asia and africa in the 20 th century
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Asia and Africa in the 20 th Century. Africa and Asia in 1900. Africa & Asia: The Road to Independence. Road to Independence. Pre-World War I Nationalism Indian National Congress & Muslim League Egyptian Nationalism Dinshawai Incident “Save the King” movement in Vietnam Violence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Asia and Africa in the 20th Century
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Africa and Asia in 1900
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Africa & Asia:The Road to Independence
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Road to Independence Pre-World War I
Nationalism Indian National Congress
& Muslim League Egyptian Nationalism
Dinshawai Incident “Save the King”
movement in Vietnam Violence
Boer Wars Islamic Fundamentalism
the Mahdi in Egypt Guerilla Warfare in
Vietnam
Top: The members of the 1st Indian National CongressBottom: Muhammad Ahmad “the Mahdi”
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Road to Independence: World War I Promises of Self-
Determination India wanted self-
government Rowlatt Act (1920)
Arabs wanted independence Mandate System (right) Balfour Declaration
Locals fill colonial posts Economic strain of the war Treaty of Versailles
Increased nationalism Gandhi and satyagraha Ho Chi Minh May Fourth Movement
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Road to Independence: Interwar Years Egypt
Continued nationalism England withdrawal began
1922 Left khedival regime in power
South Africa Self-government granted in
1910 Part of commonwealth in 1933
India The Great Depression
Anti-government protests Gandhi’s Salt March (1931)
Government of India Act (1935)
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Road to Independence: World War II Cost of Empire
Need to rebuild home country
Declining support for colonialism Atlantic Charter (1941) Soviets “loathe”
colonialism Except for Latvia, Estonia,
Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia, etc.
Japan conquers colonies in East Asia
The Atlantic Charter was drafted by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt (left) and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (right). In it they voiced support for "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live."
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Post-World War II Independence Three routes to independence
Negotiated Independence Parts of Asia and Africa gained their independence
without much bloodshed India & Pakistan Japan & Korea Ghana & the Congo
Incomplete Independence Places with sizeable settler populations or Cold War
importance struggled to gain their independence South Africa, Kenya, & Algeria Vietnam
Civil War China resumed civil war between nationalists and
communists
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Negotiated Independence: India India & Pakistan gained their
independence August 1947 Communal violence ensued as
millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India
Violence broke out over Kashmir Jawaharlal Nehru (right)
became the first prime minister of India
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first prime minister of Pakistan
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Negotiated Independence: Japan United States occupied Japan from August
1945-1952 Feared Soviets would influence Japan Japanese cooperated with the U.S.
Political and social changes Military disbanded and military spending limited Shintoism was abolished as state religion New parliamentary system with constitution Women received the right to vote Large estates were divided and redistributed to
farmers Zaibatsu combines were temporarily dissolved
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Negotiated Independence: Korea, et al. Korea was divided at 38th
parallel Korean War resulted in a
Soviet backed North Korea and U.S. backed South Korea
Hong Kong remained a British colony until 1997
Singapore gained independence from Britain in 1959
Chiang Kai-shek established the Republic of China on Taiwan
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Negotiated Independence: Africa African “nationalism”
Negritude movement Pan-Africanism
World War II West built factories in Africa Africans migrated to cities
looking for work Kwame Nkrumah gained
independence for Ghana in 1957 First successful mass
movement 1960 is known as the “Year
of Africa”
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Incomplete Independence: South Africa
Gained home rule in 1910 Had over 4 million white residents Denied civil rights to black
population Whites institute apartheid in 1948
Reserved best jobs for whites Reserved 87% of land for whites Black Africans & Indians couldn’t
vote ANC led mass protests against
apartheid Sharpeville Massacre (1960) ANC leader Nelson Mandela arrested
and sentenced to life in prison in 1964
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Incomplete Independence: South Africa
Black protests of apartheid increased in the 1980s Bishop Desmond Tutu encouraged
