assessment of effluent from paper industry...
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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IJIRC) ISSN: 2455-2275(E)
Volume III, Issue 1 January 2017
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ASSESSMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM PAPER INDUSTRY AND
NEARBY WELL POINTS
* Prof. HEMA PRIYA SUBRAMANIAN and * * MISS.V. KIRUTHIKA
* Assistant Professor, N.S.N.College of Engineering Karur, INDIA
* * M.E Student
, M.A.M.College of Engineering, Trichy, INDIA
1. GENERAL
The utilization of waste water for irrigation has increasingly gained
importance in various countries of the arid and semi arid regions as water is becoming a
scarce commodity. Even though the quantity and quality of water available for irrigation is
variable from place to place in India, many groundwater exploitation schemes in developing
countries like India are designed without due attention to quality issues. A number of studies
on groundwater quality with respect to drinking and irrigation purposes have been carried out
in the different parts of India.
The paper mill effluent contains huge amount of total solids and contain many
parameters exceeding permissible limits. Due to the strict enforcement of effluent discharge,
industries made mandatory reusing the effluent for irrigation. Successful utilization of paper
and pulp mill waste water in various crops like paddy, wheat, onion, sugar cane, vegetables
and fodder grass and stated the paper mill effluent not only contains nutrients that enhance
growth of the plants but toxic materials that interfere with ground water, soil nature and soil
organisms . Degradation of groundwater quality can be reported from deep percolation from
intensively cultivated fields. The present study has therefore been undertaken to assess the
current status of ground water quality and to determine the effect of paper mill effluent on
ground water bodies of effluent irrigated area around Tamilnadu News Prints And Papers
Limited paper industry Kagithapuram of Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
ROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN PAPER MILL EFFLUENT IRRIGATED
AREA - USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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D. Senthilkumar, P.Satheeshkumar and P. Gopalakrishnan
SUMMARY
This paper investigates the characteristics of ground water quality and the
effect of paper mill effluent, which is using recycled water for irrigation and domestic
purpose. The paper mill effluent contains huge amount of solids, Biological Oxygen Demand,
Chemical Oxygen Demand, color and lignin besides creating tremendous foaming nuisance.
Effluent treatment plant (ETP) was an important safety measure, but small paper mill will not
afford for ETP construction. This study has undertaken to assess the status of ground water
and to determine the effect of paper mill effluent on ground water bodies of effluent irrigated
area, Kabilarmalai union of Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. Physio-chemical
parameters of water and the microbial level revealed significant correlation with strong
affinity for each other. It also stated that the DO values were very low and showed a gradual
depletion towards the most critical manifestation of pollution. The paper demands on
maintain existing Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of paper mill. An effective ETP operation
has been recommended to reduce pollution effect and maintain quality of ground water
around the area.
2 PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES UNDER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS
WITH POOR QUALITY IRRIGATION WATER
S. Paul Sebastian, C. Udayasoorian, R.M. Jayabalakrishnan and E. Parameswari
SUMMARY
Sugarcane is known to be moderately sensitive to salinity. Excess of cations
such as sodium and anions like carbonate, bicarbonate and chloride present in irrigation
water, may affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. To realize this problems field
experiments were conducted to screen the saline tolerant sugarcane varieties for poor quality
irrigation water and saline water under different amendments. The treated effluent is light
brown in colour, which was due to presence of lignin. The pH of treated paper mill effluent
was neutral (7.61), since lime was used to neutralize the effluent before primary and
secondary treatment process. It was reported that the paper mill effluent was characterized by
comparatively low BOD (68 mg L ), suspended solids, COD, plant nutrients (N, P and K) and
Na content of 546 mg L . The SAR of treated effluent comes under poor quality irrigation
category and it has percent sodium of 43.60. This was reported that the per cent sodium
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IJIRC) ISSN: 2455-2275(E)
Volume III, Issue 1 January 2017
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content of the treated effluent had been around 40 per cent. The diluted effluent of the paper
mill had slightly alkaline pH, high BOD, COD and EC with appropriate quantities of Cl, SO
and HCO of Ca, Mg, and Na and varying amount of micronutrients.The increased yield of
bhendi and amaranthus under effluent irrigation compared to saline water with amendments
has been found and this might be due to the supply of nutrients, organic carbon and low salt
stress to sugarcane under treated paper mill effluent than under saline groundwater.
