, seores, sbops, hotels, sports facililies)
Eslfmated Maxº Outdoor Air Requirements Occupancy cfm/ cfm/ P/ 1000 rt1 person fl1
8 15 1.00
150 15 70 25
0.50
arcas 0.50 Floors (Gymnasium) 30 . 20
25 ms& Discos 100 ngAlleys (seatingareas) 70 2S
60 20 ISO 20 150 15 70 15
100 IS 100 15 150 15
10 15 10 15 10 0.50 20 IS 5 15
o.so interna! combustlon cnaincs are operatcd for maintcnancc of playing surincrcascd YCntilation ratcs may be required. Hiahcr valucs may be required
humidily control. "al ventilation will be ncedcd to climinate special stagc cfrects (e.g. dry ice
mists, etc.) tilation within YChiclcs may rcquirc special considcrations.
main1aincdatlowtcmperaturcs(- IOºF10 +SOºF,or - 23ºCto +IOºQ notcOYCrcd by thesc rcquircmcnts unlcss the occupancy isconlinuous. Vcntila-
from adjoinina spaccs is permissiblc. Wbcn thc occupancy is iotcrmiucnt, ilttation will normally excccd thc vcntilation rcquitcment.
llcd cquipmcnt must incorporatc positi'~ cxhaust & control (as required) or sirablc contaminanu (toxlc or othcrwisc).
125
Outdoor AJr Requlrements for VentiJation• (Concluá lnstitutlonal Facilities
Estimated Mu** Outdoor Air Req Appllcatlon O«upancy dm/ d
P/ 1000 ft2 person ft2
Educatlon Classrooms LaboraLorics• Thlining Shops Music Rooms Librarles Lockcr Rooms Corridors
so 30 30 so 20
Auditoriums' 150 Smoking Lounges• 70
Hospitals, Nursing &: Con'1llescent Homes" Patient Rooms JO Medícal Procedurc 20 Opcrating Rooms 20 Rccovery & ICU 20 Autopsy rooms Physical Thcrapy' 20
Correctlonal facllllles Ce lis Dining Halls Guard Stations
20 100 40
15 20 20 15 15
15 60
25 15 30 15
IS
20 15 15
• Thls ~able p~ríbe~ supply rates of acceptable outdoor air rcquired for table m~oor mr ~uahty. These valucs have bttn chosen to control co and c~ntam1nanu with an adequate margjn of safety, and to account ror h~h uo~s amona people, varied activíty leYels anda moderare amount of sm •
• Rauonale ~or C02 control is prescnted in Appcndix o of Standard 62-1989 • Net occuptable spacc.
• ~pcci8! contaminan! control systcms may be rcquircd for proccsscs or fu • mctudina la~tory animal ocxupancy.
".'onnally supphed by transfer air. Local mechanical exhaust with no red uon recommended.
" S~e~ial rcqul~m~nts or codes and prcssurc rclatíonships may detc mm!mum vcnul111on ratcs and íllter effieiency. Procedurcs oe ·
• 'ª!'1'"ants may rcquirc hiaher rates. .. neraun¡ Atr shall not be rccirculated ínto othcr spaccs.
126
WEATHER-ORIENTED DESIGN FACIORS
usual approach in air-conditioning system design involves tation of peak design load ata specific hour of a design day,
of thc frequcncy levcls of design conditions in Chapter 24, HRAE Handbook-Fundamentals or the ASHRAE HeatCooling Load Calcularions Manual.
um tcmperaturcs usually occur between 6:00 A.M. and 8:00 time on clcar days when thc daily range is greatest. For
tial applications or othcr applications where theoccupancy is uous throughout the day, the recommcnded dcsign tcmperatures With commercial applications or othcr applications where occuisonly during hours near the middle of thc day, design temper-abovc tbe recommcnded mínimum may apply.
um temperaturcs usually occur between 2:00 P.M. and 4:00 time with deviations on cloudy days when the daily range is en calculating building cooling loads, it is advisable to ~eter-
whether the structure is most sensitive to dry bulb, i.e. extensive rexposure, or wet bulb, i.e. outside ventilation. Then theappro-design is dry bulb with its coincident wet bulb, or the appropriate wct bulb with its coincident dry bul'b may be used.
For residential or other applications where the occupancy is conus throughout the day, thc recommended dcsign temperature
For commcrcial applications or othcr applications where occuisonly during hours ncar the middle of the day, design temperbclow the rccommcnded maximum might apply. In sorne cases,
occupancy load occurs bcforc thc effect of the outdoor maxtcmperature has rcached the space by conduction through the
·ng mass. Eocrgy consumption ofthe proposed system is a design concern sol ved by intuition, cxperiencc, or simple calculation. Current
programs includc occupancy schedules, operating scbedules, weather data varying from hourly to seasonal. These programs include off-peak dcsign valucs. They may evaluate system con
on days that are characterized as cloudy, small tem{>CTClture change, y warm AM and cool PM, fa ir and warm, and faír and cool. A
system design should considcr these weather conclitions and 'r cffcct on tcmpcraturc control before a final design ís chosen and 'pment sclcction is madc.