international embargo of South Africa
Gained worldwide attention due to TV
End of Apartheid Nelson Mandela freed in 1990 Apartheid laws repealed in 1990-
1991 First free election occurred in 1994
New constitution passed in 1996 Includes U.S. style Bill of Rights
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Incomplete Independence: Kenya White coffee planters felt
ethnic Kenyans were not ready for self-government Called rebels the Mau Mau
Violence erupted in the 1950s British captured native
fighters and resettled them in camps Jomo Kenyatta & other leaders
were imprisoned for eight years
Kenyatta negotiated Kenyan independence in 1961 Elected president in 1964
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Incomplete Independence: Algeria Algeria was viewed as an extension of France
One million settlers created a maintain at all costs attitude
France dependent upon Algerian oil & gas fields and vineyards
National Liberation Front (FLN) made up of Berbers and Arabs demanded independence
Settlers and rich Arabs and Berbers continue fight against the FLN Form the Secret Army Organization (OAS)
After 8 years of violence and thousand of casualties, France eventually negotiated independence in 1962 Millions of French settlers and wealthy Arabs and Berbers
emigrated to France
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Incomplete Independence: Vietnam World War II
Viet Minh (communists) successfully resisted Japanese occupation Provided assistance during famine Instituted communist reforms
Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent from France in 1945
French refused to recognize independence and tried to reoccupy the region Defeat the French at Dien Bien
Phu in 1954
Leaders of the Viet Minh: Vo Nguyen Giap (left) and Ho Chi Minh (right)
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Vietnam War (1954-1973) France leaves after being defeated at Dien Bien Phu
Ho Chi Minh agrees to divide Vietnam into two parts Communists dominated northern Vietnam
Elections were promised within two years to decide who should rule a united Vietnam
U.S. sends in “advisors” to help South Vietnam in 1954 U.S. viewed conflict as part of the Cold War
U.S. supported anti-communist dictator Ngo Dinh Diem Diem attempted to suppress communists in South
Vietnam Viet Minh (Viet Cong) sent military supplies to aid
southern communists (National Liberation Front)
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Vietnam War (1954-1973) Richard Nixon continued to
escalate U.S. presence in Vietnam Resort to carpet bombing &
chemical warfare Some historian argue the
bombing of Cambodia triggered the Khmer Rouge Pol Pot killed approximately 20%
of the Cambodian population
U.S. ended involvement in 1973
Communists unite Vietnam in 1975
Some Buddhist monks expressed opposition to the war by practicing self-immolation. This monk, Thich Quang Duc is a national hero in Vietnam
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The Khmer Rouge
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Africa & Asia After Independence
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Asia & Africa After Independence
Challenges facing independent states Political Instability
Most countries end up one-party states or military dictatorships
The Cold War Colonial Legacy The Population “Bomb” Parasitic Cities & Endangered ecosystems Women’s Subordination Neocolonialism
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Dictatorships in the 20th Century
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One Party States
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Democracy in 20th Century
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Military Dictatorships Why military dictatorships?
Military is more resistant to religious and ethnic rivalries Military used to suppress
ethnic and religious tensions A monopoly of force A degree of technical
training Most are staunchly
anticommunist Military dictatorships often
bring political stability but economic development is rare
Clockwise from top left: Idi Amin of Uganda, Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo, Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya
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Military Dictatorship: Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser
Seized power in 1952 Embarrassed by defeat in Arab-
Israeli War of 1948 Instituted a series of reforms
Land reform, education, subsidized food costs, emphasized industrial growth
Reforms foiled by corruption, lack of foreign investment, & population growth
Supported Pan-Arabism Opposed Israel
Built the Aswan Dam
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One-Party State: Ghana Kwame Nkrumah
Originally committed to social & economic reform
Reforms hindered by lack of education, industrialization, and decline of cocoa prices
Leftist (socialist) leanings won support from Soviets & alienated Western investors
Ruled as a authoritarian dictator Crushed political opposition,
staged “events”, manipulated history, etc.