3 ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENTS RELEASED FROM RECYCLED PAPER INDUSTRY
RaazMaheshwari, Bina Rani, ArchanaSaxena, Magan Prasad, Upma Singh
SUMMARY
Waste Water and nearby soil samples of recycled paper industry are collected
from Northern districts of UP viz. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar Meerut and analyzed for
various parameters like pH, TDS,TS, BOD, COD, Chloride, DO. The present manuscript
reports the investigation of the characteristics of effluents released from recycled paper mills
of Uttarpradesh state to access the pollution load of recycling paper mills on the environment.
The organic compounds may be persistent, bio accumulative and toxic pollutants thereby
removal of the effluents is desirable.The high concentration of organic matter in the effluents
contributes to the Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) and depletion of dissolved oxygen in
the receiving ecosystems. The samples from various distances from paper mills are collected
and analyzed, which showed that COD and TDS of effluents reduced with distance and pH
and DO increased with increase in distance as we move away from paper mills. The present
study suggests incapability of wastewater treatment plant to effectively remove many
pollutants and it is not safe to dispose effluents in water streams or nearby fields.
4 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION AND EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT IRRIGATION IN METTUPALAYAM
TALUK, TAMIL NADU
Sacchidananda Mukherjee and Prakash Nelliyat
SUMMARY
The study attempts to capture the environmental and socioeconomic impacts
of industrial effluent irrigation in different industrial locations at Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil
Nadu, through primary surveys and secondary information. This study found that the
continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate
the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution. The quality of groundwater in shallow
open wells surrounding the industrial locations has deteriorated, and the application of
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IJIRC) ISSN: 2455-2275(E)
Volume III, Issue 1 January 2017
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polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. However,
safe utilization of wastewater for irrigation requires the use of proper treatment and several
precautionary measures in place, as it may cause environmental and human health hazards.
5 STUDY OF THE PURIFICATION EFFICIENCIES OF THREE FLOATING
MACROPHYTES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Aina M.P, Kpondjo N.M, Adounkpe J, Chougourou D and Moudachirou M
SUMMARY
The sewage treatment process work focused on three floating species which
are Water hyacinth, Water lettuce and Duckweed. The results of the phase showed that water
hyacinth has been effective in the removal of carbon and nitrogen for COD, BOD while water
lettuce achieved nitrogen and Phosphate forms abatement. Duckweed was successful in
reducing TKN, and 100% of coliform and fecal streptococci. Lower turbidity values begin to
be observed at the cultivation and after harvest. It was recorded for the pond with water
hyacinth a value of 4.66 NTU indicating an efficient trapping of suspended solids. The best
removal efficiencies of organic, nitrous and phosphorous pollution are shared by purifying
plants used. At the end of the study, it is worth remembering that: these macrophytes ensures
the removal of large suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, the chemical oxygen
demand and biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days. The dissolved oxygen of the medium
increases with the presence of plants. Water hyacinth and water lettuce is better decrease the
turbidity of household wastewater. However Organic, nitrogenous, phosphorous and
microbial pollution removal efficiency vary from one species to another.
6 THE ABILITY OF AZOLLA CAROLINIANA TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS (HG(II),
CR(III), CR(VI)) FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
R. Bennicelli, Z. Stezpniewska, A. Banach, K. Szajnocha, J. Ostrowski
SUMMARY
The aim of this paper was to investigate the capacity of Azolla caroliniana to
purify waters polluted by mercury and chromium. After 12 days of cultivation the biomass
obtained was collected, weighed (fresh mass), and dried at 80 ˚C until no further weight loss
.froom the analysis, the concentration of Chromium dropped to 0.02 mgdm3 in aquarium with
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the 0.1 mgdm3 chromium treatment. The results obtained suggest that Azolla caroliniana has
the capacity to accumulate large quantities of very dangerous heavy metals such as mercury
and chromium. This suggest that fern plants can be used in phytoremediation to remove
mercury from polluted water. While some scientists (Wagner, 1997) at International Center
demonstrated advantages of using of A. caroliniana as a green manure and as an animal feed,
this work suggest that ferns cultured on polluted waters should not be used for such purposes
because they can contain accumulated heavy metals.
3. METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
SURVEYING ABOUT THE EFFLUENT IRRIGATION
SELECTION OF POINTS FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES
ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE FOR PARAMETERS
RESULT ANALYSIS
BIO REMEDIATION
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
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4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 SURVEYING
The surveying is done orally about the effluent irrigation around the industry.
The information are collected from the farmers and workers of the Tamil Nadu Newsprint
and Papers Limited, Kagithapuram. From the survey, the irrigation water is mainly used for
crops such as sugar cane and coconut trees of the surrounding villages. The effluent is dark
brown in colour and has foaming nuisance. The effluent is discharged by the concrete
rectangular channel from the outlet. A pumping station is situated near the outlet for pumping
the effluent for irrigation purpose. These effluents are also carried by channel and are mixed
with the fresh water channel. It was found that sometimes the effluent is mixed with surface
water of surrounding area through channels. From investigation it was found that surface
water is available during monsoon season.
The pumping of effluent to nearby villages such as Moolimangalam,
Poniyanur, Thathampalayam, Pandipalayam and Palamapuram is stopped when the available
ground water is available in wells during monsoon season. It was also found that the farmers
practicing effluent irrigation claimed that the ground water sources such as wells and some
tube wells are turned into sour taste. The water of some wells found to be slightly yellowish
color especially when rainfall is poor. In some locations drinking water wells (deep bore
wells) also have a high concentration of salts. Some farmers reported that the effluent causes
skin allergies when exposure during irrigating the crops of their field. People of the village
said that the effluents are mixed with urea inside the industry before discharging it through
the outlet. But continuous exposure of crops to urea affects the fertility of soil and the
effluent alters the characteristics of well water in the surrounding area. In some locations
drinking water wells (deep bore wells) also have a high concentration of salts.
4.2 COLLECTION OF WATER
To understand the environmental impacts of industrial effluent irrigation, the
effluent, effluent mixed with water and groundwater samples were collected from farmlands
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and open wells surrounding the industrial units. Samples were purposely selected on the basis
of the survey undertaken from the farmers.
The collection of sample is done with the water is rinsed with the same water
and filled in plastic canes. The water sample is collected directly from the areas where
effluent irrigation is done by pumping it from pumping station of TNPL. The effluent from
the paper industry is dark brown in colour and contains foam. The water sample is collected
from open wells of Moolimangalam, Poniyanur, Thathampalayam, Pandipalayam and
Palamapuram with a bottle is rinsed with the same water. Effluent is mixed with canal
carrying river water point sources are used for irrigation in areas such as Nanaparapu ,
N.puthur and Aiyampalayam are selected for finding the ground water quality in the
respective wells.
4.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR PARAMETERS
4.3.1 pH
The pH is determined by using pH meter. The instrument must be
standardized by using buffer. The platinum electrode of pH meter is immersed in the water
sample for 5-10 seconds. The pH of the sample is shown in the display of the meter.
4.3.2 TURBIDITY
Turbidity is an optical determination of water clarity. The turbidity of the sample is
analyzed by using Nephlo turbidity meter.set the Nephelometer to ‘0’ and ‘100’ readings
using double distilled water and ‘100’ NTU standard. A distilled water is used and set zero
by adjusting the switch before the sample is analyzed. The turbidity of the sample is shown in
the display of the meter.
4.3.3 HARDNESS
The total hardness of the sample is determined by titrating hard water with
EDTA in the burette. The EBT indicator and standard buffer is added as reagents. Permanent
hardness is determined by titrating the boiled water instead of hard water and the same
procedure of total hardness is followed. Strength of EDTA is to be prepared with 0.01 N
Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness
4.3.4 CHLORIDE
The chloride ion concentration is found by standardizing AgNo3 against
standard sodium chloride. The water sample is titrated with silver nitrate in the burette until
yellow changes to brick red. Indicator of the titration is potassium chromate
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4.3.5 TOTAL SOLID
A porcelain dish has to be taken and initial weight (W1 in g) of the dish is
found. The sample should be mixed well to have uniformity. Take 100 mL and keep it in an
oven at 103-105oC for one hour in an oven. Take the final weight (W2 in g).
