assessment of hm and pop pollution in emep domain long-term trends (1990-2012) pollution levels...
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Assessment of HM and POP pollution in EMEP domain
Long-term trends (1990-2012)Pollution levels (2012)
0123456789
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Pb
depo
sitio
n flu
x, k
g/km
2/y
90% variation50% variationAverage fluxSmoothed trend
Transboundary transport
Intercontinental transport Country-specific dataQuality of assessment
Pb
B[a]P
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010A
ir c
on
cen
tra
tion
s, n
g/m
3 90% interval
Average
Germany
65% reduction
< 2323 – 3030 – 3636 – 4646 – 6060 – 100> 100
g/km2 /y
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
Observed, mg/L
Mod
elle
d,
g/L
Northern Scandinavia and Baltic
Central Europe
Southwestern Europe
Cd
Hg
HCB
B[a]P
B[a]P
Pb
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BaP BaPPCDD/Fs PCDDFs
Hg Hg
EMEP contribution to HM and POP Protocols
1990 2012
Cd CdPb Pb
Spatial distribution of heavy metal and POP pollution levels (1990-2012)
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Reduction of heavy metal and POP deposition in EMEP countries (1990-2012)
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
po
sitio
n r
ed
uct
ion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
po
sitio
n r
ed
uct
ion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
po
sitio
n r
ed
uct
ion. Pb
Cd
Hg
75% reduction
50% reduction
35% reduction
Long-term trends of HM and POP pollution
Average flux
50% variation
90% variation
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
po
sitio
n r
ed
uct
ion. 44% reductionPCDD/Fs
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
po
sitio
n r
ed
uct
ion. 26% reductionBaP
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Air
co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
ng
/m3.
85% reductionHCB
Workshop on CLRTAP Assessment report, 2015
Monitoring of HMs within EMEP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2CZ01RCZ03RDE01RDE02RDE03RGB91RSK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Cd
/m3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2CZ01RCZ03RDE01RDE02RDE03RGB91RSK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Cd
/m3
0
10
20
30
40
50CZ03RDE01RDE03RDK03RDK31RGB91RNL09RSK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Pb
/m3
0
10
20
30
40
50CZ03RDE01RDE03RDK03RDK31RGB91RNL09RSK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Pb
/m3
Measured changes of Pb and Cd air concentration (1990-2010)
Pb Cd
Location of EMEP sites
EMEP monitoring network for HM:
• Number of monitoring sites increased from 44 in 1990 to 66 in 2010
• Data quality is controlled by regular laboratory intercomparisons
• Significant territories in Eastern and Southern Europe remain uncovered
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Heavy metal emission changesStatistics of emissions reporting
Num
ber
of P
artie
s
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Reporting year
Reporting of HM emissions:
• Number of Parties reported emission data increased from 30 to 46
• Gridded emission data are reported only by 28 Parties
0
10
20
30
40
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
To
tal P
b e
mis
sio
n,
kt a-1
Non-party estimates
Official data
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010T
ota
l Hg
em
issi
on
, kt
a-10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
To
tal C
d e
mis
sio
n,
kt a-1
Changes of HM emissions in the EMEP countries over 1990-2010
Cd HgPb 90% decrease 65% decrease 60% decrease
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Changes in key source categories
Contribution of source categories to HM deposition in EMEP countries
0 20 40 60 80
Metalproduction
Combustionin industry
Non-industrial
combustion
Energyproduction
Other
Cd deposition, t/y
Cadmium
0 10 20 30 40
Energyproduction
Combustionin industry
Metalproduction
Non-industrial
combustion
Wasteincineration
Other
Hg deposition, t/y
Mercury
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Roadtransport
Metalproduction
Combustionin industry
Energyproduction
Non-industrial
combustion
Other
Pb deposition, kt/y
1990
2010
Lead
18
Note: Reduction of HM pollution levels was accompanied by changes of the key source categories of both emissions and deposition
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Monitoring of POPs within EMEPMeasurement network for POPs in 2002 and 2012
Not all considered POPs (PAHs, HCB, PCBs) are measured at the shown monitoring sites.No measurements of PCDD/F at the EMEP monitoring network.
Coverage of the EMEP domain by measurements is still incomplete.