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Democracy: Botswana Democratic since
gaining independence in 1966
Stable economy based upon diamonds, tourism, & manufacturing Per capita GDP: $12,500 World average: $7,400
Predominantly Christian AIDS/HIV rate was 24%
in 2006
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Democracy: India Advantages
Military defends secular democracy Came to independence with a larger industrial and
scientific center, better communication systems, and a larger, more skilled middle class
Disadvantages Population growth, poverty, unemployment,
religious & ethnic diversity, and natural disasters Military conflicts with Pakistan over Kashmir
Early Government Reforms to help lower castes and women Spearheaded the nonalignment movement
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Democracy: India Indira Gandhi
Tried to limit freedom of press Proposed involuntary sterilization to
slow population growth Indian Economy
Mix of private and state initiatives Green Revolution
Introduced improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation
Credited for averting a global famine
Growing middle class World’s largest film industry
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The Cold War U.S. and Soviet Union attempted to influence new
states Bandung Conference 1955
Conference participants claimed to be “non-aligned” Nasser and Nkrumah attended the conference
Many independence movements received help from the Soviet Union or Cuba United States often interfered in these nations
The Congo and the Cold War Nkrumah overthrown by C.I.A. in 1966
Proxy wars fueled ethnic tension & genocide Hutus in Rwanda massacred 750,000 ethnic Tutsis in
1995
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Colonial Legacy All new nations were “artificial nations”
European colonial boundaries rarely took into account the ethnicities, interests, and histories of the people
European control often intensified existing divisions Minority Tutsi were favored over the majority Hutu in Rwanda
Europe often “cut-and-run” at the end of colonial rule Often led to ethnic strife in new nations
India, Nigeria, the Congo, Palestine, etc. Pakistan quickly divided into two nations – Pakistan &
Bangladesh New rulers create a national identity
Separatist movements emerged and led to civil war in Morocco, India, the Sudan, & Nigeria
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Population Bomb
Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange),
colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates
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Population Density
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Population Cartogram
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AIDS in the Twentieth Century
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Parasitic Cities Massive post-independence urbanization
occurred in most countries No expanding industrial centers meant few jobs & low
wages Urban poor could become politically volatile Little or no urban planning
Slum areas with no electricity, running water, or basic sewage
Cities are not productive thus “parasitic” Puts pressure on rural areas
Draw food and resources from depleted countryside Contributes to soil depletion, deforestation,
desertification, etc.
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Percentage of Arable Land
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Global Soil Degradation
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Women’s Subordination New nations often supported women’s suffrage,
equal legal rights, education, & occupational opportunities (in theory)
In reality, most societies remained patriarchal Men dominated most political positions
Prominent female leaders were often related to powerful men Indira Gandhi, Benazir Bhutto, Corazon Aquino
Arranged marriages, early marriage ages, and large families
Dietary customs increase chances of malnutrition Female infanticide is common in many places
China, India, East Africa Religious revivalism erodes women’s rights
Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, the Sudan
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Neocolonialism Most nations continued to rely upon trading cash
crops or raw materials to industrialized nations in return for manufactured goods Price of commodities (cash crops and minerals) often
fluctuate One or two bad years could destroy an emerging nation’s
economy Some organizations have been formed to limit fluctuation
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Government corruption and lack of reforms also contribute to neocolonialism
Nations turn to international organizations or industrial nations for help International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank
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Middle East after World War II
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Arab Independence Saudi Arabia became
independent after World War I
Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty
Complete autonomy was difficult Egypt due to Suez Canal Cold War tensions Other states due to oil
OPEC
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Creation of Israel Israel was created by
a UN mandate in 1947
Israel seized control of Jerusalem & all of Palestine except the West Bank & Gaza Strip in 1949
Israel easily wins the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in 1973
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Arab Nationalism Problems facing Arab nationalism
Cold War splits nations as some allied with the U.S. and others the USSR
Differing government types (monarchy, military dictatorships, Islamic revolutionary)
Sunni-Shi’a split Anwar Sadat facilitated peace process
between Arab world & Israel (1978-1980) His reward? He was assassinated in 1981
Sadat’s assassination made Saddam Hussein leader of the Arab world
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Palestinian Liberation Organization Created in 1964 by
Yasser Arafat to promote Palestinian rights
Often resorted to “terrorism” against Israel
Negotiated limited Palestinian self-rule in 1993 and 1995 PLO was replaced by
Hamas as the leading anti-Israeli organization in Palestine
Yasser Arafat, founder of the PLO, and Yitzak Rabin, Israel’s prime
minister, shake hands after signing the Olso Accords in 1994
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Iranian Revolution Preliminary Phase
Iran was never colonized Shah Reza Pahlavi ruled as a
dictator Used oil profits to modernize Iran Reforms angered the middle
class, religious leaders, merchants, rural poor, urban laborers, and the army
The Event In the late 1970s a decline in oil
prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrest
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Iranian Revolution Initial Phase
Sit-ins, riots, urban protests Government exiled religious leaders Military was unwilling to defend the
Shah Radical Phase
Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in France & overthrew the Shah in 1979
Ayatollah proclaimed himself “jurisprudent”
Ayatollah quickly repressed constitutional & leftist revolutionaries
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Images of the Revolution
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Images of the Revolution
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Recovery Phase Shiite Fundamentalism
Purge Iran of the “satanic” influences of the U.S. & Europe Banned alcohol, coeducational classrooms, mixed swimming, &
western entertainment Institute Sharia law
Iran Hostage Crisis Iranians stormed the U.S. embassy taking 70 Americans
captive Government Reforms Nationalized banks, insurance companies, & large
farms Attempts at land reform and economic development
were minimal due to the Iran – Iraq War (1980-1988)