assessing irrigation system performance
TRANSCRIPT
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Assessing Irrigation System Performance
Is yours wasting water?
Loren Oki Dept. of Plant Sciences and
Dept. Human Ecology UC Davis
Your Sustainable Backyard
Low Water Use Landscaping UC Davis
November 8, 2014
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Learning Objectives
• Measuring system performance – Conducting a system assessment – Checking for proper operation – Determine application uniformity
• Improving performance
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Key elements for landscape water conservation
• Plant selection and design • Mulching • Composting • Fertilization • Irrigation
– System Audit – Scheduling – Management
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Photo: L. Oki
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Adapted from sprinkler systems • Applicable to all types
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Math is necessary – because we have to measure
“To measure is to know.” Lord Kelvin
“If you can't measure it, you can't improve it.” Lord Kelvin
“If it can't be expressed in figures, it is not science; it is opinion.” Robert Heinlein
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Inspect the site • Tune up the irrigation system • Test the system • Calculate performance • Interpret the information Credit: Irrigation Association Landscape Irrigation Auditor certification program
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Inspect the Site
• Locate the water meter – Understand how to read it
• Locate and identify the controller type – Several manufacturers – MANY different models – Some are OLD – Learn to program it
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Controller Types
• Time – Based on calendar/clock
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Photos: mfg websites
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Controller Types
• Time • Weather (ET)
– Uses weather information to estimate landscape water use
– Adjusts irrigation program to replace water used by landscape
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Controller Types
• Time • Weather (ET) • Soil moisture
– Uses sensors to measure water content of the soil
– Initiates irrigation when soil is dry – Stops irrigation when sufficient
water is applied 10
Photos: mfg websites
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Inspect the Site
• Locate the valves • Measure system pressure
– Close to source – Time of day matters
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Photo: L. Oki
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Inspect the Site
• Landscape features and design – Plant materials within each zone – Microclimates – Hardscape features
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Inspect the Site • Soil Texture
– Clay, Loam, and Sand – SoilWeb app
• Compacted soil – Reduces infiltration and
percolation
http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soilweb/
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Inspect the Site
• Slopes – Runoff potential
Photo: L. Oki
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Inspect the Site
• Irrigation Zones – How many? – Zone locations- Areas irrigated by a valve – Associated valves
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Inspect the Site
• Irrigation Zones – How many? – Zone locations- Areas irrigated by a valve – Associated valves
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Turf
Shrubs Groundcover
Graphic: L. Oki
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Sprinklers and Emitters
• Locations – Mark with flags
• Types – Sprays, rotors,
rotary stream, impact
– Drip tube, buttons (and flow rate), bubblers, micro sprays
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Photo: B. Baker
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Sprinkler Types
• Impact • Sprays • Rotary stream • Gear drive rotor
18 Photos: mfg websites
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Flow Rates
• Know the flow rates for each sprinkler
• Obtain this from the manufacturer
• You’ll need to know dynamic pressure!
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Photo: L. Oki
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Flow Rates
• Calculate the total flow for each valve
• Multiply the flow per sprinkler times the number of sprinklers
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Photo: L. Oki
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Flow Rates
• Compare the calculated total to the actual flow
• This can reveal leaks, plugs, or other issues.
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Photo: L. Oki
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Maintenance
• Maintenance – Proper and timely
22 Photo: L. Oki
Photo: L. Oki
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Maintenance
• Maintenance – Proper and timely
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Photo: L. Oki Photo: J. Borneman
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“Urban Drool”
Photos: D. Haver 24
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition – Spacing – Measure the distance between sprinklers – Verify head-to-head coverage
25 Photo: B. Baker
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition – Are sprinklers plumb? – Use bubble level – Check for tilt
26 Photo: L. Oki Photo: L. Oki
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition – Determine the dynamic pressure
27 Photo: B. Baker Photo: L. Oki
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition – Determine the dynamic pressure
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Test the System
• Catch can test – Measures how fast
water is applied – How evenly it is
applied
• What is needed – Catch cans – Graduated cylinder
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Photo: L. Oki
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Test the System
• Set catch cans – At and in between sprinklers – At emitters – Regular and even spacing
30 Photo: B. Baker
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Test the System
• Set catch cans – At and in between sprinklers – At emitters – Regular and even spacing
• Minimum number of catch cans=24 – Multiples of 4
• Wind less than 5 mph
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Test the System
• Turn on the valve – Duration 10-20 minutes – Optimal volume (in mL) is 1½ times the
area of the opening (in sq.in.) – If there are several valves for an area, use
the same duration for each – Observe runoff and when it occurs
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Test the System
• Check for proper operation
• Deflections
33 Photo: B. Baker
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Test the System
• Check for proper arc (pattern)
• and radius (distance)
34 Photo: B. Baker Photo: B. Baker
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Test the System
• Measure the water in each container
35 Photo: B. Baker
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Using the Catch Can Data
• Distribution Uniformity (DU) – How evenly a sprinkler system applies water – Typical response to a dry spot:
INCREASE RUN TIME
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Using the Catch Can Data
• Distribution Uniformity (DU) – How evenly a sprinkler system applies water – Effect on run time
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DU% min/wk 58 131 80 95 =22% reduction
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Excellent
•Duration: Replace ET
Graphic: D. Haver
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Excellent
•Duration: Too long
Graphic: D. Haver
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Excellent
•Duration: Too short
Graphic: D. Haver
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Poor
•Duration: Too short
Graphic: D. Haver
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Poor
•Duration: Longer
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Distribution Uniformity •DU=Marginal
•Duration: Replace ET
Graphic: D. Haver
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Distribution Uniformity
• Calculating DU – Average of all
(AvgT) – Rank volumes – Average of bottom ¼
(AvgLQ) – DU= AvgLQ ÷ AvgT
• Target – Minimum 70%
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DU= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇
= 1624.5
= 65%
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Improving DU
• Managing water pressure • Effect on spray pattern
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12’ fixed 30 psi
Photo: D. Franklin
12’ fixed 45 psi
Photo: D. Franklin
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Improving DU
• Know the pressure recommended for your sprinklers
• This one is rated for 50 to 90 psi
46 Photo: B. Baker
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Improving DU
47 Photo: B. Baker Image: mfg website
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Improving DU
• Know the pressure recommended for your sprinklers
• This one is rated for 25 to 55 psi and does best at 40 psi
48 Photo: B. Baker
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Improving DU
• Upgrade sprinklers if possible
• At three study sites upgrades resulted in DU increases of 21%, 24%, and 18%
49 Photo: B. Baker
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Irrigation Management
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• Know your system • Precipitation and infiltration rates • Distribution uniformity • Water pressure
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Assessing Distribution Uniformity
• If irrigating large turf areas, may be: – Largest impact for
least effort – Low cost
• Obtain Water/ Irrigation Audit Kit
51 Photo: B. Baker
Image: mfg website