127
ClasJlllátions
Apanmen1, Hish Rite
Audiroriums, Churches, Theaters Educational Facilities
Schools. Collqes. Universities
Cooling Load Check figures
O«upaacy Sq Fl/~rson
Lo 1 Av 1 Hi 1 Lo
J2S/ •1s/ 100 IS ll 6 30 2S 20
1.0 1.0 2.0
Lishu WaUs/Sq fl
Av
2.0 2.0 4.0
~~º~· I ., ... "-···~;~.~~··11~ e~ fl =l Ea.n-SouU1-w.,, 1 r1onh lnl•mal
tll 1 Lo 1 Av 1 lli 1 Lo 1 Av 1 Hi I Lo 1 Av 1 HJ I Lo I Av 1 HJ
4.0 l 4SOl 40013SO f 0.8 l 1.2 J .O 400 2SO 90
6.0 240 l 8S ISO 1 1.0 l 1.6
1.7
2.2
o.s r o.8 1 1.3
1.0 2.013.0 0.9 l !.3 l 2.o I0.8 1.2 1 1.9
Factories Assel]lbly Artas SO 35 2S 3.0t 4.st 6.0t 240 ISO 90 - - - - - - 2.0 J.6 S.S UshtManufacturing 200 ISO 100 9.0t 10.0t 12.0t 200 ISO 100 - - - - - - 1.6 2.5 3.8
Heavy Manufacturina • 200 2SO 300 IS.Ot 4S.Ot 60.0t 100 80 60 - - - - - - 2.S 4.0 6.S ¡:;) • CID • Hospttals
~
Patient Rooms 1S SO 2S 1.0 l.S 2.0 21S 220 16S 1.0 l.S 2.0 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 Public Arcas 100 80 SO 1.0 l.S 2.0 17S 140 110 1.0 1.25 1.45 1.0 l.1 1.2 0.9S 1.0 1.1
Hotcls, Motcls, Dorrnirories 200 ISO 100 1.0 2.0 3.0 350 300 220 1.0 1.40 1.s 0.9 1.2 1.4
Ubrarics and Museums 80 60 40 1.0 l.S 3.0 340 280 200 1.0 1.6 2.1 0.9 1.1 1.310.911.0 1.1 Ofrtce Bualdings (Ccneral) 130 110 80 4.0 6.0t 9.0t 360 280 I~ 1 ~º !,.i U. 0.9 l.J 2.0 0.8 1.0 1.2
PrivateOfficcs ISO 12S 100 2.0 S.S 8.0 - - - 1.2 1.8 2.4 1.1 l.S 1.8 0.8 1.2 1.4 Stenosraphic Dcpartment 100 8S 70 5.0t 7.Sf 10.0t - - - - - - - - - 0.9 1.3 2.0
Residential Large 600 400 200 1.0 2.0 4.0 600 SOO 380 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.S 0.8 1.3
Restaurants Mcdium 600 360 200 0.7 1.5 3.0 700 SSO 400 0.7 1.1 1.4 O.S 0.7 1.2 J
Largc 17 15 13 U 1.7 2.0 135 100 80 1.8 2.4 3.7 1.2 1.6 2.1 0.9 11.1
Shopping Centers. Ocpartmcnt Storcs and S~alty Shops Beauty and Barber ShopS
45140125 [)epartment stores
DressShops
DrugStorcs se and IOC Stores Hat Shops
Shoc Stores Malls
Basement Main Floors
30 25 20 45 25 16
Upper Aoors 1 75 SS 40 50 40 30 3S 23 17 JS 2S IS 50 43 30 so 30 20
100 75 so Rcfrigeration for Central Hcating
and Coohng Plant Urban Districts
College CampU5CS
3.0t 2.0 3.S 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5
1.0 1.0 1.0
S.Ot 3.0 6.0t 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
9.0t 240 160 IOS 1 1.5 l 2.6 4.0 340 285 22S 9 .Ot 350 245 1 SO 3.st 400 340 280 4.0 345 280 185 0.9 1.2 3.0 180 135 110 1.8 2.3 5.0 34S 220 120 o. 7 1.4 3.0 315 270 185 1.0 1.3 3.0 300 220 1 so 1.2 1.6 2.0 365 230 160
475 380 285 400 320 240
Commercial.Ccnters 330 265 200 Residcntial Cemcrs 625 SOO 37S
4.2
1.6 3.0 2.0 1.9 2.1
1.1 11.112.6 10.9 0.7 0.9 0.8
0.7 1.0 1.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.6 o.s o. 7 1.0 l.S 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 0.8
1.1
1.3 2.0 1.0 1.2 l.4 2.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.S
1 on all...ait syi,ttm and normal oucdoor au qu~ndua ror ,-cm.ala· R•fn¡ttotion 1nd air qllllnlitin for appli<ations listtd in !hit 11bltor <oohng load <h<ct fisurcs ar< base< 1 ion t"-ct?I a n0<t'd.
Notts: t Rdriscration loads au (Of f'Rtitt 11>9lication. • Au quanrnin for hcavy manuraccurina uns arf' bast<l on suppkmc-mary t lncl\Kln Olhct loads aprn~ in Wans/sq f1. mc:ans to rnnoo.f' ~"f' hH.1
(;) o
AIJowable Ampacjties of lnsulated Conductors Rated 0-2000 Volts, 140° to l94°F No1 More Than Tbrtt Conduc1ors in Raccway or Cable or Earth {Dircctly Buricd), Basc<I on Ambient Tempera1urc of 86°F
Temperature Ratlng or Conductor
Siu AWG -
-18 16 14 12 10 g·
140ºF
TW" ur
20• 2s• 30 40
215 240 260 280 320
167°F
fEPW* RH0, RHW* THHW* THW* THWN* XHHW* USE",ZW*
Copper
20• 25• 35• so
194°F j 140º F
'fypcs of lnsulakd Conduclors TA, TBS, SA 1 TW" SIS,fEP* ur FEBS*,MI RHR*, RHW-2 THHN*, THHW* THW-2, THWN-2 USE-2.XHH XHRW* XRlfW-2, ZW-2
167°F
RR*, RHW* THHW* THW* THWN* XHHW* USE*
194°F
TA,TBS SA, srs THHN* THHW* THW-2, TUWN-2 RHH*, RHW-2 USE-2 XHH, XHHW XHHW-2, ZW-2
Alumlnum or Copper-Clad Alumlnum 14 18 25• JO•
290 320 350 380 430
Correction Factors
170 190 210 22S 260
175 205
230 255 280 305 350
For ambient temperatures othcr than 86°F, mulliply thc allowable ampacities shown above by the appropriate factor shown below.
~ Ambienl Temp, ºf
10-n 1.08 1.00 .91 .82 .71 .58 .41
1.05 1.00 .94 .88 .82 .75 .67 .58 .33
1.04 1.00 .96 .91 .87 .82 .16 .71 .58 .41
1.08 1.00
.91 .82 .71 .58 .41
1.05 1.00 .94 .88 .82 .15 .67 .58 .33
1.04 1.00 .96 .91 .87 .82 .76 .71 .58 .41
78-86 87-95 96-104
105-112 114-122 123-131 132-140 141-158 159-176
•unless permilled in the National Eltttrical Code, ov=urrent protection for conductors marked with • shall not excttd IS A for No. 14, 20 A for No. 12, and 30A for No. IOcopper, or IS A íor No. l2 and 2S A for No. IOaluminum and coppcr-dad aluminum after anycorrccllon factors íor amblen! tcmperaturc and numbcr or conduetors have bcen applicd.
Characterisclcs of AC and OC Mocors (Nonhermecic) Pumaiwal
Pol) phase,
Split-Phllle Splll..C•pacitor Shadcd-Pole 60-lh.
