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Census of India 2011

ASSAM

SERIES-19 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

SIVASAGAR

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS ASSAM

SERIES - 19 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOKSIVASAGAR

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS ASSAM

ASSAM

Product Code No.***************

SHIVA DOUL

The Shiva doul stands on the bank of Borpukhuri tank in the heart of Sivasagar town of Sivasagardistrict .It was built in 1734 by Queen Ambika, wife of king Swargadeo Shiva Singha. Shiva doulis 180 feet tall and 195 feet in diameter. The Shiva doul (doul means temple in Assamese) is believedto be the tallest Shiva temple in India. Its height is 104 feet (32 m) and the perimeter is 195 ft (59m) at the base. It is capped by an eight feet high golden-dome. Each year during Shivaratri, a hugemela (fair) is organised in the temple ground and pilgrims from all over the country arrives here tooffer puja.

SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

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ContentsPages

Foreword (ix)Preface (xi)Acknowledgement (xii)History and Scope of the District Census Handbook (xiii)Brief History of the District (xiv)

ANALYTICAL NOTE 1-63

(i) Physical features 3 (ii) Census Concepts 16

(iii) Non-Census Concepts 20(iv) 2011 Census findings – Population and its distribution 27(v) Brief analysis of Primary Census Abstract data based on inset tables 1 to 35 28(vi) Brief analysis of Village Directory and Town Directory data based on Inset

tables 36 to 45 48(vii) Major social and cultural events, natural and administrative developments and

significant activities during the decade 54 (viii) Brief description of places of religious, historical or archaeological importance

and places of tourist interest in the district 55(ix) Major charateristics of the district – contribution of the district in the form of any

historical figure associated with the district 57(x) Scope of Village Directory and Town Directory- Column headingwise explanation

and Coverage of Data 59

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY 65-401

Section I - Village Directory 67-389

Note explaining the abbreviations used in Village Directory 69(a) List of villages merged in towns and outgrowths at 2011 Census 75(b) RC Maps showing CD boundaries 77-90(c) Alphabetical list of Villages alongwith location code 2001 & 2011 : 91-101(d) CD blockwise Village Directory 103-391Demow CD Block 104Sibsagar CD Block 160Gourisagar CD Block 200Amguri CD Block 240Nazira CD Block 256Lakwa CD Block 280Pachim Abhoypur CD Block 296Sapekhati CD Block 312Sonari CD Block 352


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Appendixes to Village Directory: 357-389

Appendix I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical andAmenities in Villages - CD Block wise 359

Appendix I A Villages by number of Primary Schools 363Appendix I B Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools 364Appendix I C Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available 364Appendix II Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have

one or more amenities available 365Appendix III Land utilisation data in respect of Census Towns / Non-Municipal towns 365Appendix IV CD Block wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking

water facility is available 365Appendix V Summary showing number of villages having or not having Scheduled Castes

population 366Appendix VI Summary showing number of villages having or not having Scheduled Tribes

population 366Appendix VII A List of villages according to the proportion of Scheduled Castes

to the total population by ranges 367Appendix VII B List of villages according to the proportion of Scheduled Tribes

to the total population by ranges 378Appendix VIII Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (CD Block wise) 389

Section II - Town Directory 391-401

Statement I Status and Growth History,2009 394Statement II Physical aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 395Statement III Civic and other amenities,2009 396Statement IV Medical, Educational, 2009 397Statement V Education,Recreational and Cultural facilities, 2009 398Statement VI Industry and Banking, 2009 399Statement VII Civic and other amenities in slums,2009 400Appendix to Town Directory - Towns showing their outgrowth with population 401

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SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

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Foreword

The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. Itcontains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provideinformation on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative uniti.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of thispublication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Censusi.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of VillageDirectory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village andtown viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking,and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and developmentat the grass-root level.

2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Censustables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B toVillage and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tablesand certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHBwas published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village andTown including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of theformats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity werebrought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges fromthe nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the formatof PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-foldindustrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group wasincluded in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rateas all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of theimportant innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentationof Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation.

4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some otheramenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘most importantcommodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory,the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of‘notified slums’.

5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number ofnew amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, EngineeringCollege, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special Schoolfor Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner withMBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop,Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, SubPost Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common ServiceCentre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts


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driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and OtherDistrict Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public DistributionSystem(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers(ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, PublicReading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, sevenStatements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and GrowthHistory of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-MedicalFacilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & otheramenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presentedin DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and TownDirectory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have beenpublished in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under thesupervision of Shri Prateek Hajela, IAS, Director of Census Operation, Assam. The task of Planning, Designingand Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS)under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI.Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps.Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa,Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validitychecking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory andTown Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The workof preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all ofthem and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

(C.Chandramouli)New Delhi. Registrar General &Dated:- 16-06-2014 Census Commissioner, India

SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

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The District Census Handbook (DCHB) was first introduced in 1951 Census. This is a publication containingboth Census and Non-Census data. The DCHB is a publication where data is sourced both from StateGovernment as well as from the office of the Directorate of Census Operations.In a DCHB, district wise data at village and town/ Ward level is presented at Community Development

Blockwise. In DCHBs of earlier Censuses only Primary Census Abstract data was presented alongside theVillage directory/Town Directory data. However, during 2011 Census it was decided to bring out two publicationsof DCHB as Part A and Part B for each district. The Part A will contain various inset tables based on VillageDirectory/Town Directory data , Part B shall comprise mainly of Census data pertaining to Primary CensusAbstract (Rural & Urban) as well as Houselisting data arranged CD Block wise for each district. This is thefirst time that the DCHB is coming up with the Houselisting data in its publication.

The main purpose of DCHB is to disseminate data upto the lowest administrative level of villages inrural areas and wards in urban areas to facililate micro level planning and development at the grassroots.

The Census Operation in Assam was conducted under the able guidance and supervision of Shri R.K.Das,IAS. I had assumed office as the Director of Census Operations in February, 2014 and by this time collectionand compilation of Village and Town Directory schedules for the 26395 villages and 214 towns, including 126Census Towns had painstakingly been completed. An important aspect of this publication of DCHB is that unlikeother Census publications where villages are presented only Revenue Circle wise, this publication of the handbookis presenting villages CD Blockwise. For this purpose, the information on CD Blocks was collected from Panchayatand Rural Department of the state Government to arrange the villages accordingly.

The work of collection of Village and Town Directory schedules was done under the supervision ofDr.D.K.Dey, Joint Director and Sri G.R.Saikia, Deputy Director. However, after transfer of Dr. Dey from DCO,Assam, Smt Bharati Chanda supervised the work of compilation, validation and finalization of Village and TownDirectory data. Smt Nijora Sharma, Asst. Director guided and co-ordinated the entire staff engaged in thevarious aspects relating to compilation of the DCHB. Shri J.Ghosh, Sr.Supervisor greatly helped in cross checkingand validation of the entire data. Smt. Salma Sahin Laskar, SI-II and Shri Satadal Dutta, DEO also have contributedsignificantly in bringing out this publication of DCHB by meticulously scrutinizing the data and preparing themanuscripts.

I would like to thank Shri O.M.Singh, Research Officer (Map) and his dedicated team of the Mapsection for preparing the maps presented in the DCHB.

I am grateful to Dr.C.Chandramouli, IAS Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India for hisvaluable guidance and his constant encouragement to complete the work within the time frame. I would also liketo specially thank Shri A.K.Arora, Joint Director, D.P.Division and his team for their constant technical guidanceand co-operation.

Guwahati (PRATEEK HAJELA, IAS)11th July, 2014 DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS,ASSAM

Preface


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Acknowledgement Editing and Supervision

1. Mrs. Bharati Chanda Joint Director2. Shri G.R. Sakia Deputy Director3. Smt. Nijora Sharma Asst. Director4. Sri O.M. Singh Research Officer(Map)

Drafting of Analytical Note

1. Sri N.K. Talukdar Asst. Director (EDP)2. Sri Bikash Nath Asst. Director3. Sri B. Borpujari Asst. Director4. Sri N.M. Gogoi SI-I5. Smt. Ranjita Sharma Sr. Supervisor6. Smt. Pranati Medhi Sr. Supervisor7. Smt. Khana Das SI-II8. Sri S.Sajilal SI-II9. Miss Salma Sahin Laskar SI-II

10. Md. C. Rahman SI-II11. Smt. Ambalika Khound SI-II

Social Studies Section

1. Sri P.J.Borkakoty SI-I2. Sri S. Sajilal SI-II3. Sri S. Swragiary SI-II4. Smt. Dipti Sharma Compiler5. Miss D.Makdoh Compiler6. Miss A. Nilufar Sr. Consultant7. Sri Pankaj Das Jr. Consultant8. Sri Sushanta Chakraborty Jr. Consultant

Data Validation and final set up

1. Sri Jayanta Ghosh Sr. Supervisor2. Sri Satadal Dutta DEO

Mapping Unit

1. Sri M.R.Nath Sr. Geographer2. Smt. S.K.Chetia Sr. Drawing Assistant3. Smt. Minu Kalita Sr. Drawing Assistant4. Smt. Mamoni Kalita Sr. Draughtsman5. Smt. Biju Mahanta Sr. Draughtsman

SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

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The need of data at the grass root level for theadministrative and planning purposes at sub micro levelas well as academic studies prompted the innovationof District Census Handbook. District CensusHandbook is a unique publication from the Censusorganization which provides most authentic details ofcensus and non-census information from village andtown level to district level. The District CensusHandbook was firstly introduced during the 1951Census. It contains both census and non census dataof urban as well as rural areas for each district. Thecensus data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrativeunit i.e. of each village and town and ward of thedistrict. The non census data comprise of data onavailability of various civic amenities andinfrastructural facilities etc. at the town and villagelevel which constitute Village Directory and TownDirectory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHBare of considerable importance in the context ofplanning and development at grass-root level.