Total solids (T.S) mg/L = (W2 – W1) x 1000 x 1000/V1
4.3.6 SULPHATE
The sulphate in the water is determined by heating 20 ml water, 5 ml Bacl and
5 drops of HCl in china dish until precipitate is obtained. Weight of residue has to be
determined.
Weight of residue = Final weight of China dish – Initial weight of China dish
4.3.7 ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is composed primarily of carbonate and bicarbonate. The
alkalininty of the sample is determined by titrating 20 ml of water sample with dilute HCL in
burette. The indicator used is phenolphthalein. The first end point of the titration is pink color
disappears. After the solution is colorless, methyl orange is added. The end point of the
titration is yellow to pink.
4.3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)
Electrical Conductivity is measured with the help of EC meter which measures
the resistance offered by the water between two platinized electrodes. The instrument is
standardized with known values of conductance observed with standard KCl solution.
4.3.9 CALCIUM
It is measured by complexometric titration with standard solution of ETDA
using Patton’s and Reeder’s indicator under the pH conditions of more than 12.0. These
conditions are achieved by adding a fixed volume of 4N Sodium Hydroxide. The volume of
titre (EDTA solution) against the known volume of sample gives the concentration of
calcium in the sample.
4.3.10 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required for the biochemical
decomposition of organic compounds and the oxidation of certain inorganic materials (e.g.,
iron, sulfites). Typically the test for BOD is conducted over a five-day period. Place required
volume of distilled water in a bottle and add 1mL each of phosphate buffer, magnesium
sulphate, calcium chloride and ferric chloride solutions per liter of water. Prepare dilutions
either in graduated cylinder or volumetric flask, mix well with a plunger type mixing rod,
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siphon mixed dilution into two BOD bottles without any entrapment of air and stopper the
bottle. Take aerated distilled water in another two BOD bottles without entrapment of air and
stopper the bottle as blank. Determine the initial dissolved oxygen on one of these two bottles
for sample as well as blank. Stopper the second bottle of both sample and blank, water seal
and incubate for 5 days at 20oC in BOD incubator. After 5 days incubation period, determine
of dissolved oxygen.
4.3.11 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
COD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to cause chemical oxidation
of the organic material in water. Take 2.5 mL sample, add 1.5 mL digestion reagent, add 3.5
mL of sulphuric acid reagent, stopper the vial and digest in the COD reactor for one hour.
Measure the reading using spectrophotometer.
4.3.12 MAGNESIUM
It is also measured by complexometric titration with standard solution of
EDTA using Eriochrome black T as indicator under the buffer conditions of pH 10.0. The
buffer solution is made from Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide. The solution
resists the pH variations during titration.
4.3.13 SODIUM
It is measured with the help of flame photometer. The instrument is
standardized with the known concentration of sodium ion (1 to 100 mg/litre). The samples
having higher concentration are suitably diluted with distilled water and the dilution factor is
applied to the observed values. In the dual channel Flame Photometer, select the filter for
Sodium. Set the Flame Photometer to ‘0’ reading in both channels. Standardize the
photometer.Verify the ‘0’ reading once again before measuring the sample. Then measure the
meter reading for the sample in both channels. If the meter reading exceeds ‘100’ for
Na/K/both Na and K, dilute the sample and take the reading in that channel in which more
than ‘100’ reading was noted. Introduce Control Standard and record the meter readings in
both channel
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4.3.14 POTASSIUM
It is also measured with the help of flame photometer. The instrument is
standardized with known concentration of potassium solution, in the range of 1 mg to 5
mg/litre. The sample having higher concentration is suitably diluted with distilled water and
the dilution factor is applied to the observed values. In the dual channel Flame Photometer,
select the filter for potassium. Set the Flame Photometer to ‘0’ reading in both channels.
Standardize the photometer. Verify the ‘0’ reading once again before measuring the sample.
Then measure the meter reading for the sample in both channels. If the meter reading exceeds
‘100’ for Na/K/both Na and K, dilute the sample and take the reading in that channel in
which more than ‘100’ reading was noted. Introduce Control Standard and record the meter
readings in both channel.
4.3.15 NITRATE
It is measured spectroscopically at 425 nm radiation by making a color
complex with Nessler’s reagent. The conditions of reaction are alkaline and cause severe
interference from hardness in water.