Conncclion diagram
3 Yó Spced lorque
curves D • Startin& Cenuifusal Non e Non e Motor
Controllcr mcthod Switch
Ratina.s, hp O.OS to O.S O.OS to 5 0.01 to0.2.S O.S and up
Fu U-load 3•S-O to 172.S ~SOio 1725 3100to ISSO 350010 1750
spced at 60-Hz
lbrque ('1t ralcd horse-powcr 1orquc) Loclccd rotor 125 10 ISO"l't 2S .. 2S-Ot;'t 25'1• 150 10 3500/o
Breakdown 250 10 3004!'\t 250 to 300'70 2S0'7o 12S'lt 2S-O to 3S-Oflt
Spced classi ficalion Constan! Constanl Constant Constan! or Constan!
adjustablc
Full-load po"'-c (i()~ 95'1t 65 .. 9S~ (i()tft 80'1•
factor
Efficicncy Mcdium High Mcdium High l.oW High-Mcdium
132 133
Molor Fun-Load Amperes Rttommcnded Three-Pbase AC Rttomm. Starttt Size
Squirrd-Cace and Wou:nd-Rotor Scamr Slzc Hone· Tbree Pbase (Jnductlon Type) Sinale-Pbase Sin¡ le PbascAC Rone-
power 230 V 460 V 200 V lJOV 460V 230V lJSV 200V 230V power 116
()() 4.4 2.S 2.2 116 1/4
()() 5.8 3.3 2.9 114 1/2 ()() ()() 2.3 2 1 ()() 9.8 S.6 4.9 112 3/4 ()() ()() 3.2 2.8 J.4 ()() 13.8 7.9 6.9 314 i 00 00 4.J 3.6 1.8 00 16 9.2 8 1 l.S 00 00 6.0 S.2 2.6 o 20 11.S IO 1.5 2 o 00 7.8 6.8 3.4 o 24 13.8 12 2 3 o o 11.0 9.6 4.8 1 34 19.6 17 3 ~ s 1 o 17.5 IS.2 7.6 1 S6 32.2 28 s 7.5 1 1 2S.3 22 JI 2 80 46 40 7.5 IO 2 1 32.2 28 14 2 100 S1.S 50 10 15 2 2 48.3 42 21 3
IS 20 3 2 62.1 54 27
20 25 3 2 78.2 68 34
25 30 3 3 92 80 40
30 40 4 3 119.6 104 52
40 50 4 3 149.S 130 6S
50 60 s 4 177.1 154 77
60 1S s 4 220.8 192 96
15 100 5 4 285.2 248 124
100 12S 6 5 358.8 312 156
125 ISO 6 s 414 360 180
-· . ~ -- -~ -200 6 .s " .s:·
Tu Flnd Current Sin&le Ph.ue 'Three Pitase
Amperes whcn Honepower is known Hp X 746 Hp X 746 H p X 746
E X 1/ E xr¡xF 1.73 X E X 1/ x F
Amperes whcn K.ilowatts is known kW X 1000 kW X 1000 kW X 1000
E ExF 1.73 X E X F
~ Ampcres whcn kVA is known kVA X 1000 kVA X 1000
c.> O'I E 1.73 X E
Kilowaiu 1 X E l xExF 1 X E X 1.73 X F
1000 1000 1000
kVA 1 X E 1 X E X 1.73
1000 1000
Horscpowcr-(output) lxExr¡ lxEx71xF 1 X E X 1.73 X 1/ X F
746 746 746
1 • amperes; E = YOlts; 11 • cfficicncy cxprcssed asdcetmal; F • powcrfactor; kW • kilowalls; kVA ~ kilovolt-ampcns; Hp • horscpOWer.
--
Fut l
ENGINE SIZING Fuel Coosumption Rates
Hea1in11 Value, B1u/11al
Fueloil Gaso!ine
137,000 to 156,000 130,000
'fyplca! consumpllon for dlfftttnt lypes of gas t nglnes
Turbocharged Naturally aspirated Naturally aspirated
Compresslon Ratio
I0.5:1 10.5:1 7.5:1
GasConsump Blu/hp· h
8,100 9,200
10,250
Percenl Mioimum Engine Reserves for Alr Condlllooing and Refrlgerallon
Nalun lly A5plrattd
Altltude, Alr Al r fl Cnndltionlng Refrlgenllon Condlllonlng
Sea le\'el 1 S 20 20 JOOO 12 17 J8 2000 JO J4 J6 3000 10 11 14 4000 10 10 12 5000 10 10 10
1 o.ooo ro 10 10
Venlilatlon Air for Engine Equlpmeot Room EnglneRoom Murner and Mltlfit r and Alr Ttmp R1se• Exhaust Plpeb Exhaust Pipe•
ºF dm/ hp dm!hp d m/ hp JO 140 280 550 20 70 140 280 30 50 90 180 8
Exhaust minus inlet •Not insulatcd
blnsulatcd or encloffd in >cntilatcd duct dHeat cfücharged in cnginc room
136
~ ..,~~~82~2i8~ -Nf""l\O r--., .. _,...
"' '"'!'.)~~~E~~~~~ :::; __ ,...
~ oor--;:;;z~~:i2~§8
- - ""'""'~Ñ~ ti
oo!2:;~~~2S~~~ :!! o
E .J:: -N..,-,.._fi .. "' ,¡; _,.. .. ..
O\-oo"'S:<S~~~88 ~ c.
! NMf'_,., .. V\~ 8 _,...,, ~ -s
Types o f Fuel O ils
Fuel oils for hea1ing are broadly classificd as distilla1e fue! o· (lighier oils) or residual fue! oils (heavier oils) . ASTM b cstablished specifications for fue! oíl propcrties which subdivid 1he oils in to various grades. Grades No. l and 2are distillatc fu oils. Grades 4, 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fue! oils. Speci ficat ions for the grades are bascd on required charactcristia of fue! oils for use in differcnt types of burners. Thc ANSI stan· dard spccification for fue! oils is ASTM Standard 0396-86.
Grade No. J is a light distillate intended for vaporiz.ing-type burncrs. High volatility is esscntial 10 continued evaporation of the fue! oil with mínimum residue.
Grade No. 2 is a heavier (API Gravity) distillate than No. l. lt is used primarily with pressure-atomiz.ing (gun) burners that spray the oíl in to a combustion chamber. The atomized oil vapor mixes with air and burns. This grade is used in most domestic burners and many medium capacity commercial-ind ustrial burncrs.
Grade No. 4 is an intermediate fuel that is considered either a light residual ora heavy distillatc. lntcnded for burners that atomizc oils of higher viscosity than domestic burners can han. die, its permissible viscosity range a!Jows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low storage temperatures.
Grade No. 5 (Light) is a residual fue! of intermediatc'víscosity for burncrs that handle fuel more viscous than No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may be neccssary in sorne cquipment for burning and, in colder climatcs, for handling.
Grade No. 5 (Heavy) is a residual fucl more viscous tban No. 5 (Lighl), but in tended for similar purposes. Preheating is usually necessary for burning and, in colder climates, for handling.
Grade No. 6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, is a bigh viscosity oí l uscd mostly in commercial and industrial heating. Jt rcquires preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping, andadditional preheating at the burner to permit atomizing.
Gnide No.