In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptiveaccount of the district, administrative statistics, censustables and village and town directory includingPrimary Census Abstract. This pattern was changedin 1971 Census and the DCHB was published inthree parts: Part-A related to village and towndirectory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrativestatistics, district census tables and certain analyticaltables based on PCA and amenity data in respect ofvillages. The 1981 census DCHB was published intwo parts: Part-A contained village and town directoryand Part-B the PCA of village and town includingthe SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. Newfeatures along with restructuring of the formats ofvillage and town directory were added into it. InVillage Directory, all amenities except electricity werebrought together and if any amenity was not availablein the referent village, the distance in broad rangesfrom the nearest place having such an amenity, wasgiven.

HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRITCTCENSUS HANDBOOK

The pattern of 1981 census was followed by andlarge for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the formatof PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrialclassification of main workers was given against thefour-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 agegroup was included in the PCA for the first time witha view to enable the data users to compile morerealistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years ofage had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991census. One of the important innovations in the 1991census was the Community Development Block (CDBlock) level presentation of village directory and PCAdata instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS levelpresentation.

As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope ofVillage Directory was improved by including someother amenities like banking, recreational and culturalfacilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘mostimportant commodity’ manufactured in a village inaddition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses.In Town Directory, the statement on Slums wasmodified and its coverage was enlarged by includingdetails on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’.

The scope and coverage of Village Directory of2011 DCHB has been widened by including a numberof new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In theTown Directory, seven Statements containing thedetails and the data of each town have been presentedviz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of towns,(ii)-Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civicand other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)-Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & otheramenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise dataof Village Directory and Village PCA have beenpresented in DCHB of 2011 census as presented inearlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census havebeen presented in two parts, Part-A contains Villageand Town Directory and Part-B contains Village andTown wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Partshave been published in separate volumes in 2011Census.


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Brief History of the district :

Sivasagar earlier known as “Rangpur”, thehistorical city of Assam is situated 363 K.M. east ofGuwahati. Earlier Sivasagar was the capital of themighty Ahoms, who ruled Assam for more than sixhundred years before the advent of the British. Themost remarkable landscape of the town is the 200year old Sibsagar tank.

The name Sivasagar signifies “the ocean of LordSiva”. The origin of the name of the district Sivasagaris associated with the Shiva temple on the bank of atank in Shivapur the then Ahom capital Rongpur.Initially, the place came to be known as Shivapur beingassociated with the great Siva temple (Siva Dol) builton the bank of a big tank. Then with passage of time,the name Sivsagar, alluding both to the tank and thetown gained popularity.

The early history of Sivasagar district isconnected with the Bodos and Shans. Later on afterthe entry of Ahom, Sivasagar turned to be a prominentplace for the Ahom kingdom by establishing capitalsat presentdayCharaidew, Garhgaon, Bakata, Rongpur(Sivasagar Town adjoining part). Scholars are of theopinion that the great Bodos tribe of Sino-Tibetanorigin had established over the valley of theBrahmaputra fairly early in the second millenium B.C.and some Austric and possibly also Dravidian tribeshave preceded the Mongoloid Bodos in the tract. Thearea of present Sivasagar district formed part of thistract and covered by tribal settlements of Bodo tribes.It is also believed that this area formed a part of thegreat Kingdom of Pragjyotish-Kamrupa whoseeastern boundary extended up to the river Dikhouespecially during the time of Varman rulers of Assamin the 7th and 8th century. This political status seemsto have continued till the decline of Hindu dynastyand thereafter several small principalities wereestablished by the Barabhuyans and the Bodos chiefsbeginning from the 12th century AD or a little earlier.When the curtain lifts for modern history, and it doesnot lift straight way as its introductory scene of therest of the Assam valley is to be seen where onefinds a large part of the district was under the dominionof the Kachari King of Dimapur. These Kacharisbelong to the great Bodo tribes and are thought to be

a section of Indo – Chinese race. They were foundnot only in the valley of the Brahmaputra but also inthe Garo Hills and in Hill Tippera far away to thesouth. However, the history of Kacharis in Sivasagaris vague and fragmentary, as unlike the Ahoms, theyhave left no annals of their rule till we find them incollision with the Ahom. But it should be noted thatprior to the advent of Sukapha, the founder of theAhom dynasty the whole of Eastern Assam was undertribal rule. A powerful section of this race locallycalled Chutiya, established their capital at Sadiyaprobably early in the 13th century A.D. This tribe livedin large independent villages like the Abors and Mirisof the present day. In course of time, about A.D.1189, one Birpal or Birabar seems to have attaineda certain measure of supremacy over the neighbouringvillages, which continued by his son Gourinarayan whoassumed the title of Lord of the Hills. He descendedinto the valley of Brahamputra and there he defeateda King called BhadraSen and founded a capital calledRatnapur. The Chutiya leader assumed the name ofRatnadhvaj Pal, contracted an alliance with aneighbouring Raja called Nyaya Pal. Ratnadvaj wassucceeded by nine kings and Dhirnarayan aliasDharmadvaj Pal is the ninth king of the series. In thesouthern part the HedambialKachari of the Dhansrivalley had their capital at Dimapur. The Dimasa KingBicharpatipha alias Prakash said to be a son ofMahadev was a contemporary of Sukapha.

Turning to the history of the Ahom, the fierceand warlike tribes of Shans, who call themselves Tai,were a branch of the great Tai race of East Asia.During the expansion of the Mao Shan empire underking Sukanpha and Swabwa or Sukhanpha of Mong-Mao in the third decade of the thirteenth century A.D.Samlongpha (Khun-san-Long) brother of Sukhanphaand Swabwa (Chaopa) of Mong-Kawung (Mgaungin upper Burma were said to be the greatest generalsand conqueror in south-east Asia at that time. Afterhaving conquered the region of the Lusai Hills, Tripuraand Manipur, the Ahom historian say that Sukaphathe first Ahom king, the cousin of Sukhanpha enteredAssam in 1228 A.D. crossing the high hills calledPatkai.

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Here he found Chutiyas ruling in the north andthe Kacharis in the south, where the river Dilih wasformed the boundary between the two. The DimasaKing Bisarpatipha was a contemporary of Sukapha.Sukapha wrested Mahang, the eastern part of theterritory of this Kachari king driving him in to thehills.

The struggle between the Ahoms and the Chutiyasand Kacharis started during the gradual movementof expansion towards the east and west by theAhoms. When the Chutiya feudatory Prince, KossiRaja, revolted against the Mao-Shan authority, ChaoSukapha defeated the Chutiya Prince and forced hisway across the Patkai Hills, after conquering themiddle region. He then entered the Eastern Assamvalley and took over the charge of all the territoriesincluding the Chutiya territories.

Hostilities broke out between the two powerstowards the middle of the fourteenth century. In 1376A.D., his hosts at a regatta to which the Chutiyashad invited him murdered the Ahom king. A majorcollision took place when the Dimasa (Timasa)Kacharis invaded the Ahom territory in 1490 A.D.,where the force sent by the Ahom king Suhenpha(1488-1493) was defeated and driven across theDikhou. The Ahom king made peace by offering agirl to the Kachari king and without further pressures,the Kacharis then returned home. The scene of thebattle is in itself significant as it showed that theKacharis could fight successfully, at a considerabledistance from their capital and that they could maketheir influence felt not only in the Mikir Hills and theforests of the Dhansiri but also in the fertile plains ofJorhat and Golaghat. But it was not for long that theywere to enjoy the pleasant sense of victory. The reignof Suhungmung (1497-1539) who was known asDihingia Raja witnessed a marked expansion of Ahomterritories. He brought under his submission allChutiyas living round Sadiya; the Bara-Bhuyans ofthe north bank of the Brahmaputra and their territorieswere annexed to the Ahom dominions.