4.3.16 TIDYS TEST FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Take 10 ml KMnO4 and add 10 mL 25 % H2SO4 in a 500 mL wide mouth
bottle. Keep in the dark. After 4 hours, add 2 mL of 10 % potassium iodide solution. Iodine
liberated is titrated with sodium thiosulphate using starch as indicator. End point is
disappearance of blue color.
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Table 1: different analytical water quality parameters with their analytical technique
and guideline values as per who and indian standard
S. NO. PARAMETER TECHNIQUE
USED
WHO
STANDARD
INDIAN
STANDARD
EPA
GUIDELINE
S
01
Temperature
Thermometer
-
-
-
02
Color
Visual / color
kit
- 5 Hazen units -
03 Odour
Physiological
sense
Acceptable Acceptable -
04 Electrical
conductivity
Conductivity
meter / Water
analysis kit
- - 2500 us/cm
05 pH
pH meter 6.5 – 9.5 6.5 – 9.5 6.5 – 9.5
06 Dissolved
oxygen
Redox titration - - -
07 Total Hardness
Complexometri
c titration
200 ppm 300 ppm < 200 ppm
08 Alkalinity
Acid – Base
titration
- 200 ppm -
09 Acidity
Acid – Base
titration
- - -
10 Ammonia UV Visible
Spectrophotome
ter
0.3 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm
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Table 2: Different analytical water quality parameters used for testing of quality of
water and their sourse of occurance and potential health effects with usepa guidelines.
S.
No.
Parameter Source of occurrence Potential health effect
01 Turbidity Soil runoff Higher level of turbidity are associated
with disease causing bacterias.
02 Color Due to presence of dissolved
salts
-
03 Odor Due to biological degradation. Bad odor unpleasant
04 Electrical
conductivity
Due to different dissolved solids. Conductivity due to ionizable ions. High
conductivity increases corrosive nature of
water.
05 pH pH is changed due to different
dissolved gases and solids.
Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;
corrosion
06 Dissolved
oxygen
Presence due to dissolved
oxygen.
D. O corrodes water lines, boilers and heat
exchangers, at low level marine animals
cannot survive.
07 Total
Hardness
Presence of calcium (Ca2+) and
magnesium (Mg2+) ions in a
water supply. Hardness minerals
exist to some degree in every
water supply.
Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of
the quality of clothes; scale forming
08 Total
Alkalinity
Due to dissolved gases (CO2) Embrittlement of boiler steel. Boiled rice
turns yellowish
09 TDS Presence all dissolved salts Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal
irritation; corrosion or incrustation
10 Calcium Precipitate soaps, anionic Interference in dyeing, textile
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5. TEST ANALYSIS
5.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals about the characteristics of various parameters such as pH,
turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, calcium, BOD, COD, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, nitrate and dissolved oxygen.
5.2 TEST RESULTS
TABLE 3: pH ANALYSIS
AREA pH VALUE
Effluent 7.6
Effluent and water 7.48
Moolimangalam 7.2
Pandipalayam 7.4
Poniyanur 7.46
Thathampalayam 7.35
Palamapuram 7.6
Nanaparapu 6.7
Aiyampalayam 6.75
N puthur 6.8
FIGURE 1: pH ANALYSIS
7.48
6.75
7.64
7.2
7.64
6.7
7.6
7.4 7.46 7.35
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
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TABLE 4: TURBIDITY ANALYSIS:
AREA TURBIDITY VALUE(NTU)
Effluent 10.6
Effluent and water 6.4
Moolimangalam 1
Pandipalayam 2
Poniyanur 1.8
Thathampalayam 1.85
Palamapuram 1.65
Nanaparapu 0.7
Aiyampalayam 0.8
N puthur 1.3
FIGURE 2: TURBIDITY ANALYSIS
1.8 1
2
6.4
10.6
0.8
1.85 1.3 1.65
0.7 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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TABLE 5: HARDNESS ANALYSIS
AREA
TOTAL
HARDNESS
(mg/l)
PERMANENT
HARDNESS
(mg/l)
TEMPERARY
HARDNESS
(mg/l)
Effluent 102.5 50 52.5
Effluent and water 115 45 70
Moolimangalam 68.5 50 18.5
Pandipalayam 50 37.5 12.5
Poniyanur 61.5 55 6.25
Thathampalayam 87.5 82.5 5
Palamapuram 82.5 75 7.5
Nanaparapu 45 37.5 7.5
Aiyampalayam 70.5 56.5 14.25
N puthur 50 37.5 12.5
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FIGURE 3: HARDNESS ANALYSIS
