assessing the impacts of inappropriate...
TRANSCRIPT
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF INAPPROPRIATE DOMESTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT AMONG RESIDENTS OF KA WANG WARE SLUM NAIROBI
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
A WARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
BY SAINA VALERIE J.
(H32/8575/03)
LEVEL IV
SUPERVISED BY,
MR. WAITHAKA P.M, BscN, MPH (U.O.N)
LECTURER,
SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
SEPTEMBER 2007
D"ECLARA TION
I, Valerie Saina, declare that the undersigned research proposal is my original work and has
not been presented for award of degree or diploma in any university.
~\J.,-;;-;~;./Signature~ .
3cl' Avoos+ "\00,Date '0 / .
II
SUPERVISOR AUTHORITY
This research proposal has been presented for examination for the degree of Bachelor of
Sciences in Nursing of the University of Nairobi with my approval as University supervisor.
Signature .
?C)~ A;UG· 'LeJo+Date .
Mr. Waithaka P.M, BScN MPH (U.O.N)
Lecturer,
School of Nursing Sciences,
University of Nairobi
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge my lecturers at the School of Nursing Sciences, Colleges of Health
Sciences, and University of Nairobi for the effort they have put in helping me develop my
academic career. Were it not for them, this work would not have been possible. You are all
great!
I also wish to acknowledge my supervisor Mr. Peter M. Waithaka for always guiding me all
along in writing this research proposal.
Last but not the least, I wish to acknowledge my family especially my mum and Dad for their
financial and moral support and my friends particularly Elijah Leshao for their
encouragement and help which they offered willingly.
May God bless you all.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION 11
SUPERVISOR AUTHORITy III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
DEDiCATION V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .IX
DEFfNITION OF TERMS X
ABSTRACT XI
CHAPTER 1 1
1.0 BACKGROUND fNFORMA TION I
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.2 STUDY QUESTIONS 4
1.3 STUDY OBJECTIVES .4
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDy 5
1.6 VARIABLES FRAMEWORK 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVI EW 7
2.0 SITUATION IN AMERICA 7
2.1 SITUATION fN ASIA 8
2.3 SITUATION IN EUROPE I0
2.4 SITUATION fN AFRICA 10
VI
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGy 13
3.0 STUDY DESIGN 13
3.1 STUDY AREA 13
3.2 STUDY POPULATION 14
3.3 SAMPLfNG 14
3.3.0 SAMPUNG UNIT 14
3.3.1 SAMPLING 15
3.3.1.0 SAMPLfNG METHOD 15
3.3.1.1 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMfNATION 15
3.3.2 fNCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CR1TER1A 16
3.4 DATA COLLECTION 17
3.4.0 DATA COLLECTION TOOL 17
3.4.1 ENUMERATORS: SELECTIONS AND TRAINING OF INTERVIEWERS 17
3.4.2 TOOL PRETEST 18
3.4.3 TOOL IMPLEMENTATION 18
3.5 CONTROL OF BIASES AND ERRORS 18
3.6 ETHICAL LEGAL ISSUES 19
3.7 STUDY UMITATIONS 20
3.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 21
:3.8.0 DATA ENTRY AND CLEANING 21
3.8.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 21
3.9 REFERENCES 22
VII
APPENDICES
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 24
LETTER FOR SEEKING AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT A RESEARCH
STUDY IN KAW ANGW ARE SLUM NAIROBI, KENY A.31
LETTER TO ETHICS AND RESEARCH COMMITTEE.. . 33
LETTER TO THE LOCAL AUTHORITY (CHIEF) SEEKING APPROV AL 34
CONSENT EXPLANATION. . . '" 35
RESPONDENT CONSENT FORM. ..36
BUDGETING FOR TIME 37
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES '" 39
FINANCIAL BUDGET FOR THE STUDY '" 40
MAP OF NAIROBI 41
VIII
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
AMREF
BScN
CSARO
MSW
NCC
NGOs
SPSS
WHO
African Medical and Research Foundation.
Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
Community Sanitation and Research Organization.
Municipal Solid Waste.
Nairobi City Council.
Non Governmental Organizations
Statistical Packages for Social Sciences.
World Health Organization.
IX
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Aesthetic: Pleasing to look at, concerned with beauty and appreciation.
Environment: Refers to all living and non living things that make up our surroundings.
Biological, physical, cultural, socioeconomic and political environment.
Contamination: Make something impure by adding substances that are danzerous or carryt:> •
Disease.
Domestic waste: Include kitchen waste, paper, Chinaware; spray cans, furniture, house
ware and electrical appliances.
Garbage: Waste material especially domestic waste.
Instruments: Interview schedules for collecting information from participants.
Receptacle: Container in which something is placed or stored.
Recycling: Recovery of materials from products after they have been used by
Consumers.
Re-use: To use something again.
Sanitation: Hygienic disposal or recycling of waste as well as protecting health
through hygienic measures.
Solid waste: Unwanted remains, residue, discarded materials or by-products which are
no longer required by the initial user.