The Muslims sent two expeditions up theBrahmaputra valley. Suhungmung killed a Pathannamed Turbak, the leader of the second expeditionon the banks of the Bharali in 1532 A.D. after threeyears of protracted war. He drove the scatteredforces of the Turbak across Kamrup and Kamata,with the cooperation of the Kamatas. Beingfrightened, the Sultan of Gour negotiated for peace.In 1536 A.D., he advanced up the valley of Dhansiri,

killed the Kachari Raja Detsung and sacked his capitalDimapur. Thus, under Suhungmung the Ahom kingdomreached its greatest expansion and Kamrup andKamata were liberated from Muslim domination.Suhungmung, like so many of the Ahom kings methis end at the hands of assassin and was succeededby Suklenmung (1539-1552). Sukhampha (1552-1603)better known as Khora-Raja (Lame Raja) was thesuccessor of Suklenmung. During his reign of power,Koch king Naranarayan (1540-84) made twosuccessive attacks on the Ahom kingdom in 1562 and1563 A.D. The first advance of the Koch army underChilarai was though not successful as the trick ofBrahmin dressed army sent by Ahom king playedwell, but Chilarai was successful when he made asecond advance against the Ahom capital. The well-known Deo-Raja Maidamnear Mourabazar atSivasagar is the standing monument today in memoryof Tipam Raja, called also as Deo-Raja whocommanded the Ahom army in this second battle.

Suchengpha or PratapSinha (1603-1641)succeeded Sukhampha. In 1614 A.D., Bali Narayanthe Grandson of Chilarai (Naranarayan’s brother)asked Suchengpha for help against Muhammadans.But in 1637, as the Nawab of Dacca sent up anoverwhelming force, the Ahoms were driven out ofKamrup and treaty was made in 1639 A.D. fixingthe Barnadi as the frontier between Muhammadanand Ahom territory.

In 1648 Sutamla (JaydhvajSinha) came to thethrone. He drove the Musalmans out of Kamrup andGoalpara and for a short time the Ahoms were inpossession of the whole of the valley of Brahmaputra.In 1662, Mir Jumla, the Nawab of Dacca started witha large force and occupied the forts of Jogighopa,Saraighat, Pandu, Guwahati and Kajali without anydifficulty. Later on they occupied Simalugarh andKaliabor. In March 17, 1662, the Nawab enteredGargaon without any opposition. However, later onthe Muhammadans had to face many problems andMir Jumla’s health had become so bad and hence apeace was patched at Ghilajharighat in January 1663.

JaydhvajSinha was succeeded byChakradhvajSinha (1663-1670). He was a man ofindomitable courage and wonderful farsighted and alsoa great warrior himself. Being unable to consumethe humiliating defeat and the terms of treaty ofGhilajharighat in the hands of Mughals, he started avast war preparation under his direct supervision. Heattacked the Mughals and recovered Kamrup in 1667.


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When this news reached Aurangzeb, he sent a largeArmy against Ahoms, but the Ahom General LachitBarphukan displayed consummate ability against greatodds and inflicted a crushing defeat on Mughals inthe historic battle of Saraighat in 1671. On the deathof ChakradhvajSinha in 1670, Ahom history witnesseda reign of conspiracy till 1681. The Mughals tookadvantage of these disturbances to regain possessionof Gauhati in 1679. But GadadharSinha of theTungkhungia dynasty who came to the throne in 1681finally drove them out of the kingdom. Gauhati wasrecovered in 1682.

The Zenith of the Ahom power was reached inthe reign of RudraSinha or Sukhrungpha (1696-1714).He founded new capital at Rangpur presently knownas Sivasagar. During his reign subjugation of Cacharand Jaintia was completed in 1700 A.D., and Nagaswere brought under the control of Ahom kingdom.He died at Gauhati in 1714 when he was engaged inlarge-scale plans for expedition against the Mughalsin Bengal.

His son PramattaSingha in memory of that sadevent erected the Rudreswar temple there.RudraSingha has been called the Sivaji of EasternIndia. Certainly not Assam only, but the whole of Indiacan feel proud of RudraSingha who formed the nobleconception of organizing a confederacy of Hindu rulersto fight the Mughals. Unfortunately, his son ShivaSingha (1714-44) was a weak Prince, much underthe influence of his wives. His wife Phuleswari wasa staunch devotee of Saktism. The name of his secondwife Ambika is remembered by posterity as theexcavator of the great tank near which the presenttown Sivasagar (Shiva’s tank) stands.

The reign of next prince PramattaSingha (1744-1751) was short and uneventful. RajeswarSingha(1751-1769) succeeded him. During his reign of power,the Raja of Manipur applied for aid. RajeswarSinghasent one expedition and it ended in failure whilecrossing Patkai. The second expedition wasdespatched in 1762 but that too was a less successful.However this helped good alliance between the Ahomand Manipuris, which led to religious and culturalcontacts between the two countries.

The reign of RejeswarSingha’s successor,Lakshmi Singha (1769-1780) saw the outbreak of theMoamaria insurrection. The Moamarias were disciplesof the May-Mara Satra and belong to the Vaisnavitesof the orthodox School. The Ahom Moa-mariaconflict was a socio-religious character in its origin,

taking in course of time a political colour. Thisultimately proved to be the most important factor inbringing about the downfall of the Ahoms. The Moa-maria rebels attacked Ahom capital; and LakshmiSingha was driven from his capital and captured.There was large-scale bloodshed, executions and akind anarchism in the kingdom. The signal for thecounter attack is said to have been given by one ofthe wives of Lakshmi Singha, the Manipuri PrincesKuranganayani. She killed very cleverly the Raghawho had forcibly taken her as wife after becomingthe Barbarua and restored the thrown again toLakshmi Singha.

In 1780, Lakshmi Singha died and was succeededby his son GaurinathSingha (1780-1795) in whosereign the Moa-maria broke out a new and withincreased violence. In 1786 the Moa-maria rebelsunder Bharat Singha inflicted a decisive defeat uponthe royal troops and took Rangpur. The king fled toGuwahati. Bharat Singha ruled at Rangpur for morethan six years. GourinathSingha sought the help ofBritish Governor General Lord Cornwallis at Calcuttaand in 1792 a small British force was sent under thecommand of Captain Welsh to the assistance of Ahomking. In March 1794, Rangpur was re-occupied byGaurinathSingha. He died in 1795 and was succeededby KamaleswarSingha (1795-1811). The country wasstill in a state of disorder and moreover Dafals beganattacks on royal troops. KamaleswarSingha wassucceeded by his brother Chandra KantaSingha.During his period Burmese took the advantage of lostvigor of Ahoms as a military race and unseemlyquarrels amongst themselves. Burmese army crossedthe Patkai early in 1817 and interfered in Ahom powerwith an intention to retain their hold upon Assam.Though Chandra Kanta made a series of abortiveattempts in 1821 to recover lost kingdom, Burmesesucceeded in retaining their hold on Assam by puttingtheir own puppets with a reign of terror. Fortunatelythis attracted British, who then declared war againstBurmese in 1824. British occupied Rangpur in January1825 and compelled Burmese to retire to their ownterritories. By the treaty of Yandaboo of February24, 1826, the king of Ara renounced all claims onAssam and subsequently Assam was annexed to thedominions of the East India Company. The East IndiaCompany entrusted PurandarSinha in 1833 with theadministration of upper Assam. Even this artificialornamentation by a scion of the Ahom royal Housewas short lived for in the year 1838 A.D. the wholearea was resumed by the authorities of the East India

SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

(xvii)

Company and annexed to British territory. By aproclamation in 1839 the area was divided into twodistricts of Sivasagar and Lakhimpur. PurandarSinghashifted the headquarters of the newly formedSivasagar district from Jorhat to Sivasagar. Again in1913, the district headquarter was shifted to Jorhatand Sivasagar remained as a sub-divisionalheadquarter.However, on 1st July, 1983 the presentSivasagar district was carved out from thenSivasagar(HQ at Jorhat) comprising present Jorhat,Golaghat&Sivasagar and declared a new district withheadquarter at Sivasagar consisting only then SibsagarSub-Division. ShriAnup Thakur, IAS then SDO© ofSivasagar Dub-Division designated as DeputyCommissioner of Sivasagar.