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Ecosystem-specific deposition
1990 2012
Spatial distribution of Pb deposition to arable land
0
30
60
90
120
150
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Hg
de
po
sitio
n fl
ux,
g/k
m2 /y Arable lands
Decidious forest
Waters bodies
Urban areas
Long-term changes of Hg deposition to different land use categories
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Long-term trends (1990-2010) of lead deposition and concentrations in mosses
Swetzerland; Pb
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
To
tal d
ep
os
., k
g/k
m2
/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
France; Pb
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5T
ota
l de
po
s.,
kg
/km
2/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
United Kingdom; Pb
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
To
tal d
ep
os
., k
g/k
m2
/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
Sweden; Pb
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
To
tal d
ep
os
., k
g/k
m2
/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
Germany; Pb
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
To
tal d
ep
os
., k
g/k
m2
/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
Bulgaria; Pb
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Co
nc
. in
mo
ss
es
, mg
/kg
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
To
tal d
ep
os
., k
g/k
m2
/y
Deposition flux
Conc. in mosses
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Transboundary pollution Contribution of foreign sources to Cd deposition in EMEP countries
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Cyp
rus
Be
laru
s
Ge
org
ia
Th
e_
FY
R_
of_
Ma
ced
on
ia
De
nm
ark
Mo
na
co
Alb
an
ia
Sw
ed
en
Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rlan
ds
Au
stria
Arm
en
ia
Lith
ua
nia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
d
Bo
snia
&H
erz
eg
ovi
na
Slo
ven
ia
Se
rbia
Ice
lan
d
Re
pu
blic
of M
old
ova
Hu
ng
ary
Gre
ece
Slo
vaki
a
Be
lgiu
m
Bu
lga
ria
Ge
rma
ny
Est
on
ia
Fin
lan
d
Italy
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Fra
nce
Aze
rba
ijan
Ukr
ain
e
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Tu
rke
y
Ro
ma
nia
Ma
lta
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Po
lan
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
1990
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Cyp
rus
Be
laru
s
Ge
org
ia
Th
e_
FY
R_
of_
Ma
ced
on
ia
De
nm
ark
Mo
na
co
Alb
an
ia
Sw
ed
en
Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rlan
ds
Au
stria
Arm
en
ia
Lith
ua
nia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
d
Bo
snia
&H
erz
eg
ovi
na
Slo
ven
ia
Se
rbia
Ice
lan
d
Re
pu
blic
of M
old
ova
Hu
ng
ary
Gre
ece
Slo
vaki
a
Be
lgiu
m
Bu
lga
ria
Ge
rma
ny
Est
on
ia
Fin
lan
d
Italy
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Fra
nce
Aze
rba
ijan
Ukr
ain
e
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Tu
rke
y
Ro
ma
nia
Ma
lta
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Po
lan
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
2012
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Em
issi
on
s re
du
ctio
n.
Netherlands
EMEP
Netherlands
Emission reduction
Netherlands
Belgium
UnitedKingdom
France
Germany
Other
1990
Netherlands
Belgium
UnitedKingdom
France
Germany
Other
2012
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Changes of Cd, Pb, Hg, and PCDD/F deposition to the Baltic Sea from 1990 to
2011
Annual PCDD/F deposition in 2011, ng TEQ/m2/year
0
20
40
60
80
100
90 93 96 99 02 05 08 11
De
po
sitio
n, %
to
19
90
Cd Hg
Pb PCDD/Fs
Atmospheric input of HMs and POPs to marginal seas
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Information on HM and POP pollution for each EMEP country (1990 and 2012)
Pb (Cd, Hg, B[a]P, PCDD/F, HCB, PCB-153)
1990 2012
Emissions, t 794 68
Deposition to the country
Total deposition to the country, t 903 172.99
- Anthropogenic deposition from national sources, t 297 24.76
- Anthropogenic deposition from other countries, t 427 45.17
- Intercontinental transport (non-EMEP sources), t 6.53 10.02
- Secondary sources (wind re-suspension), t 172 93.03
Deposition from the country anthropogenic sources
Deposition to other countries (EMEP region), t
Deposition to the regional seas, t: 438 37.60
- Baltic Sea 12.1 1.64
- Black Sea 10.2 0.77
- Caspian Sea 1.94 0.12
- Mediterranean Sea 4.52 0.31
- North Sea 1.5 0.25
Mean annual air concentrations, ng/m3 14.4 1.84
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HM and POP pollution in EECCA countries
Pollution levels:
• Relatively low reduction of HM and POP deposition in EECCA countries
• The largest decrease in the western part of the region
Data reporting in the EECCA countries:
• Low completeness of emissions reporting
• Few monitoring data are reported so far
1990 2012
Deposition of Cd in the EECCA countries
More efforts are needed to involve EECCA countries in the Convention activities
HM and POP emission reporting
0 20 40 60 80 100
Republic of Moldova
UkraineArmeniaBelarus
Russian FederationGeorgia
KyrgyzstanAzerbaijan
KazakhstanTajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Completeness of data reporting, %
Parties to the Protocol
Other countries
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Country-scale pollution assessmentCase studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries
Approach: Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data
Requirements:• Detailed emissions data (fine
resolution, source categories, LPS)• Additional measurements from
national monitoring networks• Participation of national experts in
joint analysis of the results
Countries involved:
Country Czech Rep Croatia Netherlands Belarus
Status complete complete complete in progress
Croatia
Netherlands
Czech Republic
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Pb deposition in the Netherlands
Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands with fine spatial resolution
Major foreign contributors:
- Germany- Belgium- United Kingdom- France
Major national contributor:
- Noord-Holland province
• Contribution of different emission source categories
• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces
Additional information on country scale:
• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)
• Contamination of a country provinces
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Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands
Percents
Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition(Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands)
• Pollution from large point sources
• Contribution of different emission source categories
• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces
Additional information on country scale:
• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)
• Contamination of a country provinces
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Global modelling of HM and POP pollution
Hg total deposition over the globe (1°×1°)
Hg deposition over the new EMEP grid
(0.2°×0.2°)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Contribution of regional vs. global sources to HM and POP pollution
Global sources
EMEP sources
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Climate change has the potential to affect all POPs pathways in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and soil.