Waste: Something which the owner no longer wants at a given place and time
which has no current perceived market value.
Waste management: Is the collection, processing, transport and disposal of wastes.
x
ABSTRACT
Poor management of domestic waste leads to poor sanitation which predispose communities
to sanitation related diseases as well as environmental pollution.
This is a cross - sectional descriptive survey that seeks to asses the impacts of inappropriate
domestic waste management among residents of Kawangware slums, Nairobi Kenya.
The study will be conducted in Kawangware slum which is situated 10 km west of Nairobi
city centre. Data will be collected in some randomly selected villages in Kawangware slums
which are as follows: Msalaba, Congo, Kanugaga, Katina, Muslim and Coast.
The data collection tool will be an interview schedule containing demographic data,
knowledge, attitude and practice. The participants will be required to be as truthful as
possible. Ten research assistants will be selected from third year in the School of Nursing
Sciences to assist in Data collection.
The study will be conducted in duration of about 26 weeks and at an estimate cost about
Ksh.600, 000.
XI
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Nairobi is increasingly becoming urbanized, it is estimated that in the coming two decades,
the number of persons living in the city will have doubled from 1.3 million to 2.6 million
(Munyoki, 1990). Solid wastes being produced in Kenya today has increased in amount,
complexity resulting in associated environmental and public health problems. Waste
collection, handling and disposal services are inadequate thus people have resorted to
dumping wastes in any space available as a result, heaps of garbage are seen in various parts
of the city and more so in slums (Munyoki, 1993).This dumps are unsightly and pose serious
health problems to human beings and the environment. This is also reflected in the Agenda
21 of the RlO declaration on environment and protection which states in chapter 21 that ...
"rapidly growing quantities of solid wastes poses threats not only to human health but also to
the environment" (Munyoki, 1990).
Waste management is important for both the health of the public aesthetic and environmental
reasons. Poor waste management poses serious threats to the health and environment. Health
hazards are caused by insects, rodents and contamination. Ninety percent of flies breed on
urban. refuse and are mechanical transmitters of diseases like cholera, dysentery and
diarrhoea (Rukonga, 200 I). Mosquitoes breed inside containers during rainy seasons and
spread diseases like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis, Rift Valley fever among
others. Rodents for example rats breed in accumulation of refuse and transmit diseases like
plague, typhus, and leptospirosis. Wind blown refuse can be a source of surface water
pollution while leaching may bring about ground water pollution. Aesthetic considerations
regarding solid wastes include unsighty environment and offensive smells during
decomposition (Rukonga, 200 I).
Previous studies have shown that, in developing countries, basic sanitation IS a major
concern; this encompasses waste management especially in poor urban and informal
settlements where most of these communities live in overcrowded settlements and poor
living conditions. The growing urban population poses a great challenge to sanitation
provision for government authorities in many developing countries (Makoni et ai, 2004).
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Poor management of domestic waste is the major concern since it is a major contributor to
sanitation related diseases as well as environmental pollution.
Poor sanitation related diseases are the greater cause of deaths than global conflicts, an
estimated 600,000 children in· developing countries die from more than 50 communicable
diseases associated with poor sanitation every year. Current statistics about health risks in yd
world countries have demonstrated that, the urban poor are worse than rural. Incidences and
prevalence of diseases in informal settlements where sanitation services are inadequate and
non existing are higher than middle and high income residential areas. The population most
affected is the poor in the slums (Black, 1994).
Studies done in South America show that there has been increasing generation of domestic
wastes (0.5-1.0 kg/person/day). There has been a problem which is improper disposal of
2
wastes from industries that pose serious problems to health Out of 70% of garbage collected
in cities, only 30% is disposed off correctly leading to poor sanitation in the shanty town,
lack of access to clean water risking numerous waterborne diseases like amoebiasis, cholera,
hepatitis, typhoid among others (Joyce S, 1997)
Studies done in Zimbabwe showed that, its towns and cities experience problems with access
to basic sanitation There is lack of solid waste disposal facilities resulting in households
resorting to refuse pits Sanitation related diseases especially diarrhoeal diseases was the
most prevalent and related to sanitation Eye diseases, bilharzias and dysentery were also
common (Makorii et al, 2004)
Nairobi generates over 1600 tons of solid wastes per day, over 60% being organic
(recyclable). It harbours a population of greater than 23 million people due to urbanization
It is the most densely populated city in East Africa Strong environmental legislation
(Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 1999) and the Nairobi City Council by-
laws is on hooks, there is evident non-existent enforcement, inadequacy of municipal
collection and lack of public awareness regarding disposal of wastes Households openly
dump garbage. Municipal and local authorities are responsible for solid waste management
(collection, administration and enforcement) Though public and private entities engage in
garbage collection, only 20-40% of Nairobi's solid waste is collected daily leaving 60-80%
collection deficit The uncollected wastes find its way to dumpsites, the Nairobi City Council
( CC) department has limited resources and is unable to track illegal dumpers rendering
waste management negligible