1 2 4 SL SH 6
Table 6 Typlca l Gravlty a nd Heating Value. of Sta ndard Grades o f Fuel Oil
Gnivlly Ma5s (Wefghl) llttll ng V•lut API lbl &•I Blu/aal
38 to 4S 6.9SO to 6.67S 137,000 ro 132,900 30to 38 7 .296 10 6.960 141,800 to 137,000 2010 28 7.78710 7.396 148,100 10 143,100 17 to22 7 .940 10 7 .686 150.00010 146,800 1410 18 8.080 10 7 .890 IS2,000 lo 149,4()(). 810 IS 8.448 [0 8.053 ISS,900 lo ISl,300
138
~ ';$. ';$. ------NN
:s::s:~:,-:----
:S::S:~::.t----
·f ~i 2 ¡ ¡? ª ~ ~ ~ ~ .. 139
Ownlng and Operatlng Cost Data and Summary OWNING COSTS
l. Inicial Cost or System A. Equipment B. Control systems- Compleie C. Wirin& and pi pin& cosis aciributable to systcm D. Any incrcase In buildin¡ construction cost auributable to systcm E. Any decrcase in buildin& construction cost auributable to systcm F. l nstallation cosu
TOTAL INffiAL COST
11. Annual fixed Charges A. Equivalent uniform annual cost B. lncome taxcs C. Property taxes D. lnsurancc E. Reni
TOrAL ANNUAL FIXEO CllARGES
OPERATING COSTS
111. Annual Maintenance Allowances A. Replacemenl or scrvicing oil, air, or water filters B. Contracted maintenance service C. Lubrlcatlng oíl and arcase D. General housekeepin¡ coSl E. Replacement of worn parts (labor and material) F. Refrígerant
TOTAL ANNUAL MAINTENANCE ALLOWANCE
IV. AnnuaJ Energy, fuel, and Water Costs A. Electric Ener¡y Costs
l. Chiller or compressor 2. Pumps
a) Chílled water b) Healin¡ water e) Condenser or tower water d) WeJJ water e) Boiler auxiliaries (including fueLoil heaters)
3. Fans a) Condenscr or tower b) lnside air handlin¡ e) Exhaust d) Makeup air e) Boiler auxiliaries and equipment room venlilalion
140
Annual Energy, Fuel and Water Costs (continutd)
4. Resistancc heaters (primary or supplementary)
S. Heatpump 6. Domcstic water heatin¡ 7. Lightin¡ 8. Cookin& and food service equípmcnt 9. Misccllaneous (t.g., clevators, escalators,
and computcrs) B. Oas, Oil, Coal, or Purchascd Steam Costs
l. On-site ¡eneration of the electrical powcr requittmcnts under A of this section
2. Heatina a) Direct heatin& b) Ventilation
(1) Prcheaters (2) Reheatcrs
e) Supplementary hcnting (l.t., oil prchenting)
d) Orhcr 3. DomesLíc water heating 4. Cooking and food scrvicc equipment S. Air condilioning
a) Absorprion b) Chiller or comprcssor
(1) Gas/Diesel engine drivcn (2) Gas turbine driven (3) Steam turbine driven
6. Míscellaneous C. Water
l. Condenser makeup water 2. Sewer charges 3. Chemicals 4. Misccllaneous
TCYfAL ANNUAL FUEL, ENERGY, ANO WATER COSTS
V. Wa¡es of en¡ineers and operators
SUMMARY
11. lbtal Annual fixcd Char¡es 111. Tutal Annual Mainrenancc Costs IV. Total Annual Energy, Fuel, and Water Costs V. AnnuaJ Wages for Engincers and Operacors
TOrAL ANNUAL OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS
141
Life Cycle Costs
A representation in present dollars of lhe cost of an investment its lifetime is useful for cvaluating mutually exclusive altematives have lhe same anticipated lifetime.
A discount rote is required for a life-cycle-cost calculation. Tbe count rate represents the oost of capital to building owners. In es il is the rate on a loan (or bond) adjusted to account for inflation taxes. Higb di.scount rates disoourage investments. A 30/o real disco rate is Lypical for energy policy analyses. Higher rates are often by private investors for economic evaluation of commercial cons tion. lb account for inOation and fuel escalation, either lower the count rate or inOate future encrgy and maintenance costs.
The U.S. Dcpartment of Energy has proposed a 4.SOJo discount for federal energy management programs, calculated from thc lo tcrm bond rate (8.S'lo at the time) minus lhe ínflation rate (40Jo). Li cycle cost is calculated by determining thc prcsent worth of the e of an investment. For system alterna ti ves it looks likc lhis:
LCC = IC + ESPWF(COSTene11y + COST maínt) wlzere
LCC .. life-cycle cost IC .. initial cost premium of altcmativc
ESPWF .. cqual series prcsent worth factor (see table) COST•nuay • :;carly energy cost savina cosr maint • :;carly maintenance cost rcduction
Present Worth Factors Llfetlme OIJcount Rite ()"eln) 2.5'!t 3.0'!t 3.S'!t 4.0'lo 4.S'Tt 71Jo
7 6.35 6.23 6 .11 6.00 S.89 S.39 8 7.17 7.02 6.87 6.73 6.60 S.97 9 7.97 7.79 7.61 7.44 7 .27 6 .Sl 10 8.15 8.53 8.32 8.11 7.91 7.02
IS 12.38 11.94 11.52 11.12 I0.74 9.11
JOOJo
4.8 5.33 S.16 6. 14 7.61
ESPWF for other lifetimes and discour¡t rates can be calculat from:
ESPWF = [(! + dY - 1] d(I + d)n
where n = lifetime in ycars and d = discount rate in percent/100, Note that ESPWF can only be used when aonual costs remai
constant.
142
!!
:l ~ $
l ~ · -4 .§ -;; ~~ .p ~1
111 ~~ ~:!
~ ~~ :e ~
l1 ~~ $~
18 1~ ri ~!
