FLORENCE POULAIN, FAO

GRAEME MACFADYEN, POSEIDON

This presentation will

1. Explore some of the specificities of F&A

2. Explore potential sources of baseline data

3. Consider some of the impacts of different types of disasters on F&A

4. Consider the extent to which methodologies include/capture different aspects of effects

5. Provide a few thoughts on stressors

6. Provide some conclusions regarding the implications for FAO’s proposed information system on D&L

Some specificities of fish/aqua (1)

1. Fishing = Important sector for income and for food/proteins and micronutrients

2. Marine and inland fisheries, and aquaculture very different from each other

3. Renewable but finite resources.

4. Lack of fisheries data – esp. SSF

1. Significant production from SSF marketed through informal channels

2. Mobility and geographically remoteness

3. Fishers-farmers-herders

5. Fisheries often activity of ‘last resort’…common property resource

Some specificities of fish/aqua (2)

8. Multi-gear and multi-species fishers

9. Gender: women almost always exclusively in post harvest (90%)

10. May be especially important in SIDS, which are often more vulnerable to disasters

11. Some types of disasters impact exclusively on fisheries e.g. oil and chemical spills at sea

12. Fish resource unchanged for some types of disaster but may be huge economic losses

Global sources of baseline datamaintained by FAO

Capture Production 1950-2014

Aquaculture Production (Quantities and values) 1950-2014

Fisheries Commodities Production and Trade 1976-2013

Consumption on fish and fishery products (1961-2013)

Fishery fleet and employment (Selected statistics up to 2014)

Code of conduct for responsible fisheries -Questionnaire

Country profiles (e.g. FACP, NASO)

Regional sources of baseline data

Potential national sources of baseline data for fisheries and aquaculture1. Ministry fisheries statistical yearbooks (typically by

region/province for no.s and types of vessels and gear, production vol and val, imp/exp, fish prices, etc)

2. Representative producer/marketing organisations

3. Frame surveys (less frequent)

4. Catch logbooks (typically larger vessels, geo-ref)

5. Customs data on imports and exports

6. Surveillance data (e.g. VMS) - geo-ref

7. Company accounts and tax records (often larger companies only)

8. Ports and fish market records

9. Project reports

Impacts of different natural disasters on fisheries and aquaculture

1. Flooding: good for fisheries where known, bad for aquaculture

2. Storms/wind/waves: little impact on fish in land-based aquaculture, damage to assets in harbours and gear/aquaculture investments at sea , inability to go to sea (especially for SSF)

3. Drought: fisheries often not incorporate d into assessments but floodplain fisheries critical for livelihoods in many areas. Big impact on aquaculture

4. All: access to inputs and markets. Temporal and scale aspects may mean impacts don’t show in national level production or trade data…e.g. FAO Sendai submission and Aceh (97% vs 0.1%)

Impacts of different other disasters on fisheries and aquaculture

1. Geological hazards: earthquakes =>tsunami

2. Biological: aquaculture epidemics, fisheries fish kills

3. Technological: oil and chemical spills, nuclear – fish kills, but often bigger market impacts in rebuilding consumer trust/prices (e.g. BP Horizon, Japan nuclear)

4. Complex emergencies: access to inputs and markets, may be less impact on marine fisheries than other sectors (exceptions – e.g. Palestine, Sri Lanka), but profound impact on inland fisheries and aquaculture

5. Fires: none?

Stressors

Impacts varying by region and adaptive capacity of

fish and ecosystems to respond to the physical

changes above

Global

Warming

Physical Changes in oceans,

lakes and rivers,

including…

Heat content

and

temperature

Salinity Sea level

rise &

change in

lake levels

& river

flows

Acidificati

on &

chemical

changes

Ocean

circulation

and

upwelling

Sediment

levels

Frequency

and

severity of

extreme

events

Low

frequency

climate

variability

e.g. ENSO

Impacts on fish and

ecosystems, including…

Physiological,

spawning &

recruitment

processes of

fish

Primary

production e.g.

diatoms and

phytoplankton

Secondary

production

e.g.

zooplankton

Distribution

of fish

(permanent

&

migrations)

Abundance

of fish

Phenology

e.g. timing of

natural

phenomena

Species

invasion

and

disease

Food web

impacts

Impacts varying by region/location

Effects on fishers, livelihoods,

trade, and wider

economy/society

Ability of methods to capture issuesmethod PDNA

Re-insurance

EM-DAT ModelsNat. Prod.

TradeStressors

Upstream, fisheries/aquaculture, downstream sub-sectors

Up and

downstream

Partial

No No Yes

Up and

downstrea

m No

Up and

production

sectors No

?

Numbers affected (persons, HH, gender)

Partial No No Yes No No ?

Damages (numbers and $ of assets, private/community/government)

Generally

YesNo No Yes No No ?

Losses (in economic flows, vol and $ of sales)

Often No No No Yes Yes Yes ?

Impacts (human, social, financial, and natural capital)

Not

quantitatively

if at all

No No Yes No No ?

Food and nutrition securityNot

quantitatively

if at all

No No Yes Yes Yes ?

Thoughts, implications, and conclusions

1. Concerns about minimum variables to be included in the information system

2. FAO may need to engage with improving data available from different sources and implementation of the various methodologies

3. Some methodologies, like stressors, require much work and still largely to be explored

4. Sendai framework indicators require inclusion of fisheries and aquaculture, and ideally should include indirect losses