assessing effects of biochar on soil qualityusing...
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Assessing effects of biochar on soilquality using biological methods
Evan A.N. Marks and Xavier Domene
Soil Protection and Restoration Group
Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
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Biochar application: can there be unintended consequences?
‐ Decreased utility of pesticides?‐ Increase in metal contamination?‐ Influences on chemical properties‐ Rapid changes to nutrient availability
Kookana, R., Sarmah, A., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E., Singh, B., 2011. Biochar application to soil: agronomic and environmental benefits and unintended consequences. Advances in Agronomy 112, 103–143.
( quality or utility of soil)
State of knowledge
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State of knowledge
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What do we know about effects of biochar on soil organisms?
Comprehensive review of effects on soil biota Lehmann et al. 2011
“the relationships between biochar chemical and physical properties and their effects on soil biota and potential concomitant effects on soil processes are poorly understood”
“Knowledge gaps needing urgent attention include biochar effects on faunal abundance (especially micro‐ and meso‐fauna), on the ecology of biota including environmental risk…”
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IBI 2012 ‐ Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for BiocharThat Is Used in Soil
Biological methods for risk assessment
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Biological methods for risk assessment
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Biomarkers
Bioindicators
Ecological indicators
Biological response below level of individual indicating state change
Any organism which provides information about environmental conditions
Parameters which describe population dynamics, structure, or function of ecosystems
Increasin
g ecological re
levance
Risk assessment is carried out based on data from three levels of biological organization:
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biological methods / bioindicators
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BIOINDICATORSTerrestrial
Aquatic“ Whatever organism which provides us information about the environmental conditions of its habitat ”
why aquatic?
‐runoff, potential contamination of waterbodies
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Folsomia candida
Enchytreus crypticus
chronic / behavioural
mainly fungivore soil detritivore(Collembola)
mainly microbivore detritivore(Oligochaeta)
Eisenia fetida
earthworm ‐ soil engineer
bioindicators / terrestrial
ISO 11267 Folsomia candida reproduction
ISO 16387. Enchytraeus sp. determination of effects on reproduction
ISO 11268‐2 Eisenia sp reproduction
ISO/NP 17512‐2 Avoidance test with Collembolans
ISO TC 190 SC 238 Eisenia fedida avoidance
Organisms represent different taxa, exposure routes…
(no codified test)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 / 0 0 / 0.2 0 / 0.5 0 / 2.0 0 / 7.0 0 / 14
Individu
als (%)
Biochar addition (%)
F. candida
controlw/biochar
E. crypticus
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 / 0 0 / 0.2 0 / 0.5 0 / 2.0 0 / 7.0 0 / 14Individu
als (%)
Biochar addition (%)
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Folsomia candida Enchytreus crypticus
bioindicators / terrestrial / chronic
28‐day reproduction
Biochar concentration (%)
∆respect to control
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1014‐day growth test
21‐day growth test
bioindicators / terrestrial / chronic
OECD 208 Plant emergence & growth test (2006)
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Lolium perenne (ryegrass) PP Lactuca sativa (lettuce) PP
14‐day growth
bioindicators / terrestrial / chronic
Biochar concentration (%)
∆respect to control
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Daphnia magna (Artropoda)
Aquatic‐dwelling invertebrate
Larval‐stage sediment‐dwelling invertebrate
Aquatic microalga
Bioluminescent bacteria
Chironomus riparius (Artropoda)
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Vibrio fisheri
bioindicators / aquatic
OECD 211 Daphnia magna reproduction test (1998)
EU Directive 79/831/EEC Algal growth inhibition test(1989)
Kwan KK, Dutka BJ, 1995. Comparative assessment of two solid‐phase toxicty bioassays: the direct sediment toxicty testing procedure (DSTTP) and the Mictotox solid‐phase test (SPT), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55:338‐346.
OECD 218 Sediment‐water chironomidtoxicity test using spiked sediment (2004)
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bioindicators / aquatic
SD/SEnot available
* = Dunnett’s test p<0.05 except
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biological methods / ecological indicators
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ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
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EcosystemFunctions
Community
Population
biological methods / ecological indicators
+
=
+(molecular, individual, etc.)
increasing ecological complexity
ecologicalindicators
biomarkers,bioindicators1° Medite
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0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
05
1020
30
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
05
1015
20
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
05
1015
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
05
1015
20
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1020
3040
50
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
010
2030
40
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
010
2030
40
Multi‐Gaussian fits to somatic length classes F. candida juvenilesSlow‐pyrolysis poplar
control (no biochar) 0.5% biochar 1.3% 3.2%
8% 20% 50%
ecological indicators / population
Population
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Berlese‐Tullgren funnels for extraction of microarthropods
Cornell study – functional fauna using SBQ
ecological indicators / community
12
3
Communitystructure
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Epigeous
Hemi‐edaphic
Eu‐edaphic
-
+
EMI score
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ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
EcosystemFunctions
Primary productivityDecompositionFauna activityGHG…
=
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ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
Torre Marimon semi‐field experiment
2011 ‐ present
Pine gasification biochar
0, 12, and 50 T/ha
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Kruskal‐Wallis chi‐squared = 4.6, df = 2, p‐value = 0.096
ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
Primary Productivity
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ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
Ribas, A., Llurba, R., Ojeda G., MattanaS., Gouriveau, F., Altimir N., Sebastia ̀ M.‐T., Domene, X. Biochar application on barley crops influence greenhouse emissions: first results.
GHG1° Medite
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T1 T11 T2 T3 T40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Dec
ompo
sitio
nra
te
2 mm-mesh
T1 T11 T2 T3 T40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.80.16 mm-mesh
Biochar treatment
Litter decomposition rates in the different biochar treatments as affected by microorganisms+microfauna+mesofauna (2 mm‐mesh litterbags) and microorganisms+microfauna (0.16 mm‐mesh litterbags). Bars correspond to the standard deviation. No significant differences of the biochar treatments compared to controls (T1) were observed.
ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
Breakdown of organic matter in litterbags
Decomposition1° Medite
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Fauna feeding activity, expressed as rate, in the different biochar treatments. Bars correspond to the standard deviation. No significant differences of the biochar treatments compared to the respective controls (T1) were observed.
ecological indicators / ecosystem functions
biochar treatment
prop
ortio
n eaten
Meso‐ and micro‐faunaactivity
Bait Lamina
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Why biological methods for biochar?
1. Soil organism health reflects integration of various complex processes‐ nutrient availability‐ abiotic conditions‐ environmental stressors (contaminants)
2. Organisms provide important ecological services
3. Easily adaptable
4. Cost effective
(end)
Soil quality / biological methods
1° Mediterra
nean Biochar Sym
posium –
Italy,
January
17/18 - 2013