District Administration:

The Deputy Commissioner of the District is theoverall in charge of the administration of the entiredistrict. He also acts as the Collector in case ofRevenue matters, as a District Magistrate in case ofmaintenance of Law and Order and GeneralAdministration, as a District Election Officer in case

of conduct of Election, as a Principal Census Officerwhile conducting Census, and so on. A number ofOfficers, like Additional Deputy Commissioners, Sub-divisional Officers, Extra Assistant Commissioners andothers assist the Deputy Commissioner is looking afterthe administration of the district. At lower level eachsub-division is headed by one Sub-Divisional Officerwhereas under him there will be Revenue CircleOfficers for each revenue circles who are responsiblefor the entire administration of the area under theirrespective revenue circle

For the administrative purposes, the entire districtis divided into three sub-divisions viz., Sivasagar,Nazira and Charaideo. Again each sub-division isdivided into revenue circles and under revenue circlesthere are Mouzas comprising revenue villages. Thereare total 6 revenue circles namely Dimow, Sivasagar,Amguri, Nazira, Sonari, Mahmora.There are 875numbers of villages in the district. The district has 9Community Development Blocks and 7 town whichinclude 6 statutory towns and 1 census towns.Sivasagar district covers an area of 2668 Sq.Km.(Rural: 2625.07 Sq.Km and Urban: 42.93 Sq.Km.)

**********************************

ANALYTICAL NOTE

ANALYTICAL NOTE

3

(i) Physical features:Sivasagar district lies between 260 41' 00' and

270 17' 00' latitude and 940 24' 00' and 950 29' 00'longitudes. On the north and east it is bounded by thedistrict of Dibrugarh and on the west and southwestby the district of Jorhat and by Nagaland in South.The district now covers an area of 2,668 square kmsand has a population of 11, 51, 050. The districtoccupies 13th rank in terms of area and 11th rank interms of 2011 population in the State.

Topography:The natural topography of the district of

Sivasagar is a flooded tract which is a wide, healthyand homogeneous plain lying between the Naga hillsand the low lying area along the Brahmaputra. It isthe populous and important portion in which there ishardly any jungle to be seen and where cultivationbrings in considerable prosperity and progress. Onthe lower land the staple crop is rice, while thehigher levels have been planted with tea. Thelandscape, as a rule, is one of rural plenty. On everyside stretch fields of waving rice the view is boundedby groves of feathery bamboos and slender areca-nut trees in which the houses of the cultivators lieconcealed. The tea gardens themselves have lot toappeal to the lover of the picturesque landscapes.The rows of the bushes are permed down to oneuniform level and the monotony of this expanse ofgreen is only relieved by the labourer’s lines, thefactory and the manager’s bungalows.

On the west of the Disai, the appearance of thisplain is diversified by the protrusion of sub-soil andrice is often grown in curious depressions, calledholas, which are three or four feet below the levelof higher land. The ground between these holas isused for grazing or for the village site and is oftenplanted out with sugar cane. A wonderful view ofthe plain and forest can be obtained from one of theouter ranges of the Naga Hills near Kanching Basti.

Hill:The whole of the district is a level plain. Two

small hillocks call for special mention, but only onaccount of the associations with which they areconnected and not from any instinctive importance

of their own. The Charaideo hill in the DhopabarMauza was the site of the first Ahom capital andonce a burial place of the Ahom kings and ruins oftheir tombs are still to be seen.

Drainage:On the east of the Sivsagar district flows the

Disang river starting its maiden journey from thePatkai Bum which is situated at latitude 260 38´ andlongitude 950 27´. The maximum altitude near aboutthis origin is 8,511 feet. Then the river Tisa, as theDisang is known near about its origin, movestowards north and travels about 38 mileshorizontally before it meets with its first tributaryTowaijo, which originates in the Konyak Nagacountry at an attitude of 5,391 feet. Thecatchments area of the Disang is 1,599 sq. miles.

West of the Disang river is the Dikhou, whichoriginates from a Sema Naga area whose latitudeis 26 0 5 ́ and longitude is 94 0 33 .́ This place hasan altitude of 5,981 feet. Near its origin this river isknown as the Longa river, which moving north-west for about 12 miles, turns north-east andproceeds in this way about 16 miles and then meetsits first tributary Chimel Nadi on the right bank. Itsprincipal tributary in Sivasagar is the Darika, whichflows a little northeast of Sivasagar town and fallsinto the Dikhou near its mouth.

To the west of the Dikhou it is the Jhanji, whichoriginates near Mukokchung at an altitude of 4,644feet, the latitude and longitude respectively being260 20´and 940 32´. At the initial stage the river isknown as the Melek Nadi, which moves north-westand meets innumerable streams until it comesacross its main tributary Muring Nadi of the rightbank. The total length of the Jhanji is 67 miles andits area is 530 square miles.

The plains of Sivasagar district lying in thebasin areas of river Disang, Dikhou and Jhanji andall these tributaries of Brahmaputra flows towardswest and confluence with the Brahmaputra atDisangmukh, Dikhoumukh & Jhanjimukh (JorhatDistrict). These areas suffer frequently from thefloods. But the magnitudes of the devastation andhavoc caused by floods have increased after the greatearthquake of 1950.

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK : SIVASAGAR DISTRICT

4

Flora and Fauna:Botanically the forest of Sivasagar can roughly

be divided into two divisions: - the tropical andevergreen forests. The first category includesclimatic climax vegetation such as Hollong, Nahor,Sam, Amri, Gunseroi, Makai, and Sopa etc. They arethe best-stocked stand of the district.

The evergreen forests as the name suggests areevergreen in character and are generally found inDilih Sapekhati, Geleki, Tiruhill, Disai and Disaivalley reserves. In some reserves, Makai is alsofound associated with Hollong in this canopy.

In some parts of the western areas number ofwild elephants, bear, jungle cats, crab-eatingmongoose etc., are found. In the Northern parts,variety of bird species are found in Panidihing BirdSanctuary.

Climate and Rainfall:Just like the rest of upper Assam, this district has

a climate, which is characterized by a highly humidatmosphere, abundant rains and general coolness. Thecold season from December to February is followed bythe season of severe thunderstorms from March toMay. The southwest monsoon season is from June toabout the beginning of October. October andNovember constitute the post monsoon season.

As per Statistical Hand Book Assam 2012, thehighest rainfall occurred 500.3 mm in the month ofJuly, 2011.

Temperature:There is a meteorological observation at

Sibsagar. The cold season starts about the end ofNovember when both day and night temperaturesbegin to drop rapidly. January is the coldest month ofthe year with the mean daily minimum temperatureat 9.8 0 c (49.6 0 F) and the mean daily maximum at21.6 0 c (70.90 F). Temperatures begin to rise fromabout the beginning of March and by July they attainthe highest point, the mean daily maximumtemperature being 31.80 c (89.30 F)

The monsoon season is the period of the yearwith the highest temperatures. Being also the periodwith high moisture in the air, the weather is oftenunpleasant with the damp heat particularly inbetween the spells of rain.

Forests:Forestry has played an important role in the

economy of the district. There are two types offorests in the district, tropical evergreen forests andmiscellaneous forests. A vast majority of the peopleof the district depends upon forests for firewoodfor domestic consumption and for timber, bamboo,ekora, reed, thatch, jengu, tokoupat, cane etc forhouse building purposes.

Land and land use pattern:The land put to different uses in the district may

be classified as forests, agriculture, wasteland etc. The

following table gives the clear picture of the area ofland put to different uses in the district.

Table-I Area under Forest under Sivasagar as on 30-1-2012

Name of the forest division Reserved forest Proposed Reserved forest

Protected Area Total Forest( excluding unclassed state forest)

Sivasagar 24092 3393 27485.9

Source: Statistical Hand Book Assam, 2012)

ANALYTICAL NOTE

5

Table-IILand use Pattern in Sivasagar District, 2010-2011

Sl. No. Land put to different uses Area in hectares

1 Total Geographical area 260290

2 Forest area 30465

3 Land not available for cultivation 56151

a Land put to non-agricultural uses 48815

b Barren and un-cultural land 7336

4 Other non-cultivated land excluding fallow land 29211

a Permanent pastures and other grazing land 7330

b Land under misc, trees, groves etc. not included in net area

20061

c Cultivable waste land 1820

5 Fallow land 7641

a Fallow other than current fallow 2931

b Current fallow 4710

6 Net area sown 136822

7 Total cropped area 146734

8 Area sown more than once 9912

Source: Statistical Hand Book Assam, 2012

Irrigation:Cultivators of the district are mainly dependent

on rainfall. But rainfall being unevenly distributed,they also resort to indigenous methods of irrigationsuch as lifting of water by means of swing bucket.To meet the demands of the agriculturists for aregular supply of water some irrigation schemes areundertaken by the government since beginning.

The district receives sufficient amount of rainduring monsoon season but the major crops likepaddy, jute, sugarcane etc. have to depend on some

other sources of water during the major part of theyear. The system of jan or dong (a canal) to irrigatepaddy field by constructing small canals is still inpractice in some part of the district. Some minorirrigation project like construction of bunds acrossthe streams and rivulets, drainage channels and siltchannels etc. are implemented in the district by theGovernment. Lift irrigation with electric pump-setshas also been operated in some parts of the district.The dies generators are also used to lift water andwater the paddy field.