11 • '1! u ~~
143
Estimating Maintenance Costs
The following method may be used for estimating or comparing total office building H YAC maintenance costs. The premise of method assumes that the base HVAC system in the building cons of fi.re-tube.boilers for heating equipment, centrifuga! chillers coolmg equ1pment, and VAV distribution systems. The total b ing HVAC maintenance cost for this system is 48.40~/ft2 • Adj ment factors from the table are then applied to this base cost to for building age and variations on type of HVAC equipment as fo
C = Total building HVAC maintenance cost (e/ft2) = Base system maintenance costs
+ (Age adjustment factor) x (age in years n) + Heating system adjustment factor h + Cooling system adjustment factor e + Distribution system adjustment factor d
ore = 48.40 + 0.18n + h + e + d
HVAC Malnlenance Cost Adjuslment Factors (in cents per square foot, 1993 U.S. dollars)
lleating Equlpment h Water tu be boller Casi iron boilcr Elcctric boilcr Heatpump Electric resistance
Coollng &¡uipmenl e Reciprocating chiller Absorption chiller (single stagc)• Water source hcat pump
Db trlbutlon System d Single zone Multizone Dual duct Constant volume 1Wo-pipc fan coil Four-pipc lnduction
•Fac1or applies to buildlngs wi1h oldcr, síngle-slage absorptlon chlllers
144
for Acceptable HVAC Nolse levds In Unoccupied Rooms
Occupancy Prefernd Allemate•
RC 2S-30 (N) NC2S-30
RC 30-3S (N) NC 30-3S
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC30-JS (N) NC30-3S
RC JS-40 (N) NCJS-40
RC40-4S (N) NC40-4.S
RC2.S-30(N) NC2.S-30
RC2S-30(N) NC 2S-30
RC30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC 3S-40(N) NCJS-40
RC40-4S (N) NC40-4S
RC 40-4S (N) NC40-4.S
RC 2S-30(N) NC2S-30
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3.S
RC2S-30 (N) NC 2S-30
RC 35-40 (N) NC3S-40
RC 30-35 (N) NC 30-35
RC3S-40(N) NC 35-40
RC30-3.S (N) NC30-35
RC2S-30(N) NC2S-30
RC 3.S-40(N) NC3S-40
RC35-40(N) NC 35-40
RC35-40 (N) NC3S-40
RC 20-2.S (N) NC20-25
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC 40-4.S (N) NC40-4S
rt and recital halls RC l.S·20(N) NCl.S-20
RC IS-20(N) NC 15-20
RC20-2.S (N) NC20-2S
NC curve noise-raling procedure may be used wbcrc rumbly, blssy, or tonal cteri5tics in the background sound can be toleratcd, ir it is not too loud.
145
RC (Room Criterion) Curves for Specifying Design Level for Balanced Spectrum Spedflc Total Sound Power Levels of 'fypical Fans
Fanl)pe Oclave Bands RC curves are prcferablc to NC curves or A-weightcd sound lcvels for ing systcm design goals and for qualifyin11 or rating ficld installations. This systcm (1) accounts for thc inílucncc oí both spcctrum shape and leve! 011
subjcctive asscssment proccss. (2) includes dala in the octave banclscent
63 t25 250 500 tX lK 4K 8K BFI
31 .S and 16 Hz. and (3) accounts for low-frcqucncy acoustic encrgy that in perceptible vibration in li&ht construction.
90.--~-.-~~..-~-.-~~.--~-.-~~T-~-,.~~ ..........
~ to <
~ 70 a:
~ :1 2 t ~ 80
J "' a: ... w 60 a:
~ a:
~ 'º z
~ e
'fuga! , BC, or 81 whccl diamcter
(f{Cr 36 in. 40 under 36 in. 4S
Curvcd S3
l.cw pressu re (4 to JO in. of water) S6
ldcdium prcssurc (6 to IS in. of water) S8
High prcssure (IS to 60 in. of water) 61
49 49 S3
axial Over 40 in.
whecl diamcter SI Under 40 in.
wheel diamctcr 48
pcller General vcntilation 48
40 39 34 30 23 19 17 3 4S 43 39 34 28 24 19 3
S3 43 36 36 31 26 21 2
47 43 39 37 32 29 26 7
S4 4S 42 38 33 29 26 8
58 S3 48 46 44 41 38 8
43 43 48 47 4S 38 34 6 43 46 43 41 36 30 28 6 52 51 5 1 49 47 43 40 6
46 47 49 47 46 39 37 7
47 49 53 S2 SI 43 40 7
51 58 56 SS 52 46 42 5
· Jncludcs total sound powcr lcvcl in dB for both inlet and outlct. Valu: a~c ~ 30 r~ns only-not packagcd cquipmcnt. BFI • Blade frcquency octave an . w
>
Sound power levels at actual operating conditions can be estimated < ~
lhe actual fan volume ílow rate and fan pressure, as: 8 20
L., = K.., + 10 log (QIQt) + 20 log (plpt) + C 10 ,L,~-,~,~.~-=ac...~~,21c...~~250c...~~500c...~~,ooo;¡;;._~~2000;¡::;..~-4000;;i;;..~.....,hue
· .. cstimatcd sound power Jevel of fan, dB re 1 pW OCTAVE lllANO CEHTER. FREOUENCY, HZ. .. spccific sound powcr leve! (from table abovc)
Region A: High probability that noisc-induccd vibration lcvcls in light waJJ = now me, cfm cciling consrructions will be clcarly feclablc; anticipa ce audible rattlcs in loW = 1 cfm mass fixrurcs. doors. windows, etc. = prcssurc drop. in. of water Region B: Noisc-induccd vibration lcvcls in light walls and ceilings may = 1 ih. of water . modcratcly fcclablc; slight possibility of rattles· in low mass fixturcs, doo = corrcction factor for point of fan opcrauon, dB windows, etc. R~gion C: Below thrcshold of hcaring for continuous noisc.
146 147
-------... -------------------
148
Passive Duct Sound Attenuators fabricated sound anenuators are available in various sizes and ·rute another method of obtaining noiseattenuation in ducts. Recar units are available in 3, S, 1, and 10 rt lcngths. The lengths of ar units are generally two to three times their diamcter. They are
·1able with varlous percentages of open flow arca for different s of attenuation and pressure drop. Consider: (1) required
ion loss, (2) static pressurc drop, and (3) self-noise, by air movthrough the attenuator. Ali three are related to the air velocity ugh the auenuator-the insertion loss in the low- and miducncy range is inversely related to the velocity, and the pressure drop self-noise are directly related to the air velocity.
Guidelines for locating duct silencers and for mínimum static ssurc drop wilh maximum acoustical performance are as follows:
trifugal Fans From fan discharge- One duct diameter for every 1000 fpm
From fan intake- 0.75 duct diamcler for every 1000 fpm
·ar Fans From fan discharge- One duct diameter for every 1000 fpm
From fan intake-0.75 diameter for every 1000 fpm
et Efbows Three duct diameters or equivalent both upstream and downstrcam
ixing Boxes and VAV Terminafs Onc duct diametcr upstream or downstrcam
rilles, Registers, and Diff users One duct diameter upstream or downstream
lnstall duct sound attenuators in or close to the mechanical equipnt room wall opening. This helps keep the reverberant sound from
e equipment room from bypassing the duct sound attenuator.
149
Vibra1lon lsolalor Sdtttion Gaide"
Equipmont Loailion (Stt Notes 3 and 11)' C~o Supponod Slab 20 ft Floor SpH 30 fl Floor Sp .. 40 ft Tioor Spae SO ft Tioor Spu
Iso- Jifia. lso- Mln. IJo- Mla. lso- Jifia. lso- Mln. a- lator lkn. Base lator ~n. ~ lator DdL a- lator Odl. a- lalor Oof1.
Eqllipmont "JYpo -¡ypo• lYpo' In. ljlpo• 'fypo' ÍD. ljlpo• 'JYpo' In. JYpo• 'fypo' la. -¡ypo• 'Jilp•' In.