TABLE 6: CHLORIDE ANALYSIS
AREA CHLORIDE VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 986
Effluent and water 1334.5
Moolimangalam 1215
Pandipalayam 920
Poniyanur 977.9
Thathampalayam 1012
Palamapuram 746
Nanaparapu 590.8
Aiyampalayam 1418
N puthur 864
61.25 68.5
50
115
102.5
70.5
87.5
50
82.5
45
55 50 37.5 45 50 56.25 82.5 37.5 75 37.5 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Total hardness Permanent hardness
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FIGURE 4: CHLORIDE ANALYSIS
TABLE 7: TOTAL SOLID ANALYSIS
AREA TOTAL SOLID VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 2312
Effluent and water 5000
Moolimangalam 3353
Pandipalayam 3591
Poniyanur 6500
Thathampalayam 1000
Palamapuram 2000
Nanaparapu 1000
Aiyampalayam 500
N puthur 3500
977.9
1215
920
1334.5
986
1418
1012
864
746
590.8
0 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
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FIGURE 5: TOTAL SOLID ANALYSIS
3380 3353
2591
3920
2312
500
1000
1500
2000
1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
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TABLE 8: SULPHATE ANALYSIS
AREA SULPHATE VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 196
Effluent and water 192
Moolimangalam 193
Pandipalayam 194
Poniyanur 195
Thathampalayam 210
Palamapuram 195
Nanaparapu 198
Aiyampalayam 1160
N puthur 190
FIGURE 6: SULPHATE ANALYSIS
933.5
816
233
1050
1400
1050
816
116
1400
700
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
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TABLE 9: ALKALINITY ANALYSIS
AREA OH (mg/l) CARBONATE(mg/l) HCOз(mg/l)
Effluent 350 - -
0Effluent and water - 550 125
Moolimangalam - 300 408
Pandipalayam 344 - -
Poniyanur - 250 -
Thathampalayam - 500 50
Palamapuram - 250 125
Nanaparapu - 250 125
Aiyampalayam 375 - -
N puthur - 250 -
FIGURE 7: ALKALINITY ANALYSIS
344 350 375
250
300
550
500
250 250 250
408
125
50
125 125
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
OH CARBONATE HCO3
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TABLE 10: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
AREA ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
VALUE(mho/cm)
Effluent 3302
Effluent and water 3500
Moolimangalam 4790
Pandipalayam 3702
Poniyanur 4520
Thathampalayam 3218
Palamapuram 3846
Nanaparapu 2598
Aiyampalayam 2786
N puthur 2210
FIGURE 8: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
4520 4790
3702 3500
3302
2786
3218
2210
3846
2598
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
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TABLE 11: CALCIUM ANALYSIS
AREA CALCIUM VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 184
Effluent and water 264
Moolimangalam 248
Pandipalayam 200
Poniyanur 252
Thathampalayam 210
Palamapuram 234
Nanaparapu 170
Aiyampalayam 98
N puthur 200
FIGURE 9: CALCIUM ANALYSIS
252 248
200
264
184
98
210 234
170
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
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TABLE 12: B.O.D ANALYSIS
AREA B.O.D VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 106
Effluent and water 124
Moolimangalam 48
Pandipalayam 132
Poniyanur 148
Thathampalayam 66
Palamapuram 90
Nanaparapu 52
Aiyampalayam 134
N puthur 74
FIGURE 10: B.O.D ANALYSIS
148
48
132 124
106
134
66 74
90
52
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
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TABLE 13: C.O.D ANALYSIS
AREA C.O.D VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 266
Effluent and water 184
Moolimangalam 124
Pandipalayam 352
Poniyanur 386
Thathampalayam 330
Palamapuram 178
Nanaparapu 220
Aiyampalayam 212
N puthur 280
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FIGURE 11: C.O.D ANALYSIS
386
124
352
184
266
158
180
150
198
155
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
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TABLE 14: MAGNESIUM ANALYSIS
AREA MAGNESIUM VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 91
Effluent and water 64
Moolimangalam 101
Pandipalayam 72
Poniyanur 86
Thathampalayam 56
Palamapuram 60
Nanaparapu 48
Aiyampalayam 52
N puthur 58
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FIGURE 12: MAGNESIUM ANALYSIS.