There is evidence that climate change phenomena, e.g., elevated temperatures and sea-ice reduction, and extreme climate events, such as forest fires, flooding and glacial melting, will remobilize POPs previously deposited in sinks, e.g., forest soils and vegetation, ocean and lake sediments and glaciers.
(HTAP Assessment 2010; Macdonald et al, 2005, STOTEN)
POP transport pathways that can be affected by climate changes
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Influence of secondary emissions and non-EMEP emission sources
Modelled annual PCDD/F air concentrations (2012)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 2.5 10 50 fg TEQ/m3
Pollution of EMEP countries by PCDD/Fs
EMEP secondary emissions
20%
non-EMEP emissions
19%
EMEP anthropogenic
emissions61%
EMEP region
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Long-term accumulation in media (HCB)
0
5
10
15
20
19
45
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
HC
B e
mis
sio
n, k
t/y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.31
99
0
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
HCB global emissions (1945-2011)
HCB air concentrations (2011)
Long-term emission scenario
Other non-EMEP sources, 1%
EMEP
Contributions of sources to HCB air concentrations in EMEP
region
EMEP sources, 1%
North America, 2%
Southeast Asia, 8%
non-EMEP secondary sources, 24%
EMEP secondary sources, 64%
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Mercury intercontinental transportSource apportionment of Hg deposition (2013)
Source/receptor regions
Europe AfricaMiddle East
North AmericaCentral AmericaSouth America
South AsiaEast AsiaSoutheast AsiaAustralia and NZ
CIS countries
Antarctica
Arctic
Europe
Australia and NZ
Africa
Antarctica
South America
South Asia
Arctic
North America
East Asia
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UNEP and Minamata Convention
Update of the UNEP Global Mercury Assessment 2013 with new model results based on updated emissions inventory (in press)
Contribution to Minamata Convention
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Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)
Source attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010)
Hg
depo
sitio
n flu
x, g
/km
/y2
0
4
8
12
- Hg deposition flux
0
6
12
18
Fis
herie
s pr
oduc
tion,
x10
t/y
6
- Total marine capture fisheries production (FAO, 2013)
FAO fishing areas
18 - Arctic Sea21 - Northwest Atlantic27 - Northeast Atlantic31 - Western Central Atlantic34 - Eastern Central Atlantic37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea41 - Southwest Atlantic47 - Southeast Atlantic48 - Antarctic Atlantic51 - Western Indian Ocean57 - Eastern Indian Ocean58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean61 - Northwest Pacific67 - Northeast Pacific71 - Western Central Pacific77 - Eastern Central Pacific81 - Southwest Pacific87 - Southeast Pacific88 - Antarctic Pacific
Contribution to Minamata Convention
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PM emissions are not fully covered HM and POP emissions
Global Europe
Gaseous elemental HgGaseous oxidized HgParticulate Hg
Emission of particulate Hg is about 4-7 %
Data source: UNEP/AMAP, 2013
81%
15%
4%7%
64%
29%
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Importance of gaseous form for POPsFraction of particulate form
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10 -5 0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ambient temperature, Celsium
Fra
ctio
n o
f pa
rtic
ula
te fo
rm
HCB PCB-153 23478-PeCDF B[a]P
Typical temperature range
Discussed at the review of MSCE models, Moscow, 2005
Considered in MSCE model intercomparison. Results published in [Hollander et al, 2008]
Based on a number of scientific publications (Mackay, 1992, Hinckley et al., 1990, Paasivirta et al., 1996, Harner and Bidleman, 1996, …)
Secondary emissions from media (soil, seawater) can be essentially in the gaseous form
Comparison of emission sectors
Different seasonal variations of B[a]P and PM10: concentrations of B[a]P in summer period fall 20 times in comparison with winter ones while for PM10 this drop is only 2 times (Cianelle et al., APR, 4, 2013)
Global emission inventories (PCDD/Fs, HCB, PCBs, Hg)
Global Hg emissions inventory, AMAP/UNEP, 2013
Global PCDD/F emissions based on UNEP Toolkit (Fiedler et al., 2007, 2012)
and expert estimates prepared by MSC-E
0 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30 100 g/km2/y 0 0.01 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 25 ug/m2/y
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Supplementary measurement data
Detailed references on PCDD/F measurements used in the EMEP reports [Shatalov et al., 2013;
Gusev et al., 2014]
Measurements of PCDD/Fs in air in remote and rural areas (2002-2011; compiled by MSC-E):
• Europe: Italy, Denmark, France, Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, Spain [Castro-Jimenez et al., 2012;…]