6

SL.No Particulars Land areas in (hectares)

1 Irrigation Potential utilized during 2011-2012 980

i During Kharif crop 951

ii During Rabi and pre kharif crop 29

2 Irrigation potential 16203

i Minor 16203

ii Major and Medium --

3 Target of addition irrigation potential 1699

i Minor 1699

ii Major Medium --

4 Achievement of addition irrigation potential 177

i Minor 177

ii Major Medium --

Source: Statistical Hand Book Assam, 2012.

Soil:The arable soils of the Sivasagar district may

broadly be grouped into ( 1) Old alluvial soils, ( 2)New alluvial soils of riparian tracts and ( 3) Hillysoils. The major portions of the arable soils of thedistrict are however, alluvial soils.

The textures of soils of the district vary fromsandy loams to sands. There are also some clayeyloams or clayed soils. Both old alluvial soils and hillsare acid in reaction and deficient in calcium. Theyare usually deficient in “available” phosphate andpotash also. As regards to total nitrogen, it variesfrom high to low in the case of old alluvial soils, it is

medium in most of new alluvial soils. While hill soilsare usually comparatively rich in nitrogen apparentlydue to the virgin nature of the soils.

Crops:Tea, Paddy, Sugar cane, vegetables and to some

extent fruits are the main crops, grown in old alluvialsoils of the district as the soil conditions being suitablefor these crops. Rice is the principal food crop of thedistrict.

The following table presents data on differenttypes of crops grown, area, yield etc. in the districtduring 2011-2012 (final forecast).

Table-III Irrigation potential utilised andtargets and additional potential created in Sivasagar

district during 2011-12(Cumulative)

ANALYTICAL NOTE

7

Table-IVArea and Production of important crops in Sivasagar district for the year 2011-2012

1 2 3 4

1 Autumn Paddy 62 902 Winter Paddy 96696 3280633 Summer Paddy 336 14754 Wheat 18 22

1 Matikalai 239 1342 Jute 43 3983 Rape and Mustard 1455 7374 Potato 1059 6633

5Sugarcane 96 3557

6 Masur 7 4

Types of Crop Area under cultivation(hectare)

Production (Tones)

A - Cereals

B. Miscellaneous

Source: Website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Assam.

Horticultural crops:Banana, Papaya, Pineapple etc are important

horticultural crops of the district. The following tablegives a brief account of the horticultural crops grownduring 1998-99 in the district.

Table- VArea and Production of Horticulture crops in Sivasagar district, 2011-2012

S l.No. Type of crops Area under cultivator (in Hectare) Production (in Tonnes )

1 Brin ja l 237 32062 Cabb ag e 976 197693 Cauliflo wer 500 73904 Okra 408 35685 On io n 57 1536 Pap ay a 160 38377 Sweet Po ta to 110 4238 To mato 838 17911

1 Banan a 1559 239842 M an g o 269 31123 Oran g e 275 26294 Gu av a 215 40825 Jackfru it 780 58306 Pin eap p le 164 21777 Lemon 451 20868 Litch i 162 1067

Ve ge table s

Fruits

Source : Website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Assam.


8

Geology and Mineral wealth:

The geology of almost the entire district is thus,concealed by alluvial deposits. Geological surveys,aided by drilling for oil have shown that under therecent deposits there are many thousands of feet ofTertiary sediments, which lie over on Arunachalbasement complex. These Tertiary rocks representthe foreland facies and are distinguishable from thegeosynclinals facies of Tertiary rocks which from thehills on the south and southeast of the district. Rocksof the latter facies are found out-cropping in a smallarea within the district. The thick Disang series (over10,000 feet) of Naga Hills is composed mostly ofshales; whereas the comparatively thinner Jaintiaseries (2000 ft.) is composed of fossiliferouslimestones, sand stones and shales in the upperAssam Valley. The Barail series is of considerableeconomic importance as it contains oil and workableseams of coal. The series is about 10,000 ft. thick atthe northeastern end of the Naga Hills and includessand stones and shales. In this area the upper portionof the Barial series forms the coal measure sub-series.

Coal is the only mineral, which has so far beencommercially exploited in the district. It is mined inNazira coalfields. Coal is also found on the Jhanji andDisai (Dikhou) rivers. The Jhanji area is only threemiles long and stretches into the Nagaland. It liesfifteen miles southeast of Amguri railway station.

The coals have 3.4 to 6.8 percent moisture, 4.8 to6.5 percent ash, 33.8 to 36.9 percent volatile matterand 52.9 and 54.9 percent fixed carbon.

Oil is another mineral of considerable economicimportance, which has recently been discovered inSivasagar. The Oil and Natural Gas Commission

undertook exploration in Sivasagar and neighbouringareas for oil and natural gas early in 1957, when aseismic survey was initiated and continued later tilltoday. Now the Sivasagar figured in the industrialmap of India with the establishment of O.N.G.C.regional Head quarter at Nazira with theexploration of huge stock of Oil in Galeky andLakwa Oil fields.

So far as clay is concerned, ordinary clay forpottery and brick making is found almosteverywhere in the district. Fire clays have beenfound to occur with the coal seams.

iii) Cattle rearing : The district is filled withvarieties of livestock species. Agriculture ispredominant in the district as major source oflivelihood and therefore cattle, buffaloes; goats areof common sight with every household particularlyin the rural areas. Besides these pigs, ducks, sheep,fowls, pigeons etc. are reared in almost all thehouseholds. The domestic herbivorous animals aretaken in herds to graze in the paddy fields afterharvest. During night they are kept in shades. TheDepartment of Animal Husbandry and Veterinaryhas been constantly helping the farmers to rearlivestock.

Most families rear pigs, goats and poultry,however lack of adequate veterinary facility andknowledge of scientific breeding has left thelivestock with poor gene pool. People continuouslylose their cattle and poultry to the scourge offloodwaters. In spite of the existence ofGovernment infrastructure the people have not yetbenefited much from the services as most of thetime, veterinary personnel and medicines are not tobe found.

The following table gives a clearpicture ofabundant rearing of livestock in the district-

ANALYTICAL NOTE

9

Table-VI Livestock and Poultry in Sivasagar district as on 2007

Sl.No. Livestock and Poult ry Nos.

1 Catt le 413355

2 Buffaloes 25422

3 Sheep 111

4 Goats 172055

5 Pigs 79714

6 Fowls 692688

7 Ducks 314754


Sericulture: Silk industry in Assam has flourished since time

immemorial. The art of sericulture and rearing ofcocoons for manufacture of various silk cloths wereunknown to the Assamese as early as the Ramayanand the days of Arthasastra.

Three principal varieties of silk namely Pat, Eriand Muga are still produced in Assam. Thesevarieties are producing in Sivasagar also. The firstvariety is the finest and costliest. Eri is of coarserquality and is generally used by common people.

Muga is stouter and mora durable than any othercloths.

The pat, Muga and Eri are being produced by thepeople of Sivasagar district. The State government andthe Central silk Board have taken various measures forthe development of sericulture in Assam to increase theproduction of seed cocoons as well as the quality ofyarn.

Following table gives the picture of familiesengaged in silk production and total areas covered.

Table- VIISericulture Activities in the District, 2011-12

Type No. of Families EngagedTotal Area under Silk Worm Food

Plants (in Hect) No.of Sericulture villages

Eri 12816 401.25Muga 2833 666Mulberry 2547 348

716


Weaving:It is most important cottage industry of Assam

from the days of yore. In the past there was hardlyan Assamese family without a loom. Normally thehandloom cloths were not produced on a commercialscale and every family attained self-sufficiency inrespect of cloths.

During the British rule, the weaving industryfaced a keen competition from the mill made goodswhich dominated the markets situated even in theinterior areas also. However, the weaving industrydid not lose its importance among the people ofAssam. Mahatma Gandhi ably remarked that theAssamese women could weave fairy tales in their


10

cloths. The Chaddar, Mekhela and Gamocha arethe most important products of handloom weaving.

The Government of Assam has opened severalcentres in the district for skill development and toassist and promote the existing weaving units. It alsohelps the weavers by ways of giving training, aid,assistant etc. for improvement of products.

Bamboo and Cane work: It is also another type of cottage industry in the

district. The cane mats produced by the people weregenerally used by all section of the Assamesepeople. The products made of bamboo and cane isused in every household which are most essential forday to day life. Fishing implements made of bambooused in the district from the past are Jakai, Khalai,Chepa etc. which are still used by the people of thedistrict.

Saw mill:The small scale saw mills are playing an

important role in the exploitation of the forest wealthof the district. The products of the saw mills mainlygo to meet the demands of local constructional worksuch as building, house, bridge, furniture etc.