TABLE 15: SODIUM ANALYSIS
AREA SODIUM VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 324
Effluent and water 342
Moolimangalam 454
Pandipalayam 368
Poniyanur 402
Thathampalayam 376
Palamapuram 434
Nanaparapu 286
Aiyampalayam 300
N puthur 294
86
101
72
64
91
52 56 58 60
48
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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FIGURE 13: SODIUM ANALYSIS
TABLE 16: POTASSIUM ANALYSIS
AREA POTASSIUM VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 96
Effluent and water 100
Moolimangalam 148
Pandipalayam 102
Poniyanur 134
Thathampalayam 120
Palamapuram 116
Nanaparapu 156
Aiyampalayam 127
N puthur 150
402
454
368 342
324 300
376
294
434
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
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FIGURE 14: POTASSIUM ANALYSIS
ABLE 17: NITRATE ANALYSIS
AREA NITRATE VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 8
Effluent and water 10
Moolimangalam 14
Pandipalayam 13
Poniyanur 13
Thathampalayam 17
Palamapuram 13
Nanaparapu 14
Aiyampalayam 12
N puthur 14
134
148
102 100 96
127 120
150
116
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
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FIGURE 15: NITRATE ANALYSIS
13
14
13
10
8
12
17
14
13
14
0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
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TABLE 18: TIDYS TEST ANALYSIS
AREA CHLORIDE VALUE(mg/l)
Effluent 0.08
Effluent and water 0.15
Moolimangalam 0.32
Pandipalayam 0.28
Poniyanur 0.4
Thathampalayam 0.18
Palamapuram 0.26
Nanaparapu 0.28
Aiyampalayam 0.25
N puthur 0.05
FIGURE 16: TIDYS TEST ANALYSIS
0.4
0.32
0.28
0.15
0.08
0.25
0.18
0.05
0.26 0.28
0 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
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6. REMEDIATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
From the analysis, it is found that the water samples contains large amount of
sulphate, electrical conductivity, magnesium, BOD and potassium values. The accumulation
of metals leads to ground water infiltration in wells. The water samples have to be treated to
appropriate amount by using bio remediation. Plants can be used as a tool for bioremediation.
Bio remediation are tried with Azolla algae (Azolla caroliniana ) and water lettuce (Pistia
stratiotes) as a trial and error method. Azolla fern has been used to for organic matter,
nitrogen, BOD and phosphorous removal from waste water. Therefore azolla algae is used for
decreasing the excess BOD and electrical conductivity from the well water samples. Azolla
algae is made to cultivate in a well water sample for 14 days. From the treatment of water
sample with azolla, BOD, COD and electrical conductivity have been reduced after 14 days.
The azolla can be cultured in well water so that the excess BOD and electrical conductivity
can be reduced. At the same time, dissolved oxygen in well water is also increased. The
excess azolla can also be used for fodder for cattles which can help the farmers.Water lettuce
is a free-floating plant with many spongy, dusty green simple leaves. Similarly, the water also
treated with water lettuce for about 14 days at room condition. Hence total solid content,
electrical conductivity, BOD, COD of the water sample after treatment with water lettuce has
found to be reduced.
6.2 AZOLLA ALGAE
Azolla, a genus of free floating aquatic fern, distributed throughout temperate and
tropic regions of the world. Azolla possess ability to utilize atmospheric nitrogen. Azolla has
been extensively and effectively used as a green manure for rice fields instead of chemical
fertilizer in Asia. The use of this plant as a biological filter for renovation of waste water has
been increased. The Azolla has efficiency in removing nutrients and organic wastes from
waste water are tried with well water affected due to effluent irrigation.
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6.3 WATER LETTUCE
Water lettuce is a free-floating plant with many spongy, dusty green simple leaves.
The leaves are covered with very fine hairs and arranged in a spiral pattern from the center
of the plant. The leaves are 1 to 6 inches wide and have large veins running throughout their
length. Water lettuce is a very aggressive invader and can form thick floating mats.