Refrl1ero1ion Machines Rcciprocatin¡ Comprcssors e 3 0.15 e 3 0.7S e 3 l.SO e 3 l.SO e 3 2SO Rcciproca1ina Conden51ng
Uni1¡ .t Chilling Uni1¡ A 2 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 i.SO A 4 2.SO A 4 2..SO Hermetic Ccn1riíugal Chillers A 1 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 l.SO A 4 1.50 A 4 1.50 Open Centrifuga! Chillers e l 0.25 e 4 0.7S e 4 l.SO e 4 l.SO e 4 2.50
~ Absorption Chillcrs A 1 0.2S A 4 0.15 A 4 0.7S A 4 1.50 A 4 l.SO o AirCom~
'Ilulk Mounlcd A l 0.7S A 3 0.75 A 3 1.50 A 3 2.50 A 3 2-50 Base Moun1cd
UptoSOOrmp e 3 0.7S e l 0.1S e 3 l.SO e 3 i.SO e 3 2.SO SOi rpm & ovcr e 3 0.7S e 3 0.75 e 3 l.SO e 3 i.SO e J 2-SO
Pumps Close couplcd, 10 7 !ñ hp B/C 2 0.2S e 3 0.15 e J 0.7S e 3 0.75 e J 0.75 Flexible couplcd, 10 hp e 3 0.75 e 3 0.75 e 3 l.SO e 3 1.50 e 3 1.50 Flexible couplcd, SO 10 12S hp e 3 0.1S e l 0.1S e 3 1.50 e 3 2.SO e J 2.SO Fkidblecouplcd, ISOhp&O>'er
Ptlckagttf Roo/top Air Conditionin1 Units (Not Applicable) o J 0.7S A/B 3 l.SO AIB 3 2-SO A/B J 3.S
•• .. • 1 • • .. 11 ....... 1 . .. Coollng Tbwrs el Clos'1d C1n:uu cootars 2.'° A 4 2.so A 4 J.$0
0.2S A 4 2.SO A 4 1.SO A 4 2..SO
301 to SOOrpm A I, 2 A 4 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 i.SO
SOi rpm & ovcr A 1, 2
Fons and Air Handling Equipmont
AJria/, tubular, & Jan hoads 0.75 AIC l 0.7S AJC 3 l.SO
2 0.2S A/B 3 0.7S A/B 3 Up to 22 in. wh«l día. A/B
e 3 2.50 e 3 2.SO 24 in. wbeel dia. & ovcr l.SO e 3 2.SO 2..SO B/C 3 0.15 e 3 !.SO e 3 301 rpm to 500 rpm e 3 1.50 e 3
B/C 3 0.7S e 3 i.SO SOi rpin & aver
· Cen1rifugal Fons & Vent Sets 0.15 AIC 3 0 .1S AJC 3 0.7S
A/B 2 0.2S A/B 3 0.7S AIB 3 Up to 22 in wheel día.
8 3 2.so 8 3 l .SO 24 in. wbeel dia. & ovcr l.SO 8 3 i.SO
B 3 l.SO B 3 B 3 1.50 8 3 2 .. 50 301 lO 500 fPIJl
0.7S 8 l 0.7S 8 3 0.7S SOi rpm & ovcr 8 3 .....
2.50 e l 3.50 U1 SOhp&ov<r 3 2 • .SO e 3 ..... 8/C 3 0.75 e 3 l.SO e e 3 2.50 e 3 2.SO
301 to SOO rpm e 3 l.SO SIC 3 0.15 e 3 1.50
SOi rpm el over
PtJckaged Air Handling Equipment 0.7S A 3 0.15 A 3 !.SO l 0.25 A 3 0.7S A 3
Upto IObp A
IS bp&over 3 1..SO A 3 1.SO A 3 2.50 2 0.25 A 3 0.15 A 1.SO A 3 2.SO
UptoSOOrpm A 3 l.SO A 3 A 2 0.25 A 3 0.1S A
SOi rpm &: over • 1so1a1or 7;pa:
•s.. Notes ror Use ""''h lllbt• Z7 section or '"''· Cllapkf Sl. 1917 ASHll.'E 1 Pad rubbC< or ¡lass filler (Notes 20 & 21) Handbook for eq>iaMlloo i_ Rubbcr 0oor OJOl&lor or bangu (Nota 20 lit 25)
b& .. ¡;pa: J. Sprin& noor isolator or hangcr (NOI<> 22. 23 llt lS) /\. No b&5C. isolatort attacb<d dutttly lo tqwpcncnt (Not• 27) 4. R<>traincd spnng 1.obl<>< (Notes ll llt 2Al B. StN<tllfl) sted rails or base (Notes 28 4' 29) s. ThruSl ttst.-aint (Note 26) c. Conmte intrtia bll$c (Norc 30) o. Curt.-mountcd btie (Notdl) \_¿ __ . ,___,_ _
OUTDOOR AIA • SUPPLY AIR - RETURN AIR
r-1
NC
----------¡ R.CTVRN 1
AIR 11ANUAL 1
j ~~M~'l)) 1
2-90Sll10N St.f'PL Y ~n~ r~
WrTHOUT RETURN FANS
OUTDOOR AIR • SUl'f'I. Y AIR - llETURN AIA
CUTTlOOR AIR NC
2·P061TION ,1.C°TION
WITH RETURN FANS
NO
r - - - - - -l-1I11-1.<:.<..<..i 1 1 1 1 1 lkfl lllDI -1 ~
SIJPPLY - AIR
-~ AIR
SUPPL Y - AlR
SU'PLY - Ali!
1 NC.,,,...:L..J~-----~.::-...c::.. ___ _ L _ - - - - -ffiimiiD-
- OU11>00A All • IUPl'\.Y All • Af:l\lllN A11 + EXIWJST All
WlTH RETURN EXHAUST FANS- OUTOOOR AIR IS GREATER THAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPPL Y ANO RETURN AIRFLOWS
Controls for Fb:ed Mlnimum Outdoor Air
152
Economlzer Cycle Control
-RETVRN AIR
Makeup Alr System
153
~
,._,
04~J ..,..,,.,.. ...
,_.,,,,.,. .,.,....
CHIU0'2
--T >--.
t ... . l.DW
'°º'""' .,.,....
Two-Way Valve witb Pump Bypass Variable water now to terminal units and constant now lhrough chiller. AJ fulJ load botb chillers are on-line, and full flow ¡ocs to tenni· nal wúts. As terminal wút val\ICS modulate flQID dcaeased load, flow dccreases and pressure drop from supply to retum mains increascs. 1be
e!~~ -= c. = ~ ta~ ~ ~ ~ ¡ ~ <
g¡ ;! .. ¡ ª-= !!. e:: §
ª'
'""" ''""" .,.,....