• North America: the USA, Canada [Lorber et al., 2013;…]
• Southeast Asia: Taiwan, China, Japan, South Korea [Chi et al., 2013;…]
• Regional POP networks (EMEP, AMAP, IADN, …)
• Global and regional POP monitoring programs (GAPS, MONET, PNA COP, …) available through GMP of Stockholm Convention
• European measurement database AirBase
Other pollutants:POP passive sampling programs
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Evaluation of model results against measurements
Annual mean modelled and observed PCDD/F air concentrations
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Observed, fg I-TEQ/m3
Mo
de
lle
d,
fg I
-TE
Q/m
3 North America
Underestimation 4.8 times;
Correlation = 0.5
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Observed, fg I-TEQ/m3
Mo
de
lle
d,
fg I
-TE
Q/m
3 Eastern Asia
Underestimation 1.9 times
Correlation = 0.8
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Observed, fg I-TEQ/m3
Mo
de
lle
d,
fg I
-TE
Q/m
3
Europe
Underestimation 1.5 times
Correlation = 0.5
EMEP domain
The US PCDD/F emission (g I-TEQ/yr):
- USEPA emissions: 1352
- Extrapolation from SC data: 4018
- [Zhang et al., 2009,AE]: 3425
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Participating models:
Model Scale Institution
GLEMOS global/regional EMEP/MSC-E
ICHMERIT global CNR-IIA (Italy)
GRAHM global Environment Canada
GEOS-Chem global MIT (USA)
CMAQ-Hg-Hem hemispheric Lamar University (USA)
WRF-Chem regional CNR-IIA (Italy)
CMAQ-Hg regional HZG (Germany)
Mercury intercontinental transport
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HM/POP deposition within EMEP region and on a global scale
Dissemination of EMEP information
STOCKHOLMCONVENTION
OSPARCOMMISSION Important to initiate formal co-operation between the
Convention and other relevant international bodies
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Possible MSC-E contribution to the Assessment Report
• Long-term changes of pollution levels of HM and POP in the EMEPdomain (special attention to EECCA countries)
• Changes of transboundary transport of anthropogenic and secondarysources in the EMEP region
• Intercontinental transport from anthropogenic and secondary sourcesoutside the EMEP region.
• Effect-related information
- Deposition to ecosystems HMs and POPs.
- Deposition of Hg to ocean fishing regions
• Cooperation with international organizations (Minamata & StockholmConventions, OSPAR HELCOM, AMAP, EU)
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Emissions data for modellingEMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP):
• Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually)
• Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually)
• Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years)
• Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years)
Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E):
• Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990-2012
• Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg0, Hg(II)gas, Hg(II)part)
• Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions
• Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East)
• Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg)
• Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission)
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Emission data for modelling
EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP):
• Time-series of national emission totals (1990 – 2012, Parties, annually)
• Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years)
• Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years)
• Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (2012, CEIP, annually)Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E):
• Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990-2012 or larger (all)
• Congener composition of emissions (PCDD/Fs – 17 congeners, PCBs)
• Historical emissions of PCDD/Fs, HCB and PCB-153 (up to 1990)
• Intra-annual variations of emissions (all)
• Emissions to other environmental compartments (PCDD/Fs, HCB)
• Gridded emissions on a global scale (PCDD/Fs, HCB, PCB-153)Workshop on CLRTAP Assessment report, 2015
Brief information on a country pollution
Exemplified by the United Kingdom
Emissions and pollution levels for 1990 and 2011
Spatial distribution of pollution levels in 2011
Transboundary transport in 2011
Workshop on CLRTAP Assessment report, 2015
Global modelling
Hg total deposition over the globe (1°×1°)
Hg deposition over the new EMEP grid (0.2°×0.2°)
Workshop on CLRTAP Assessment report, 2015
MSC-E web site: www.msceast.org
Information on the web
MSC-E website
EMEP countries
Emissions CEIP website
Measurements CCC website
Model assessment
MSC-W website
CLRTAP website EMEP domain
Global pollution
Local pollution
Publications SOx, NOx
O3, PM
Model description Measurement data
Modelling results
Assessment of effects
Emissions data
Dissemination of EMEP information
Workshop on CLRTAP Assessment report, 2015