Biological waste-water treatment is based on a process of cleaning the water by means of
aquaculture with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and the water fern Azolla anabaena. Water
lettuce makes a greater contribution in reducing nitrogenous forms with 20.0%, and 92.6%
respectively for NNO3. An important part of the scrubber role of water hyacinth and water
lettuce is the trapping of waste materials, by processes of filtration-adsorption by their root
system.
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TABLE 19: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH AZOLLA
S.NO PARAMETERS BEFORE
TREATMENT
AFTER
TREATMENT
1 pH 7.4 7.2
2 TURBIDITY (NTU) 2 1
3 TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS (mg/l)
2591 1050
4 ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY (mho/
cm)
3702 1500
5 TOTAL ALKALINITY
(mg/l)
344 260
6 TOTAL HARDNESS
(mg/l)
800 500
7 CALCIUM (mg/l) 200 150
8 MAGNESIUM (mg/l) 72 40
9 SODIUM (mg/l) 368 350
10 POTASSIUM (mg/l) 102 100
11 NITRATE (mg/l) 13 13
12 CHLORIDE (mg/l) 920 900
13 SULPHATE (mg/l) 194 165
14 TIDYS TEST (mg/l) 0.28 0.36
15 BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND(mg/l)
132 104
16 CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND (mg/l)
352 284
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FIGURE 17: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH AZOLLA
7.4 2
344 368
102
194
0.28
132
352
7.2 1
260
350
100
165
0.34
104 184
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BEFORE
TREATMENT
AFTER
TREATMENT
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TABLE 20: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH WATER
LETTUCE
S.NO PARAMETERS BEFORE
TREATMENT
AFTER
TREATMENT
1 pH 7.4 7.2
2 TURBIDITY (NTU) 2 2
3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
(mg/l)
2591 2500
4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
(mho/cm)
3702 3650
5 TOTAL ALKALINITY (mg/l) 344 230
6 TOTAL HARDNESS (mg/l) 800 800
7 CALCIUM (mg/l) 200 200
8 MAGNESIUM (mg/l) 72 72
9 SODIUM (mg/l) 368 312
10 POTASSIUM (mg/l) 102 86
11 NITRATE (mg/l) 13 13
12 CHLORIDE (mg/l) 920 920
13 SULPHATE (mg/l) 194 171
14 TIDYS TEST (mg/l) 0.28 0.42
15 BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND(mg/l)
132 94
16 CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND (mg/l)
352 248
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FIGURE 18 : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH WATER
LETTUCE
7.4 2
344
368
102
194
0.28
132
352
7.2 2
230
312
86
171
0.12
94
248
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BEFORE
TREATMENT
AFTER
TREATMENT
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PHOTOS
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CONCLUSION
Hydrological analysis has found from the studies that the wells of the field directly using
effluent irrigation having large amount of undesirable concentrations when compared to the
field practicing normal irrigation. More over the paper industry effluents are not suited for
agriculture and it exceeds permissible limit in many cases. Here some remediation measures
have chosen to reduce the effects of effluent irrigation by decreasing some parameters. The
result showed that
Remediation using Azolla reduces small amount of BOD, COD and increased the dissolved
oxygen content in the well water. It also reduces the total solids, electrical conductivity from
the water.
Water lettuce in wells removed large amount of BOD, total solid content and some hardness
from water.
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REFERENCE
1. D. Senthil kumar, P. Satheeshkumar and P. Gopalakrishnan Ground Water Quality
Assessment in Paper Mill Effluent Irrigated Area - Using Multivariate Statistical
Analysis World Applied Sciences Journal 13 (4): 829-836, 2011
2. Gupta, I.C., 1999. Evaluation of Quality of irrigation waters and Industrial Effluents
discharged on land for irrigation Journal Indian Water works Association, 31(1): 47-
56
3. Kannan, N., 1996. Laboratory manual in General microbiology pp: 173-180.
4. Y. zimmel,f. kirzhner, s.roitman Use of Naturally Growing Aquatic Plants for
Wastewater Purification water environment research, volume 776 page no : 220 – 230
5. Ranai Jangwattana and Chuleemas Boonthai Alwai using azolla pinnata for waste
water treatment from poultry farm IJERD international journal of environmental and
rural development (2010)