Besides above industries, there are some moreindustries which are traditionally associated withthe village economy are – (1) rice mill/ricepounding (II) Ghani (III)Blacksmith (IV) Pottery(V) Goldsmith (VI) Bakery (VII) Printing Pressetc

Tea Industry:The history of the tea industry in Assam dates

back of the year 1823, when the British discoveredtea plants near Sadiya and in Chabua (currently inthe Tinsukia district) where the first tea plantationtook place. It is mentioned in the EconomicDevelopment of Assam by P.C. Goswami that a teagarden was started by the Government in 1833 in theLakhimpur district. On 1835 a few indigenous plantswere taken from the forest at ‘Nimgroo’ borderingthe Singphoe country and grown at Koondilmukh atSadiya. A Company was found in 1939 known as theAssam Company. This was the first Company inIndia to undertake the commercial production of tea

and was the district successor of the East IndiaCompany. The headquarters of this Company wasformed at Nazira of present Sivasagar district andremained till the shifting to Calcutta in 1956. TheGovernment garden was carried from 1840 to 1849.But due to certain difficulties the garden was sold toa China man named ‘Among’. This China man failedto improve the garden. The early sixties of 19thcentury i.e. from 1859 to 1860 was a period ofsteady boom. After this period the tea industryreceived a great setback. But this trend waschecked by 1878. In 1881, the North India TeaEstate owners formed the Indian Tea Association.The industry grew continuously till 1890 andthereafter it under went through depreciation for ashort period but soon recovered from this State ofaffairs. The major improvements have been made inthe field of tea in the grouping gardens under alimited number of Companies in the progressivemechanization and rationalization of production andin increasing their efficiency of productivity oflabour.

The Guwahati Tea Auction centre:Marketing of Tea has always been a great

problem for the industrialists. Before opening of TeaAuction Centre at Guwahati, Tea Auction Centre inCalcutta arranged for sale of Assam Tea. TeaAuction Centre, third of its kind in India startedfunctioning at Guwahati from Sept., 1970.

Tea which is subject to direct taxation by way ofexcise duty, export duty and a user under Tea Act,the industry makes substantial direct contribution tocentral Revenues. Besides, these taxes tea industryis also subject to central income tax, supper tax(corporation) and agricultural income tax. Incometax alongwith sales tax leased upon it inflates theincome of the State Government to a great extent.

Tea is the mainstay of the plywood industry. Teagrown in different parts of Assam is packed in thegarden factories in plywood chests for dispatch. Teaestates require huge quantity of fertilizers for healthygrowth of tea. Thus it gives a strong support tofertilizer industry also.

The labour force that engaged in the industry isbrought mainly from Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissaand Madras. The industry provides ample scope for

ANALYTICAL NOTE

11

employment from higher to lower grade workers.The tea estate in Assam is in different geographicalsize. It varies from small garden to large tea estate.The administration is also generally same from eachother. The sole responsibility of a tea estate is vestedon the Manager of the estate. He is the head of theestate. He is assisted by 2/3 Assistant Managers.The Assistant Managers are given separateresponsibility such as production, supervision ofgarden and labours, financial affairs, stock/store andfactory etc. Each garden has a office in which there

is a head clerk called ‘Borobabu’ and he is assistedby some clerks and peon. Social service provided toits employees by hospitals run by qualified medicalofficer and staff. Most of the gardens have theirambulances to carry serious patient for bettertreatment to outside the gardens.

Handloom and Textile:In Sivasagar, there were 4 centres providing

training in Handloom with 70 trainees, in 2011-2012.

Table-VIII Handloom &Textiles in Tinsukia(2010 – 11)

Handloom training Centre(HTC) Number of Trainees in HTC

Handloom Production Centre (No)

Production

4 70 - -Source: Statistical Hand Book, Assam, 2012

Fishery:Fisheries in Assam are of various types. Fish is rearedon commercial basis in the beels, rivers, swamps, forestderelicts, ponds and tanks. There are registeredfisheries as well as some unregistered ones. Privatetanks, marshy areas, dead rivers and canals generallyfall in the unregistered group.

Various types of breed are found in beels andrivers in the district. Fishes like Rohu, Barali, Chital,Kaliajora, Kurhi, sol etc are found in big beels. Fishesthat are found available anywhere are Kawoi, Magur,Singra, Puthi, Darikana etc.

Table IX Table-Area under Fisheries in Sivasagar, 2011-2012

Types Beel Fisheries Pond & Tank Derelict Water Bodies/Swampss Forest Fisheries

Nos. 66 8940 216 3

Area(in Hect) 3878 763 3111 92


Industries:The district of Sivasagar being the seat of the

Ahom Government that ruled in medieval Assamwas naturally the place where Assam’s industries

along with her culture developed to a high degree ofperfection. Assam has a high reputation and earlytraditions in manufacturing cotton cloths required,jewelries, wood and bamboo products, pottery etc.


12

Table-XTypes of Industry

ASSAM SIVASAGAR

Factory Workers Factory Workers

1 Manufacturing of Food products and Beverage 1559 71123 126 7818

2 Manufacturing of Tobacco products 53 760 1 20

3Manufacturing of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture, articles of straw and plaiting materials

420 8175 3 9

5 Manufacturing of Paper and Paper products 68 4111 1 50

6 Printing,Publishing and reproduction of recorded media 43 1048 1 7

7 Manufacturing of chemicals and chemicals products 152 7751 2

8 Manufacturing of Rubber,Plastic products. 177 3643 8 70

9 Manufacturing of Non-Metallic mineral products 8416 36101 94 1578

10 Manufacturing of basic metals 172 4070 2 35

11 Manufacturing of fabricated Metal products and part(except Machinery and equipment) 109 1420 4 51

12 Manufacturing of Machinery and equipments 50 966 1 0

13 Manufacturing of Electrical Machinery and equipments and apparatus 61 1274 1 20

14 Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water supply 43 1406 4 114

15 Sale, Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sales of automotive fuel 113 2307 6 91

Sl. No. Type of Industry

Units

Source: Statistical handbook, 2012

ANALYTICAL NOTE

13

Trade and commerce:Sivasagar being the capital of the Ahom rules

calls for special mention of the commercial policy ofthe Ahom kings by which they sought to create anatmosphere of peace and harmony among thesurrounding tribes and the neighbouring countries.The main items of imports to the district are pulses,mustard oil, tobacco, cement, and all kinds of textilegoods, building materials, chemical manures, drugs andall kinds of consumer goods. The items of exports aretea, jute forest produces, oil cake etc. There are someregulated markets in the districts. But a great deal ofbusiness is transacted at the local markets on hats,which for the convenience of both the buyers and thesellers are held mostly on Sundays. There is awarehousing centre in Sivasagar with an occupancycapacity of 1,664 metric tones.

Banking:There were no banking facilities in the past. People

lived a life of hand to mouth. Barter system played a

vital role. Loans were received from wealthyfarmers of big business merchants and wereliquidated with the return of their regular harvest.As time rolled on this popular system, whichevinced keen trustworthiness between them, wastaken over by the Co-operative Societies. Thepractice was of rural phenomena. Gradually theopening up of Commercial Banks and theNationalized Banks both in rural and urban areas,the old system of transaction has undergonetremendous change. However, with the expansionof the tea industry and exploration of otherindustries, the credit structure of the district took aconcrete shape. Several banks have been set up invarious parts of the district. In addition, co-operative credit societies are also in operation.However, even now, the moneylender continues tobe an important source of rural credit.

The following table explains the number of banksin the district and the position of deposits and credits.

Table -XI

Position of Deposits and Credits of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks inSivasagar district as on March 2011

Category of Bank Nos. of Offices Rs. In crore deposits Credit Credit Deposit ratio

Scheduled Commercial Banks 72 1758 755 42.94

Scheduled Regional Rural Banks 22 181 92 50.82

Transport:The main conveyances used on land in olden

times were horses, elephants and palanquins. Whenthe British first came into possession of the province,the difficulty of communications proved a mostserious obstacle to its development. However, roadtransport is now playing a vital part in moulding theeconomic structure of the country. There are aNational Highway and Assam Trunk Road which runthrough the district. There are bus services onimportant roads for passengers and also private and

public vehicles for carrying goods, Taxis and touristcabsare available at reasonable rates.

As per Economic Survey,Assam, 2011-2012 inSivasagar district there is 1011 Km of Black Toppedand 1012 Km of Earthen/Gravelled PWD roads. Thelengths of Roads according to different classes underPWD are mentioned as under:

1. State Highway : 100 Km2. Major district : 310 Km3. Rural Road : 1573 Km4. Urban Road : 40 Km


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Rails:The main line of the railways comes from

Mariani and reaches Amguri in the Sibsagar districtand goes through Simlaguri and Bhojo and then toTinsukia. At Simlaguri junction, in this district, onebranch line goes to Naginimora in Nagaland andanother goes to Moranhat through Sibsagar andSepon. There are about 153 Kms. of BG rail lines inthe district.