...... CMIU.lR
CHN.LlA
t AIAFl,.Qw
T00tl1EA COOLS
Three-Way Valve Control of a Coil diITcrential pressure conttoller partiaDy opcns bypass valve to compensatc. Size bypass valve to match flow through onc chiller, so onc chiUcr pump will shut down wbcn bypass opcns fully. As load increases to closc thc bypass completely, thc sccond chilla" and pump restarta.
1 g~l • ~ !!l!< !.!!)~~
= '< ".::> ., !::
~ < '< ;! :> .. ~o 9 -
1 -· ~ ~ = :e
~ ~ ¡ ~ = e m i :::;- ~
.!!) 1 ó
~ ~ ,, r ~ e ~
i~~ ~~e mol!= ::nz
¡¡)
i l §
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.... m lá m
~ ¡ " ~
"" ~ < ;! 3 ¡;-!. e:: ~
¡
k ~~ / ... );
~~
i
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1 1
1
~ 8~¡ ~::c
~E
' RCTURN Affi
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CCl.Jl SPACf: TEMPCAA TURC
HDT
Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Unlt
SUPPLY Affi-.=;.........:_
SPACX TOftllA Ntt IGT
Bypass Fao loduclion Ttrmlnal Unlt
156
DISCHARGt AfR
D f1CAl 8 f$ET SCHEDULE OUTDOOll HOT WATER
.JltL!L ~ o
eo 180 140
J;J----r-------. ou1000R1 l RESE:r QJ s:~~·
.---- 1 ~;> -.____.._J
1 PUMP
11
8011..l R
¡__ +URHEll l
EXP TAHK
Load and Zone Control In a Simple llydronlc System
NC
!"-.....;:::¡::.-.....;::¡;;. HWS SHELLHUBE
HE.Al EXCHANOER J.------.. HWR ~~~~~~~....--(Y
CONDEN$ATE ORHOTWATEll
RETURH
Steam-to-Hot Water Heat Exchanger Control
157
¡, .
Air·Conditioning Formulas
1 Btu = amount of heat requircd to raise (or lower) temperature of one pound of water 1 ºF
1 ton refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/b = 200 Btu/min
1 watt = 3.412 Btu/h
1 horsepower = 2545 Btu/h
1 lb = 7000 grains
1 ft (head) • 0.433 psi
1 square foot EDR {equiv. dírect radiation) = 240 Btu
1 boiler horsepowcr = 33,479 Btu/b
No. of air changcs {N) = (60 cfm)/ft2
Sensible heat {Btu/ b) = 1.08 Qt:.t where tJ.t = differcncc between entering and leaving dry-bulb temperature and Q = aírflow rate in cubic fect per minute
Latcnt heat (Btu/h) = 0.68 Qt:.g where tJ.g • difference in moisture content of entering and leaving air, grains per pound of dry air
Water quantity {gpm) required for heating and cooling = q/500 Álwattr
where q • load in Btu/b
Chiller capacity (tons) = gpm (chilled water) x t:.t (water)/24
For Air: 1 lb/h = 4.5 Q 1 ton .. Q tJ.h/2670
F cfm x static prcssure (in. w.g.)
an hp "' ------"---.:...._--=...:.. 6356 x Efficiency
Density of air x----;.._ __ _ Dcnsity of standard air
ForWater: 1 lb/h = 500 gpm 1 ton = (gpm) t:.t/24
gpm x fthead Pump hp = x Specific Oravity
3960 x Efficiency
158
Conversioo Equivaleots
Atmosphcrc 760 33.91 29.92
1.0333 14.696
101.325
1 bar 0.9869 100
l British thcrmal unlt 778.2
(lntl. table) 252.0 1055
2.930 X 10- •
1 Btu/h 0.2931 17.58 1 Btu/min S.618 1 Btu/h • ít2
• •f celsius (1.8ºC) + 32
1 centimetre 0.3937 0.4460 1 centimelre of mercury 0.1934 (OºC) 0.7854 1 cin:ular mil 5.051 X 10- •
1 cubic foot/min 0.472 0.06102 1 cubic ccntimctre 7.481 1 cubic foot
1728 0.02832
28.32
1 cubic foot/sec 448.8
1 cubic inch 16.387 0.016387
1 cubic metre 35.31 1.308
264.2 1000.0
1 cubic yard 27.0 0.7639
1 erg 1.0
Fahrcnhcit (f' - 32)/l.8
1 foot 0.3048
1 foot of water (68 º F) 0.4335 0.01136 1 foot/min 1.383 X 104
1 foot-pound 1.356
159
mm of mcn:ury fl of water (4 •q in. of men:ury co•q kg/cm2
psi kilopascal atmoshpere kilopascal foot-pounds aram-calories joule kilowatt hour watt watt W/(m2 ·K) Fahrenheit inches feet of water pounds/sq in. square mils squaremm litres per second cubic inches gallo ns cubic inchcs cu ble metre litres ¡allons/min cubic cm litres cubic feet cubic yards gallons litres cubic fect cubic mctre dync·cm cclsius mctrc lb/sq in. miles pcr hour cm-¡ram joule
Conversion EquJvalents Converslon EquivaJents
1000 cubiccm l gallen 231.0 cubic inches litre
61.02 cubic inches 3.785 litre 0.2~- gallons 8.346 lb of water (68ºF)
f.057 quarts 1 grain/U.S. gal 17.118 parts per million
2.119 cfm 1 gram 0.3527 cunee (avdp) litre per sccond
15.852 gpm (gal/min) 2.205 X 10 J pound
1.0 rootcandle 1 ¡ram-calorie 3.969 X 10 .J Btu lumen/sq ít
10.76 lm/m2 1.163 X 10 J wau-hour
3.281 reet 1 horscpower 42.41 Btu/min metre
39.37 in ches 33000 ft·lb/min 1.094 yards 550 ít- lb/scc
1.0 micrometre 0.7457 kilowatt micron 6080 rcet
1 horsepower (boiler) 34.5 lb stcam at 212 ºF mile (nautical) 1852 metre 33476 Btu/h
5280 fcct 1 horscpower-hour 2545 Btu (U.S. statute)
1609 metre 0.7457 kilowau-hour
88.0 fcct/min 1 inch 25.40 millimmcs mile per hour
0.447 metre pcr scc 1 inch of mercury (32.F) 1.133 fcct of water
0.01543 ¡rains 0.4912 lb/sq in. (psi) milligram 0.03937 inches 0.03453 k¡/cm2
millímetre 39.37 mil 3.386 kilopascal
25.4 l micrometre 1 inch of water (OºC) 0.07361 inchcs of mercury
!mil 2.54 X 10- centimetre 0.03613 lb/sq in.