Water- ways/ Ferry services:The great river Brahmaputra, which forms the

northern boundary of the district, together with itstributaries has offered ample scope for developmentof inland waterways transport. There are severalferry-ghats throughout the district with facilities forcrossing the river at important road points. Marboats of six tones capacity are generally used forconveyance of passengers, goods and even vehiclesfrom one bank to the other. Important ferry-ghats inthe district are Desangmukh-Matmora (25kms) andDikhowmukh-Sikarighat via Mamul (28 kms) andDikhowmukh-Phulani-Salmora (20 kms). On allthese routes single boats with 10 tones capacity areoperating.

Electricity and Power:The development of agriculture as well as

industry of any area cannot be thought of withoutthe availability of power. In addition to it, the use ofelectricity as source of lighting has becomeindispensable in present time. Sivasagar district doesnot possess any power plant for generation ofelectricity. It has to depend entirely on electricitysupply from outside the district. The responsibilitiesof co-ordinated development of generation,transmission and distribution of power in the statevests with the Assam state Electricity Board.

In Sivasagar District, as per the StatisticalHandbook, Assam, 2012, the number of villages toget electricity provisions is 452 out of 875 in theyear 2011-12.

Local self Government:The present system of local self Government is

a legacy of the British Administration and its originmay be traced to the principle of local taxation

embodied in Regulation 13 of 1813. However, somekinds of local self Government were in existence likeNamghar, in Vasnavite period. It was a form ofvillage court where trails of crimes and disputeswere held and judged.

Assam Panchayat Act,1959 which was operatedin 1960, abolished the local Boards and under this acta three-tier Panchayat Raj system was initiated inAssam. But the Panchayat Act 1972 operated inAssam in May, 1973 had changed over to two-tiersystem of Panchayats and the intermediary AnchalikPanchayats have been abolished.

According to Statistical Hand Book Assam,2012, there are 118 Gaon Panchayata and 3 SubDivision in Sivasagar district. The urban areas ofSivasagar district comprises of four Municipal Boardone at Sibsagar (MB) , Amguri (MB) , Nazira (MB)and Sonari (MB) and 2 Town Committees atSimaluguri (TC) and Moranhat (TC) . Sepon is theonly Census town of the district. There is oneChairman and Vice-Chairman in the board and in theCommittee. The Chairman is the head ofadministration. The Chairman and Vice-Chairmanare elected by the Commissioners. He is entrustedwith implementation of the scheme drawn up by theboard or committee. It has different source ofrevenue. It levies taxes on holding, shop, rickshaw,cart, bicycle, market etc. It looks after thedevelopment of town. The functions of the Boardare (I) construction and maintenance of the roadswithin Municipal area (II) provision for street lights(III) Sanitation (IV) Water supply (V)Public Healthincluding vaccination (VI) Registration of births &deaths (VII) Primary education and (VIII)collection taxes. Similar functions are also carried bytown Committee.

District administration:The Deputy Commissioner of the District is the

overall in charge of the administration of the entiredistrict. He also acts as various capacities vizcollector in case of Revenue matters, as a DistrictMagistrate in case of maintenance of law and orderand general Administration as a District ElectionOfficer in case of conducting Election ofPanchayats . Town Committee , Municipal BoardElection to state Assemblies , Lok Sbha as a

ANALYTICAL NOTE

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Principal. District Census officer in case ofconducting National level population Census etc.A number of officer, like Additional DeputyCommissioner Sub-divisional Officer ,ExtraAssistant commissioner, all District Officers ofvarious departments, and others assist the DeputyCommissioner in looking after the administrationof the District.

Law and Order:Maintenance of Law and Order is another

important aspect of the district administration. The

Deputy Commissioner also being the DistrictMagistrate is responsible for proper maintenanceof the same. The Deputy Commissioner is aidedby the Additional District Magistrate and Sub-divisional Magistrate. The Circle Officers of theCircles also function as Executive Magistrate andare responsible for maintenance of Law andOrder in their respective circle areas. The DistrictMagistrate and other magistrate take thenecessary assistance from the police departmentfor any law and order situation. Policeadministration of the district is headed by theSuperintendent of Police.

Table XIIThe number of different cases of the crimes reported under I.P.C. in the District, 2011

Cases of Crime reported in Assam and Sivasagar district-2012

State DistrictMurder 1303 61Rape 1700 49Kidnapping 3764 132Dacoity 305 1Robbery 837 31Burglary 3327 137Riots 2328 39Theft 8309 379

Cases of Crime reported in Assam No. of cases reported


Tenancy:Tenancy in Assam is Governed by the Assam

(Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act. 1971. TheAct is in operation all over the state. The salientfeatures of the Act are furnished below –

i) The share Croppers are considered as tenants,

ii) The right of occupancy accrues on occupationof land for 3 years as against 12 years prescribedearlier.

iii) The Government has the right to accrue toownership and the intermediary rights in favour of

occupancy and non-occupancy tenants. Till theGovernment does so, a right is allowed to the tenantscultivating their own land to acquire such right bypayment of compensation.

iv) Illegally ejected tenants are restoredpossession of the land through Revenue courts.

v) The right to mortgage has been allowed to non-occupancy tenants to receive credit from recognizedfinancial institutions for agriculture only and theoccupancy tenants are given permanent heritable andtransferable right of the land of one’s holding.


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(ii) Census concepts

Building:

A ‘Building’ is generally a single structure onthe ground. Usually a structure will have four wallsand a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more thanone component unit which are used or likely to beused as dwellings (residences) or establishments suchas shops, business houses, offices, factories,workshops, work sheds, Schools, places ofentertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores etc.It is also possible that building which have componentunits may be used for a combination of purposes suchas shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence,office-cum-residence etc. But in some areas the verynature of construction of houses is such that theremay not be any wall. Such is the case of conicalstructures where entrance is also provided but theymay not have any walls. Therefore, such of theconical structures are also treated as separatebuildings.

Pucca houses:

Houses, the walls and roof of which aremade of permanent materials. The material of wallscan be any one from the following, namely, Stones(duly packed with lime or cement mortar), G.I/metal/asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks,Concrete. Roof may be made of from any one of thefollowing materials, namely, Machine-made tiles,Cement tiles, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Stone,Slate, G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Concrete. Suchhouses are treated as Pucca house.

Kutcha houses:

Houses in which both walls and roof aremade of materials, which have to be replacedfrequently. Walls may be made from any one of thefollowing temporary materials, namely, grass, Unburntbricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, plastic /polythene, loosed packed stone, etc. Such houses aretreated as Kutcha house.

Dwelling Room:

A room is treated as a dwelling room if ithas walls with a doorway and a roof and should bewide and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e. itshould have a length of not less than 2 meters anda breadth of at least 1.5 meters and a height of 2meters. A dwelling room would include living room,bedroom, dining room, drawing room, study room,

servant’s room and other habitable rooms. Kitchen,bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway andverandah which are not normally usable for living arenot considered as dwelling rooms. A room, used formultipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing,cooking, etc., is regarded as a dwelling room. In asituation where a census house is used as a shop oroffice., etc., and the household also stays in it thenthe room is not considered as a dwelling room. Butif a garage or servant quarter is used by a servantand if she/ he also lives in it as a separate householdthen this has been considered as a dwelling roomavailable to the servant’s household. Tent or conicalshaped hut if used for living by any household is alsoconsidered as dwelling room. A dwelling room, whichis shared by more than one household, has not beencounted for any of them. If two households have adwelling room each but in addition also share acommon dwelling room, then the common room hasnot been counted for either of the households.

Census House :

A ‘census house’ is a building or part of abuilding used or recognized as a separate unit becauseof having a separate main entrance from the road orcommon courtyard or staircase, etc. It may beoccupied or vacant. It may be used for residential ornon- residential purpose or both. If a building has anumber of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which areindependent of one another having separate entrancesof their own from the road or a common staircase ora common courtyard leading to a main gate, theseare considered as a separate Census house.

Village:

The basic unit for rural areas is the revenuevillage, which has definite surveyed boundaries. Therevenue village may comprise of one or more hamletsbut the entire village is treated as one unit forpresentation of data. In un surveyed areas, likevillages within forest areas, each habitation area withlocally recognized boundaries is treated as one village.

Rural-Urban area:

The data in the census are presentedseparately for rural and urban areas. The unit ofclassification in this regard is ‘town’ for urbanareas and ‘village’ for rural areas. The urbanarea comprises two types of towns viz; Statutorytowns and Census towns. In the Census of India2011, the definition of urban area adopted is asfollows:

ANALYTICAL NOTE

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(a) Statutory Towns : All places with amunicipality, corporation, cantonment board or notifiedtown area committee, etc are known as statutorytowns.