0.001 inches 1 joule 9.480 X J0 - 4 Btu
0.01667 de¡rees 0.7376 foot·pound t minute (anglc) 60.0 scconds (angle) 2.389 X 10 • k¡-calories
pascal 2.788 X 10 • wau-hour 1 newton pcr SQ metre 1.0 28.35 gnm
1 kilo¡ram 2.205 pounds 1 ouncc 0.0625 pound
1 kilogram/sq cm 0.9678 atmosphere
1.805 cubic inches 32.81 fcet of water 1 cunee (Ouid) 0.02957 litre 28.96 inches of mercury
473.2 cubiccm 98.07 kilopascal 1 pint (liquid) 28.87 cubic inches 1 kilogram-calorie 3.968 Btu 0.4732 litre 3088 foot·pound
0.1 pascal· sccond 4186.8 joule 1 poisc
7000 ¡rains 1 kilometrc 3281 fcct 1 pound (mass)
• 0.4536 kilo¡ram 0.6214 miles 4.448 newton
1 kilomctrc/hr 54.68 fcct/min 1 pound (force) 0.01602 cubic feet
1 kilowau 56.89 Btu/min 1 pound of water 27.68 cubic inches 1.341 horscpower (4ºC)
- 0.1200 gallo ns 1 kilowatt·hour 34¡j Btu
2'.307 fcei of water 3.6 X 106 joule 1 pound/sq in. (psi) 2.036 inchcs of mercury 860 kilogram-calories 6.895 kilopascal
703.1 kg/m2
57.75 cubic inchcs 1 quart (U.S. liquíd) 0.9464 litre
160 161
1 radian 1 revolution/min
1 slug
1 squarc ccntimctre 1 square foot
1 squarc inch
1 squarc mctrc
1 squarc millimetre 1 square yard
tcmpcrature: Kelvin Rankine
1 ton (long, 224-0 lb) 1 ton (short, 2000 lb) 1 ton (rcfrigeration)
l tonne (metric ton)
1 torr
1 watt
1 watt-second 1 yard
Conversion Equivalents
57.30 6.0 0.1047
14.59 32.17 0.1550
144.0 0.09290 6.452
106 10.764 1.1960 0.001550 9 0.8361
Celsius + 273.15 • Fahrenheit + 459.67
dc¡rces degrecs/sec radians/scc kilogrom pounds square inches sq inchcs sq mctre sqcm sq mils sq n sq yards sq inches sq fcct sq metrc
1016 kilogram 907.2 kilo¡ram
12,000 Btu/h 3.517 kilowatt
1000 kilogram 2205 pounds
1.0 mm Hg(OºC) 133.3 pascal
3.412 Btu/h 0.8598 kg-caloric per hour 1.0 joule 0.9144 mc1rc
162
INDEX
Air (stt also Contaminants) conditioning formulas, 158 dcnsity, 13 enthalpy, 14-15 íilters, 8-21 friction charts, 1·3 moisture relationships, 12 psychrometric chart, 11 qualily standards, 17
Air spaccs emittances, 91 thermal resistance. 92
Air velocity capture. 22 desi¡n, 7-8 exhaust contours, 23 prcssure. 4
Ammonia line capacities, 86-89 thermodynamic propcrties, 74-77
Conductivity building materials, 94-100 insulation, 94-101 soils, 106
Contaminants (see a/so Filters, Hoods) quality standards, 11 sourccs. 20 transpon vclocitics, 24 Control schcma.tics, 152-157 Conversion factors, 159-162
Coollng load check valucs, 128-129 CLTD values, 108-112 equations. 107 glass, sunlit, 113-114 shading cocfficients, 115
Costs life cycle. 142 maintenance. 144 owning and operatiog, 14-0·141
Ouct circular equivaleots of, 5-6
friction charts, 1-3 velocity vs. vclocity pressurc, 4
Electrical (see also Motors) • conductors, ampacity, 130-131
formulas, 135 Engines, 136
Equipment costs, 140-144 noise from, 148 service life. 143
Fan laws, 9-10 sound powcr lcvcls, 147
Filters absorbers, 21 dcsign velocity, 7-8 electronic, 18 performance, 19
Fittings. for HVAC applications, 56-51
Formulas air conditioning, 158 cooling load, 107 electrical, 118 water now for hcating/cooling, 41
Frlction charts air, 1-3 water, 47-49
Fuel oil data, 138-139
Gas pipe sizing, 137
Glycols, freezing point of, 40
Heat gains hospital equipmcnt, 121 motors, elcctric, 122 offite equipment, 120 pcople, 117 restaurant equipmcnt, 118-119
Heat transmission coefficients air spaccs, 92 building matcrials, 94-100 fcnestration, 93
163
insulation, building, 94-100 insulation, industrial , 100-101 metal buildin¡s, 102-103 surfacc conductanccs, 91
Hoods (set a/so Contaminants) capture vcloclties, 22 entry losscs, 2S kitchcn range, 26-27 laboratory, 28 lnsulation air spaces, 92 thermal values for, 94-101 under¡round piping, 104
Lou vers, 7 -8
Mo1ors characterislics, 132-133 full-load amperes, 134 hea1 aain from, 122
Noise acccptablc levels, 145 attcnuators, 149 cquipment, 148 fans, 147 RC curves, 146
Pipe applications, S6-S1 copper, S2-S3 expansion, thcrmal, S8 friction loss, water, 47-49 fucl oíl, 139 gas, 137 hangers, .S9 insulation, 104 plastic, S4-SS rcfrigcrant capacitíes, 78-90 stcam capacity, 35-38 steel, SO·SI volume of waier in, 44
Pollu1an1s (.rtt Contaminants)
Pump affini1y laws, 30-31 curves, 32-34 terms, 29
INDEX
Psychrometric chart, 11 Refrigerant
linc capacitics R-22, 18-8S R-717 (ammonia), 86-89 R-134a, 90
1hermodynamic properties R·ll, 62 R-12, 63 R-22, 64-67 R-123, 68 R-134a. 69· 72 R-S02, 73 R-717 (ammonia), 74-77
Refrigcratcd display ítxturcs, 116 R-Values, 91-101 Soil
1emperatures, JOS thermal conductivity, 106
Solar collector data, 60·61 Sound (set Noisc) Stcam
now rate for hcating/cooliag, .. 41 pipe capacitics, 3.S-38 table. 16
Thnks. cylindrical capacity of horizontal, 43 volume, 42
Thermal properties (ste air, rcfrigcrant, stcam, water)
Tube, coppcr, S2-S3 Ventilation rcquircments, 123-126 Vibration isolators, ISO-ISI Water
demand, hol, 4S-46 mass ílow vs. tcmperaturc, 40 pipe sizing, 47-49 pumps, 29·34 speci fic heat, 40 visc:osity, 39 volumc in pipe, 44
Weathcr design factors, 127
164