(b) Census owns: All other places satisfyingthe following three criteria simultaneously are treatedas Census Towns.

i) A minimum population of 5,000;

ii) At least 75 per cent of male workingpopulation engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and

iii) A density of population of at least 400 persq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile)

For identification of places which wouldqualify to be classified as ‘urban’ all villages, which,as per the 2001 Census had a population of 4,000and above, a population density of 400 persons persq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of maleworking population engaged in non-agricultural activitywere considered. To work out the proportion of maleworking population referred to above against b) (ii),the data relating to main workers were taken intoaccount. In addition the above stated towns, urbanareas also constitutes of OGs which are the parts ofUAs.

Urban Agglomeration:

An Urban Agglomeration is a continuousurban spread constituting a town and its adjoiningurban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more physicallycontiguous towns together with or without urbanoutgrowths of such towns. In some cases, railwaycolonies, university campuses, port areas, militarycamps etc; may come up near a statutory townoutside its statutory limits but within the revenue limitsof a village or villages contiguous to the town. Eachsuch individual area by itself may not satisfy theminimum population limit to qualify it to be treated asan independent urban unit but may qualify to beclubbed with the exiting town as their continuousurban spread (i.e., an Out Growth). Each such towntogether with its outgrowth(s) is treated as anintegrated urban area and is designated as an ‘urbanagglomeration’. For the purpose of delineation ofUrban Agglomerations during Census of India 2011,following criteria has been adopted:

(a) The core town or at least one of theconstituent towns of an urban agglomeration shouldnecessarily be a statutory town; and

(b) The total population of an UrbanAgglomeration (i.e. all the constituents put together)should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census.In varying local conditions, there were similar othercombinations which have been treated as urbanagglomerations satisfying the basic condition ofcontiguity.

Out Growth (OG):

The outgrowth is a viable unit such as a villageor a hamlet or an enumeration block and clearlyidentifiable in terms of its boundaries and location.While determining the outgrowth of a town, it hasbeen ensured that it possesses the urban features interms of infrastructure and amenities such as puccaroads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposalof waste water etc., educational institutions, postoffices, medical facilities, banks etc and physicallycontiguous with the core town of the UA.

City:

Towns with population of 100,000 and aboveare called cities.

Household:

A ‘household’ is usually a group of personswho normally live together and take their meals froma common kitchen unless the exigencies of workprevent any of them from doing so. Persons in ahousehold may be related or unrelated or a mix ofboth. However, if a group of unrelated persons livein a census house but do not take their meals fromthe common kitchen, then they are not constituent ofa common household. Each such person was to betreated as a separate household. The important linkin finding out whether it was a household or not wasa common kitchen/common cooking. There may beone member households, two member households ormulti-member households.

Institutional Household:

A group of unrelated persons who live in aninstitution and take their meals from a commonkitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examplesof Institutional Households are boarding houses,messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, observationhomes, beggars homes, jails, ashrams, old age homes,children homes, orphanages, etc. To make thedefinition more clearly perceptible to the enumeratorsat the Census 2011, it was specifically mentioned thatthis category or households would cover only those


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households where a group of unrelated persons livein an institution and share a common kitchen.

Houseless household : Households who do not livein buildings or census houses but live in the open orroadside, pavements, in hume pipes, under flyoversand staircases, or in the open in places of worship,mandaps, railway platforms, etc., are treated asHouseless Households.

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes:-

The list of SCs and STs applicable in the State/UT is given hereunder:-

Scheduled Castes :1 Bansphor2 Bhuinmali,Mail3 Brittial Bania,Bania4 Dhupi,Dhobi

5 Dugla,Dholi 6 Hira7 Jalkeot8 Jhalo, Malo,Jalo-Malo

9 Kaibartta10 Lalbagi

11 Mahara12 Mehtar,Bhangi13 Muchi, Rishi

14 Namasudra15 Patni

16 SutradharScheduled Tribes : I. In the autonomous district :

1 Chakma2 Dimasa,Kachari

3 Garo4 Hajong5 Hmar

6 Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi,Lyngngam

7 Any Kuki Tribes Including:(i) Biate,Biet

(ii) Changsan

(iii) Chongloi(iv) Doungel

(v) Gamalhou(vi) Gangte(vii) Guite

(viii) Hanneng(ix) Haokip, Haupit

(x) Haolai(xi) Hongma

(xii) Hongsungh(xiii) Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol(xiv) Jonglo

(xv) Khawchung(xvi) Khawathlang, Khotalong

(xvii) Khelma(xviii) Kholhou(xix) Kipgen

(xx) Kuki(xxi) Lengthang

(xxii) Lhanguin(xxiii) Lhoujen

(xxiv) Lhouvum(xxv) Lupheng(xxvi) Mangjel

(xxvii) Misao(xxviii) Riang

(xxix) Sairhom(xxx) Selnam(xxxi) Singson

(xxxii) Sitlhou(xxxiii) Sukte

(xxxiv) Thado(xxxv) Thomgagon

(xxxvi) Ulbah(xxxvii) Vaiphei

8 Lakhar

9 Man (Tai Speaking)10 Any Mizo(Lushai)Tribes

ANALYTICAL NOTE

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11 Karbi12 Any Naga Tribes

13 Pawi14 Syntheng15 Lalung

II. In the State of Assam excluding the AutonomousDistrict

1 Barmans in Cacher2 Boro, Borokachari

3 Deori4 Hojai

5 Kachari, Sonowal6 Lalung7 Mech

8 Miching (Miri)9 Rabha

10 Dimasa11 Hajong

12 Singpho

13 Khampti14 Garo

Language and Mother tongue:

As per the census concept, each language is agroup of mother tongues. The census questionnairecollects information on the mother tongue of eachperson. Mother tongue is the language spoken inchildhood by the person’s mother to the person. Ifthe mother died in infancy, the language mainly spokenin the person’s home in childhood will be the mothertongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, thelanguage usually spoken by the mother is consideredas mother tongue. It is not necessary that thelanguage spoken as mother tongue should have ascript. The mother tongues returned by therespondents in census are classified and grouped underappropriate languages according to their linguisticcharacteristics.

Literate:

A person aged 7 years and above who can bothread and write with understanding in any language istaken as literate. A person who can only read butcannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that

to be considered as literate, a person should havereceived any formal education or passed any minimumeducational standard. Literacy could have beenachieved through adult literacy classes or through anynon-formal educational system. People who are blindand can read in Braille are treated as literates.

Literacy rate:

Literacy rate of the population is defined as thepercentage of literates in the age-group seven yearsand above. For different age-groups the percentageof literates in that age-group gives the literacy rate.

Educational level:

The highest level of education a person hascompleted.

Work:

Work is defined as participation in anyeconomically productive activity with or withoutcompensation, wages or profit. Such participation maybe physical and/or mental in nature. Work involvesnot only actual work but also includes effectivesupervision and direction of work. It even includespart time help or unpaid work on farm, familyenterprise or in any other economic activity. Allpersons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above areworkers. The main point to note is that the activityshould be economically productive. Reference periodfor determining a person as worker and non-workeris one year preceding the date of enumeration.

Main worker:

A person who has worked for major part of thereference period (i.e. six months or more during thelast one year preceding the date of enumeration) inany economically productive activity is termed as‘Main worker’.

Marginal worker:

A person who worked for 3 months or less butless than six months of the reference period (i.e. inthe last one year preceding the date of enumeration)in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginalworker’.

Non-worker:

A person who has not worked at all in anyeconomically productive activity during the referenceperiod (i.e. last one year preceding the date ofenumeration) is termed as ‘Non worker’.


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Cultivator:For purposes of the Census, a person is

classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged incultivation of land owned or from government or fromprivate persons or institutions for payment in money,kind or share. Cultivation also includes effectivesupervision or direction in cultivation. Cultivationinvolves ploughing, sowing, harvesting and productionof cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy,jowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and other crops such assugarcane, tobacco, ground-nuts, tapioca, etc., andpulses, raw jute and kindred fiber crop, cotton,cinchona and other medicinal plants, fruit growing,vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves, etc.Cultivation does not include the plantation crops like–tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betel nuts (areca).The workers engaged in Plantation crops are recordedunder “other workers”.Agricultural labourer:

A person who works on another person’s landfor wages in cash or kind or share is regarded as anagricultural labourer. She/he has no risk in thecultivation, but merely works on another person’s landfor wages. An agricultural labourer has no right oflease or contract on land on which she/he works.

Household industry worker:Household industry is defined as an industry

conducted by one or more members of the householdat home or within the village in rural areas and onlywithin the precincts of the house where the householdlives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workersin household industry should consist of members ofthe household. The industry should not be run on thescale of a registered factory which would qualify orhas to be registered under the Indian Factories Actand should be engaged in manufacturing, processing,servicing and repairs of goods. The activity relate toproduction, processing, servicing, repairing or makingand selling of goods. It does not include pro

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